PT J
AU Vassilopoulos, G
   Wang, PR
   Russell, DW
AF Vassilopoulos, G
   Wang, PR
   Russell, DW
TI Transplanted bone marrow regenerates liver by cell fusion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hematopoietic stem-cells; foamy virus vectors; fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase; hepatic-dysfunction; kupffer cells; mouse-liver; origin; hepatocytes; phenotype; kinetics
AB Results from several experimental systems suggest that cells from one tissue type can form other tissue types after transplantation. This could be due to the presence of multipotential or several types of adult stem cells in donor tissues, or alternatively, to fusion of donor and recipient cells. In a model of tyrosinaemia type I, mice with mutations in the fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase gene (Fah(-/-)) regain normal liver function after transplantation of Fah(+/+) bone marrow cells, and form regenerating liver nodules with normal histology that express Fah(1). Here we show that these hepatic nodules contain more mutant than wild-type Fah alleles, and that their hepatocytes express both donor and host genes, consistent with polyploid genome formation by fusion of host and donor cells. Using bone marrow cells marked with integrated foamy virus vectors that express green fluorescent protein, we identify common proviral junctions in hepatic nodules and haematopoietic cells. We also show that the haematopoietic donor genome adopts a more hepatocyte-specific expression profile after cell fusion, as the wild-type Fah gene was activated and the pan-haematopoietic CD45 marker was no longer expressed.
C1 Univ Washington, Div Hematol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Russell, DW (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Div Hematol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
NR 26
TC 1025
Z9 1162
U1 1
U2 76
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 24
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6934
BP 901
EP 904
DI 10.1038/nature01539
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 670WR
UT WOS:000182432600057
PM 12665833
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Morris, MC
   Kaiser, P
   Rudyak, S
   Baskerville, C
   Watson, MH
   Reed, SI
AF Morris, MC
   Kaiser, P
   Rudyak, S
   Baskerville, C
   Watson, MH
   Reed, SI
TI Cks1-dependent proteasome recruitment and activation of CDC20 transcription in budding yeast
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-cycle; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; dependent proteolysis; protein-kinase; m-phase; gene; elongation; complex; pds1; clb2
AB Cks proteins are small evolutionarily conserved proteins that interact genetically and physically with cyclin-dependent kinases. However, in spite of a large body of genetic, biochemical and structural research, no compelling unifying model of their functions has emerged(1,2). Here we show, by investigating the essential role of Cks1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, that the protein is primarily involved in promoting mitosis by modulating the transcriptional activation of the APC/C protein-ubiquitin ligase activator Cdc20. Cks1 is required for both the periodic dissociation of Cdc28 kinase from the CDC20 promoter and the periodic association of the proteasome with the promoter. We propose that the essential role of Cks1 is to recruit the proteasome to, and/or dissociate the Cdc28 kinase from, the CDC20 promoter, thus facilitating transcription by remodelling transcriptional complexes or chromatin associated with the CDC20 gene.
C1 Scripps Res Inst, Dept Mol Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute
RP Reed, SI (corresponding author), Scripps Res Inst, Dept Mol Biol, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
NR 23
TC 108
Z9 133
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 26
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6943
BP 1009
EP 1013
DI 10.1038/nature01720
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 694BL
UT WOS:000183753900055
PM 12827207
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dalsgaard, T
   Canfield, DE
   Petersen, J
   Thamdrup, B
   Acuña-González, J
AF Dalsgaard, T
   Canfield, DE
   Petersen, J
   Thamdrup, B
   Acuña-González, J
TI N2 production by the anammox reaction in the anoxic water column of Golfo Dulce, Costa Rica
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID anaerobic ammonium oxidation; oxygen-deficient conditions; south-pacific ocean; marine-sediments; nitrate reduction; arabian sea; denitrification; nitrogen; nitrification; manganese
AB In oxygen-depleted zones of the open ocean, and in anoxic basins and fjords, denitrification (the bacterial reduction of nitrate to give N-2) is recognized as the only significant process converting fixed nitrogen to gaseous N-2. Primary production in the oceans is often limited by the availability of fixed nitrogen such as ammonium or nitrate(1), and nitrogen-removal processes consequently affect both ecosystem function and global biogeochemical cycles. It was recently discovered that the anaerobic oxidation of ammonium with nitrite-the 'anammox' reaction, performed by bacteria-was responsible for a significant fraction of N-2 production in some marine sediments(2). Here we show that this reaction is also important in the anoxic waters of Golfo Dulce, a 200-m-deep coastal bay in Costa Rica, where it accounts for 19-35% of the total N-2 formation in the water column. The water-column chemistry in Golfo Dulce is very similar to that in oxygen-depleted zones of the oceans-in which one-half to one-third of the global nitrogen removal is believed to occur(3,4). We therefore expect the anammox reaction to be a globally significant sink for oceanic nitrogen.
C1 Natl Environm Res Inst, Dept Marine Ecol, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark.
   Univ So Denmark, Inst Biol, Danish Ctr Earth Syst Sci, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark.
   Univ Costa Rica, Ctr Invest Ciencias Mar & Limnol, CIMAR, San Jose, Costa Rica.
C3 Aarhus University; Danish National Environmental Research Institute; University of Southern Denmark; Universidad Costa Rica
RP Dalsgaard, T (corresponding author), Natl Environm Res Inst, Dept Marine Ecol, Vejlsovej 25,POB 314, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark.
NR 26
TC 550
Z9 688
U1 6
U2 450
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 10
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6932
BP 606
EP 608
DI 10.1038/nature01526
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 665GN
UT WOS:000182111400039
PM 12686998
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Boles, LC
   Lohmann, KJ
AF Boles, LC
   Lohmann, KJ
TI True navigation and magnetic maps in spiny lobsters
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sea-turtles; coil systems; orientation; information; fields; sense
AB Animals are capable of true navigation if, after displacement to a location where they have never been, they can determine their position relative to a goal without relying on familiar surroundings, cues that emanate from the destination, or information collected during the outward journey(1,2). So far, only a few animals, all vertebrates, have been shown to possess true navigation(3). Those few invertebrates that have been carefully studied return to target areas using path integration, landmark recognition, compass orientation and other mechanisms that cannot compensate for displacements into unfamiliar territory(4,5). Here we report, however, that the spiny lobster Panulirus argus oriented reliably towards a capture site when displaced 12-37 km to unfamiliar locations, even when deprived of all known orientation cues en route. Little is known about how lobsters and other animals determine position during true navigation. To test the hypothesis that lobsters derive positional information from the Earth's magnetic field, lobsters were exposed to fields replicating those that exist at specific locations in their environment. Lobsters tested in a field north of the capture site oriented themselves southwards, whereas those tested in a field south of the capture site oriented themselves northwards. These results imply that true navigation in spiny lobsters, and perhaps in other animals, is based on a magnetic map sense.
C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
C3 University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill
RP Boles, LC (corresponding author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Biol, CB 3280, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
NR 30
TC 295
Z9 349
U1 1
U2 119
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 2
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6918
BP 60
EP 63
DI 10.1038/nature01226
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 631JY
UT WOS:000180165500036
PM 12511953
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rolland-Lagan, AG
   Bangham, JA
   Coen, E
AF Rolland-Lagan, AG
   Bangham, JA
   Coen, E
TI Growth dynamics underlying petal shape and asymmetry
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell lineage patterns; leaf development; clonal analysis; tobacco; parameters
AB Development commonly involves the generation of complex shapes from simpler ones. One way of following this process is to use landmarks to track the fate of particular points in a developing organ(1-7), but this is limited by the time over which it can be monitored. Here we use an alternative method, clonal analysis', whereby dividing cells are genetically marked and their descendants identified visually, to observe the development of Antirrhinum (snapdragon) petals. Clonal analysis has previously been used to estimate growth parameters of leaves(9-11) and Drosophila wings(12-14) but these results were not integrated within a dynamic growth model. Here we develop such a model and use it to show that a key aspect of shape-petal asymmetry-in the petal lobe of Antirrhinum depends on the direction of growth rather than regional differences in growth rate. The direction of growth is maintained parallel to the proximodistal axis of the flower, irrespective of changes in shape, implying that long-range signals orient growth along the petal as a whole. Such signals may provide a general mechanism for orienting growth in other growing structures.
C1 John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England.
   Univ E Anglia, Sch Informat Syst, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England.
C3 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); John Innes Centre; University of East Anglia
RP Coen, E (corresponding author), John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Norwich Res Pk Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England.
EM Enrico.Coen@bbsrc.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 131
Z9 146
U1 0
U2 35
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 13
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6928
BP 161
EP 163
DI 10.1038/nature01443
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 654HG
UT WOS:000181488900044
PM 12634785
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Greene, MJ
   Gordon, DM
AF Greene, MJ
   Gordon, DM
TI Social insects - Cuticular hydrocarbons inform task decisions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID harvester ants; colony; division; dynamics; labor
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University
RP Greene, MJ (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM greene@ants.stanford.edu
NR 13
TC 249
Z9 299
U1 2
U2 57
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 1
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6935
BP 32
EP 32
DI 10.1038/423032a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 673CG
UT WOS:000182561600031
PM 12721617
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Itoh, Y
   Kawamata, Y
   Harada, M
   Kobayashi, M
   Fujii, R
   Fukusumi, S
   Ogi, K
   Hosoya, M
   Tanaka, Y
   Uejima, H
   Tanaka, H
   Maruyama, M
   Satoh, R
   Okubo, S
   Kizawa, H
   Komatsu, H
   Matsumura, F
   Noguchi, Y
   Shinobara, T
   Hinuma, S
   Fujisawa, Y
   Fujino, M
AF Itoh, Y
   Kawamata, Y
   Harada, M
   Kobayashi, M
   Fujii, R
   Fukusumi, S
   Ogi, K
   Hosoya, M
   Tanaka, Y
   Uejima, H
   Tanaka, H
   Maruyama, M
   Satoh, R
   Okubo, S
   Kizawa, H
   Komatsu, H
   Matsumura, F
   Noguchi, Y
   Shinobara, T
   Hinuma, S
   Fujisawa, Y
   Fujino, M
TI Free fatty acids regulate insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells through GPR40
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID signal-transduction; molecular-cloning; receptor; glucose; rat; expression; subtype
AB Diabetes, a disease in which carbohydrate and lipid metabolism are regulated improperly by insulin, is a serious worldwide health issue(1,2). Insulin is secreted from pancreatic beta cells in response to elevated plasma glucose, with various factors modifying its secretion(3). Free fatty acids (FFAs) provide an important energy source as nutrients, and they also act as signalling molecules in various cellular processes, including insulin secretion(4,5). Although FFAs are thought to promote insulin secretion in an acute phase, this mechanism is not clearly understood(6). Here we show that a G-protein-coupled receptor, GPR40, which is abundantly expressed in the pancreas, functions as a receptor for long-chain FFAs. Furthermore, we show that long-chain FFAs amplify glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells by activating GPR40. Our results indicate that GPR40 agonists and/or antagonists show potential for the development of new anti-diabetic drugs.
C1 Takeda Chem Ind Ltd, Div Pharmaceut Res, Discovery Res Labs 1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3004293, Japan.
C3 Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd
RP Hinuma, S (corresponding author), Takeda Chem Ind Ltd, Div Pharmaceut Res, Discovery Res Labs 1, Wadai 10, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3004293, Japan.
NR 26
TC 1321
Z9 1607
U1 1
U2 161
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 13
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6928
BP 173
EP 176
DI 10.1038/nature01478
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 654HG
UT WOS:000181488900047
PM 12629551
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hjorth, J
   Sollerman, J
   Moller, P
   Fynbo, JPU
   Woosley, SE
   Kouveliotou, C
   Tanvir, NR
   Greiner, J
   Andersen, MI
   Castro-Tirado, AJ
   Cerón, JMC
   Fruchter, AS
   Gorosabel, J
   Jakobsson, P
   Kaper, L
   Klose, S
   Masetti, N
   Pedersen, H
   Pedersen, K
   Pian, E
   Palazzi, E
   Rhoads, JE
   Rol, E
   van den Heuvel, EPJ
   Vreeswijk, PM
   Watson, D
   Wijers, RAMJ
AF Hjorth, J
   Sollerman, J
   Moller, P
   Fynbo, JPU
   Woosley, SE
   Kouveliotou, C
   Tanvir, NR
   Greiner, J
   Andersen, MI
   Castro-Tirado, AJ
   Cerón, JMC
   Fruchter, AS
   Gorosabel, J
   Jakobsson, P
   Kaper, L
   Klose, S
   Masetti, N
   Pedersen, H
   Pedersen, K
   Pian, E
   Palazzi, E
   Rhoads, JE
   Rol, E
   van den Heuvel, EPJ
   Vreeswijk, PM
   Watson, D
   Wijers, RAMJ
TI A very energetic supernova associated with the γ-ray burst of 29 March 2003
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hubble-space-telescope; optical afterglow; emission
AB Over the past five years evidence has mounted that long-duration (>2 s) gamma-ray bursts (GRBs)-the most luminous of all astronomical explosions-signal the collapse of massive stars in our Universe. This evidence was originally based on the probable association of one unusual GRB with a supernova(1), but now includes the association of GRBs with regions of massive star formation in distant galaxies(2,3), the appearance of supernova-like 'bumps' in the optical afterglow light curves of several bursts(4-6) and lines of freshly synthesized elements in the spectra of a few X-ray afterglows(7). These observations support, but do not yet conclusively demonstrate, the idea that long-duration GRBs are associated with the deaths of massive stars, presumably arising from core collapse. Here we report evidence that a very energetic supernova (a hypernova) was temporally and spatially coincident with a GRB at redshift z=0.1685. The timing of the supernova indicates that it exploded within a few days of the GRB, strongly suggesting that core-collapse events can give rise to GRBs, thereby favouring the 'collapsar' model(8,9).
C1 Univ Copenhagen, NBIfAFG, Astron Observ, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark.
   Stockholm Observ, Dept Astron, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
   European So Observ, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
   Aarhus Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
   Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   NSSTC, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA.
   Univ Hertfordshire, Dept Phys Sci, Hatfield AL10 9AB, Herts, England.
   Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, D-85741 Garching, Germany.
   Inst Astrophys, D-14482 Potsdam, Germany.
   CSIC, Inst Astrofis Andalucia, E-18080 Granada, Spain.
   Space Telescope Sci Inst, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
   Astron Inst Anton Pannekoek, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Thuringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg, D-07778 Tautenburg, Germany.
   CNR, Ist Astrofis Spaziale & Fis Cosm, Sez Bologna, I-40129 Bologna, Italy.
   Osserv Astron Trieste, INAF, I-34131 Trieste, Italy.
   European So Observ, Santiago 19, Chile.
C3 University of Copenhagen; Stockholm University; European Southern Observatory; Aarhus University; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; University of Hertfordshire; Max Planck Society; Leibniz Association; Leibniz Institut fur Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP); Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (IAA); Space Telescope Science Institute; University of Amsterdam; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); European Southern Observatory
RP Hjorth, J (corresponding author), Univ Copenhagen, NBIfAFG, Astron Observ, Juliane Maries Vej, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark.
EM jens@astro.ku.dk
NR 30
TC 1308
Z9 1389
U1 0
U2 39
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 19
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6942
BP 847
EP 850
DI 10.1038/nature01750
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 691BQ
UT WOS:000183585300039
PM 12815425
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Magurran, AE
   Henderson, PA
AF Magurran, AE
   Henderson, PA
TI Explaining the excess of rare species in natural species abundance distributions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lower severn estuary; population stability; dynamics
AB The observation that a few species in ecological communities are exceptionally abundant, whereas most are rare, prompted the development of species abundance models(1-3). Nevertheless, despite the large literature on the commonness and rarity of species inspired by these pioneering studies, some widespread empirical patterns of species abundance resist easy explanation(4). Notable among these is the observation(5) that in large assemblages there are more rare species than the log normal model predicts(6,7). Here we use a long-term (21-year) data set, from an estuarine fish community, to show how an ecological community can be separated into two components. Core species, which are persistent, abundant and biologically associated with estuarine habitats, are log normally distributed. Occasional species occur infrequently in the record, are typically low in abundance and have different habitat requirements; they follow a log series distribution. These distributions are overlaid, producing the negative skew that characterizes real data sets.
C1 Univ St Andrews, Sch Biol, Gatty Marine Lab, St Andrews KY16 8LB, Fife, Scotland.
   Pisces Conservat Ltd, Lymington SO41 8GN, Hants, England.
C3 University of St Andrews
RP Magurran, AE (corresponding author), Univ St Andrews, Sch Biol, Gatty Marine Lab, St Andrews KY16 8LB, Fife, Scotland.
EM aem1@st-andrews.ac.uk
NR 25
TC 731
Z9 849
U1 4
U2 269
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 17
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6933
BP 714
EP 716
DI 10.1038/nature01547
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 668CG
UT WOS:000182272300039
PM 12700760
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kiselev, SI
   Sankey, JC
   Krivorotov, IN
   Emley, NC
   Schoelkopf, RJ
   Buhrman, RA
   Ralph, DC
AF Kiselev, SI
   Sankey, JC
   Krivorotov, IN
   Emley, NC
   Schoelkopf, RJ
   Buhrman, RA
   Ralph, DC
TI Microwave oscillations of a nanomagnet driven by a spin-polarized current
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ferromagnetic-resonance; magnetic-anisotropy
AB The recent discovery that a spin-polarized electrical current can apply a large torque to a ferromagnet, through direct transfer of spin angular momentum, offers the possibility of manipulating magnetic-device elements without applying cumbersome magnetic fields(1-16). However, a central question remains unresolved: what type of magnetic motions can be generated by this torque? Theory predicts that spin transfer may be able to drive a nanomagnet into types of oscillatory magnetic modes not attainable with magnetic fields alone(1-3), but existing measurement techniques have provided only indirect evidence for dynamical states(4,6-8,12,14-16). The nature of the possible motions has not been determined. Here we demonstrate a technique that allows direct electrical measurements of microwave-frequency dynamics in individual nanomagnets, propelled by a d.c. spin-polarized current. We show that spin transfer can produce several different types of magnetic excitation. Although there is no mechanical motion, a simple magnetic-multilayer structure acts like a nanoscale motor; it converts energy from a d.c. electrical current into high-frequency magnetic rotations that might be applied in new devices including microwave sources and resonators.
C1 Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Yale Univ, Dept Phys & Appl Phys, New Haven, CT 06511 USA.
C3 Cornell University; Yale University
RP Ralph, DC (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
EM ralph@ccmr.cornell.edu
NR 30
TC 1833
Z9 2031
U1 4
U2 396
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 25
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6956
BP 380
EP 383
DI 10.1038/nature01967
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 724TG
UT WOS:000185502300035
PM 14508483
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ajami, D
   Oeckler, O
   Simon, A
   Herges, R
AF Ajami, D
   Oeckler, O
   Simon, A
   Herges, R
TI Synthesis of a Mobius aromatic hydrocarbon
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID metathesis; character; systems; huckel
AB The defining feature of aromatic hydrocarbon compounds is a cyclic molecular structure stabilized by the delocalization of pi electrons that, according to the Huckel rule, need to total 4n + 2 (n = 1,2,.,,); cyclic compounds with 4n pi electrons are antiaromatic and unstable. But in 1964, Heilbronner predicted(1) on purely theoretical grounds that cyclic molecules with the topology of a Mobius band - a ring constructed by joining the ends of a rectangular strip after having given one end half a twist - should be aromatic if they contain 4n, rather than 4n 1 2, p electrons. The prediction stimulated attempts to synthesize Mobius aromatic hydrocarbons, but twisted cyclic molecules are destabilized by large ring strains, with the twist also suppressing overlap of the p orbitals involved in electron delocalization and stabilization. In larger cyclic molecules, ring strain is less pronounced but the structures are very flexible and flip back to the less-strained Huckel topology(2,3). Although transition-state species(4), an unstable intermediate(5) and a non-conjugated cyclic molecule(6), all with a Mobius topology, have been documented, a stable aromatic Mobius system has not yet been realized. Here we report that combining a 'normal' aromatic structure (with p orbitals orthogonal to the ring plane) and a 'belt-like' aromatic structure (with p orbitals within the ring plane) yields a Mobius compound stabilized by its extended pi system.
C1 Univ Kiel, Inst Organ Chem, D-24098 Kiel, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Festkorperforsch, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
C3 University of Kiel; Max Planck Society
RP Herges, R (corresponding author), Univ Kiel, Inst Organ Chem, Otto Hahn Pl 4, D-24098 Kiel, Germany.
EM rherges@oc.uni-kiel.de
NR 28
TC 375
Z9 393
U1 0
U2 149
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 18
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6968
BP 819
EP 821
DI 10.1038/nature02224
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 754QM
UT WOS:000187342000052
PM 14685233
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gung, YC
   Panning, M
   Romanowicz, B
AF Gung, YC
   Panning, M
   Romanowicz, B
TI Global anisotropy and the thickness of continents
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID upper-mantle; lehmann discontinuity; beneath continents; seismic anisotropy; velocity structure; lithosphere; inversion; shield; model
AB For decades there has been a vigorous debate about the depth extent of continental roots(1,2). The analysis of heat-flow(3), mantle-xenolith(4) and electrical-conductivity(5) data all indicate that the coherent, conductive part of continental roots (the 'tectosphere') is at most 200-250 km thick. Some global seismic tomographic models agree with this estimate, but others suggest that a much thicker zone of high velocities lies beneath continental shields(6-9), reaching a depth of at least 400 km. Here we show that this disagreement can be reconciled by taking into account seismic anisotropy. We show that significant radial anisotropy, with horizontally polarized shear waves travelling faster than those that are vertically polarized, is present under most cratons in the depth range 250-400 km-similar to that found under ocean basins(9,10) at shallower depths of 80-250 km. We propose that, in both cases, the anisotropy is related to shear in a low-viscosity asthenospheric channel, located at different depths under continents and oceans. The seismically defined 'tectosphere' is then at most 200-250 km thick under old continents. The 'Lehmann discontinuity', observed mostly under continents at about 200-250 km, and the 'Gutenberg discontinuity', observed under oceans at depths of about 60-80 km, may both be associated with the bottom of the lithosphere, marking a transition to flow-induced asthenospheric anisotropy.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley Seismol Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Romanowicz, B (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley Seismol Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 30
TC 377
Z9 423
U1 1
U2 54
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 17
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6933
BP 707
EP 711
DI 10.1038/nature01559
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 668CG
UT WOS:000182272300037
PM 12700758
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Skaletsky, H
   Kuroda-Kawaguchi, T
   Minx, PJ
   Cordum, HS
   Hillier, L
   Brown, LG
   Repping, S
   Pyntikova, T
   Ali, J
   Bieri, T
   Chinwalla, A
   Delehaunty, A
   Delehaunty, K
   Du, H
   Fewell, G
   Fulton, L
   Fulton, R
   Graves, T
   Hou, SF
   Latrielle, P
   Leonard, S
   Mardis, E
   Maupin, R
   McPherson, J
   Miner, T
   Nash, W
   Nguyen, C
   Ozersky, P
   Pepin, K
   Rock, S
   Rohlfing, T
   Scott, K
   Schultz, B
   Strong, C
   Tin-Wollam, A
   Yang, SP
   Waterston, RH
   Wilson, RK
   Rozen, S
   Page, DC
AF Skaletsky, H
   Kuroda-Kawaguchi, T
   Minx, PJ
   Cordum, HS
   Hillier, L
   Brown, LG
   Repping, S
   Pyntikova, T
   Ali, J
   Bieri, T
   Chinwalla, A
   Delehaunty, A
   Delehaunty, K
   Du, H
   Fewell, G
   Fulton, L
   Fulton, R
   Graves, T
   Hou, SF
   Latrielle, P
   Leonard, S
   Mardis, E
   Maupin, R
   McPherson, J
   Miner, T
   Nash, W
   Nguyen, C
   Ozersky, P
   Pepin, K
   Rock, S
   Rohlfing, T
   Scott, K
   Schultz, B
   Strong, C
   Tin-Wollam, A
   Yang, SP
   Waterston, RH
   Wilson, RK
   Rozen, S
   Page, DC
TI The male-specific region of the human Y chromosome is a mosaic of discrete sequence classes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human x-chromosome; human genome; sex-chromosome; intrachromosomal recombination; drosophila-melanogaster; human centromere; gene conversion; turner syndrome; short arm; map
AB The male-specific region of the Y chromosome, the MSY, differentiates the sexes and comprises 95% of the chromosome's length. Here, we report that the MSY is a mosaic of heterochromatic sequences and three classes of euchromatic sequences: X-transposed, X-degenerate and ampliconic. These classes contain all 156 known transcription units, which include 78 protein-coding genes that collectively encode 27 distinct proteins. The X-transposed sequences exhibit 99% identity to the X chromosome. The X-degenerate sequences are remnants of ancient autosomes from which the modern X and Y chromosomes evolved. The ampliconic class includes large regions (about 30% of the MSY euchromatin) where sequence pairs show greater than 99.9% identity, which is maintained by frequent gene conversion (non-reciprocal transfer). The most prominent features here are eight massive palindromes, at least six of which contain testis genes.
C1 MIT, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Whitehead Inst, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Genome Sequencing Ctr, St Louis, MO 63108 USA.
   Univ Amsterdam, Acad Med Ctr, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Ctr Reprod Med, NL-1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Washington University (WUSTL); University of Amsterdam; Academic Medical Center Amsterdam
RP Page, DC (corresponding author), MIT, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Whitehead Inst, 9 Cambridge Ctr, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
EM page_admin@wi.mit.edu
NR 50
TC 1595
Z9 1925
U1 1
U2 142
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 19
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6942
BP 825
EP U2
DI 10.1038/nature01722
PG 14
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 691BQ
UT WOS:000183585300035
PM 12815422
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kasahara, T
   Kato, T
AF Kasahara, T
   Kato, T
TI A new redox-cofactor vitamin for mammals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pyrroloquinoline quinone; alpha-aminoadipate; lysine; biosynthesis
C1 RIKEN, Brain Sci Inst, Lab Mol Dynam Mental Disorders, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan.
C3 RIKEN
RP Kasahara, T (corresponding author), RIKEN, Brain Sci Inst, Lab Mol Dynam Mental Disorders, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan.
NR 10
TC 177
Z9 226
U1 0
U2 41
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 24
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6934
BP 832
EP 832
DI 10.1038/422832a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 670WR
UT WOS:000182432600039
PM 12712191
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Herr, AB
   Ballister, ER
   Bjorkman, PJ
AF Herr, AB
   Ballister, ER
   Bjorkman, PJ
TI Insights into IgA-mediated immune responses from the crystal structures of human FcαRI and its complex with IgA1-Fc
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inhibitory receptor; ligand-binding; immunoglobulin; domain; fragment; activation; reveals; cd89; identification; refinement
AB Immunoglobulin-alpha (IgA)-bound antigens induce immune effector responses by activating the IgA-specific receptor FcalphaRI (CD89) on immune cells. Here we present crystal structures of human FcalphaRI alone and in a complex with the Fcalpha region of IgA1 (Fcalpha). FcalphaRI has two immunoglobulin-like domains that are oriented at approximately right angles to each other. Fcalpha resembles the Fcs of immunoglobulins IgG and IgE, but has differently located interchain disulphide bonds and external rather than interdomain N-linked carbohydrates. Unlike 1:1 FcgammaRIII:IgG and FcepsilonRI:IgE complexes, two FcalphaRI molecules bind each Fcalpha dimer, one at each Calpha2-Calpha3 junction. The FcalphaRI-binding site on IgA1 overlaps the reported polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR)-binding site, which might explain why secretory IgA cannot initiate phagocytosis or bind to FcalphaRI-expressing cells in the absence of an integrin co-receptor.
C1 CALTECH, Div Biol 114 96, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   CALTECH, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   La Salle High Sch, Pasadena, CA 91107 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; California Institute of Technology
RP Bjorkman, PJ (corresponding author), CALTECH, Div Biol 114 96, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM bjorkman@caltech.edu
NR 50
TC 234
Z9 278
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 5
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6940
BP 614
EP 620
DI 10.1038/nature01685
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 686BT
UT WOS:000183301200033
PM 12768205
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Knapp, S
AF Knapp, S
TI Dynamic diversity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Nat Hist Museum, Dept Bot, London SW7 5BD, England.
C3 Natural History Museum London
RP Knapp, S (corresponding author), Nat Hist Museum, Dept Bot, Cromwell Rd, London SW7 5BD, England.
NR 6
TC 15
Z9 17
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 3
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6931
BP 475
EP 475
DI 10.1038/422475a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 662TW
UT WOS:000181965400020
PM 12673231
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jackson, A
AF Jackson, A
TI Intense equatorial flux spots on the surface of the Earth's core
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID geomagnetic secular variation; field; geodynamo; model; waves
AB A large number of high-accuracy vector measurements of the Earth's magnetic field have recently become available from the satellite Oersted, complementing previous vector data from the satellite Magsat, which operated in 1979/80. These data can be used to infer the morphology of the magnetic field at the surface of the fluid core(1), similar to2,900 km below the Earth's surface. Here I apply a new methodology to these data to calculate maps of the magnetic field at the core surface which show intense flux spots in equatorial regions. The intensity of these features is unusually large-some have intensities comparable to high-latitude flux patches near the poles, previously identified as the major component of the dynamo field(2). The tendency for pairing of some of these spots to the north and south of the geographical equator suggests they might be associated with the tops of equatorially symmetric columnar structures in the fluid, or their antisymmetric equivalents. The drift of the equatorial features may represent material flow or could represent wave motion; discrimination of these two effects based on future data could provide new information on the strength of the hidden toroidal magnetic field of the Earth.
C1 Univ Leeds, Sch Earth Sci, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
C3 University of Leeds
RP Jackson, A (corresponding author), Univ Leeds, Sch Earth Sci, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
NR 22
TC 75
Z9 80
U1 2
U2 13
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 14
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6950
BP 760
EP 763
DI 10.1038/nature01879
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 711HQ
UT WOS:000184733900035
PM 12917680
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wang, YX
   Yun, WB
   Jacobsen, C
AF Wang, YX
   Yun, WB
   Jacobsen, C
TI Achromatic Fresnel optics for wideband extreme-ultraviolet and X-ray imaging
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID engineering test stand; zone plates; lenses; lithography; reflection; compound
AB Advances in extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) and X-ray optics are providing powerful new capabilities in high-resolution imaging and trace-element analysis of microscopic specimens(1), and the potential for fabricating devices of smaller critical dimensions in next-generation integrated circuit lithography(2). However, achieving the highest resolution with such optics usually requires the illuminating EUV or X-ray beam to be highly monochromatic. It would therefore be highly desirable to have large-field-of-view, sub-100-nm resolution optics that are achromatic to a significant degree, allowing more light to be utilized from broader bandwidth sources such as laser-produced plasmas. Here we report an achromatic Fresnel optical system for EUV or X-ray radiation that combines a Fresnel zone plate with a refractive lens with opposite chromatic aberration. We use the large anomalous dispersion property of the refractive lens material near an absorption edge to make its fabrication practical. The resulting structure can deliver a resolution comparable to that of the Fresnel zone plates that have achieved the highest resolution (25 nm; ref. 3) in the entire electromagnetic spectrum, but with an improvement of two or more orders of magnitude in spectral bandwidth.
C1 Xradia Inc, Concord, CA 94520 USA.
   SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Phys & Astron, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University
RP Yun, WB (corresponding author), Xradia Inc, 4075A Sprig Dr, Concord, CA 94520 USA.
NR 27
TC 148
Z9 171
U1 2
U2 66
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 3
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6944
BP 50
EP 53
DI 10.1038/nature01756
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 696XL
UT WOS:000183912800035
PM 12840754
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Su, HT
   Hsu, RR
   Chen, AB
   Wang, YC
   Hsiao, WS
   Lai, WC
   Lee, LC
   Sato, M
   Fukunishi, H
AF Su, HT
   Hsu, RR
   Chen, AB
   Wang, YC
   Hsiao, WS
   Lai, WC
   Lee, LC
   Sato, M
   Fukunishi, H
TI Gigantic jets between a thundercloud and the ionosphere
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sprites94 aircraft campaign; blue jets; electrical-discharge; thunderstorm; ionization; starters; circuit
AB Transient luminous events in the atmosphere, such as lighting-induced sprites(1-8) and upwardly discharging blue jets(9-14), were discovered recently in the region between thunderclouds and the ionosphere. In the conventional picture, the main components of Earth's global electric circuit(15,16) include thunderstorms, the conducting ionosphere, the downward fair-weather currents and the conducting Earth. Thunderstorms serve as one of the generators that drive current upward from cloud tops to the ionosphere, where the electric potential is hundreds of kilovolts higher than Earth's surface. It has not been clear, however, whether all the important components of the global circuit have even been identified. Here we report observations of five gigantic jets that establish a direct link between a thundercloud (altitude similar to16 km) and the ionosphere at 90 km elevation. Extremely-low-frequency radio waves in four events were detected, while no cloud-to-ground lightning was observed to trigger these events. Our result indicates that the extremely-low-frequency waves were generated by negative cloud-to-ionosphere discharges, which would reduce the electrical potential between ionosphere and ground. Therefore, the conventional picture of the global electric circuit needs to be modified to include the contributions of gigantic jets and possibly sprites(17,18).
C1 Natl Cheng Kung Univ, Dept Phys, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
   Natl Space Program Off, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
   Tohoku Univ, Dept Geophys, Sendai, Miyagi 9808578, Japan.
C3 National Cheng Kung University; Tohoku University
RP Su, HT (corresponding author), Natl Cheng Kung Univ, Dept Phys, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
EM htsu@phys.ncku.edu.tw
NR 24
TC 180
Z9 201
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 26
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6943
BP 974
EP 976
DI 10.1038/nature01759
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 694BL
UT WOS:000183753900046
PM 12827198
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ben-Shem, A
   Frolow, F
   Nelson, N
AF Ben-Shem, A
   Frolow, F
   Nelson, N
TI Crystal structure of plant photosystem I
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID light-harvesting complex; fast-electron transfer; chlamydomonas-reinhardtii; arabidopsis-thaliana; angstrom resolution; thylakoid membranes; cytochrome c(6); iron-deficiency; energy-transfer; antenna ring
AB Oxygenic photosynthesis is the principal producer of both oxygen and organic matter on Earth. The conversion of sunlight into chemical energy is driven by two multisubunit membrane protein complexes named photosystem I and II. We determined the crystal structure of the complete photosystem I ( PSI) from a higher plant ( Pisum sativum var. alaska) to 4.4 Angstrom resolution. Its intricate structure shows 12 core subunits, 4 different light- harvesting membrane proteins ( LHCI) assembled in a half- moon shape on one side of the core, 45 transmembrane helices, 167 chlorophylls, 3 Fe - S clusters and 2 phylloquinones. About 20 chlorophylls are positioned in strategic locations in the cleft between LHCI and the core. This structure provides a framework for exploration not only of energy and electron transfer but also of the evolutionary forces that shaped the photosynthetic apparatus of terrestrial plants after the divergence of chloroplasts from marine cyanobacteria one billion years ago.
C1 Tel Aviv Univ, George S Wise Fac Life Sci, Dept Biochem, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.
   Tel Aviv Univ, George S Wise Fac Life Sci, Dept Mol Microbiol & Biotechnol, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.
C3 Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv University
RP Nelson, N (corresponding author), Tel Aviv Univ, George S Wise Fac Life Sci, Dept Biochem, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.
EM nelson@post.tau.ac.il
NR 40
TC 690
Z9 822
U1 1
U2 193
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 11
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6967
BP 630
EP 635
DI 10.1038/nature02200
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 752DY
UT WOS:000187132800032
PM 14668855
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lu, W
   Ji, ZQ
   Pfeiffer, L
   West, KW
   Rimberg, AJ
AF Lu, W
   Ji, ZQ
   Pfeiffer, L
   West, KW
   Rimberg, AJ
TI Real-time detection of electron tunnelling in a quantum dot
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transistor; charge; junctions; oscillations; statistics; states; noise
AB Nanostructures in which strong (Coulomb) interactions exist between electrons are predicted to exhibit temporal electronic correlations(1). Although there is ample experimental evidence that such correlations exist(2), electron dynamics in engineered nanostructures have been observed directly only on long timescales(3). The faster dynamics associated with electrical currents or charge fluctuations(4) are usually inferred from direct (or quasi-direct) current measurements. Recently, interest in electron dynamics has risen, in part owing to the realization that additional information about electronic interactions can be found in the shot noise(5) or higher statistical moments(6,7) of a direct current. Furthermore, interest in quantum computation has stimulated investigation of quantum bit (qubit) readout techniques(8,9), which for many condensed-matter systems ultimately reduce to single-shot measurements of individual electronic charges. Here we report real-time observation of individual electron tunnelling events in a quantum dot using an integrated radio-frequency single-electron transistor(10,11). We use electron counting to measure directly the quantum dot's tunnelling rate and the occupational probabilities of its charge state. Our results provide evidence in favour of long (10 mus or more) inelastic scattering times in nearly isolated dots.
C1 Rice Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Houston, TX 77005 USA.
   Rice Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Houston, TX 77005 USA.
   Lucent Technol Inc, Bell Labs, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
C3 Rice University; Rice University; AT&T; Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies
RP Rimberg, AJ (corresponding author), Rice Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Houston, TX 77005 USA.
NR 21
TC 355
Z9 396
U1 1
U2 71
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 22
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6938
BP 422
EP 425
DI 10.1038/nature01642
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 681AJ
UT WOS:000183012000037
PM 12761544
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bowman, L
AF Bowman, L
TI Different directions?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 11
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6967
BP 712
EP 712
DI 10.1038/426712
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 752DY
UT WOS:000187132800055
PM 14668878
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Inada, N
   Oguri, M
   Pindor, B
   Hennawi, JF
   Chiu, KL
   Zheng, W
   Ichikawa, SI
   Gregg, MD
   Becker, RH
   Suto, Y
   Strauss, MA
   Turner, EL
   Keeton, CR
   Annis, J
   Castander, FJ
   Eisenstein, DJ
   Frieman, JA
   Fukugita, M
   Gunn, JE
   Johnston, DE
   Kent, SM
   Nichol, RC
   Richards, GT
   Rix, HW
   Sheldon, ES
   Bahcall, NA
   Brinkmann, J
   Ivezic, Z
   Lamb, DQ
   McKay, TA
   Schneider, DP
   York, DG
AF Inada, N
   Oguri, M
   Pindor, B
   Hennawi, JF
   Chiu, KL
   Zheng, W
   Ichikawa, SI
   Gregg, MD
   Becker, RH
   Suto, Y
   Strauss, MA
   Turner, EL
   Keeton, CR
   Annis, J
   Castander, FJ
   Eisenstein, DJ
   Frieman, JA
   Fukugita, M
   Gunn, JE
   Johnston, DE
   Kent, SM
   Nichol, RC
   Richards, GT
   Rix, HW
   Sheldon, ES
   Bahcall, NA
   Brinkmann, J
   Ivezic, Z
   Lamb, DQ
   McKay, TA
   Schneider, DP
   York, DG
TI A gravitationally lensed quasar with quadruple images separated by 14.62 arcseconds
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID digital sky survey; density profile; angular separations; dark halos; statistics; camera; spectrograph; system
AB Gravitational lensing is a powerful tool for the study of the distribution of dark matter in the Universe. The cold-dark-matter model of the formation of large-scale structures ( that is, clusters of galaxies and even larger assemblies) predicts(1-6) the existence of quasars gravitationally lensed by concentrations of dark matter(7) so massive that the quasar images would be split by over 7 arcsec. Numerous searches(8-11) for large-separation lensed quasars have, however, been unsuccessful. All of the roughly 70 lensed quasars known(12), including the first lensed quasar discovered(13), have smaller separations that can be explained in terms of galaxy-scale concentrations of baryonic matter. Although gravitationally lensed galaxies(14) with large separations are known, quasars are more useful cosmological probes because of the simplicity of the resulting lens systems. Here we report the discovery of a lensed quasar, SDSS J1004+4112, which has a maximum separation between the components of 14.62 arcsec. Such a large separation means that the lensing object must be dominated by dark matter. Our results are fully consistent with theoretical expectations(3-5) based on the cold-dark-matter model.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Sch Sci, Dept Phys, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Princeton Univ Observ, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
   Natl Astron Observ, Tokyo 1818588, Japan.
   Univ Calif Davis, Dept Phys, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
   Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Livermore, CA 94550 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA.
   CSIC, Inst Estudis Espacials Catalunya, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
   Univ Arizona, Steward Observ, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Univ Tokyo, Inst Cosm Ray Res, Chiba 2778582, Japan.
   Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Phys, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA.
   Max Planck Inst Astron, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Apache Point Observ, Sunspot, NM 88349 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Dept Phys, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Penn State Univ, Dept Astron & Astrophys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Enrico Fermi Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
C3 University of Tokyo; Princeton University; Johns Hopkins University; National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ); University of California System; University of California Davis; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; University of Chicago; United States Department of Energy (DOE); University of Chicago; Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC); University of Arizona; University of Tokyo; Carnegie Mellon University; Max Planck Society; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; University of Chicago
RP Inada, N (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Sch Sci, Dept Phys, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
EM inada@utap.phys.u-tokyo.ac.jp
NR 30
TC 181
Z9 192
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 18
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6968
BP 810
EP 812
DI 10.1038/nature02153
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 754QM
UT WOS:000187342000049
PM 14685230
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Duggen, S
   Hoernle, K
   van den Bogaard, P
   Rüpke, L
   Morgan, JP
AF Duggen, S
   Hoernle, K
   van den Bogaard, P
   Rüpke, L
   Morgan, JP
TI Deep roots of the Messinian salinity crisis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID late miocene; subduction; evolution; morocco; sequences; mantle; delamination; lithosphere; chronology; magmatism
AB The Messinian salinity crisis-the desiccation of the Mediterranean Sea between 5.96 and 5.33 million years (Myr) ago(1)-was one of the most dramatic events on Earth during the Cenozoic era(2). It resulted from the closure of marine gateways between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, the causes of which remain enigmatic. Here we use the age and composition of volcanic rocks to reconstruct the geodynamic evolution of the westernmost Mediterranean from the Middle Miocene epoch to the Pleistocene epoch (about 12.1-0.65 Myr ago). Our data show that a marked shift in the geochemistry of mantle-derived volcanic rocks, reflecting a change from subduction-related to intraplate-type volcanism, occurred between 6.3 and 4.8 Myr ago, largely synchronous with the Messinian salinity crisis. Using a thermomechanical model, we show that westward roll back of subducted Tethys oceanic lithosphere and associated asthenospheric upwelling provides a plausible mechanism for producing the shift in magma chemistry and the necessary uplift (similar to1 km) along the African and Iberian continental margins to close the Miocene marine gateways, thereby causing the Messinian salinity crisis.
C1 GEOMAR Res Ctr Marine Geosci, D-24148 Kiel, Germany.
C3 Helmholtz Association; GEOMAR Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research Kiel
RP Duggen, S (corresponding author), Univ London, Dept Geol, Egham TW20 0EX, Surrey, England.
EM s.duggen@gl.rhul.ac.uk
NR 32
TC 493
Z9 551
U1 1
U2 130
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 10
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6932
BP 602
EP 606
DI 10.1038/nature01553
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 665GN
UT WOS:000182111400038
PM 12686997
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Armani, DK
   Kippenberg, TJ
   Spillane, SM
   Vahala, KJ
AF Armani, DK
   Kippenberg, TJ
   Spillane, SM
   Vahala, KJ
TI Ultra-high-Q toroid microcavity on a chip
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gallery-mode resonances; fused-silica; microspheres; excitation
AB The circulation of light within dielectric volumes enables storage of optical power near specific resonant frequencies and is important in a wide range of fields including cavity quantum electrodynamics(1,2), photonics(3,4), biosensing(5,6) and nonlinear optics(7-9). Optical trajectories occur near the interface of the volume with its surroundings, making their performance strongly dependent upon interface quality. With a nearly atomic-scale surface finish, surface-tension-induced microcavities such as liquid droplets or spheres(10-13) are superior to all other dielectric microresonant structures when comparing photon lifetime or, equivalently, cavity Q factor. Despite these advantageous properties, the physical characteristics of such systems are not easily controlled during fabrication. It is known that wafer-based processing(14) of resonators can achieve parallel processing and control, as well as integration with other functions. However, such resonators-on-a-chip suffer from Q factors that are many orders of magnitude lower than for surface-tension-induced microcavities, making them unsuitable for ultra-high-Q experiments. Here we demonstrate a process for producing silica toroid-shaped microresonators-on-a-chip with Q factors in excess of 100 million using a combination of lithography, dry etching and a selective reflow process. Such a high Q value was previously attainable only by droplets or microspheres and represents an improvement of nearly four orders of magnitude over previous chip-based resonators.
C1 CALTECH, Dept Appl Phys, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology
RP Vahala, KJ (corresponding author), CALTECH, Dept Appl Phys, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM vahala@caltech.edu
NR 23
TC 1867
Z9 2248
U1 19
U2 865
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 27
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6926
BP 925
EP 928
DI 10.1038/nature01371
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 649BK
UT WOS:000181186900043
PM 12606995
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Langmore, NE
   Hunt, S
   Kilner, RM
AF Langmore, NE
   Hunt, S
   Kilner, RM
TI Escalation of a coevolutionary arms race through host rejection of brood parasitic young
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cuculus-canorus; reed warblers; cuckoo; discrimination; constraints; evolution; model; eggs
AB Cuckoo nestlings that evict all other young from the nest soon after hatching impose a high reproductive cost on their hosts(1). In defence, hosts have coevolved strategies to prevent brood parasitism. Puzzlingly, they do not extend beyond the egg stage(2-5). Thus, hosts adept at recognizing foreign eggs remain vulnerable to exploitation by cuckoo nestlings(6,7). Here we show that the breach of host egg defences by cuckoos creates a new stage in the coevolutionary cycle. We found that defences used during the egg-laying period by host superb fairy-wrens (Malurus cyaneus) are easily evaded by the Horsfield's bronze-cuckoo (Chrysococcyx basalis), a specialist fairy-wren brood parasite. However, although hosts never deserted their own broods, they later abandoned 40% of nests containing a lone Horsfield's bronze-cuckoo nestling, and 100% of nests with a lone shining bronze-cuckoo nestling (Chrysococcyx lucidus), an occasional fairy-wren brood parasite. Our experiments demonstrate that host discrimination against evictor-cuckoo nestlings is possible, and suggest that it has selected for the evolution of nestling mimicry in bronze-cuckoos.
C1 Australian Natl Univ, Sch Bot & Zool, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
   Univ Bristol, Sch Biol Sci, Bristol BS8 1UG, Avon, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England.
C3 Australian National University; University of Bristol; University of Cambridge
RP Langmore, NE (corresponding author), Australian Natl Univ, Sch Bot & Zool, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
EM naomi.langmore@anu.edu.au
NR 27
TC 289
Z9 326
U1 0
U2 166
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 13
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6928
BP 157
EP 160
DI 10.1038/nature01460
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 654HG
UT WOS:000181488900043
PM 12634784
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU O'Reilly, CM
   Alin, SR
   Plisnier, PD
   Cohen, AS
   McKee, BA
AF O'Reilly, CM
   Alin, SR
   Plisnier, PD
   Cohen, AS
   McKee, BA
TI Climate change decreases aquatic ecosystem productivity of Lake Tanganyika, Africa
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID organic-matter; isotopic composition; water; indicators; sediments; chemistry; carbon
AB Although the effects of climate warming on the chemical and physical properties of lakes have been documented(1), biotic and ecosystem-scale responses to climate change have been only estimated or predicted by manipulations and models(1). Here we present evidence that climate warming is diminishing productivity in Lake Tanganyika, East Africa. This lake has historically supported a highly productive pelagic fishery that currently provides 25-40% of the animal protein supply for the populations of the surrounding countries(2). In parallel with regional warming patterns since the beginning of the twentieth century, a rise in surface-water temperature has increased the stability of the water column. A regional decrease in wind velocity has contributed to reduced mixing, decreasing deep-water nutrient upwelling and entrainment into surface waters. Carbon isotope records in sediment cores suggest that primary productivity may have decreased by about 20%, implying a roughly 30% decrease in fish yields. Our study provides evidence that the impact of regional effects of global climate change on aquatic ecosystem functions and services can be larger than that of local anthropogenic activity or overfishing.
C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Geosci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Namur Univ, Dept Biol, B-5000 Namur, Belgium.
   Royal Museum Cent Africa, B-3080 Tervuren, Belgium.
   Tulane Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA.
C3 University of Arizona; University of Namur; Royal Museum for Central Africa; Tulane University
RP O'Reilly, CM (corresponding author), Vassar Coll, Environm Sci Program, Poughkeepsie, NY 12603 USA.
NR 31
TC 520
Z9 636
U1 2
U2 305
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 14
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6950
BP 766
EP 768
DI 10.1038/nature01833
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 711HQ
UT WOS:000184733900037
PM 12917682
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bell, JI
AF Bell, JI
TI The double helix in clinical practice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID association; genetics; cancer; asthma
AB The discovery of the double helix half a century ago has so far been slow to affect medical practice, but significant transformations are likely over the next 50 years. Changes to the way medicine is practised and new doctors are trained will be required before potential benefits are realized.
C1 Univ Oxford, Off Regius Professor Med, Oxford OX3 9DU, England.
C3 University of Oxford
RP Bell, JI (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Off Regius Professor Med, Oxford OX3 9DU, England.
EM regius@medsci.ox.ac.uk
NR 15
TC 23
Z9 29
U1 1
U2 6
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6921
BP 414
EP 416
DI 10.1038/nature01402
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 637UW
UT WOS:000180533000053
PM 12540912
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Burgay, M
   D'Amico, N
   Possenti, A
   Manchester, RN
   Lyne, AG
   Joshi, BC
   McLaughlin, MA
   Kramer, M
   Sarkissian, JM
   Camilo, F
   Kalogera, V
   Kim, C
   Lorimer, DR
AF Burgay, M
   D'Amico, N
   Possenti, A
   Manchester, RN
   Lyne, AG
   Joshi, BC
   McLaughlin, MA
   Kramer, M
   Sarkissian, JM
   Camilo, F
   Kalogera, V
   Kim, C
   Lorimer, DR
TI An increased estimate of the merger rate of double neutron stars from observations of a highly relativistic system
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID binary pulsar; masses
AB The merger(1) of close binary systems containing two neutron stars should produce a burst of gravitational waves, as predicted by the theory of general relativity(2). A reliable estimate of the double-neutron-star merger rate in the Galaxy is crucial in order to predict whether current gravity wave detectors will be successful in detecting such bursts. Present estimates of this rate are rather low(3-7), because we know of only a few double-neutron-star binaries with merger times less than the age of the Universe. Here we report the discovery of a 22-ms pulsar, PSR J0737 - 3039, which is a member of a highly relativistic double-neutron-star binary with an orbital period of 2.4 hours. This system will merge in about 85 Myr, a time much shorter than for any other known neutron-star binary. Together with the relatively low radio luminosity of PSR J0737 - 3039, this timescale implies an order-of-magnitude increase in the predicted merger rate for double-neutron-star systems in our Galaxy (and in the rest of the Universe).
C1 Univ Cagliari, Dipartimento Fis, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy.
   Univ Bologna, Dipartimento Astron, I-40127 Bologna, Italy.
   Osservatorio Astron Cagliari, INAF, I-09012 Capoterra, Italy.
   Osservatorio Astron Bologna, INAF, I-40127 Bologna, Italy.
   CSIRO, Australia Telescope Natl Facil, Epping, NSW 2121, Australia.
   Univ Manchester, Jodrell Bank Observ, Macclesfield SK11 9DL, Cheshire, England.
   Natl Ctr Radio Astrophys, Pune 411007, Maharashtra, India.
   Columbia Univ, Columbia Astrophys Lab, New York, NY 10027 USA.
   Northwestern Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
C3 University of Cagliari; University of Bologna; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO); Australia Telescope National Facility; University of Manchester; Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics; Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR); National Centre for Radio Astrophysics (NCRA), Pune; Columbia University; Northwestern University
RP D'Amico, N (corresponding author), Univ Cagliari, Dipartimento Fis, SP Monserrato Sestu Km 0-7, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy.
EM damico@ca.astro.it
NR 27
TC 732
Z9 808
U1 1
U2 18
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 4
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6966
BP 531
EP 533
DI 10.1038/nature02124
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 749TE
UT WOS:000186944300031
PM 14654834
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Thomson, RE
   Mihály, SF
   Rabinovich, AB
   McDuff, RE
   Veirs, SR
   Stahr, FR
AF Thomson, RE
   Mihály, SF
   Rabinovich, AB
   McDuff, RE
   Veirs, SR
   Stahr, FR
TI Constrained circulation at Endeavour ridge facilitates colonization by vent larvae
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID de-fuca ridge; mid-atlantic ridge; hydrothermal plumes; northeast pacific; heat-flux; biology; evolution; ocean
AB Understanding how larvae from extant hydrothermal vent fields colonize neighbouring regions of the mid-ocean ridge system remains a major challenge in oceanic research(1,2). Among the factors considered important in the recruitment of deep-sea larvae are metabolic lifespan, the connectivity of the seafloor topography, and the characteristics of the currents(3). Here we use current velocity measurements from Endeavour ridge to examine the role of topographically constrained circulation on larval transport along-ridge. We show that the dominant tidal and wind-generated currents in the region are strongly attenuated within the rift valley that splits the ridge crest, and that hydrothermal plumes rising from vent fields in the valley drive a steady near-bottom inflow within the valley. Extrapolation of these findings suggests that the suppression of oscillatory currents within rift valleys of mid-ocean ridges shields larvae from cross-axis dispersal into the inhospitable deep ocean. This effect, augmented by plume-driven circulation within rift valleys having active hydrothermal venting, helps retain larvae near their source. Larvae are then exported preferentially down-ridge during regional flow events that intermittently over-ride the currents within the valley.
C1 Inst Ocean Sci, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada.
   PP Shirshov Oceanol Inst, Moscow 117851, Russia.
   Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 Russian Academy of Sciences; Shirshov Institute of Oceanology; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Thomson, RE (corresponding author), Inst Ocean Sci, 9860 W Saanich Rd, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada.
NR 19
TC 85
Z9 99
U1 0
U2 27
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 31
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6948
BP 545
EP 549
DI 10.1038/nature01824
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 706LG
UT WOS:000184454700041
PM 12891356
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Milner-Gulland, EJ
   Bukreevea, OM
   Coulson, T
   Lushchekina, AA
   Kholodova, MV
   Bekenov, AB
   Grachev, IA
AF Milner-Gulland, EJ
   Bukreevea, OM
   Coulson, T
   Lushchekina, AA
   Kholodova, MV
   Bekenov, AB
   Grachev, IA
TI Conservation - Reproductive collapse in saiga antelope harems
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID populations; dynamics
C1 Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Environm Sci & Technol, London SW7 2AZ, England.
   Dept Hunting Management, Elista 358000, Republic Kalmyk, Russia.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England.
   AN Severtsov Inst Ecol & Evolut, Moscow 119071, Russia.
   Minist Educ, Inst Zool, Almaty 480032, Kazakhstan.
C3 Imperial College London; University of Cambridge; Russian Academy of Sciences; Saratov Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Severtsov Institute of Ecology & Evolution; Institute of Zoology in Kazakhstan
RP Milner-Gulland, EJ (corresponding author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Environm Sci & Technol, S Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, England.
NR 10
TC 197
Z9 228
U1 4
U2 91
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 13
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6928
BP 135
EP 135
DI 10.1038/422135a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 654HG
UT WOS:000181488900034
PM 12634775
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Knight, J
AF Knight, J
TI Tomorrow's world
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 2
Z9 2
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 11
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6967
BP 709
EP 711
DI 10.1038/426709
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 752DY
UT WOS:000187132800054
PM 14668877
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU White, TD
   Asfaw, B
   DeGusta, D
   Gilbert, H
   Richards, GD
   Suwa, G
   Howell, FC
AF White, TD
   Asfaw, B
   DeGusta, D
   Gilbert, H
   Richards, GD
   Suwa, G
   Howell, FC
TI Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID early hominid; australopithecus; origins; maka
AB The origin of anatomically modern Homo sapiens and the fate of Neanderthals have been fundamental questions in human evolutionary studies for over a century(1-4). A key barrier to the resolution of these questions has been the lack of substantial and accurately dated African hominid fossils from between 100,000 and 300,000 years ago(5). Here we describe fossilized hominid crania from Herto, Middle Awash, Ethiopia, that fill this gap and provide crucial evidence on the location, timing and contextual circumstances of the emergence of Homo sapiens. Radioisotopically dated to between 160,000 and 154,000 years ago(6), these new fossils predate classic Neanderthals and lack their derived features. The Herto hominids are morphologically and chronologically intermediate between archaic African fossils and later anatomically modern Late Pleistocene humans. They therefore represent the probable immediate ancestors of anatomically modern humans. Their anatomy and antiquity constitute strong evidence of modern-human emergence in Africa.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Museum Vertebrate Zool, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Museum Vertebrate Zool, Lab Human Evolutionary Studies, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Rift Valley Res Serv, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
   Univ Tokyo, Univ Museum, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of Tokyo
RP White, TD (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Museum Vertebrate Zool, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM timwhite@socrates.berkeley.edu
NR 26
TC 602
Z9 745
U1 0
U2 111
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 12
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6941
BP 742
EP 747
DI 10.1038/nature01669
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 688PA
UT WOS:000183443400041
PM 12802332
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Knobel, RG
   Cleland, AN
AF Knobel, RG
   Cleland, AN
TI Nanometre-scale displacement sensing using a single electron transistor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quality factors; sensitivity; oscillator; noise
AB It has been a long-standing goal to detect the effects of quantum mechanics on a macroscopic mechanical oscillator(1-3). Position measurements of an oscillator are ultimately limited by quantum mechanics, where 'zero-point motion' fluctuations in the quantum ground state combine with the uncertainty relation to yield a lower limit on the measured average displacement. Development of a position transducer, integrated with a mechanical resonator, that can approach this limit could have important applications in the detection of very weak forces, for example in magnetic resonance force microsopy(4) and a variety of other precision experiments(5-7). One implementation that might allow near quantum-limited sensitivity is to use a single electron transistor (SET) as a displacement sensor(8-11): the exquisite charge sensitivity of the SET at cryogenic temperatures is exploited to measure motion by capacitively coupling it to the mechanical resonator. Here we present the experimental realization of such a device, yielding an unequalled displacement sensitivity of 2x10(-15) m Hz(-1/2) for a 116-MHz mechanical oscillator at a temperature of 30 mK-a sensitivity roughly a factor of 100 larger than the quantum limit for this oscillator.
C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Phys, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, iQUEST, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
RP Cleland, AN (corresponding author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Phys, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
EM cleland@physics.ucsb.edu
NR 27
TC 532
Z9 602
U1 1
U2 101
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 17
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6946
BP 291
EP 293
DI 10.1038/nature01773
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 701RZ
UT WOS:000184183900035
PM 12867975
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Custers, J
   Gegenwart, P
   Wilhelm, H
   Neumaier, K
   Tokiwa, Y
   Trovarelli, O
   Geibel, C
   Steglich, F
   Pépin, C
   Coleman, P
AF Custers, J
   Gegenwart, P
   Wilhelm, H
   Neumaier, K
   Tokiwa, Y
   Trovarelli, O
   Geibel, C
   Steglich, F
   Pépin, C
   Coleman, P
TI The break-up of heavy electrons at a quantum critical point
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB The point at absolute zero where matter becomes unstable to new forms of order is called a quantum critical point (QCP). The quantum fluctuations between order and disorder(1-5) that develop at this point induce profound transformations in the finite temperature electronic properties of the material. Magnetic fields are ideal for tuning a material as close as possible to a QCP, where the most intense effects of criticality can be studied. A previous study(6) on the heavy-electron material YbRh2Si2 found that near a field-induced QCP electrons move ever more slowly and scatter off one another with ever increasing probability, as indicated by a divergence to infinity of the electron effective mass and scattering cross-section. But these studies could not shed light on whether these properties were an artefact of the applied field(7,8), or a more general feature of field-free QCPs. Here we report that, when germanium-doped YbRh2Si2 is tuned away from a chemically induced QCP by magnetic fields, there is a universal behaviour in the temperature dependence of the specific heat and resistivity: the characteristic kinetic energy of electrons is directly proportional to the strength of the applied field. We infer that all ballistic motion of electrons vanishes at a QCP, forming a new class of conductor in which individual electrons decay into collective current-carrying motions of the electron fluid.
C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, CMT, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
   Max Planck Inst Chem Phys Solids, D-01187 Dresden, Germany.
   Bavarian Acad Sci, Walther Meissner Inst Low Temp Res, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
   CEA Saclay, SPhT, F-91190 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
C3 Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Max Planck Society; Universite Paris Saclay; CEA
RP Coleman, P (corresponding author), Rutgers State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, CMT, POB 849, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
EM coleman@physics.rutgers.edu
NR 19
TC 617
Z9 677
U1 2
U2 194
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 31
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6948
BP 524
EP 527
DI 10.1038/nature01774
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 706LG
UT WOS:000184454700034
PM 12891349
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Miyazawa, A
   Fujiyoshi, Y
   Unwin, N
AF Miyazawa, A
   Fujiyoshi, Y
   Unwin, N
TI Structure and gating mechanism of the acetylcholine receptor pore
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ion-channel; m2 domain; tubular crystals; ligand-binding; delta-subunit; alpha-subunit; protein; resolution; location; segment
AB The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor controls electrical signalling between nerve and muscle cells by opening and closing a gated, membrane-spanning pore. Here we present an atomic model of the closed pore, obtained by electron microscopy of crystalline postsynaptic membranes. The pore is shaped by an inner ring of 5 alpha-helices, which curve radially to create a tapering path for the ions, and an outer ring of 15 alpha-helices, which coil around each other and shield the inner ring from the lipids. The gate is a constricting hydrophobic girdle at the middle of the lipid bilayer, formed by weak interactions between neighbouring inner helices. When acetylcholine enters the ligand-binding domain, it triggers rotations of the protein chains on opposite sides of the entrance to the pore. These rotations are communicated through the inner helices, and open the pore by breaking the girdle apart.
C1 MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
   RIKEN, Harima Inst, Sayo, Hyogo 6795148, Japan.
   Kyoto Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Biophys, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068502, Japan.
C3 MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology; RIKEN; Kyoto University
RP Unwin, N (corresponding author), MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
EM mas@mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk
NR 48
TC 1062
Z9 1256
U1 3
U2 153
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 26
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6943
BP 949
EP 955
DI 10.1038/nature01748
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 694BL
UT WOS:000183753900040
PM 12827192
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sokolowski-Tinten, K
   Blome, C
   Blums, J
   Cavalleri, A
   Dietrich, C
   Tarasevitch, A
   Uschmann, I
   Förster, E
   Kammler, M
   Horn-von-Hoegen, M
   von der Linde, D
AF Sokolowski-Tinten, K
   Blome, C
   Blums, J
   Cavalleri, A
   Dietrich, C
   Tarasevitch, A
   Uschmann, I
   Förster, E
   Kammler, M
   Horn-von-Hoegen, M
   von der Linde, D
TI Femtosecond X-ray measurement of coherent lattice vibrations near the Lindemann stability limit
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID structural dynamics; phase-transition; phonons; diffraction; bismuth; pulses
AB The study of phase-transition dynamics in solids beyond a time-averaged kinetic description requires direct measurement of the changes in the atomic configuration along the physical pathways leading to the new phase. The timescale of interest is in the range 10(-14) to 10(-12) s. Until recently, only optical techniques were capable of providing adequate time resolution(1), albeit with indirect sensitivity to structural arrangement. Ultrafast laser-induced changes of long-range order have recently been directly established for some materials using time-resolved X-ray diffraction(2-8). However, the measurement of the atomic displacements within the unit cell, as well as their relationship with the stability limit of a structural phase(9-11), has to date remained obscure. Here we report time-resolved X-ray diffraction measurements of the coherent atomic displacement of the lattice atoms in photoexcited bismuth close to a phase transition. Excitation of large-amplitude coherent optical phonons gives rise to a periodic modulation of the X-ray diffraction efficiency. Stronger excitation corresponding to atomic displacements exceeding 10 per cent of the nearest-neighbour distance-near the Lindemann limit-leads to a subsequent loss of long-range order, which is most probably due to melting of the material.
C1 Univ Essen Gesamthsch, Inst Laser & Plasmaphys, D-45117 Essen, Germany.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Jena, Inst Opt & Quantenelektron, Forschungsgrp Rontgenopt, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
   Univ Hannover, Inst Halbleitertechnol, D-30167 Hannover, Germany.
C3 University of Duisburg Essen; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Friedrich Schiller University of Jena; Leibniz University Hannover
RP Sokolowski-Tinten, K (corresponding author), Univ Essen Gesamthsch, Inst Laser & Plasmaphys, D-45117 Essen, Germany.
NR 21
TC 560
Z9 595
U1 3
U2 110
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 20
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6929
BP 287
EP 289
DI 10.1038/nature01490
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 656XX
UT WOS:000181637300033
PM 12646915
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Phillips, PEM
   Stuber, GD
   Heien, MLAV
   Wightman, RM
   Carelli, RM
AF Phillips, PEM
   Stuber, GD
   Heien, MLAV
   Wightman, RM
   Carelli, RM
TI Subsecond dopamine release promotes cocaine seeking
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nucleus-accumbens; extracellular dopamine; neurons; activation; neurobiology; modulation; terminals; striatum; system; cues
AB The dopamine-containing projection from the ventral tegmental area of the midbrain to the nucleus accumbens is critically involved in mediating the reinforcing properties of cocaine(1,2). Although neurons in this area respond to rewards on a subsecond timescale(3,4), neurochemical studies have only addressed the role of dopamine in drug addiction by examining changes in the tonic (minute-to-minute) levels of extracellular dopamine(5-9). To investigate the role of phasic (subsecond) dopamine signalling(10), we measured dopamine every 100 ms in the nucleus accumbens using electrochemical technology(11). Rapid changes in extracellular dopamine concentration were observed at key aspects of drug-taking behaviour in rats. Before lever presses for cocaine, there was an increase in dopamine that coincided with the initiation of drug-seeking behaviours. Notably, these behaviours could be reproduced by electrically evoking dopamine release on this timescale. After lever presses, there were further increases in dopamine concentration at the concurrent presentation of cocaine-related cues. These cues alone also elicited similar, rapid dopamine signalling, but only in animals where they had previously been paired to cocaine delivery. These findings reveal an unprecedented role for dopamine in the regulation of drug taking in real time.
C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Psychol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Dept Chem, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Ctr Neurosci, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Neurobiol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
C3 University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill
RP Carelli, RM (corresponding author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Psychol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
EM rcarelli@unc.edu
FU National Institute on Drug Abuse; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke [T32NS007431] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER; NINDS NIH HHS [T32 NS007431] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 895
Z9 1133
U1 1
U2 77
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 10
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6932
BP 614
EP +
DI 10.1038/nature01476
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 665GN
UT WOS:000182111400042
PM 12687000
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kincaid, C
   Griffiths, RW
AF Kincaid, C
   Griffiths, RW
TI Laboratory models of the thermal evolution of the mantle during rollback subduction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID oceanic-crust; island-arc; slab; flow; beneath; constraints; plate; anisotropy; migration; dynamics
AB The subduction of oceanic lithosphere plays a key role in plate tectonics, the thermal evolution of the mantle and recycling processes between Earth's interior and surface. Information on mantle flow, thermal conditions and chemical transport in subduction zones come from the geochemistry of arc volcanoes(1-3), seismic images(4,5) and geodynamic models(6-10). The majority of this work considers subduction as a two-dimensional process, assuming limited variability in the direction parallel to the trench. In contrast, observationally based models increasingly appeal to three-dimensional flow associated with trench migration and the sinking of oceanic plates with a translational component of motion(11) (rollback). Here we report results from laboratory experiments that reveal fundamental differences in three-dimensional mantle circulation and temperature structure in response to subduction with and without a rollback component. Without rollback motion, flow in the mantle wedge is sluggish, there is no mass flux around the plate and plate edges heat up faster than plate centres. In contrast, during rollback subduction flow is driven around and beneath the sinking plate, velocities increase within the mantle wedge and are focused towards the centre of the plate, and the surface of the plate heats more along the centreline.
C1 Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA.
   Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Earth Sci, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
C3 University of Rhode Island; Australian National University
RP Kincaid, C (corresponding author), Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA.
EM kincaid@gso.uri.edu
NR 30
TC 230
Z9 260
U1 1
U2 45
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 4
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6953
BP 58
EP 62
DI 10.1038/nature01923
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 717LD
UT WOS:000185089200035
PM 12955138
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kramer, C
   Loros, JJ
   Dunlap, JC
   Crosthwaite, SK
AF Kramer, C
   Loros, JJ
   Dunlap, JC
   Crosthwaite, SK
TI Role for antisense RNA in regulating circadian clock function in Neurospora crassa
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene-frequency; antheraea-pernyi; feedback loop; light input; period; rhythmicity; initiation; silkmoth; defines; wc-2
AB The prevalence of antisense RNA in eukaryotes is not known and only a few naturally occurring antisense transcripts have been assigned a function(1-4). However, the recent identification of a large number of putative antisense transcripts(5) strengthens the view that antisense RNAs might affect a wider variety of processes than previously thought. Here we show that in the model organism Neurospora crassa entrainment of the circadian clock, which is critical for the correct temporal expression of genes and their products, is controlled partly by an antisense RNA arising from a clock component locus. In a wild-type strain, levels of antisense frequency (frq) transcripts cycle in antiphase to sense frq transcripts in the dark, and are inducible by light. In mutant strains in which the induction of antisense frq RNA by light is abolished, the time of the internal clock is delayed relative to the wild-type strain, and resetting of the clock by light is altered. These data provide an unexpected link between antisense RNA and circadian timing and provide a new example of a eukaryotic cellular process regulated by naturally occurring antisense RNA.
C1 Univ Manchester, Sch Biol Sci, Manchester M13 9PT, Lancs, England.
   Dartmouth Coll Sch Med, Dept Biochem, Hanover, NH 03755 USA.
   Dartmouth Coll Sch Med, Dept Genet, Hanover, NH 03755 USA.
C3 University of Manchester; Dartmouth College; Dartmouth College
RP Crosthwaite, SK (corresponding author), Univ Manchester, Sch Biol Sci, Manchester M13 9PT, Lancs, England.
NR 30
TC 131
Z9 157
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 27
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6926
BP 948
EP 952
DI 10.1038/nature01427
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 649BK
UT WOS:000181186900050
PM 12607002
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Johnson, D
   Campbell, CD
   Lee, JA
   Callaghan, TV
   Gwynn-Jones, D
AF Johnson, D
   Campbell, CD
   Lee, JA
   Callaghan, TV
   Gwynn-Jones, D
TI UV-B radiation and soil microbial communities - Reply
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fumigation-extraction method; biomass c; npk fertilizer; responses
C1 Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
   Macaulay Land Use Res Inst, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, Scotland.
   Abisko Sci Res Stn, S-98107 Abisko, Sweden.
   Univ Wales, Inst Biol Sci, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, Dyfed, Wales.
C3 University of Sheffield; James Hutton Institute; Aberystwyth University
RP Johnson, D (corresponding author), Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
NR 7
TC 6
Z9 10
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 8
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6936
BP 138
EP 138
DI 10.1038/423138a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 675MR
UT WOS:000182699600037
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wikelski, M
   Tarlow, EM
   Raim, A
   Diehl, RH
   Larkin, RP
   Visser, GH
AF Wikelski, M
   Tarlow, EM
   Raim, A
   Diehl, RH
   Larkin, RP
   Visser, GH
TI Costs of migration in free-flying songbirds
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bird migration
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Univ Illinois, Dept Anim Biol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
   Illinois Nat Hist Survey, Champaign, IL 61820 USA.
   Univ Groningen, Ctr Isotope Res, NL-9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands.
   Univ Groningen, Zool Lab, NL-9750 AA Haren, Netherlands.
C3 Princeton University; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Illinois Natural History Survey; University of Groningen; University of Groningen
RP Wikelski, M (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
NR 13
TC 383
Z9 459
U1 4
U2 137
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 12
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6941
BP 704
EP 704
DI 10.1038/423704a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 688PA
UT WOS:000183443400032
PM 12802324
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Seitz, AR
   Watanabe, T
AF Seitz, AR
   Watanabe, T
TI Is subliminal learning really passive?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID task; attention
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Boston Univ, Dept Psychol, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Boston University
RP Seitz, AR (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
NR 10
TC 244
Z9 295
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 6
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6927
BP 36
EP 36
DI 10.1038/422036a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 651VP
UT WOS:000181343100028
PM 12621425
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Takasugi, N
   Tomita, T
   Hayashi, I
   Tsuruoka, M
   Niimura, M
   Takahashi, Y
   Thinakaran, G
   Iwatsubo, T
AF Takasugi, N
   Tomita, T
   Hayashi, I
   Tsuruoka, M
   Niimura, M
   Takahashi, Y
   Thinakaran, G
   Iwatsubo, T
TI The role of presenilin cofactors in the γ-secretase complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID amyloid-beta-protein; intramembrane proteolysis; precursor protein; nicastrin; notch; cleavage; cells; aph-1; app; stabilization
AB Mutations in presenilin genes account for the majority of the cases of the familial form of Alzheimer's disease (FAD). Presenilin is essential for gamma-secretase activity, a proteolytic activity involved in intramembrane cleavage of Notch and beta-amyloid precursor protein (betaAPP)(1,2). Cleavage of betaAPP by FAD mutant presenilin results in the overproduction of highly amyloidogenic amyloid beta42 peptides(3-6). gamma-Secretase activity requires the formation of a stable, high-molecular-mass protein complex(7-11) that, in addition to the endoproteolysed fragmented form of presenilin, contains essential cofactors including nicastrin(12-14), APH-1 (refs 15-18) and PEN-2 ( refs 16, 19). However, the role of each protein in complex formation and the generation of enzymatic activity is unclear. Here we show that Drosophila APH-1 (Aph-1) increases the stability of Drosophila presenilin (Psn) holoprotein in the complex. Depletion of PEN-2 by RNA interference prevents endoproteolysis of presenilin and promotes stabilization of the holoprotein in both Drosophila and mammalian cells, including primary neurons. Co-expression of Drosophila Pen-2 with Aph-1 and nicastrin increases the formation of Psn fragments as well as gamma-secretase activity. Thus, APH-1 stabilizes the presenilin holoprotein in the complex, whereas PEN-2 is required for endoproteolytic processing of presenilin and conferring gamma-secretase activity to the complex.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Pharmaceut Sci, Dept Neuropathol & Neurosci, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Neurobiol Pharmacol & Physiol, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
C3 University of Tokyo; University of Chicago
RP Tomita, T (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Pharmaceut Sci, Dept Neuropathol & Neurosci, Bunkyo Ku, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
NR 28
TC 793
Z9 922
U1 1
U2 44
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 27
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6930
BP 438
EP 441
DI 10.1038/nature01506
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 659WV
UT WOS:000181801200046
PM 12660785
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Liotta, LA
   Ferrari, M
   Petricoin, E
AF Liotta, LA
   Ferrari, M
   Petricoin, E
TI Written in blood
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 NCI, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Ohio State Univ, Dorothy M Davis Heart & Lung Res Inst, Dept Internal Med, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
   US FDA, Ctr Biol Evaluat & Res, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); University System of Ohio; Ohio State University; US Food & Drug Administration (FDA); Center for Biologics Evaluation & Research (CBER)
RP Liotta, LA (corresponding author), NCI, 10 Ctr Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
NR 5
TC 427
Z9 487
U1 0
U2 61
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 30
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6961
BP 905
EP 905
DI 10.1038/425905a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 737KY
UT WOS:000186230600022
PM 14586448
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Flanagan, JR
   Johansson, RS
AF Flanagan, JR
   Johansson, RS
TI Action plans used in action observation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID grasp representations; magnetic stimulation; premotor cortex; mirror neurons; eye-movements; motor; imitation; coordination; modulation; localization
AB How do we understand the actions of others? According to the direct matching hypothesis, action understanding results from a mechanism that maps an observed action onto motor representations of that action(1-4). Although supported by neurophysiological (1,5-13) and brain- imaging(3,14-18) studies, direct evidence for this hypothesis is sparse. In visually guided actions, task-specific proactive eye movements are crucial for planning and control (19-22). Because the eyes are free to move when observing such actions, the direct matching hypothesis predicts that subjects should produce eye movements similar to those produced when they perform the tasks. If an observer analyses action through purely visual means, however, eye movements will be linked reactively to the observed action. Here we show that when subjects observe a block stacking task, the coordination between their gaze and the actor's hand is predictive, rather than reactive, and is highly similar to the gaze-hand coordination when they perform the task themselves. These results indicate that during action observation subjects implement eye motor programs directed by motor representations of manual actions and thus provide strong evidence for the direct matching hypothesis.
C1 Queens Univ, Dept Psychol, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
   Queens Univ, Ctr Neurosci Studies, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
   Umea Univ, Dept Integrat Med Biol, Physiol Sect, SE-90187 Umea, Sweden.
C3 Queens University - Canada; Queens University - Canada; Umea University
RP Flanagan, JR (corresponding author), Queens Univ, Dept Psychol, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
NR 29
TC 524
Z9 597
U1 0
U2 56
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 14
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6950
BP 769
EP 771
DI 10.1038/nature01861
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 711HQ
UT WOS:000184733900038
PM 12917683
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yang, WY
   Gruebele, M
AF Yang, WY
   Gruebele, M
TI Folding at the speed limit
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID unfolded cytochrome-c; microscopic theory; contact formation; lambda-repressor; kinetics; dynamics; diffusion; proteins; rates
AB Many small proteins seem to fold by a simple process explicable by conventional chemical kinetics and transition-state theory. This assumes an instant equilibrium between reactants and a high-energy activated state(1). In reality, equilibration occurs on timescales dependent on the molecules involved, below which such analyses break down(1). The molecular timescale, normally too short to be seen in experiments, can be of a significant length for proteins. To probe it directly, we studied very rapidly folding mutants of the five-helix bundle protein lambda(6-85), whose activated state is significantly populated during folding. A time-dependent rate coefficient below 2 mus signals the onset of the molecular timescale, and hence the ultimate speed limit for folding(2). A simple model shows that the molecular timescale represents the natural pre-factor for transition state models of folding.
C1 Univ Illinois, Ctr Biophys & Computat Biol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
   Univ Illinois, Dept Chem, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
   Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
C3 University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
RP Gruebele, M (corresponding author), Univ Illinois, Ctr Biophys & Computat Biol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
NR 24
TC 373
Z9 438
U1 0
U2 72
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 8
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6936
BP 193
EP 197
DI 10.1038/nature01609
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 675MR
UT WOS:000182699600052
PM 12736690
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ellis, J
AF Ellis, J
TI Antimatter matters
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cp-violation; decay
AB Matter dominates antimatter, at least in our corner of the Universe. Part of the explanation could be an imbalance between the two at the level of fundamental interactions, encapsulated in the phenomenon of CP violation.
C1 CERN, Div Theory, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland.
C3 European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)
RP Ellis, J (corresponding author), CERN, Div Theory, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland.
EM john.ellis@cern.ch
NR 25
TC 9
Z9 15
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 7
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6949
BP 631
EP 634
DI 10.1038/424631a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 708QE
UT WOS:000184578800029
PM 12904777
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Anderson, RM
   Bitterman, KJ
   Wood, JG
   Medvedik, O
   Sinclair, DA
AF Anderson, RM
   Bitterman, KJ
   Wood, JG
   Medvedik, O
   Sinclair, DA
TI Nicotinamide and PNC1 govern lifespan extension by calorie restriction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nad(+) salvage pathway; silencing protein sir2; deacetylase activity; yeast; span; expression; longevity; gene; methyltransferase; identification
AB Calorie restriction extends lifespan in a broad range of organisms, from yeasts to mammals. Numerous hypotheses have been proposed to explain this phenomenon, including decreased oxidative damage and altered energy metabolism. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, lifespan extension by calorie restriction requires the NAD(+)-dependent histone deacetylase, Sir2 (ref. 1). We have recently shown that Sir2 and its closest human homologue SIRT1, a p53 deacetylase, are strongly inhibited by the vitamin B3 precursor nicotinamide2. Here we show that increased expression of PNC1 (pyrazinamidase/nicotinamidase 1), which encodes an enzyme that deaminates nicotinamide, is both necessary and sufficient for lifespan extension by calorie restriction and low-intensity stress. We also identify PNC1 as a longevity gene that is responsive to all stimuli that extend lifespan. We provide evidence that nicotinamide depletion is sufficient to activate Sir2 and that this is the mechanism by which PNC1 regulates longevity. We conclude that yeast lifespan extension by calorie restriction is the consequence of an active cellular response to a low-intensity stress and speculate that nicotinamide might regulate critical cellular processes in higher organisms.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Sinclair, DA (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
FU NIA NIH HHS [R01 AG019972, R01 AG019719, P01 AG027916, R01 AG028730, R37 AG028730] Funding Source: Medline; NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM068072] Funding Source: Medline; National Institute on Aging [R37AG028730, R01AG019719] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 30
TC 616
Z9 770
U1 4
U2 75
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 8
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6936
BP 181
EP 185
DI 10.1038/nature01578
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 675MR
UT WOS:000182699600049
PM 12736687
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Martinez, LO
   Jacquet, S
   Esteve, JP
   Rolland, C
   Cabezón, E
   Champagne, E
   Pineau, T
   Georgeaud, V
   Walker, JE
   Tercé, F
   Collet, X
   Perret, B
   Barbaras, R
AF Martinez, LO
   Jacquet, S
   Esteve, JP
   Rolland, C
   Cabezón, E
   Champagne, E
   Pineau, T
   Georgeaud, V
   Walker, JE
   Tercé, F
   Collet, X
   Perret, B
   Barbaras, R
TI Ectopic β-chain of ATP synthase is an apolipoprotein A-I receptor in hepatic HDL endocytosis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID density-lipoprotein hdl; high-affinity binding; scavenger receptor; cholesterol efflux; bovine f-1-atpase; inhibitor protein; sr-bi; surface; subunit; sites
AB The effect of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in protecting against atherosclerosis is usually attributed to its role in 'reverse cholesterol transport'(1). In this process, HDL particles mediate the efflux and the transport of cholesterol from peripheral cells to the liver for further metabolism and bile excretion. Thus, cell-surface receptors for HDL on hepatocytes are chief partners in the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis(2). A high-affinity HDL receptor for apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) was previously identified on the surface of hepatocytes(3,4). Here we show that this receptor is identical to the beta-chain of ATP synthase, a principal protein complex of the mitochondrial inner membrane. Different experimental approaches confirm this ectopic localization of components of the ATP synthase complex and the presence of ATP hydrolase activity at the hepatocyte cell surface. Receptor stimulation by apoA-I triggers the endocytosis of holo-HDL particles (protein plus lipid) by a mechanism that depends strictly on the generation of ADP. We confirm this effect on endocytosis in perfused rat liver ex vivo by using a specific inhibitor of ATP synthase. Thus, membrane-bound ATP synthase has a previously unsuspected role in modulating the concentrations of extracellular ADP and is regulated by a principal plasma apolipoprotein.
C1 Inst Federatif Rech Claude de Preval, IFR 30, INSERM,U563, Dept Lipoprot & Med Lipid, F-31059 Toulouse, France.
   Inst Federatif Rech Claude de Preval, IFR 30, INSERM,U563, Dept Immunol Mol & Biol Lymphocyte T, F-31059 Toulouse, France.
   Hop Rangueil, IFR 31, INSERM,U531, Inst Federatif REch Louis Bugnard, F-31403 Toulouse, France.
   MRC, Dunn Human Nutr Unit, Cambridge CB2 2XY, England.
   INRA, Lab Pharmacol & Toxicol, F-31931 Toulouse 9, France.
C3 Universite de Toulouse; Universite Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Universite de Toulouse; Universite Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); CHU de Toulouse; Universite de Toulouse; Universite Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Medical Research Council UK (MRC); MRC Human Nutrition Research; INRAE
RP Barbaras, R (corresponding author), Inst Federatif Rech Claude de Preval, IFR 30, INSERM,U563, Dept Lipoprot & Med Lipid, F-31059 Toulouse, France.
EM Ronald.Barbaras@toulouse.inserm.fr
NR 29
TC 397
Z9 444
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 2
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6918
BP 75
EP 79
DI 10.1038/nature01250
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 631JY
UT WOS:000180165500040
PM 12511957
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pasterkamp, RJ
   Peschon, JJ
   Spriggs, MK
   Kolodkin, AL
AF Pasterkamp, RJ
   Peschon, JJ
   Spriggs, MK
   Kolodkin, AL
TI Semaphorin 7A promotes axon outgrowth through integrins and MAPKs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Striking parallels exist between immune and nervous system cellular signalling mechanisms. Molecules originally shown to be critical for immune responses also serve neuronal functions, and similarly neural guidance cues can modulate immune function. We show here that semaphorin 7A (Sema7A), a membrane-anchored member of the semaphorin family of guidance proteins previously known for its immunomodulatory effects, can also mediate neuronal functions. Unlike many other semaphorins, which act as repulsive guidance cues, Sema7A enhances central and peripheral axon growth and is required for proper axon tract formation during embryonic development. Unexpectedly, Sema7A enhancement of axon outgrowth requires integrin receptors and activation of MAPK signalling pathways. These findings define a previously unknown biological function for semaphorins, identify an unexpected role for integrins and integrin-dependent intracellular signalling in mediating semaphorin responses, and provide a framework for understanding and interfering with Sema7A function in both immune and nervous systems.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurosci, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Amgen Corp, Dept Mol Biol, Seattle, WA 98119 USA.
   Amgen Corp, Dept Funct Genom, Seattle, WA 98119 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University
RP Kolodkin, AL (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurosci, 725 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
EM kolodkin@jhmi.edu
NR 46
TC 427
Z9 498
U1 1
U2 26
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 24
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6947
BP 398
EP 405
DI 10.1038/nature01790
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 704BT
UT WOS:000184318400035
PM 12879062
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kash, TL
   Jenkins, A
   Kelley, JC
   Trudell, JR
   Harrison, NL
AF Kash, TL
   Jenkins, A
   Kelley, JC
   Trudell, JR
   Harrison, NL
TI Coupling of agonist binding to channel gating in the GABAA receptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID acetylcholine-receptor; mutations; subunit; affinity; site; pore; m2
AB Neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine and GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) mediate rapid synaptic transmission by activating receptors belonging to the gene superfamily of ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs)(1). These channels are pentameric proteins that function as signal transducers, converting chemical messages into electrical signals(2). Neurotransmitters activate LGICs by interacting with a ligand-binding site(3-7), triggering a conformational change in the protein that results in the opening of an ion channel(8). This process, which is known as 'gating', occurs rapidly and reversibly, but the molecular rearrangements involved are not well understood(9). Here we show that optimal gating in the GABA(A) receptor, a member of the LGIC superfamily, is dependent on electrostatic interactions between the negatively charged Asp 57 and Asp 149 residues in extracellular loops 2 and 7, and the positively charged Lys 279 residue in the transmembrane 2-3 linker region of the alpha(1)-subunit. During gating, Asp 149 and Lys 279 seem to move closer to one another, providing a potential mechanism for the coupling of ligand binding to opening of the ion channel.
C1 Cornell Univ, Weill Grad Sch Biomed Sci, Grad Program Neurosci, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Weill Med Coll, Dept Anesthesiol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Weill Med Coll, Dept Pharmacol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Anesthesia, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Beckman Program Mol & Genet Med, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Cornell University; Cornell University; Weill Cornell Medicine; Cornell University; Weill Cornell Medicine; Stanford University; Stanford University
RP Harrison, NL (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Weill Grad Sch Biomed Sci, Grad Program Neurosci, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM neh2001@med.cornell.edu
NR 28
TC 278
Z9 326
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 16
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6920
BP 272
EP 275
DI 10.1038/nature01280
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 635KG
UT WOS:000180397600048
PM 12529644
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Whitfield, J
AF Whitfield, J
TI How to clean a beach
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID oil-spill
NR 5
TC 54
Z9 61
U1 1
U2 39
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 3
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6931
BP 464
EP 466
DI 10.1038/422464a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 662TW
UT WOS:000181965400010
PM 12673220
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Palatnik, JF
   Allen, E
   Wu, XL
   Schommer, C
   Schwab, R
   Carrington, JC
   Weigel, D
AF Palatnik, JF
   Allen, E
   Wu, XL
   Schommer, C
   Schwab, R
   Carrington, JC
   Weigel, D
TI Control of leaf morphogenesis by microRNAs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID viral suppressor; dicer homolog; c-elegans; rna; arabidopsis; gene; drosophila; plants; embryo; prediction
AB Plants with altered microRNA metabolism have pleiotropic developmental defects, but direct evidence for microRNAs regulating specific aspects of plant morphogenesis has been lacking. In a genetic screen, we identified the JAW locus, which produces a microRNA that can guide messenger RNA cleavage of several TCP genes controlling leaf development. MicroRNA-guided cleavage of TCP4 mRNA is necessary to prevent aberrant activity of the TCP4 gene expressed from its native promoter. In addition, overexpression of wild-type and microRNA-resistant TCP variants demonstrates that mRNA cleavage is largely sufficient to restrict TCP function to its normal domain of activity. TCP genes with microRNA target sequences are found in a wide range of species, indicating that microRNA-mediated control of leaf morphogenesis is conserved in plants with very different leaf forms.
C1 Max Planck Inst Dev Biol, Dept Mol Biol, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
   Salk Inst Biol Studies, Plant Biol Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Oregon State Univ, Ctr Gene Res & Biotechnol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.
   Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.
C3 Max Planck Society; Salk Institute; Oregon State University; Oregon State University
RP Weigel, D (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Dev Biol, Dept Mol Biol, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
NR 40
TC 1439
Z9 1793
U1 12
U2 375
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 18
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6955
BP 257
EP 263
DI 10.1038/nature01958
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 722JA
UT WOS:000185370900035
PM 12931144
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Park, IK
   Qian, DL
   Kiel, M
   Becker, MW
   Pihalja, M
   Weissman, IL
   Morrison, SJ
   Clarke, MF
AF Park, IK
   Qian, DL
   Kiel, M
   Becker, MW
   Pihalja, M
   Weissman, IL
   Morrison, SJ
   Clarke, MF
TI Bmi-1 is required for maintenance of adult self-renewing haematopoietic stem cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene-expression; polycomb; mice; defects; regulator; deletion; locus; mdm2; p53
AB A central issue in stem cell biology is to understand the mechanisms that regulate the self-renewal of haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which are required for haematopoiesis to persist for the lifetime of the animal(1). We found that adult and fetal mouse and adult human HSCs express the proto-oncogene Bmi-1. The number of HSCs in the fetal liver of Bmi-1(-/-) mice(2) was normal. In postnatal Bmi-1(-/-) mice, the number of HSCs was markedly reduced. Transplanted fetal liver and bone marrow cells obtained from Bmi-1(-/-) mice were able to contribute only transiently to haematopoiesis. There was no detectable self-renewal of adult HSCs, indicating a cell autonomous defect in Bmi-1(-/-) mice. A gene expression analysis revealed that the expression of stem cell associated genes(3), cell survival genes, transcription factors, and genes modulating proliferation including p16(Ink4a) and p19(Arf) was altered in bone marrow cells of the Bmi-1(-/-) mice. Expression of p16(Ink4a) and p19(Arf) in normal HSCs resulted in proliferative arrest and p53-dependent cell death, respectively. Our results indicate that Bmi-1 is essential for the generation of self-renewing adult HSCs.
C1 Univ Michigan, Div Hematol Oncol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Internal Med, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Dept Cell & Dev Biol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; Stanford University
RP Clarke, MF (corresponding author), Univ Michigan, Div Hematol Oncol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
NR 30
TC 1548
Z9 1889
U1 0
U2 72
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 15
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6937
BP 302
EP 305
DI 10.1038/nature01587
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 678EX
UT WOS:000182853100046
PM 12714971
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Inoue, M
   Chang, L
   Hwang, J
   Chiang, SH
   Saltiel, AR
AF Inoue, M
   Chang, L
   Hwang, J
   Chiang, SH
   Saltiel, AR
TI The exocyst complex is required for targeting of Glut4 to the plasma membrane by insulin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 3t3-l1 adipocytes; 3t3l1 adipocytes; rho; translocation; glucose; transport; proteins; tc10; rab4; glucose-transporter-4
AB Insulin stimulates glucose transport by promoting exocytosis of the glucose transporter Glut4 (refs 1, 2). The dynamic processes involved in the trafficking of Glut4-containing vesicles, and in their targeting, docking and fusion at the plasma membrane, as well as the signalling processes that govern these events, are not well understood. We recently described tyrosine-phosphorylation events restricted to subdomains of the plasma membrane that result in activation of the G protein TC10 (refs 3, 4). Here we show that TC10 interacts with one of the components of the exocyst complex, Exo70. Exo70 translocates to the plasma membrane in response to insulin through the activation of TC10, where it assembles a multiprotein complex that includes Sec6 and Sec8. Overexpression of an Exo70 mutant blocked insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, but not the trafficking of Glut4 to the plasma membrane. However, this mutant did block the extracellular exposure of the Glut4 protein. So, the exocyst might have a crucial role in the targeting of the Glut4 vesicle to the plasma membrane, perhaps directing the vesicle to the precise site of fusion.
C1 Univ Michigan, Med Ctr, Inst Life Sci, Dept Internal Med, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Med Ctr, Inst Life Sci, Dept Physiol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
C3 University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
RP Saltiel, AR (corresponding author), Univ Michigan, Med Ctr, Inst Life Sci, Dept Internal Med, 1500 E Med Ctr Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
NR 29
TC 280
Z9 371
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 10
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6932
BP 629
EP 633
DI 10.1038/nature01533
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 665GN
UT WOS:000182111400046
PM 12687004
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Witmer, LM
   Chatterjee, S
   Franzosa, J
   Rowe, T
AF Witmer, LM
   Chatterjee, S
   Franzosa, J
   Rowe, T
TI Neuroanatomy of flying reptiles and implications for flight, posture and behaviour
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pigeons
AB Comparison of birds and pterosaurs, the two archosaurian flyers, sheds light on adaptation to an aerial lifestyle. The neurological basis of control holds particular interest in that flight demands on sensory integration, equilibrium, and muscular coordination are acute(1-8). Here we compare the brain and vestibular apparatus in two pterosaurs based on high-resolution computed tomographic (CT) scans from which we constructed digital endocasts. Although general neural organization resembles birds, pterosaurs had smaller brains relative to body mass than do birds. This difference probably has more to do with phylogeny than flight, in that birds evolved from nonavian theropods that had already established trends for greater encephalization(5,9). Orientation of the osseous labyrinth relative to the long axis of the skull was different in these two pterosaur species, suggesting very different head postures and reflecting differing behaviours. Their enlarged semicircular canals reflect a highly refined organ of equilibrium, which is concordant with pterosaurs being visually based, aerial predators. Their enormous cerebellar floccular lobes may suggest neural integration of extensive sensory information from the wing, further enhancing eye- and neck-based reflex mechanisms for stabilizing gaze.
C1 Ohio Univ, Coll Osteopath Med, Dept Biomed Sci, Athens, OH 45701 USA.
   Texas Tech Univ Museum, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA.
   Univ Texas, Jackson Sch Geosci, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
C3 University System of Ohio; Ohio University; Texas Tech University System; Texas Tech University; University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin
RP Witmer, LM (corresponding author), Ohio Univ, Coll Osteopath Med, Dept Biomed Sci, Athens, OH 45701 USA.
EM witmerL@ohio.edu
NR 31
TC 238
Z9 263
U1 0
U2 61
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 30
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6961
BP 950
EP 953
DI 10.1038/nature02048
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 737KY
UT WOS:000186230600039
PM 14586467
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kimura, T
   Goto, T
   Shintani, H
   Ishizaka, K
   Arima, T
   Tokura, Y
AF Kimura, T
   Goto, T
   Shintani, H
   Ishizaka, K
   Arima, T
   Tokura, Y
TI Magnetic control of ferroelectric polarization
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID diffraction; perovskite
AB The magnetoelectric effect - the induction of magnetization by means of an electric field and induction of polarization by means of a magnetic field - was first presumed to exist by Pierre Curie(1), and subsequently attracted a great deal of interest in the 1960s and 1970s ( refs 2 - 4). More recently, related studies on magnetic ferroelectrics(5-14) have signalled a revival of interest in this phenomenon. From a technological point of view, the mutual control of electric and magnetic properties is an attractive possibility(15), but the number of candidate materials is limited and the effects are typically too small to be useful in applications. Here we report the discovery of ferroelectricity in a perovskite manganite, TbMnO3, where the effect of spin frustration causes sinusoidal antiferromagnetic ordering. The modulated magnetic structure is accompanied by a magnetoelastically induced lattice modulation, and with the emergence of a spontaneous polarization. In the magnetic ferroelectric TbMnO3, we found gigantic magnetoelectric and magnetocapacitance effects, which can be attributed to switching of the electric polarization induced by magnetic fields. Frustrated spin systems therefore provide a new area to search for magnetoelectric media.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Dept Appl Phys, Tokyo 1138656, Japan.
   Univ Tsukuba, Inst Mat Sci, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058573, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo; University of Tsukuba
RP Kimura, T (corresponding author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
EM tkimura@lanl.gov
NR 28
TC 4318
Z9 4624
U1 18
U2 1621
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 6
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6962
BP 55
EP 58
DI 10.1038/nature02018
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 739WY
UT WOS:000186370800038
PM 14603314
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pääbo, S
AF Pääbo, S
TI The mosaic that is our genome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID modern human origins; human-evolution; dna-sequences; mitochondrial-dna; neanderthal dna; modern humans; x-chromosome; region; diversity; recombination
AB The discovery of the basis of genetic variation has opened inroads to understanding our history as a species. It has revealed the remarkable genetic similarity we share with other individuals as well as with our closest primate relatives. To understand what make us unique, both as individuals and as a species, we need to consider the genome as a mosaic of discrete segments, each with its own unique history and relatedness to different contemporary and ancestral individuals.
C1 Max Planck Inst Evolutionary Anthropol, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Pääbo, S (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Evolutionary Anthropol, Deutsch Pl 6, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
EM paabo@eva.mpg.de
NR 42
TC 104
Z9 125
U1 0
U2 28
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6921
BP 409
EP 412
DI 10.1038/nature01400
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 637UW
UT WOS:000180533000051
PM 12540910
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Saul, J
   Vinnik, L
AF Saul, J
   Vinnik, L
TI Earth science - Mantle deformation or processing artefact?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID base
C1 Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany.
   Inst Earth Phys, Moscow 123995, Russia.
C3 Helmholtz Association; GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences
RP Saul, J (corresponding author), Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany.
NR 6
TC 9
Z9 9
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 13
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6928
BP 136
EP 136
DI 10.1038/422136a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 654HG
UT WOS:000181488900035
PM 12634776
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gaucher, EA
   Thomson, JM
   Burgan, MF
   Benner, SA
AF Gaucher, EA
   Thomson, JM
   Burgan, MF
   Benner, SA
TI Inferring the palaeoenvironment of ancient bacteria on the basis of resurrected proteins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID elongation-factor tu; common ancestor; evolution; thermostability; ribonuclease; diversity; sequences; life
AB Features of the physical environment surrounding an ancestral organism can be inferred by reconstructing sequences(1-9) of ancient proteins made by those organisms, resurrecting these proteins in the laboratory, and measuring their properties. Here, we resurrect candidate sequences for elongation factors of the Tu family (EF-Tu) found at ancient nodes in the bacterial evolutionary tree, and measure their activities as a function of temperature. The ancient EF-Tu proteins have temperature optima of 55-65degreesC. This value seems to be robust with respect to uncertainties in the ancestral reconstruction. This suggests that the ancient bacteria that hosted these particular genes were thermophiles, and neither hyperthermophiles nor mesophiles. This conclusion can be compared and contrasted with inferences drawn from an analysis of the lengths of branches in trees joining proteins from contemporary bacteria(10), the distribution of thermophily in derived bacterial lineages(11), the inferred G+C content of ancient ribosomal RNA(12), and the geological record combined with assumptions concerning molecular clocks(13). The study illustrates the use of experimental palaeobiochemistry and assumptions about deep phylogenetic relationships between bacteria to explore the character of ancient life.
C1 Univ Florida, NASA, Astrobiol Inst, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.
   Univ Florida, Coll Med, Dept Anat & Cell Biol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.
   Univ Florida, Dept Chem, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.
C3 State University System of Florida; University of Florida; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); State University System of Florida; University of Florida; State University System of Florida; University of Florida
RP Gaucher, EA (corresponding author), Univ Florida, NASA, Astrobiol Inst, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.
NR 30
TC 207
Z9 261
U1 0
U2 45
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 18
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6955
BP 285
EP 288
DI 10.1038/nature01977
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 722JA
UT WOS:000185370900042
PM 13679914
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Opferman, JT
   Letai, A
   Beard, C
   Sorcinelli, MD
   Ong, CC
   Korsmeyer, SJ
AF Opferman, JT
   Letai, A
   Beard, C
   Sorcinelli, MD
   Ong, CC
   Korsmeyer, SJ
TI Development and maintenance of B and T lymphocytes requires antiapoptotic MCL-1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hematopoietic-cells; deficient mice; bcl-2 family; apoptosis; death; survival; homeostasis; lacking; member; il-7
AB Regulated apoptosis is essential for both the development and the subsequent maintenance of the immune system(1,2). Interleukins, including IL- 2, IL- 4, IL- 7 and IL- 15, heavily influence lymphocyte survival during the vulnerable stages of VDJ rearrangement and later in ensuring cellular homeostasis, but the genes specifically responsible for the development and maintenance of lymphocytes have not been identified(3 - 8). The antiapoptotic protein MCL- 1 is an attractive candidate, as it is highly regulated(9), appears to enhance short- term survival(10) and functions at an apical step in genotoxic deaths(11). However, Mcl- 1 deficiency results in peri- implantation lethality(12). Here we show that mice conditional for Mcl- 1 display a profound reduction in B and T lymphocytes when MCL- 1 is removed. Deletion of Mcl- 1 during early lymphocyte differentiation increased apoptosis and arrested the development at pro- B- cell and double- negative T- cell stages. Induced deletion of Mcl- 1 in peripheral B- and T- cell populations resulted in their rapid loss. Moreover, IL- 7 both induced and required MCL- 1 to mediate lymphocyte survival. Thus, MCL- 1, which selectively inhibits the proapoptotic protein BIM, is essential both early in lymphoid development and later on in the maintenance of mature lymphocytes.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dana Farber Canc Inst,Dept Pathol & Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
RP Korsmeyer, SJ (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dana Farber Canc Inst,Dept Pathol & Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM stanley_korsmeyer@dfci.harvard.edu
NR 30
TC 692
Z9 869
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 11
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6967
BP 671
EP 676
DI 10.1038/nature02067
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 752DY
UT WOS:000187132800044
PM 14668867
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shu, YS
   Hasenstaub, A
   McCormick, DA
AF Shu, YS
   Hasenstaub, A
   McCormick, DA
TI Turning on and off recurrent balanced cortical activity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID visual-cortex; neocortical neurons; persistent activity; cat; inhibition; input; rat; excitation; mechanisms; components
AB The vast majority of synaptic connections onto neurons in the cerebral cortex arise from other cortical neurons, both excitatory and inhibitory, forming local and distant 'recurrent' networks. Although this is a basic theme of cortical organization, its study has been limited largely to theoretical investigations, which predict that local recurrent networks show a proportionality or balance between recurrent excitation and inhibition, allowing the generation of stable periods of activity(1-5). This recurrent activity might underlie such diverse operations as short-term memory(4,6,7), the modulation of neuronal excitability with attention(8,9), and the generation of spontaneous activity during sleep(5,10-14). Here we show that local cortical circuits do indeed operate through a proportional balance of excitation and inhibition generated through local recurrent connections, and that the operation of such circuits can generate self-sustaining activity that can be turned on and off by synaptic inputs. These results confirm the long-hypothesized role of recurrent activity as a basic operation of the cerebral cortex.
C1 Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, New Haven, CT 06510 USA.
C3 Yale University
RP McCormick, DA (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06510 USA.
NR 30
TC 827
Z9 960
U1 3
U2 62
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 15
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6937
BP 288
EP 293
DI 10.1038/nature01616
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 678EX
UT WOS:000182853100043
PM 12748642
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bryant, Z
   Stone, MD
   Gore, J
   Smith, SB
   Cozzarelli, NR
   Bustamante, C
AF Bryant, Z
   Stone, MD
   Gore, J
   Smith, SB
   Cozzarelli, NR
   Bustamante, C
TI Structural transitions and elasticity from torque measurements on DNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Knowledge of the elastic properties of DNA is required to understand the structural dynamics of cellular processes such as replication and transcription. Measurements of force and extension on single molecules of DNA(1-3) have allowed direct determination of the molecule's mechanical properties, provided rigorous tests of theories of polymer elasticity(4), revealed unforeseen structural transitions induced by mechanical stresses(3,5-7), and established an experimental and conceptual framework for mechanical assays of enzymes that act on DNA(8). However, a complete description of DNA mechanics must also consider the effects of torque, a quantity that has hitherto not been directly measured in micromanipulation experiments. We have measured torque as a function of twist for stretched DNA-torsional strain in over- or underwound molecules was used to power the rotation of submicrometre beads serving as calibrated loads. Here we report tests of the linearity of DNA's twist elasticity, direct measurements of the torsional modulus (finding a value similar to40% higher than generally accepted), characterization of torque-induced structural transitions, and the establishment of a framework for future assays of torque and twist generation by DNA-dependent enzymes. We also show that cooperative structural transitions in DNA can be exploited to construct constant-torque wind-up motors and force-torque converters.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Phys Biosci Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Bustamante, C (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 29
TC 476
Z9 574
U1 0
U2 114
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 17
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6946
BP 338
EP 341
DI 10.1038/nature01810
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 701RZ
UT WOS:000184183900048
PM 12867987
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hood, L
   Galas, D
AF Hood, L
   Galas, D
TI The digital code of DNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein-synthesis; human-genome; sequence; network
AB The discovery of the structure of DNA transformed biology profoundly, catalysing the sequencing of the human genome and engendering a new view of biology as an information science. Two features of DNA structure account for much of its remarkable impact on science: its digital nature and its complementarity, whereby one strand of the helix binds perfectly with its partner. DNA has two types of digital information - the genes that encode proteins, which are the molecular machines of life, and the gene regulatory networks that specify the behaviour of the genes.
C1 Inst Syst Biol, Seattle, WA 98105 USA.
   Keck Grad Inst Appl Sci, Claremont, CA 91711 USA.
C3 Institute for Systems Biology (ISB); Claremont Colleges; Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Life Sciences
RP Hood, L (corresponding author), Inst Syst Biol, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, WA 98105 USA.
EM lhood@systemsbiology.org; david_galas@kgi.edu
NR 20
TC 172
Z9 224
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6921
BP 444
EP 448
DI 10.1038/nature01410
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 637UW
UT WOS:000180533000061
PM 12540920
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bercovici, D
   Karato, S
AF Bercovici, D
   Karato, S
TI Whole-mantle convection and the transition-zone water filter
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID earths mantle; silicate melts; high-pressure; deep mantle; density; olivine; phase; model; gpa; solubility
AB Because of their distinct chemical signatures, ocean-island and mid-ocean-ridge basalts are traditionally inferred to arise from separate, isolated reservoirs in the Earth's mantle. Such mantle reservoir models, however, typically satisfy geochemical constraints, but not geophysical observations. Here we propose an alternative hypothesis that, rather than being divided into isolated reservoirs, the mantle is filtered at the 410-km-deep discontinuity. We propose that, as the ascending ambient mantle (forced up by the downward flux of subducting slabs) rises out of the high-water-solubility transition zone (between the 660 km and 410 km discontinuities) into the low-solubility upper mantle above 410 km, it undergoes dehydration-induced partial melting that filters out incompatible elements. The filtered, dry and depleted solid phase continues to rise to become the source material for mid-ocean-ridge basalts. The wet, enriched melt residue may be denser than the surrounding solid and accordingly trapped at the 410 km boundary until slab entrainment returns it to the deeper mantle. The filter could be suppressed for both mantle plumes (which therefore generate wetter and more enriched ocean-island basalts) as well as the hotter Archaean mantle (thereby allowing for early production of enriched continental crust). We propose that the transition-zone water-filter model can explain many geochemical observations while avoiding the major pitfalls of invoking isolated mantle reservoirs.
C1 Yale Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
C3 Yale University
RP Bercovici, D (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, POB 208109, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
NR 55
TC 633
Z9 740
U1 7
U2 225
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 4
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6953
BP 39
EP 44
DI 10.1038/nature01918
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 717LD
UT WOS:000185089200030
PM 12955133
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Steel, WH
   Walker, RA
AF Steel, WH
   Walker, RA
TI Measuring dipolar width across liquid-liquid interfaces with 'molecular rulers'
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 2nd-harmonic generation; water-vapor; polarity; surfactant; monolayers; reflectivity
AB Molecular dynamics simulations have previously described how the physical properties across immiscible liquid-liquid interfaces should converge from aqueous to organic limits(1-5), but these predictions have largely gone untested, owing to difficulties associated with probing buried interfaces. X-ray and neutron scattering experiments have created detailed pictures of molecular structure at these boundaries(6-8), but such scattering studies cannot probe how surface-altered solvent structures affect interfacial solvating properties. Given that surface-mediated solvent properties control interfacial solute concentrations and reactivities, identifying the characteristic dimensions of interfacial solvation is essential for formulating predictive models of solution phase surface chemistry. Here we use specially synthesized solvatochromic surfactants that act as 'molecular rulers'(9) and resonance-enhanced second-harmonic generation(10-13) to measure the dipolar width of weakly and strongly associating liquid-liquid interfaces. Dipolar width describes the distance required for a dielectric environment to change from one phase to another. Our results show that polarity converges to a nonpolar limit on subnanometre length scales across a water-cyclohexane interface. However, polarity across the strongly associating, water-1-octanol interface is dominated by a nonpolar, alkane-like region. These data call into question the use of continuum descriptions of liquids to characterize interfacial solvation, and demonstrate that interfacial environments can vary in a non-additive manner from bulk solution limits.
C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biochem, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
C3 University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park
RP Walker, RA (corresponding author), Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biochem, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
EM rw158@umail.umd.edu
NR 29
TC 136
Z9 155
U1 1
U2 69
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 17
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6946
BP 296
EP 299
DI 10.1038/nature01791
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 701RZ
UT WOS:000184183900037
PM 12867977
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sahai, R
   Morris, M
   Knapp, GR
   Young, K
   Barnbaum, C
AF Sahai, R
   Morris, M
   Knapp, GR
   Young, K
   Barnbaum, C
TI A collimated, high-speed outflow from the dying star V Hydrae
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carbon star; planetary-nebulae; bipolar outflow; bow shock; jet; bubbles; wind
AB Stars with masses in the range 1-8 solar masses (M.) live ordinary lives for similar to10(9)-10(10) years, but die extraordinary deaths. First, during their death throes as asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars they eject, over 10(4)-10(5) years, half or more of their mass in slowly expanding, spherical winds, and then, in a short (a few 100-1,000 years) and poorly understood phase, they are transformed into aspherical planetary nebula. Recent studies support the idea that high-speed, jet-like flows play a crucial role in this transformation(1). Evidence for such outflows is indirect, however; this phase is so short that few nearby stars are likely to be caught in the act. Here we report the discovery of a newly launched, high-speed jet-like outflow in the nearby AGB star, V Hydrae. We have detected both proper motions and ongoing evolution in the jet. These results support a model in which the jet is driven by an accretion disk around an unseen, compact companion. We also find a central, dense equatorial disk-like structure which may enable and/or enhance the formation of the accretion disk.
C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Div Astron, Dept Phys & Astrophys, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Astrophys Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Valdosta State Univ, Dept Phys Astron & Geosci, Valdosta, GA 31698 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; Princeton University; Harvard University; Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; Smithsonian Institution; University System of Georgia; Valdosta State University
RP Sahai, R (corresponding author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
EM raghvendra.sahai@jpl.nasa.gov
NR 24
TC 52
Z9 56
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 20
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6964
BP 261
EP 264
DI 10.1038/nature02086
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 744YQ
UT WOS:000186660800036
PM 14628044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cyranoski, D
AF Cyranoski, D
TI Rice genome: A recipe for revolution?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID draft sequence; gene
NR 10
TC 7
Z9 7
U1 1
U2 8
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 24
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6934
BP 796
EP 798
DI 10.1038/422796a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 670WR
UT WOS:000182432600012
PM 12712162
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Moore, P
   Clayton, J
AF Moore, P
   Clayton, J
TI To affinity and beyond
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 6
Z9 15
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 11
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6967
BP 725
EP +
DI 10.1038/426725a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 752DY
UT WOS:000187132800058
PM 14668881
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dacke, M
   Nilsson, DE
   Scholtz, CH
   Byrne, M
   Warrant, EJ
AF Dacke, M
   Nilsson, DE
   Scholtz, CH
   Byrne, M
   Warrant, EJ
TI Insect orientation to polarized moonlight
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Lund Univ, Dept Cell & Organism Biol, S-22362 Lund, Sweden.
   Univ Witwatersrand, Dept Anim Plant & Environm Sci, Ecophysiol Studies Res Grp, ZA-2050 Johannesburg, South Africa.
   Univ Pretoria, Dept Zool & Entomol, ZA-0001 Pretoria, South Africa.
C3 Lund University; University of Witwatersrand; University of Pretoria
RP Dacke, M (corresponding author), Lund Univ, Dept Cell & Organism Biol, S-22362 Lund, Sweden.
EM marie.dacke@cob.lu.se
NR 5
TC 222
Z9 258
U1 2
U2 113
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 3
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6944
BP 33
EP 33
DI 10.1038/424033a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 696XL
UT WOS:000183912800029
PM 12840748
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bakkenist, CJ
   Kastan, MB
AF Bakkenist, CJ
   Kastan, MB
TI DNA damage activates ATM through intermolecular autophosphorylation and dimer dissociation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID s-phase checkpoint; ataxia-telangiectasia gene; nijmegen breakage syndrome; field gel-electrophoresis; topoisomerase-ii; mammalian-cells; in-vivo; metaphase chromosm; ionizing irradiation; chromatin structure
AB The ATM protein kinase, mutations of which are associated with the human disease ataxia-telangiectasia, mediates responses to ionizing radiation in mammalian cells. Here we show that ATM is held inactive in unirradiated cells as a dimer or higher-order multimer, with the kinase domain bound to a region surrounding serine 1981 that is contained within the previously described 'FAT' domain. Cellular irradiation induces rapid intermolecular autophosphorylation of serine 1981 that causes dimer dissociation and initiates cellular ATM kinase activity. Most ATM molecules in the cell are rapidly phosphorylated on this site after doses of radiation as low as 0.5 Gy, and binding of a phosphospecific antibody is detectable after the introduction of only a few DNA double-strand breaks in the cell. Activation of the ATM kinase seems to be an initiating event in cellular responses to irradiation, and our data indicate that ATM activation is not dependent on direct binding to DNA strand breaks, but may result from changes in the structure of chromatin.
C1 St Jude Childrens Res Hosp, Dept Hematol Oncol, Memphis, TN 38105 USA.
C3 St Jude Children's Research Hospital
RP Kastan, MB (corresponding author), St Jude Childrens Res Hosp, Dept Hematol Oncol, 332 N Lauderdale St, Memphis, TN 38105 USA.
EM michael.kastan@stjude.org
NR 51
TC 2736
Z9 3349
U1 2
U2 229
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 30
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6922
BP 499
EP 506
DI 10.1038/nature01368
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 640DB
UT WOS:000180670600036
PM 12556884
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Seeman, NC
AF Seeman, NC
TI DNA in a material world
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID construction; molecules; hybridization; computation; design
AB The specific bonding of DNA base pairs provides the chemical foundation for genetics. This powerful molecular recognition system can be used in nanotechnology to direct the assembly of highly structured materials with specific nanoscale features, as well as in DNA computation to process complex information. The exploitation of DNA for material purposes presents a new chapter in the history of the molecule.
C1 NYU, Dept Chem, New York, NY 10003 USA.
C3 New York University
RP Seeman, NC (corresponding author), NYU, Dept Chem, New York, NY 10003 USA.
EM ned.seeman@nyu.edu
NR 30
TC 2413
Z9 2823
U1 3
U2 766
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6921
BP 427
EP 431
DI 10.1038/nature01406
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 637UW
UT WOS:000180533000057
PM 12540916
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brummelkamp, TR
   Nijman, SMB
   Dirac, AMG
   Bernards, R
AF Brummelkamp, TR
   Nijman, SMB
   Dirac, AMG
   Bernards, R
TI Loss of the cylindromatosis tumour suppressor inhibits apoptosis by activating NF-κB
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID necrosis-factor; deubiquitinating enzymes; tnf; mechanisms; kinase; cancer
AB Protein modification by the conjugation of ubiquitin moieties-ubiquitination- plays a major part in many biological processes, including cell cycle and apoptosis(1). The enzymes that mediate ubiquitin-conjugation have been well-studied, but much less is known about the ubiquitin-specific proteases that mediate deubiquitination of cellular substrates(2,3). To study this gene family, we designed a collection of RNA interference vectors to suppress 50 human de-ubiquitinating enzymes, and used these vectors to identify de-ubiquitinating enzymes in cancer-relevant pathways. We report here that inhibition of one of these enzymes, the familial cylindromatosis tumour suppressor gene (CYLD)(4), having no known function, enhances activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. We show that CYLD binds to the NEMO (also known as IKKgamma) component of the IkappaB kinase (IKK) complex, and appears to regulate its activity through de-ubiquitination of TRAF2, as TRAF2 ubiquitination can be modulated by CYLD. Inhibition of CYLD increases resistance to apoptosis, suggesting a mechanism through which loss of CYLD contributes to oncogenesis. We show that this effect can be relieved by aspirin derivatives that inhibit NF-kappaB activity(5), which suggests a therapeutic intervention strategy to restore growth control in patients suffering from familial cylindromatosis.
C1 Netherlands Canc Inst, Div Mol Carcinogenesis, NL-1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Netherlands Canc Inst, Ctr Biomed Genet, NL-1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
C3 Netherlands Cancer Institute; Netherlands Cancer Institute
RP Bernards, R (corresponding author), Netherlands Canc Inst, Div Mol Carcinogenesis, Plesmanlaan 121, NL-1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
EM r.bernards@nki.nl
NR 27
TC 824
Z9 941
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 14
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6950
BP 797
EP 801
DI 10.1038/nature01811
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 711HQ
UT WOS:000184733900045
PM 12917690
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Baker, PJ
   Harris, S
   Webbon, CC
AF Baker, PJ
   Harris, S
   Webbon, CC
TI Hunting and fox numbers in the United Kingdom - Reply
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Bristol, Sch Biol Sci, Bristol BS8 1UG, Avon, England.
C3 University of Bristol
RP Baker, PJ (corresponding author), Univ Bristol, Sch Biol Sci, Woodland Rd, Bristol BS8 1UG, Avon, England.
EM s.harris@bristol.ac.uk
NR 5
TC 1
Z9 1
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 22
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6938
BP 400
EP 400
DI 10.1038/423400b
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 681AJ
UT WOS:000183012000031
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stuart, FM
   Lass-Evans, S
   Fitton, JG
   Ellam, RM
AF Stuart, FM
   Lass-Evans, S
   Fitton, JG
   Ellam, RM
TI High 3He/4He ratios in picritic basalts from Baffin Island and the role of a mixed reservoir in mantle plumes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID northwest iceland; west greenland; noble-gases; bay lavas; helium; constraints; earth; lead; systematics; component
AB The high He-3/He-4 ratio of volcanic rocks thought to be derived from mantle plumes is taken as evidence for the existence of a mantle reservoir that has remained largely undegassed since the Earth's accretion(1-3). The helium isotope composition of this reservoir places constraints on the origin of volatiles within the Earth and on the evolution and structure of the Earth's mantle. Here we show that olivine phenocrysts in picritic basalts presumably derived from the proto-Iceland plume at Baffin Island, Canada, have the highest magmatic He-3/He-4 ratios yet recorded. A strong correlation between He-3/He-4 and Sr-87/Sr-86, Nd-143/Nd-144 and trace element ratios demonstrate that the He-3-rich end-member is present in basalts that are derived from large-volume melts of depleted upper-mantle rocks. This reservoir is consistent with the recharging of depleted upper-mantle rocks by small volumes of primordial volatile-rich lower-mantle material at a thermal boundary layer between convectively isolated reservoirs. The highest He-3/He-4 basalts from Hawaii and Iceland plot on the observed mixing trend. This indicates that a He-3-recharged depleted mantle (HRDM) reservoir may be the principal source of high He-3/He-4 in mantle plumes, and may explain why the helium concentration of the 'plume' component in ocean island basalts is lower than that predicted for a two-layer, steady-state model of mantle structure.
C1 Scottish Univ Environm Res Ctr, Isotope Geosci Unit, E Kilbride G75 0QF, Lanark, Scotland.
   Univ Edinburgh, Sch Geosci, Edinburgh EH9 3JW, Midlothian, Scotland.
C3 Scottish Universities Research & Reactor Center; University of Edinburgh
RP Stuart, FM (corresponding author), Scottish Univ Environm Res Ctr, Isotope Geosci Unit, E Kilbride G75 0QF, Lanark, Scotland.
NR 30
TC 270
Z9 299
U1 0
U2 44
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 3
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6944
BP 57
EP 59
DI 10.1038/nature01711
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 696XL
UT WOS:000183912800037
PM 12840756
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Long, JC
   Chan, HW
   Churnside, AB
   Gulbis, EA
   Varney, MCM
   Price, JC
AF Long, JC
   Chan, HW
   Churnside, AB
   Gulbis, EA
   Varney, MCM
   Price, JC
TI Upper limits to submillimetre-range forces from extra space-time dimensions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inverse-square law
AB String theory is the most promising approach to the long-sought unified description of the four forces of nature and the elementary particles(1), but direct evidence supporting it is lacking. The theory requires six extra spatial dimensions beyond the three that we observe; it is usually supposed that these extra dimensions are curled up into small spaces. This 'compactification' induces 'moduli' fields, which describe the size and shape of the compact dimensions at each point in space-time. These moduli fields generate forces with strengths comparable to gravity, which according to some recent predictions(2-7) might be detected on length scales of about 100 mum. Here we report a search for gravitational-strength forces using planar oscillators separated by a gap of 108 mum. No new forces are observed, ruling out a substantial portion of the previously allowed parameter space(4) for the strange and gluon moduli forces, and setting a new upper limit on the range of the string dilaton(2,3) and radion(5-7) forces.
C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder
RP Price, JC (corresponding author), Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, UCB 390, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
EM john.price@colorado.edu
NR 28
TC 290
Z9 319
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 27
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6926
BP 922
EP 925
DI 10.1038/nature01432
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 649BK
UT WOS:000181186900042
PM 12606994
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Marcikic, I
   de Riedmatten, H
   Tittel, W
   Zbinden, H
   Gisin, N
AF Marcikic, I
   de Riedmatten, H
   Tittel, W
   Zbinden, H
   Gisin, N
TI Long-distance teleportation of qubits at telecommunication wavelengths
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quantum teleportation; entanglement; state; photons
AB Matter and energy cannot be teleported (that is, transferred from one place to another without passing through intermediate locations). However, teleportation of quantum states (the ultimate structure of objects) is possible(1): only the structure is teleported-the matter stays at the source side and must be already present at the final location. Several table-top experiments have used qubits(2-7) (two-dimensional quantum systems) or continuous variables(8-10) to demonstrate the principle over short distances. Here we report a long-distance experimental demonstration of probabilistic quantum teleportation. Qubits carried by photons of 1.3 mum wavelength are teleported onto photons of 1.55 mum wavelength from one laboratory to another, separated by 55 m but connected by 2 km of standard telecommunications fibre. The first (and, with foreseeable technologies, the only) application of quantum teleportation is in quantum communication, where it could help to extend quantum cryptography to larger distances(11-13).
C1 Univ Geneva, Appl Phys Grp, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
   Univ Aarhus, Danish natl Res Fdn Ctr Quantum Opt, Inst Phys & Astron, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
C3 University of Geneva; Danmarks Grundforskningsfond; Aarhus University
RP Gisin, N (corresponding author), Univ Geneva, Appl Phys Grp, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
EM Nicolas.Gisin@Physics.Unige.ch
NR 32
TC 424
Z9 458
U1 2
U2 50
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 30
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6922
BP 509
EP 513
DI 10.1038/nature01376
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 640DB
UT WOS:000180670600038
PM 12556886
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wang, X
   Huong, SM
   Chiu, ML
   Raab-Traub, N
   Huang, ES
AF Wang, X
   Huong, SM
   Chiu, ML
   Raab-Traub, N
   Huang, ES
TI Epidermal growth factor receptor is a cellular receptor for human cytomegalovirus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a widespread opportunistic herpesvirus that causes severe and fatal diseases in immune-compromised individuals, including organ transplant recipients and individuals with AIDS(1). It is also a leading cause of virus-associated birth defects and is associated with atherosclerosis and letters to nature and coronary restenosis(1-3). HCMV initiates infection and intracellular signalling by binding to its cognate cellular receptors 4,5 and by activating several signalling pathways including those mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinase(5-7), phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase(8), interferons(5,9), and G proteins(10). But a cellular receptor responsible for viral entry and HCMV-induced signalling has yet to be identified. Here we show that HCMV infects cells by interacting with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and inducing signalling. Transfecting EGFR-negative cells with an EGFR complementary DNA renders non-susceptible cells susceptible to HCMV. Ligand displacement and crosslinking analyses show that HCMV interacts with EGFR through gB, its principal envelope glycoprotein. gB preferentially binds EGFR and EGFR-ErbB3 oligomeric molecules in Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with erbB family cDNAs. Taken together, these data indicate that EGFR is a necessary component for HCMV-triggered signalling and viral entry.
C1 Univ N Carolina, Lineberger Comprehens Canc Ctr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Dept Med, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
C3 University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill
RP Huang, ES (corresponding author), Univ N Carolina, Lineberger Comprehens Canc Ctr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
EM eshuang@med.unc.edu
NR 30
TC 336
Z9 476
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 24
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6947
BP 456
EP 461
DI 10.1038/nature01818
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 704BT
UT WOS:000184318400050
PM 12879076
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lee, HH
   Norris, A
   Weiss, JB
   Frasch, M
AF Lee, HH
   Norris, A
   Weiss, JB
   Frasch, M
TI Jelly belly protein activates the receptor tyrosine kinase Alk to specify visceral muscle pioneers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID anaplastic lymphoma kinase; cell fates; drosophila mesoderm; box-gene; fusion; identification; segmentation; embryogenesis; specification; induction
AB The secreted protein Jelly belly (Jeb) is required for an essential signalling event in Drosophila muscle development. In the absence of functional Jeb, visceral muscle precursors are normally specified but fail to migrate and differentiate(1). The structure and distribution of Jeb protein implies that Jeb functions as a signal to organize the development of visceral muscles(1). Here we show that the Jeb receptor is the Drosophila homologue of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (Alk), a receptor tyrosine kinase of the insulin receptor superfamily. Human ALK was originally identified as a proto-oncogene, but its normal function in mammals is not known(2). In Drosophila, localized Jeb activates Alk and the downstream Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade to specify a select group of visceral muscle precursors as muscle-patterning pioneers. Jeb/Alk signalling induces the myoblast fusion gene dumbfounded (duf; also known as kirre) as well as org-1, a Drosophila homologue of mammalian TBX1, in these cells.
C1 Oregon Hlth Sci Univ, Portland, OR 97201 USA.
   Mt Sinai Sch Med, Brookdale Dept Mol Cell & Dev Biol, New York, NY 10029 USA.
C3 Oregon Health & Science University; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
RP Weiss, JB (corresponding author), Oregon Hlth Sci Univ, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Pk Rd NRC3, Portland, OR 97201 USA.
NR 30
TC 143
Z9 176
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 2
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6957
BP 507
EP 512
DI 10.1038/nature01916
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 727FN
UT WOS:000185648100044
PM 14523446
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sugiura, R
   Kita, A
   Shimizu, Y
   Shuntoh, H
   Sio, SO
   Kuno, T
AF Sugiura, R
   Kita, A
   Shimizu, Y
   Shuntoh, H
   Sio, SO
   Kuno, T
TI Feedback regulation of MAPK signalling by an RNA-binding protein
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fission yeast; kh-domain; in-vivo; kinase; phosphatase; pathways; encodes; stress; pombe
AB Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are evolutionarily conserved enzymes that convert extracellular signals into various outputs such as cell growth, differentiation and cell death(1-4). MAPK phosphatases selectively inactivate MAPKs by dephosphorylating critical phosphothreonine and phosphotyrosine residues(5,6). The transcriptional induction of MAPK phosphatase expression by various stimuli, including MAPK activation, has been well documented as a negative-feedback mechanism of MAPK signalling(7,8). Here we show that Rnc1, a novel K-homology-type RNA-binding protein in fission yeast, binds and stabilizes Pmp1 messenger RNA(9), the MAPK phosphatase for Pmk1 (refs 10, 11). Rnc1 therefore acts as a negative regulator of Pmk1 signalling. Notably, Pmk1 phosphorylates Rnc1, causing enhancement of the RNA-binding activity of Rnc1. Thus, Rnc1 is a component of a new negative-feedback loop that regulates the Pmk1 pathway through its binding to Pmp1 mRNA. Our findings-the post-transcriptional mRNA stabilization of a MAPK phosphatase mediated by an RNA-binding protein-provide an additional regulatory mechanism for fine-tuning of MAPK signalling pathways.
C1 Kobe Univ, Grad Sch Med, Dept Genome Sci, Div Mol Pharmacol & Pharmacogenom, Kobe, Hyogo 6500017, Japan.
   Kobe Univ, Sch Med, Fac Hlth Sci, Suma Ku, Kobe, Hyogo 6540142, Japan.
C3 Kobe University; Kobe University
RP Sugiura, R (corresponding author), Kobe Univ, Grad Sch Med, Dept Genome Sci, Div Mol Pharmacol & Pharmacogenom, Kobe, Hyogo 6500017, Japan.
NR 24
TC 62
Z9 74
U1 1
U2 15
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 21
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6951
BP 961
EP 965
DI 10.1038/nature01907
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 713EH
UT WOS:000184843600046
PM 12931193
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gerstner, E
AF Gerstner, E
TI Photonics - Defective quality
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 1
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 30
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6961
BP 912
EP 912
DI 10.1038/425912b
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 737KY
UT WOS:000186230600029
PM 14586456
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cho, HS
   Mason, K
   Ramyar, KX
   Stanley, AM
   Gabelli, SB
   Denney, DW
   Leahy, DJ
AF Cho, HS
   Mason, K
   Ramyar, KX
   Stanley, AM
   Gabelli, SB
   Denney, DW
   Leahy, DJ
TI Structure of the extracellular region of HER2 alone and in complex with the Herceptin Fab
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID erbb signaling network; breast-cancer; trastuzumab herceptin; molecular replacement; monoclonal-antibody; receptors; oncogene; program; domain; cells
AB HER2 (also known as Neu, ErbB2) is a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR; also known as ErbB) family of receptor tyrosine kinases, which in humans includes HER1 (EGFR, ERBB1), HER2, HER3 (ERBB3) and HER4 (ERBB4)(1). ErbB receptors are essential mediators of cell proliferation and differentiation in the developing embryo and in adult tissues(2), and their inappropriate activation is associated with the development and severity of many cancers(3). Overexpression of HER2 is found in 20-30% of human breast cancers, and correlates with more aggressive tumours and a poorer prognosis(4). Anticancer therapies targeting ErbB receptors have shown promise, and a monoclonal antibody against HER2, Herceptin (also known as trastuzumab), is currently in use as a treatment for breast cancer(5). Here we report crystal structures of the entire extracellular regions of rat HER2 at 2.4 Angstrom and human HER2 complexed with the Herceptin antigen-binding fragment (Fab) at 2.5 Angstrom. These structures reveal a fixed conformation for HER2 that resembles a ligand-activated state, and show HER2 poised to interact with other ErbB receptors in the absence of direct ligand binding. Herceptin binds to the juxtamembrane region of HER2, identifying this site as a target for anticancer therapies.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biophys & Biophys Chem, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Genitope Corp, Redwood City, CA 94063 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Johns Hopkins University
RP Leahy, DJ (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biophys & Biophys Chem, 725 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
NR 30
TC 1270
Z9 1683
U1 4
U2 258
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 13
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6924
BP 756
EP 760
DI 10.1038/nature01392
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 644UP
UT WOS:000180938000047
PM 12610629
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Volkov, I
   Banavar, JR
   Hubbell, SP
   Maritan, A
AF Volkov, I
   Banavar, JR
   Hubbell, SP
   Maritan, A
TI Neutral theory and relative species abundance in ecology
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sampling theory
AB The theory of island biogeography(1) asserts that an island or a local community approaches an equilibrium species richness as a result of the interplay between the immigration of species from the much larger metacommunity source area and local extinction of species on the island (local community). Hubbell(2) generalized this neutral theory to explore the expected steady-state distribution of relative species abundance (RSA) in the local community under restricted immigration. Here we present a theoretical framework for the unified neutral theory of biodiversity(2) and an analytical solution for the distribution of the RSA both in the metacommunity (Fisher's log series) and in the local community, where there are fewer rare species. Rare species are more extinction-prone, and once they go locally extinct, they take longer to re-immigrate than do common species. Contrary to recent assertions(3), we show that the analytical solution provides a better fit, with fewer free parameters, to the RSA distribution of tree species on Barro Colorado Island, Panama(4), than the lognormal distribution(5,6).
C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Univ Georgia, Dept Plant Biol, Athens, GA 30602 USA.
   Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, Balboa, Panama.
   Scuola Int Super Studi Avanzati, SISSA, I-34014 Trieste, Italy.
   INFM, Trieste, Italy.
   Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, Trieste, Italy.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; University System of Georgia; University of Georgia; Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA); Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia (INFM-CNR); Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP)
RP Banavar, JR (corresponding author), Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, 104 Davey Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
EM banavar@psu.edu; shubbell@dogwood.botany.uga.edu
NR 28
TC 612
Z9 710
U1 3
U2 442
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 28
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6952
BP 1035
EP 1037
DI 10.1038/nature01883
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 715QR
UT WOS:000184984200038
PM 12944964
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bonke, M
   Thitamadee, S
   Mähönen, AP
   Hauser, MT
   Helariutta, Y
AF Bonke, M
   Thitamadee, S
   Mähönen, AP
   Hauser, MT
   Helariutta, Y
TI APL regulates vascular tissue identity in Arabidopsis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID radial organization; pattern-formation; sieve elements; root; differentiation; cell; morphogenesis; trafficking; mutations; phloem
AB Vascular plants have a long-distance transport system consisting of two tissue types with elongated cell files, phloem and xylem(1). Phloem has two basic cell types, enucleate sieve elements and companion cells. Xylem has various lignified cell types, such as tracheary elements, the differentiation of which involves deposition of elaborate cell wall thickenings and programmed cell death(1-4). Until now, little has been known about the genetic control of phloem-xylem patterning. Here we identify the ALTERED PHLOEM DEVELOPMENT (APL) gene, which encodes a MYB coiled-coil-type transcription factor that is required for phloem identity in Arabidopsis. Phloem is established through asymmetric cell divisions and subsequent differentiation. We show that both processes are impaired by a recessive apl mutation. This is associated with the formation of cells that have xylem characteristics in the position of phloem. The APL expression profile is consistent with a key role in phloem development. Ectopic APL expression in the vascular bundle inhibits xylem development. Our studies suggest that APL has a dual role both in promoting phloem differentiation and in repressing xylem differentiation during vascular development.
C1 Univ Helsinki, Inst Biotechnol, Plant Mol Biol Lab, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
   BOKU Univ Nat Resources & Appl Life Sci Vienna, Ctr Appl Genet, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
C3 University of Helsinki; BOKU University
RP Helariutta, Y (corresponding author), Univ Helsinki, Inst Biotechnol, Plant Mol Biol Lab, POB 56, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
NR 25
TC 395
Z9 471
U1 3
U2 126
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 13
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6963
BP 181
EP 186
DI 10.1038/nature02100
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 742LA
UT WOS:000186517200044
PM 14614507
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Staal, M
   Meysman, FJR
   Stal, LJ
AF Staal, M
   Meysman, FJR
   Stal, LJ
TI Temperature excludes N2-fixing heterocystous cyanobacteria in the tropical oceans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nitrogen-fixation; n-2 fixation; baltic sea; photosynthesis; trichodesmium; oxygen
AB Whereas the non-heterocystous cyanobacteria Trichodesmium spp. are the dominant N-2-fixing organisms in the tropical oceans(1), heterocystous species dominate N-2 fixation in freshwater lakes and brackish environments such as the Baltic Sea(2). So far no satisfactory explanation for the absence of heterocystous cyanobacteria in the pelagic of the tropical oceans has been given, even though heterocysts would seem to represent an ideal strategy for protecting nitrogenase from being inactivated by O-2, thereby enabling cyanobacteria to fix N-2 and to perform photosynthesis simultaneously. Trichodesmium is capable of N-2 fixation, apparently without needing to differentiate heterocysts(3). Here we show that differences in the temperature dependence of O-2 flux, respiration and N-2 fixation activity explain how Trichodesmium performs better than heterocystous species at higher temperatures. Our results also explain why Trichodesmium is not successful in temperate or cold seas. The absence of heterocystous cyanobacteria in the pelagic zone of temperate and cold seas, however, requires another explanation.
C1 NIOO KNAW, Dept Marine Microbiol, NL-4400 AC Yerseke, Netherlands.
   NIOO KNAW, Dept Ecosyst Studies, NL-4400 AC Yerseke, Netherlands.
C3 Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts & Sciences; Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW); Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts & Sciences; Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW)
RP Staal, M (corresponding author), NIOO KNAW, Dept Marine Microbiol, POB 140, NL-4400 AC Yerseke, Netherlands.
NR 20
TC 134
Z9 153
U1 1
U2 48
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 2
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6957
BP 504
EP 507
DI 10.1038/nature01999
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 727FN
UT WOS:000185648100043
PM 14523445
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Niikura, H
   Légaré, F
   Hasbani, R
   Ivanov, MY
   Villeneuve, DM
   Corkum, PB
AF Niikura, H
   Légaré, F
   Hasbani, R
   Ivanov, MY
   Villeneuve, DM
   Corkum, PB
TI Probing molecular dynamics with attosecond resolution using correlated wave packet pairs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID intense laser fields; high-harmonic-generation; enhanced ionization; ions; pulses; atoms
AB Spectroscopic measurements with increasingly higher time resolution are generally thought to require increasingly shorter laser pulses, as illustrated by the recent monitoring of the decay of core-excited krypton(1) using attosecond photon pulses(2),(3). However, an alternative approach to probing ultrafast dynamic processes might be provided by entanglement, which has improved the precision(4,5) of quantum optical measurements. Here we use this approach to observe the motion of a D(2)(+) vibrational wave packet formed during the multiphoton ionization of D(2) over several femtoseconds with a precision of about 200 attoseconds and 0.05 angstroms, by exploiting the correlation between the electronic and nuclear wave packets formed during the ionization event. An intense infrared laser field drives the electron wave packet, and electron recollision(6-11) probes the nuclear motion. Our results show that laser pulse duration need not limit the time resolution of a spectroscopic measurement, provided the process studied involves the formation of correlated wave packets, one of which can be controlled; spatial resolution is likewise not limited to the focal spot size or laser wavelength.
C1 Natl Res Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
   Univ Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, PQ J1K 2R1, Canada.
C3 National Research Council Canada; University of Sherbrooke
RP Corkum, PB (corresponding author), Natl Res Council Canada, 100 Sussex Dr, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
EM Paul.Corkum@nrc.ca
NR 28
TC 395
Z9 428
U1 1
U2 95
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 20
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6925
BP 826
EP 829
DI 10.1038/nature01430
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 646QA
UT WOS:000181044700043
PM 12594508
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chatterjee, S
   Callaway, EM
AF Chatterjee, S
   Callaway, EM
TI Parallel colour-opponent pathways to primary visual cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lateral geniculate-nucleus; s-cone; ganglion-cells; old-world; morphology; retina; organization; mechanisms; laminae; axons
AB The trichromatic primate retina parses the colour content of a visual scene into ' red/ green' and ` blue/ yellow' representations(1 - 2). Cortical circuits must combine the information encoded in these colour- opponent signals to reconstruct the full range of perceived colours(3). Red/ green and blue/ yellow inputs are relayed by the lateral geniculate nucleus ( LGN) of thalamus to primary visual cortex ( V1), so understanding how cortical circuits transform these signals requires understanding how LGN inputs to V1 are organized. Here we report direct recordings from LGN afferent axons in muscimol- inactivated V1. We found that blue/ yellow afferents terminated exclusively in superficial cortical layers 3B and 4A, whereas red/ green afferents were encountered only in deeper cortex, in lower layer 4C. We also describe a distinct cortical target for ' blue- OFF' cells, whose afferents terminated in layer 4A and seemed patchy in organization. The more common ` blue- ON' afferents were found in 4A as well as lower layer 2/ 3. Chromatic information is thus conveyed to V1 by parallel, anatomically segregated colour- opponent systems, to be combined at a later stage of the colour circuit.
C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, Syst Neurobiol Labs, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Neurosci Program, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 Salk Institute; University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Chatterjee, S (corresponding author), Salk Inst Biol Studies, Syst Neurobiol Labs, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM sochatte@ucsd.edu
NR 30
TC 162
Z9 205
U1 1
U2 24
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 11
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6967
BP 668
EP 671
DI 10.1038/nature02167
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 752DY
UT WOS:000187132800043
PM 14668866
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zarrinpar, A
   Park, SH
   Lim, WA
AF Zarrinpar, A
   Park, SH
   Lim, WA
TI Optimization of specificity in a cellular protein interaction network by negative selection
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sh3 domain; peptide recognition; caenorhabditis-elegans; pex13p; src; localization; prediction; stability; pathways; modules
AB Most proteins that participate in cellular signalling networks contain modular protein- interaction domains. Multiple versions of such domains are present within a given organism(1): the yeast proteome, for example, contains 27 different Src homology 3 ( SH3) domains(2). This raises the potential problem of crossreaction. It is generally thought that isolated domain - ligand pairs lack sufficient information to encode biologically unique interactions, and that specificity is instead encoded by the context in which the interaction pairs are presented(3,4). Here we show that an isolated peptide ligand from the yeast protein Pbs2 recognizes its biological partner, the SH3 domain from Sho1, with near- absolute specificity - no other SH3 domain present in the yeast genome cross- reacts with the Pbs2 peptide, in vivo or in vitro. Such high specificity, however, is not observed in a set of non- yeast SH3 domains, and Pbs2 motif variants that cross- react with other SH3 domains confer a fitness defect, indicating that the Pbs2 motif might have been optimized to minimize interaction with competing domains specifically found in yeast. System- wide negative selection is a subtle but powerful evolutionary mechanism to optimize specificity within an interaction network composed of overlapping recognition elements.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Mol & Cellular Pharmacol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Program Biol Sci, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Lim, WA (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Mol & Cellular Pharmacol, 600 16th St, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
EM wlim@itsa.ucsf.edu
NR 29
TC 225
Z9 285
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 11
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6967
BP 676
EP 680
DI 10.1038/nature02178
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 752DY
UT WOS:000187132800045
PM 14668868
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gizon, L
   Duvall, TL
   Schou, J
AF Gizon, L
   Duvall, TL
   Schou, J
TI Wave-like properties of solar supergranulation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID time-distance helioseismology; compressible convection; magnetic features; rotation; evolution; fields; modes; flows
AB Supergranulation(1,2) on the surface of the Sun is a pattern of horizontal outflows, outlined by a network of small magnetic features, with a distinct scale of 30 million metres and an apparent lifetime of one day. It is generally believed that supergranulation corresponds to a preferred 'cellular' scale of thermal convection; rising magnetic fields are dragged by the outflows and concentrated into 'ropes' at the 'cell' boundaries(3). But as the convection zone is highly turbulent and stratified, numerical modelling has proved to be difficult and the dynamics remain poorly understood. Moreover, there is as yet no explanation for the observation that the pattern appears(4,5) to rotate faster around the Sun than the magnetic features. Here we report observations showing that supergranulation undergoes oscillations and supports waves with periods of 6-9 days. The waves are predominantly prograde, which explains the apparent super-rotation of the pattern. The rotation of the plasma through which the pattern propagates is consistent with the motion of the magnetic network.
C1 Stanford Univ, WW Hansen Expt Phys Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astron & Solar Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
C3 Stanford University; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
RP Gizon, L (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, WW Hansen Expt Phys Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
NR 18
TC 101
Z9 107
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 2
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6918
BP 43
EP 44
DI 10.1038/nature01287
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 631JY
UT WOS:000180165500030
PM 12511947
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ma, D
   Yang, CH
   McNeill, H
   Simon, MA
   Axelrod, JD
AF Ma, D
   Yang, CH
   McNeill, H
   Simon, MA
   Axelrod, JD
TI Fidelity in planar cell polarity signalling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tissue polarity; drosophila eye; cadherin superfamily; gene; encodes; member; protein; morphogenesis; mutations; growth
AB The polarity of Drosophila wing hairs displays remarkable fidelity. Each of the approximately 30,000 wing epithelial cells constructs an actin-rich prehair that protrudes from its distal vertex and points distally. The distal location and orientation of the hairs is virtually error free, thus forming a nearly perfect parallel array. This process is controlled by the planar cell polarity signalling pathway(1-4). Here we show that interaction between two tiers of the planar cell polarity signalling mechanism results in the observed high fidelity. The first tier, mediated by the cadherin Fat(5), dictates global orientation by transducing a directional signal to individual cells. The second tier, orchestrated by the 7-pass transmembrane receptor Frizzled(6,7), aligns each cell's polarity with that of its neighbours through the action of an intercellular feedback loop, enabling polarity to propagate from cell to cell(8). We show that all cells need not respond correctly to the presumably subtle signal transmitted by Fat. Subsequent action of the Frizzled feedback loop is sufficient to align all the cells cooperatively. This economical system is therefore highly robust, and produces virtually error-free arrays.
C1 Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Canc Res UK, London Res Inst, London WC2A 3PX, England.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University; Cancer Research UK
RP Axelrod, JD (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
NR 30
TC 274
Z9 333
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 30
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6922
BP 543
EP 547
DI 10.1038/nature01366
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 640DB
UT WOS:000180670600048
PM 12540853
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Knaut, H
   Werz, C
   Geisler, R
   Nüsslein-Volhard, C
AF Knaut, H
   Werz, C
   Geisler, R
   Nüsslein-Volhard, C
TI A zebrafish homologue of the chemokine receptor Cxcr4 is a germ-cell guidance receptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hiv-1 entry; protein; chemotaxis; activation; akt/pkb; rna
AB Germ cells preserve an individual's genetic information and transmit it to the next generation. Early in development germ cells are set aside and undergo a specialized developmental programme, a hallmark of which is the migration from their site of origin to the future gonad(1). In Drosophila, several factors have been identified that control germ-cell migration to their target tissues(2-4); however, the germ-cell chemoattractant or its receptor have remained unknown. Here we apply genetics and in vivo imaging to show that odysseus, a zebrafish homologue of the G-protein-coupled chemokine receptor Cxcr4, is required specifically in germ cells for their chemotaxis. odysseus mutant germ cells are able to activate the migratory programme, but fail to undergo directed migration towards their target tissue, resulting in randomly dispersed germ cells. SDF-1, the presumptive cognate ligand for Cxcr4, shows a similar loss-of-function phenotype and can recruit germ cells to ectopic sites in the embryo, thus identifying a vertebrate ligand-receptor pair guiding migratory germ cells at all stages of migration towards their target.
C1 Max Planck Inst Entwicklungsbiol, Abt Genet 3, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Knaut, H (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Entwicklungsbiol, Abt Genet 3, Spemannstr 35, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
NR 24
TC 350
Z9 432
U1 0
U2 49
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 16
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6920
BP 279
EP 282
DI 10.1038/nature01338
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 635KG
UT WOS:000180397600050
PM 12508118
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Petersson, P
   Waldenström, A
   Fåhraeus, C
   Schouenborg, J
AF Petersson, P
   Waldenström, A
   Fåhraeus, C
   Schouenborg, J
TI Spontaneous muscle twitches during sleep guide spinal self-organization
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nociceptive withdrawal reflexes; sensorimotor transformation; developmental adaptation; substantia-gelatinosa; postnatal-development; dorsal-horn; rat; neurons; system; network
AB During development, information about the three-dimensional shape and mechanical properties of the body is laid down in the synaptic connectivity of sensorimotor systems through unknown adaptive mechanisms. In spinal reflex systems, this enables the fast transformation of complex sensory information into adequate correction of movements. Here we use a computer simulation to show that an unsupervised correlation-based learning mechanism, using spontaneous muscle twitches, can account for the functional adaptation of the withdrawal reflex system. We also show that tactile feedback resulting from spontaneous muscle twitches during sleep(1-3) does indeed modify sensorimotor transformation in young rats in a predictable manner. The results indicate that these twitches, corresponding to human fetal movements(4), are important in spinal self-organization.
C1 Lund Univ, Dept Physiol Sci, Sect Neurophysiol, S-22184 Lund, Sweden.
C3 Lund University
RP Petersson, P (corresponding author), Lund Univ, Dept Physiol Sci, Sect Neurophysiol, BMC F10, S-22184 Lund, Sweden.
EM per.petersson@mphy.lu.se
NR 30
TC 145
Z9 159
U1 2
U2 10
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 3
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6944
BP 72
EP 75
DI 10.1038/nature01719
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 696XL
UT WOS:000183912800042
PM 12840761
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nicastro, F
   Zezas, A
   Elvis, M
   Mathur, S
   Fiore, F
   Cecchi-Pestellini, C
   Burke, D
   Drake, J
   Casella, P
AF Nicastro, F
   Zezas, A
   Elvis, M
   Mathur, S
   Fiore, F
   Cecchi-Pestellini, C
   Burke, D
   Drake, J
   Casella, P
TI The far-ultraviolet signature of the 'missing' baryons in the Local Group of galaxies
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-velocity clouds; spectroscopic explorer observations; o-vi
AB The number of baryons detected in the low-redshift (z < 1) Universe is far smaller than the number detected in corresponding volumes at higher redshifts. Simulations(1-3) of the formation of structure in the Universe show that up to two-thirds of the 'missing' baryons may have escaped detection because of their high temperature and low density. One of the few ways to detect this matter directly is to look for its signature in the form of ultraviolet absorption lines in the spectra of background sources such as quasars. Here we show that the amplitude of the average velocity vector of 'high velocity' OVI (O5+) absorption clouds detected in a survey(4) of ultraviolet emission from active galactic nuclei decreases significantly when the vector is transformed to the frames of the Galactic Standard of Rest and the Local Group of galaxies. At least 82 per cent of these absorbers are not associated with any 'high velocity' atomic hydrogen complex in our Galaxy, and are therefore likely to result from a primordial warm-hot intergalactic medium pervading an extended corona around the Milky Way or the Local Group. The total mass of baryons in this medium is estimated to be up to ∼10(12) solar masses, which is of the order of the mass required(5) to dynamically stabilize the Local Group.
C1 Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Ohio State Univ, Dept Astron, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
   Osservatorio Astron Monteporzio, I-00040 Monte Porzio Catone, RM, Italy.
C3 Smithsonian Institution; Harvard University; Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; University System of Ohio; Ohio State University
RP Nicastro, F (corresponding author), Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
NR 37
TC 83
Z9 87
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 13
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6924
BP 719
EP 721
DI 10.1038/nature01369
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 644UP
UT WOS:000180938000036
PM 12610618
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Check, E
AF Check, E
TI Battle of the mind
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID a-beta burden; alzheimers-disease; mouse model; immunization; antibody; vaccination; pathology
NR 11
TC 5
Z9 19
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 27
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6930
BP 370
EP 372
DI 10.1038/422370a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 659WV
UT WOS:000181801200012
PM 12660749
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Parmesan, C
   Yohe, G
AF Parmesan, C
   Yohe, G
TI A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID egg-laying trends; british butterfly; phenology; plants; responses; birds; time; temperature; abundance; mountain
AB Causal attribution of recent biological trends to climate change is complicated because non-climatic influences dominate local, short-term biological changes. Any underlying signal from climate change is likely to be revealed by analyses that seek systematic trends across diverse species and geographic regions; however, debates within the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reveal several definitions of a 'systematic trend'. Here, we explore these differences, apply diverse analyses to more than 1,700 species, and show that recent biological trends match climate change predictions. Global meta-analyses documented significant range shifts averaging 6.1 km per decade towards the poles ( or metres per decade upward), and significant mean advancement of spring events by 2.3 days per decade. We define a diagnostic fingerprint of temporal and spatial 'sign-switching' responses uniquely predicted by twentieth century climate trends. Among appropriate long-term/large-scale/multi-species data sets, this diagnostic fingerprint was found for 279 species. This suite of analyses generates 'very high confidence' (as laid down by the IPCC) that climate change is already affecting living systems.
C1 Univ Texas, Patterson Labs 141, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
   Wesleyan Univ, Publ Affairs Ctr 238, Middletown, CT 06459 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin; Wesleyan University
RP Parmesan, C (corresponding author), Univ Texas, Patterson Labs 141, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
EM parmesan@mail.utexas.edu
NR 46
TC 8259
Z9 10245
U1 109
U2 7824
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 2
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6918
BP 37
EP 42
DI 10.1038/nature01286
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 631JY
UT WOS:000180165500029
PM 12511946
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Leizerson, I
   Lipson, SG
   Lyushnin, AV
AF Leizerson, I
   Lipson, SG
   Lyushnin, AV
TI When larger drops evaporate faster
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID films; systems; apolar
C1 Technion Israel Inst Technol, Dept Phys, IL-32000 Haifa, Israel.
   Perm State Pedag Univ, Dept Theoret Phys, Perm 614600, Russia.
C3 Technion Israel Institute of Technology; Perm State Humanitarian Pedagogical University
RP Leizerson, I (corresponding author), Technion Israel Inst Technol, Dept Phys, IL-32000 Haifa, Israel.
NR 11
TC 26
Z9 28
U1 1
U2 18
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 27
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6930
BP 395
EP 396
DI 10.1038/422395b
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 659WV
UT WOS:000181801200032
PM 12660771
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Moller, PR
   Nielsen, JG
   Fossen, I
AF Moller, PR
   Nielsen, JG
   Fossen, I
TI Fish migration: Patagonian toothfish found off Greenland - This catch is evidence of transequatorial migration by a cold-water Antarctic fish
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Copenhagen, Zool Museum, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark.
   More Res, Sect Fisheries, N-6021 Alesund, Norway.
C3 University of Copenhagen
RP Moller, PR (corresponding author), Univ Copenhagen, Zool Museum, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark.
NR 10
TC 33
Z9 38
U1 1
U2 27
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 6
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6923
BP 599
EP 599
DI 10.1038/421599a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 642KH
UT WOS:000180803200031
PM 12571586
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hankins, TH
   Kern, JS
   Weatherall, JC
   Eilek, JA
AF Hankins, TH
   Kern, JS
   Weatherall, JC
   Eilek, JA
TI Nanosecond radio bursts from strong plasma turbulence in the Crab pulsar
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID giant pulses; millisecond pulsar; emission; conversion
AB The Crab pulsar was discovered(1) by the occasional exceptionally bright radio pulses it emits, subsequently dubbed 'giant' pulses. Only two other pulsars are known to emit giant pulses(2,3). There is no satisfactory explanation for the occurrence of giant pulses, nor is there a complete theory of the pulsar emission mechanism in general. Competing models for the radio emission mechanism can be distinguished by the temporal structure of their coherent emission. Here we report the discovery of isolated, highly polarized, two-nanosecond sub-pulses within the giant radio pulses from the Crab pulsar. The plasma structures responsible for these emissions must be smaller than one metre in size, making them by far the smallest objects ever detected and resolved outside the Solar System, and the brightest transient radio sources in the sky. Only one of the current models-the collapse of plasma-turbulent wave packets in the pulsar magnetosphere-can account for the nanopulses we observe.
C1 New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Dept Phys, Socorro, NM 87801 USA.
   Natl Radio Astron Observ, Socorro, NM 87801 USA.
C3 New Mexico Institute of Mining Technology; National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO)
RP Hankins, TH (corresponding author), New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Dept Phys, Socorro, NM 87801 USA.
NR 27
TC 303
Z9 346
U1 1
U2 8
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 13
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6928
BP 141
EP 143
DI 10.1038/nature01477
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 654HG
UT WOS:000181488900038
PM 12634779
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yethiraj, A
   van Blaaderen, A
AF Yethiraj, A
   van Blaaderen, A
TI A colloidal model system with an interaction tunable from hard sphere to soft and dipolar
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phase-diagram; crystallization kinetics; monodisperse; fluorescent; suspensions; nucleation; simulation; dynamics; growth
AB Monodisperse colloidal suspensions of micrometre-sized spheres are playing an increasingly important role as model systems to study, in real space, a variety of phenomena in condensed matter physics-such as glass transitions and crystal nucleation(1-4). But to date, no quantitative real-space studies have been performed on crystal melting, or have investigated systems with long-range repulsive potentials. Here we demonstrate a charge- and sterically stabilized colloidal suspension-poly(methyl methacrylate) spheres in a mixture of cycloheptyl (or cyclohexyl) bromide and decalin-where both the repulsive range and the anisotropy of the interparticle interaction potential can be controlled. This combination of two independent tuning parameters gives rise to a rich phase behaviour, with several unusual colloidal (liquid) crystalline phases, which we explore in real space by confocal microscopy. The softness of the interaction is tuned in this colloidal suspension by varying the solvent salt concentration; the anisotropic (dipolar) contribution to the interaction potential can be independently controlled with an external electric field ranging from a small perturbation to the point where it completely determines the phase behaviour. We also demonstrate that the electric field can be used as a pseudo-thermodynamic temperature switch to enable real-space studies of melting transitions. We expect studies of this colloidal model system to contribute to our understanding of, for example, electro- and magneto-rheological fluids.
C1 Univ Utrecht, Debye Inst, NL-3584 CC Utrecht, Netherlands.
   FOM, Inst Atom & Mol Phys, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
C3 Utrecht University; AMOLF
RP Yethiraj, A (corresponding author), Univ Utrecht, Debye Inst, Padualaan 5, NL-3584 CC Utrecht, Netherlands.
EM yethiraj@chem.ubc.ca; A.vanBlaaderen@phys.uu.nl
NR 30
TC 831
Z9 958
U1 5
U2 373
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 30
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6922
BP 513
EP 517
DI 10.1038/nature01328
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 640DB
UT WOS:000180670600039
PM 12556887
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Witte, U
   Wenzhöfer, F
   Sommer, S
   Boetius, A
   Heinz, P
   Aberle, N
   Sand, M
   Cremer, A
   Abraham, WR
   Jorgensen, BB
   Pfannkuche, O
AF Witte, U
   Wenzhöfer, F
   Sommer, S
   Boetius, A
   Heinz, P
   Aberle, N
   Sand, M
   Cremer, A
   Abraham, WR
   Jorgensen, BB
   Pfannkuche, O
TI In situ experimental evidence of the fate of a phytodetritus pulse at the abyssal sea floor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID eastern north pacific; deep-sea; organic-matter; benthic community; seasonal deposition; arabian sea; ne atlantic; carbon; bacteria; sedimentation
AB More than 50% of the Earth's surface is sea floor below 3,000 m of water. Most of this major reservoir in the global carbon cycle and final repository for anthropogenic wastes is characterized by severe food limitation. Phytodetritus is the major food source for abyssal benthic communities, and a large fraction of the annual food load can arrive in pulses within a few days(1,2). Owing to logistical constraints, the available data concerning the fate of such a pulse are scattered(3,4) and often contradictory(5-10), hampering global carbon modelling and anthropogenic impact assessments. We quantified (over a period of 2.5 to 23 days) the response of an abyssal benthic community to a phytodetritus pulse, on the basis of 11 in situ experiments. Here we report that, in contrast to previous hypotheses(5-11), the sediment community oxygen consumption doubled immediately, and that macrofauna were very important for initial carbon degradation. The retarded response of bacteria and Foraminifera, the restriction of microbial carbon degradation to the sediment surface, and the low total carbon turnover distinguish abyssal from continental-slope 'deep-sea' sediments.
C1 Max Planck Inst Marine Microbiol, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
   GEOMAR Res Ctr, D-24148 Kiel, Germany.
   Univ Tubingen, Inst Geosci, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
   Gesell Biotechnol Forsch mbH, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society; Helmholtz Association; GEOMAR Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research Kiel; Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen; Helmholtz Association; Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research
RP Witte, U (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Marine Microbiol, Celsiusstr 1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
EM uwitte@mpi-bremen.de
NR 29
TC 204
Z9 223
U1 0
U2 67
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 14
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6950
BP 763
EP 766
DI 10.1038/nature01799
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 711HQ
UT WOS:000184733900036
PM 12917681
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bonatti, E
   Ligi, M
   Brunelli, D
   Cipriani, A
   Fabretti, P
   Ferrante, V
   Gasperini, L
   Ottolini, L
AF Bonatti, E
   Ligi, M
   Brunelli, D
   Cipriani, A
   Fabretti, P
   Ferrante, V
   Gasperini, L
   Ottolini, L
TI Mantle thermal pulses below the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and temporal variations in the formation of oceanic lithosphere
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID beneath midocean ridges; vema fracture-zone; crustal thickness; spreading centers; transverse ridge; magma migration; north-atlantic; passive flow; gravity; peridotites
AB A 20-Myr record of creation of oceanic lithosphere at a segment of the central Mid-Atlantic-Ridge is exposed along an uplifted sliver of lithosphere. The degree of melting of the mantle that is upwelling below the ridge, estimated from the chemistry of the exposed mantle rocks, as well as crustal thickness inferred from gravity measurements, show oscillations of similar to3-4 Myr superimposed on a longer-term steady increase with time. The time lag between oscillations of mantle melting and crustal thickness indicates that the solid mantle is upwelling at an average rate of similar to25 mm yr(-1), but this appears to vary through time. Slow-spreading lithosphere seems to form through dynamic pulses of mantle upwelling and melting, leading not only to along-axis segmentation but also to across-axis structural variability. Also, the central Mid-Atlantic Ridge appears to have become steadily hotter over the past 20 Myr, possibly owing to north-south mantle flow.
C1 CNR, Ist Sci Marine, I-40129 Bologna, Italy.
   Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Sci Terra, I-00187 Rome, Italy.
   Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
   CNR, Ist Geosci & Georisorse, Sez Pavia, I-27100 Pavia, Italy.
C3 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto di Scienze Marine (ISMAR-CNR); Sapienza University Rome; Columbia University; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse (IGG-CNR)
RP Bonatti, E (corresponding author), CNR, Ist Sci Marine, Via Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy.
NR 50
TC 109
Z9 116
U1 0
U2 30
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 29
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6939
BP 499
EP 505
DI 10.1038/nature01594
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 683RH
UT WOS:000183162900034
PM 12774114
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Müller, MM
   Malinowski, P
   Gruber, T
   Hillyard, SA
AF Müller, MM
   Malinowski, P
   Gruber, T
   Hillyard, SA
TI Sustained division of the attentional spotlight
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID spatial selective attention; visual-evoked potentials; focal attention; extrastriate; allocation; locations; striate; brain; space; tasks
AB By voluntarily directing attention to a specific region of a visual scene, we can improve our perception of stimuli at that location(1). This ability to focus attention upon specific zones of the visual field has been described metaphorically as a moveable spotlight or zoom lens that facilitates the processing of stimuli within its 'beam'(2,3). A long-standing controversy has centred on the question of whether the spotlight of spatial attention has a unitary beam or whether it can be divided flexibly to disparate locations(2,4-6). Evidence supporting the unitary spotlight view has come from numerous behavioural(3,7-10) and electrophysiological(11,12) studies. Recent experiments, however, indicate that the spotlight of spatial attention may be divided between noncontiguous zones of the visual field for very brief stimulus exposures (<100 ms)(13,14). Here we use an electrophysiological measure of attentional allocation (the steady-state visual evoked potential) to show that the spotlight may be divided between spatially separated locations (excluding interposed locations) over more extended time periods. This spotlight division appears to be accomplished at an early stage of visual-cortical processing.
C1 Univ Leipzig, Inst Allgemeine Psychol, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
   Liverpool John Moores Univ, Sch Psychol, Liverpool L3 2ET, Merseyside, England.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Neurosci, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 Leipzig University; Liverpool John Moores University; University of Liverpool; University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Müller, MM (corresponding author), Univ Leipzig, Inst Allgemeine Psychol, Seeburgstr 14-20, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
EM m.mueller@rz.uni-leipzig.de
NR 30
TC 338
Z9 375
U1 2
U2 44
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 17
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6946
BP 309
EP 312
DI 10.1038/nature01812
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 701RZ
UT WOS:000184183900041
PM 12867981
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Head, JW
   Mustard, JF
   Kreslavsky, MA
   Milliken, RE
   Marchant, DR
AF Head, JW
   Mustard, JF
   Kreslavsky, MA
   Milliken, RE
   Marchant, DR
TI Recent ice ages on Mars
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID miocene glacier ice; surface ground ice; chaotic obliquity; near-surface; climate; antarctica; deposits; water; hydrogen; odyssey
AB A key pacemaker of ice ages on the Earth is climatic forcing due to variations in planetary orbital parameters. Recent Mars exploration has revealed dusty, water-ice-rich mantling deposits that are layered, metres thick and latitude dependent, occurring in both hemispheres from mid-latitudes to the poles. Here we show evidence that these deposits formed during a geologically recent ice age that occurred from about 2.1 to 0.4 Myr ago. The deposits were emplaced symmetrically down to latitudes of similar to30degrees equivalent to Saudi Arabia and the southern United States on the Earth - in response to the changing stability of water ice and dust during variations in obliquity ( the angle between Mars' pole of rotation and the ecliptic plane) reaching 30 - 35degrees. Mars is at present in an 'interglacial' period, and the ice-rich deposits are undergoing reworking, degradation and retreat in response to the current instability of near-surface ice. Unlike the Earth, martian ice ages are characterized by warmer polar climates and enhanced equatorward transport of atmospheric water and dust to produce widespread smooth deposits down to mid-latitudes.
C1 Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
   Kharkov Natl Univ, Astron Inst, UA-61077 Kharkov, Ukraine.
   Boston Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
C3 Brown University; Ministry of Education & Science of Ukraine; VN Karazin Kharkiv National University; Boston University
RP Head, JW (corresponding author), Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
NR 50
TC 627
Z9 703
U1 0
U2 102
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 18
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6968
BP 797
EP 802
DI 10.1038/nature02114
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 754QM
UT WOS:000187342000047
PM 14685228
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bajcsy, M
   Zibrov, AS
   Lukin, MD
AF Bajcsy, M
   Zibrov, AS
   Lukin, MD
TI Stationary pulses of light in an atomic medium
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electromagnetically induced transparency; nonlinear optics; ultraslow; entanglement; coherence; storage; photons; gas
AB Physical processes that could facilitate coherent control of light propagation are under active exploration(1-5). In addition to their fundamental interest, these efforts are stimulated by practical possibilities, such as the development of a quantum memory for photonic states(6 - 8). Controlled localization and storage of photonic pulses may also allow novel approaches to manipulating of light via enhanced nonlinear optical processes(9). Recently, electromagnetically induced transparency(10) was used to reduce the group velocity of propagating light pulses(11,12) and to reversibly map propagating light pulses into stationary spin excitations in atomic media(13 - 16). Here we describe and experimentally demonstrate a technique in which light propagating in a medium of Rb atoms is converted into an excitation with localized, stationary electromagnetic energy, which can be held and released after a controllable interval. Our method creates pulses of light with stationary envelopes bound to an atomic spin coherence, offering new possibilities for photon state manipulation and nonlinear optical processes at low light levels.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   PN Lebedev Phys Inst, Moscow 117924, Russia.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University; Harvard University; Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; Russian Academy of Sciences; Russian Academy of Science Lebedev Physical Institute
RP Lukin, MD (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
NR 30
TC 543
Z9 590
U1 0
U2 77
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 11
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6967
BP 638
EP 641
DI 10.1038/nature02176
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 752DY
UT WOS:000187132800034
PM 14668857
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ling, H
   Boudsocq, F
   Plosky, BS
   Woodgate, R
   Yang, W
AF Ling, H
   Boudsocq, F
   Plosky, BS
   Woodgate, R
   Yang, W
TI Replication of a cis-syn thymine dimer at atomic resolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna-polymerase-eta; crystal-structure; sulfolobus-solfataricus; xeroderma-pigmentosum; excision-repair; error-prone; damaged dna; y-family; bypass; mutations
AB Ultraviolet light damages DNA by catalysing covalent bond formation between adjacent pyrimidines, generating cis-syn cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) as the most common lesion(1). CPDs block DNA replication by high-fidelity DNA polymerases, but they can be efficiently bypassed by the Y-family DNA polymerase pol eta(2,3). Mutations in POLH encoding pol h are implicated in nearly 20% of xeroderma pigmentosum, a human disease characterized by extreme sensitivity to sunlight and predisposition to skin cancer(4-6). Here we have determined two crystal structures of Dpo4, an archaeal pol eta homologue, complexed with CPD-containing DNA, where the 3' and 5' thymine of the CPD separately serves as a templating base. The 3' thymine of the CPD forms a Watson-Crick base pair with the incoming dideoxyATP, but the 5' thymine forms a Hoogsteen base pair with the dideoxyATP in syn conformation. Dpo4 retains a similar tertiary structure, but each unusual DNA structure is individually fitted into the active site for catalysis. A model of the pol eta-CPD complex built from the crystal structures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae apo-pol eta and the Dpo4-CPD complex suggests unique features that allow pol eta to efficiently bypass CPDs.
C1 NIDDKD, Mol Biol Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   NICHHD, Lab Genom Integr, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD)
RP Yang, W (corresponding author), NIDDKD, Mol Biol Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
FU Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development [ZIAHD001500] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases [ZIADK036119] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 30
TC 196
Z9 231
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 28
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6952
BP 1083
EP 1087
DI 10.1038/nature01919
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 715QR
UT WOS:000184984200050
PM 12904819
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Friedrich, R
   Panizzi, P
   Fuentes-Prior, P
   Richter, K
   Verhamme, I
   Anderson, PJ
   Kawabata, SI
   Huber, R
   Bode, W
   Bock, PE
AF Friedrich, R
   Panizzi, P
   Fuentes-Prior, P
   Richter, K
   Verhamme, I
   Anderson, PJ
   Kawabata, SI
   Huber, R
   Bode, W
   Bock, PE
TI Staphylocoagulase is a prototype for the mechanism of cofactor-induced zymogen activation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID binding-protein; streptococcus-agalactiae; staphylococcus-aureus; crystal-structure; genome sequence; thrombin; streptokinase; prothrombin; plasminogen; fibronectin
AB Many bacterial pathogens secrete proteins that activate host trypsinogen-like enzyme precursors, most notably the proenzymes of the blood coagulation and fibrinolysis systems(1,2). Staphylococcus aureus, an important human pathogen implicated in sepsis and endocarditis(3), secretes the cofactor staphylocoagulase, which activates prothrombin, without the usual proteolytic cleavages, to directly initiate blood clotting(4,5). Here we present the 2.2 Angstrom crystal structures of human alpha-thrombin and prethrombin-2 bound to a fully active staphylocoagulase variant. The cofactor consists of two domains, each with three-helix bundles; this is a novel fold that is distinct from known serine proteinase activators, particularly the streptococcal plasminogen activator streptokinase(6). The staphylocoagulase fold is conserved in other bacterial plasma-protein-binding factors and extracellular-matrix-binding factors(7-9). Kinetic studies confirm the importance of isoleucine 1 and valine 2 at the amino terminus of staphylocoagulase for zymogen activation. In addition to making contacts with the 148 loop and (pro)exosite I of pre-thrombin-2, staphylocoagulase inserts its N-terminal peptide into the activation pocket of bound prethrombin-2, allosterically inducing functional catalytic machinery. These investigations demonstrate unambiguously the validity of the zymogen-activation mechanism known as 'molecular sexuality'(10).
C1 Max Planck Inst Biochem, Abt Strukturforsch, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
   Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Nashville, TN 37232 USA.
   Tech Univ Munich, Lehrstuhl Biotechnol, D-85747 Garching, Germany.
   Kyushu Univ, Dept Biol, Fukuoka 8128581, Japan.
C3 Max Planck Society; Vanderbilt University; Technical University of Munich; Kyushu University
RP Bode, W (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Biochem, Abt Strukturforsch, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
FU NHLBI NIH HHS [R00 HL094533] Funding Source: Medline
NR 25
TC 220
Z9 272
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 2
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6957
BP 535
EP 539
DI 10.1038/nature01962
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 727FN
UT WOS:000185648100050
PM 14523451
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pinyopich, A
   Ditta, GS
   Savidge, B
   Liljegren, SJ
   Baumann, E
   Wisman, E
   Yanofsky, MF
AF Pinyopich, A
   Ditta, GS
   Savidge, B
   Liljegren, SJ
   Baumann, E
   Wisman, E
   Yanofsky, MF
TI Assessing the redundancy of MADS-box genes during carpel and ovule development
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID floral organ identity; arabidopsis-thaliana; expression; transcription; determines; spatula; petunia; protein; plants
AB Carpels are essential for sexual plant reproduction because they house the ovules and subsequently develop into fruits that protect, nourish and ultimately disperse the seeds. The AGAMOUS (AG) gene is necessary for plant sexual reproduction because stamens and carpels are absent from ag mutant flowers(1),(2). However, the fact that sepals are converted into carpelloid organs in certain mutant backgrounds even in the absence of AG activity indicates that an AG-independent carpel-development pathway exists(2). AG is a member of a monophyletic clade of MADS-box genes that includes SHATTERPROOF1 (SHP1), SHP2 and SEEDSTICK (STK)(3), indicating that these four genes might share partly redundant activities. Here we show that the SHP genes are responsible for AG-independent carpel development. We also show that the STK gene is required for normal development of the funiculus, an umbilical-cord-like structure that connects the developing seed to the fruit, and for dispersal of the seeds when the fruit matures. We further show that all four members of the AG clade are required for specifying the identity of ovules, the landmark invention during the course of vascular plant evolution that enabled seed plants to become the most successful group of land plants(4).
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Div Biol Sci, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Max Planck Inst Zuchtungsforsch, D-50829 Cologne, Germany.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; Max Planck Society
RP Yanofsky, MF (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Div Biol Sci, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
NR 22
TC 644
Z9 778
U1 2
U2 175
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 3
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6944
BP 85
EP 88
DI 10.1038/nature01741
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 696XL
UT WOS:000183912800045
PM 12840762
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Saveliev, A
   Everett, C
   Sharpe, T
   Webster, Z
   Festenstein, R
AF Saveliev, A
   Everett, C
   Sharpe, T
   Webster, Z
   Festenstein, R
TI DNA triplet repeats mediate heterochromatin-protein-1-sensitive variegated gene silencing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID myotonic-dystrophy; trinucleotide repeat; transgenic mice; histone h3; heterochromatin protein-1; ctg repeat; high-level; lysine 9; in-vivo; expansion
AB Gene repression is crucial to the maintenance of differentiated cell types in multicellular organisms, whereas aberrant silencing can lead to disease. The organization of DNA into chromatin and heterochromatin(1) is implicated in gene silencing. In chromatin, DNA wraps around histones, creating nucleosomes. Further condensation of chromatin, associated with large blocks of repetitive DNA sequences, is known as heterochromatin. Position effect variegation (PEV) occurs when a gene is located abnormally close to heterochromatin, silencing the affected gene in a proportion of cells(1). Here we show that the relatively short triplet-repeat expansions found inmyotonic dystrophy and Friedreich's ataxia confer variegation of expression on a linked transgene in mice. Silencing was correlated with a decrease in promoter accessibility and was enhanced by the classical PEV modifier heterochromatin protein 1 ( HP1). Notably, triplet-repeat-associated variegation was not restricted to classical heterochromatic regions but occurred irrespective of chromosomal location. Because the phenomenon described here shares important features with PEV, the mechanisms underlying heterochromatin-mediated silencing might have a role in gene regulation at many sites throughout the mammalian genome and modulate the extent of gene silencing and hence severity in several triplet-repeat diseases.
C1 Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Sch Med, CSC Gene Control Mechanisms & Dis Grp, Fac Med, London W12 0NN, England.
   MRC, Ctr Clin Sci, Transgen & Embryon Stem Cell Lab, London W12 0NN, England.
   Natl Hosp Neurol & Neurosurg, Inst Neurol, Dept Neurogenet, London WC1N 3BG, England.
C3 Imperial College London; University of London; University College London; UCL Medical School; University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; National Hospital for Neurology & Neurosurgery
RP Festenstein, R (corresponding author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Sch Med, CSC Gene Control Mechanisms & Dis Grp, Fac Med, Hammersmith Campus,Du Cane Rd, London W12 0NN, England.
NR 30
TC 216
Z9 257
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 24
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6934
BP 909
EP 913
DI 10.1038/nature01596
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 670WR
UT WOS:000182432600059
PM 12712207
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Coltman, DW
   O'Donoghue, P
   Jorgenson, JT
   Hogg, JT
   Strobeck, C
   Festa-Bianchet, M
AF Coltman, DW
   O'Donoghue, P
   Jorgenson, JT
   Hogg, JT
   Strobeck, C
   Festa-Bianchet, M
TI Undesirable evolutionary consequences of trophy hunting
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID deer cervus-elaphus; population-dynamics; bighorn sheep; conservation; reproduction; management; selection; size; rams
AB Phenotype- based selective harvests, including trophy hunting, can have important implications for sustainable wildlife management if they target heritable traits(1 - 3). Here we show that in an evolutionary response to sport hunting of bighorn trophy rams ( Ovis canadensis) body weight and horn size have declined significantly over time. We used quantitative genetic analyses, based on a partly genetically reconstructed pedigree from a 30- year study of a wild population in which trophy hunting targeted rams with rapidly growing horns(4), to explore the evolutionary response to hunter selection on ram weight and horn size. Both traits were highly heritable, and trophy- harvested rams were of significantly higher genetic ' breeding value' for weight and horn size than rams that were not harvested. Rams of high breeding value were also shot at an early age, and thus did not achieve high reproductive success(5). Declines in mean breeding values for weight and horn size therefore occurred in response to unrestricted trophy hunting, resulting in the production of smaller- horned, lighter rams, and fewer trophies.
C1 Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
   Alberta Dept Sustainable Dev, Fish & Wildlife Div, Canmore, AB T0L 0M0, Canada.
   Montana Conservat Sci Inst, Missoula, MT 59803 USA.
   Univ Alberta, Dept Biol Sci, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada.
   Univ Sherbrooke, Dept Biol, Sherbrooke, PQ J1K 2R1, Canada.
C3 University of Sheffield; University of Alberta; University of Sherbrooke
RP Coltman, DW (corresponding author), Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
NR 30
TC 604
Z9 688
U1 27
U2 737
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 11
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6967
BP 655
EP 658
DI 10.1038/nature02177
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 752DY
UT WOS:000187132800039
PM 14668862
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Marty, B
   Dewonck, S
   France-Lanord, C
AF Marty, B
   Dewonck, S
   France-Lanord, C
TI Geochemical evidence for efficient aquifer isolation over geological timeframes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID paris basin; rhine graben; noble-gases; helium; groundwater; origin; water; fluids; transport; fluxes
AB Aquitards-layers of rock having low permeability-have been suggested as potential long-term reservoirs for toxic materials such as nuclear or chemical waste. But information about the isolation properties of aquitard layers is essential to evaluate whether they can indeed be used safely as reservoirs. Here we investigate the long-term mobility of groundwaters between two aquifers surrounding an aquitard layer in the eastern recharge area of the Paris basin, France, using helium isotopes as a geochemical tracer. The deeper Trias sandstone aquifer, which lies above the crystalline basement, accumulates radiogenic He-4 and primordial He-3 from large regions of the crust and mantle at rates comparable to the degassing of the whole crust(1) and of mid-ocean ridges(2). We show that the overlying carbonate Dogger aquifer, which is separated from the Trias aquifer by an aquitard layer consisting of a similar to600 m succession of shales and clays, is stagnant and has been extremely well isolated from the Trias over the past several million years. This finding, together with previous studies at the centre of the Paris basin(3,4), shows that diffusive mass transfer across aquitards is negligible and that cross-formational flow in basins takes place preferentially in faulted areas.
C1 Ctr Rech Petrog & Geochim, F-54501 Vandoeuvre Les Nancy, France.
   Ecole Natl Super Geol, F-54501 Vandoeuvre Les Nancy, France.
C3 Universite de Lorraine; Universite de Lorraine
RP Marty, B (corresponding author), Ctr Rech Petrog & Geochim, 15 Rue Notre Dame Pauvres, F-54501 Vandoeuvre Les Nancy, France.
EM bmarty@crpg.cnrs-nancy.fr
NR 30
TC 57
Z9 58
U1 0
U2 57
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 4
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6953
BP 55
EP 58
DI 10.1038/nature01966
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 717LD
UT WOS:000185089200034
PM 12955137
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Royer, S
   Paré, D
AF Royer, S
   Paré, D
TI Conservation of total synaptic weight through balanced synaptic depression and potentiation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-term potentiation; pyramidal cells; plasticity; hippocampus; ltp; neurons; calcium; stores; efficacy; release
AB Memory is believed to depend on activity-dependent changes in the strength of synapses(1). In part, this view is based on evidence that the efficacy of synapses can be enhanced or depressed depending on the timing of pre- and postsynaptic activity(2-5). However, when such plastic synapses are incorporated into neural network models, stability problems may develop because the potentiation or depression of synapses increases the likelihood that they will be further strengthened or weakened(6). Here we report biological evidence for a homeostatic mechanism that reconciles the apparently opposite requirements of plasticity and stability. We show that, in intercalated neurons of the amygdala, activity-dependent potentiation or depression of particular glutamatergic inputs leads to opposite changes in the strength of inputs ending at other dendritic sites. As a result, little change in total synaptic weight occurs, even though the relative strength of inputs is modified. Furthermore, hetero- but not homosynaptic alterations are blocked by intracellular dialysis of drugs that prevent Ca2+ release from intracellular stores. Thus, in intercalated neurons at least, inverse heterosynaptic plasticity tends to compensate for homosynaptic long-term potentiation and depression, thus stabilizing total synaptic weight.
C1 Rutgers State Univ, Ctr Mol & Behav Neurosci, Newark, NJ 07102 USA.
C3 Rutgers University System; Rutgers University Newark; Rutgers University New Brunswick
RP Paré, D (corresponding author), Rutgers State Univ, Ctr Mol & Behav Neurosci, 197 Univ Ave, Newark, NJ 07102 USA.
EM pare@axon.rutgers.edu
NR 30
TC 285
Z9 315
U1 0
U2 43
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 3
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6931
BP 518
EP 522
DI 10.1038/nature01530
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 662TW
UT WOS:000181965400037
PM 12673250
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Taylor, AF
   Smith, GR
AF Taylor, AF
   Smith, GR
TI RecBCD enzyme is a DNA helicase with fast and slow motors of opposite polarity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID single-stranded-dna; escherichia-coli; atp-binding; homologous recombination; purified subunits; recd subunit; translocation; sequence; protein; chi
AB Helicases are molecular motors that move along and unwind double-stranded nucleic acids(1). RecBCD enzyme is a complex helicase and nuclease, essential for the major pathway of homologous recombination and DNA repair in Escherichia coli(2). It has sets of helicase motifs(1) in both RecB and RecD, two of its three subunits. This rapid, highly processive enzyme unwinds DNA in an unusual manner: the 5'-ended strand forms a long single-stranded tail, whereas the 3'-ended strand forms an ever-growing single-stranded loop and short single-stranded tail. Here we show by electron microscopy of individual molecules that RecD is a fast helicase acting on the 5'-ended strand and RecB is a slow helicase acting on the 3'-ended strand on which the single-stranded loop accumulates. Mutational inactivation of the helicase domain in RecB or in RecD, or removal of the RecD subunit, altered the rates of unwinding or the types of structure produced, or both. This dual-helicase mechanism explains how the looped recombination intermediates are generated and may serve as a general model for highly processive travelling machines with two active motors, such as other helicases and kinesins.
C1 Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
C3 Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center
RP Smith, GR (corresponding author), Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
NR 30
TC 170
Z9 204
U1 1
U2 18
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 19
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6942
BP 889
EP 893
DI 10.1038/nature01674
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 691BQ
UT WOS:000183585300051
PM 12815437
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mora, C
   Chittaro, PM
   Sale, PF
   Kritzer, JP
   Ludsin, SA
AF Mora, C
   Chittaro, PM
   Sale, PF
   Kritzer, JP
   Ludsin, SA
TI Patterns and processes in reef fish diversity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID biodiversity hotspots; coral; conservation; duration; pacific
AB A central aim of ecology is to explain the heterogeneous distribution of biodiversity on earth. As expectations of diversity loss grow(1-5), this understanding is also critical for effective management and conservation. Although explanations for biodiversity patterns are still a matter for intense debate(5), they have often been considered to be scale-dependent(6,7). At large geographical scales, biogeographers have suggested that variation in species richness results from factors such as area, temperature, environmental stability, and geological processes, among many others(5,7-14). From the species pools generated by these large-scale processes, community ecologists have suggested that local-scale assembly of communities is achieved through processes such as competition, predation, recruitment, disturbances and immigration(5-8,15,16). Here we analyse hypotheses on speciation and dispersal for reef fish from the Indian and Pacific oceans and show how dispersal from a major centre of origination can simultaneously account for both large-scale gradients in species richness and the structure of local communities.
C1 Univ Windsor, Dept Biol, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada.
C3 University of Windsor
RP Mora, C (corresponding author), Univ Windsor, Dept Biol, 401 Sunset Ave, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada.
EM moracamilo@hotmail.com
NR 27
TC 278
Z9 316
U1 1
U2 115
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 27
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6926
BP 933
EP 936
DI 10.1038/nature01393
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 649BK
UT WOS:000181186900046
PM 12606998
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Winter, Y
   López, J
   von Helversen, O
AF Winter, Y
   López, J
   von Helversen, O
TI Ultraviolet vision in a bat
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID photoreceptors; sensitivity; light
AB Most mammals, with the exception of primates, have dichromatic vision and correspondingly limited colour perception(1). Ultraviolet vision was discovered in mammals only a decade ago(2), and in the few rodents and marsupials where it has been found, ultraviolet light is detected by an independent photoreceptor(2,3). Bats orient primarily by echolocation, but they also use vision. Here we show that a phyllostomid flower bat, Glossophaga soricina, is colour-blind but sensitive to ultraviolet light down to a wavelength of 310 nm. Behavioural experiments revealed a spectral-sensitivity function with maxima at 510 nm (green) and above 365 nm (ultraviolet). A test for colour vision was negative. Chromatic adaptation had the same threshold-elevating effects on ultraviolet and visible test lights, indicating that the same photoreceptor is responsible for both response peaks (ultraviolet and green). Thus, excitation of the beta-band of the visual pigment is the most likely cause of ultraviolet sensitivity. This is a mechanism for ultraviolet vision that has not previously been demonstrated in intact mammalian visual systems.
C1 Univ Munich, Dept Biol, D-80333 Munich, Germany.
   Max Planck Res Ctr Ornithol, D-82305 Seewiesen, Germany.
   Univ San Carlos, Escuela Biol, Guatemala City 01012, Guatemala.
   Univ Erlangen Nurnberg, Inst Zool, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.
C3 University of Munich; Max Planck Society; Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala; University of Erlangen Nuremberg
RP Winter, Y (corresponding author), Univ Munich, Dept Biol, Luisenstr 14, D-80333 Munich, Germany.
EM winter@zi.biologie.uni-muenchen.de
NR 19
TC 117
Z9 131
U1 0
U2 56
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 9
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6958
BP 612
EP 614
DI 10.1038/nature01971
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 729XU
UT WOS:000185801000035
PM 14534585
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nishimoto, S
   Kawane, K
   Watanabe-Fukunaga, R
   Fukuyama, H
   Ohsawa, Y
   Uchiyama, Y
   Hashida, N
   Ohguro, N
   Tano, Y
   Morimoto, T
   Fukuda, Y
   Nagata, S
AF Nishimoto, S
   Kawane, K
   Watanabe-Fukunaga, R
   Fukuyama, H
   Ohsawa, Y
   Uchiyama, Y
   Hashida, N
   Ohguro, N
   Tano, Y
   Morimoto, T
   Fukuda, Y
   Nagata, S
TI Nuclear cataract caused by a lack of DNA degradation in the mouse eye lens
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID differentiation; apoptosis; deoxyribonuclease; expression; denucleation; transmission; proteins; cells; alpha
AB The eye lens is composed of fibre cells, which develop from the epithelial cells on the anterior surface of the lens(1-3). Differentiation into a lens fibre cell is accompanied by changes in cell shape, the expression of crystallins(4) and the degradation of cellular organelles(5,6). The loss of organelles is believed to ensure the transparency of the lens, but the molecular mechanism behind this process is not known. Here we show that DLAD ('DNase II-like acid DNase'(7), also called DNase IIbeta(8)) is expressed in human and murine lens cells, and that mice deficient in the DLAD gene are incapable of degrading DNA during lens cell differentiation-the undigested DNA accumulates in the fibre cells. The DLAD(-/-) mice develop cataracts of the nucleus lentis, and their response to light on electroretinograms is severely reduced. These results indicate that DLAD is responsible for the degradation of nuclear DNA during lens cell differentiation, and that if DNA is left undigested in the lens, it causes cataracts of the nucleus lentis, blocking the light path.
C1 Osaka Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol & Neurosci, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Sch Med, Dept Ophthalmol, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Sch Med, Dept Physiol & Biosignaling, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Frontier Biosci, Integrated Biol Labs, Genet Lab, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, Core Res Evolut Sci & Technol, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
C3 University of Osaka; University of Osaka; University of Osaka; University of Osaka; University of Osaka; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Nagata, S (corresponding author), Trans Gen Inc, Prod Dept, Kumamoto 8612202, Japan.
NR 29
TC 173
Z9 205
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 28
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6952
BP 1071
EP 1074
DI 10.1038/nature01895
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 715QR
UT WOS:000184984200047
PM 12944971
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sullivan, NJ
   Geisbert, TW
   Geisbert, JB
   Xu, L
   Yang, ZY
   Roederer, M
   Koup, RA
   Jahrling, PB
   Nabel, GJ
AF Sullivan, NJ
   Geisbert, TW
   Geisbert, JB
   Xu, L
   Yang, ZY
   Roederer, M
   Koup, RA
   Jahrling, PB
   Nabel, GJ
TI Accelerated vaccination for Ebola virus haemorrhagic fever in non-human primates
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID passive transfer; infection; glycoproteins; cytotoxicity; injury; gene
AB Containment of highly lethal Ebola virus outbreaks poses a serious public health challenge. Although an experimental vaccine has successfully protected non-human primates against disease(1), more than six months was required to complete the immunizations, making it impractical to limit an acute epidemic. Here, we report the development of accelerated vaccination against Ebola virus in non-human primates. The antibody response to immunization with an adenoviral (ADV) vector encoding the Ebola glycoprotein (GP) was induced more rapidly than with DNA priming and ADV boosting, but it was of lower magnitude. To determine whether this earlier immune response could nonetheless protect against disease, cynomolgus macaques were challenged with Ebola virus after vaccination with ADV-GP and nucleoprotein (NP) vectors. Protection was highly effective and correlated with the generation of Ebola-specific CD8(+) T-cell and antibody responses. Even when animals were immunized once with ADV-GP/NP and challenged 28 days later, they remained resistant to challenge with either low or high doses of virus. This accelerated vaccine provides an intervention that may help to limit the epidemic spread of Ebola, and is applicable to other viruses.
C1 NIAID, Vaccine Res Ctr, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   USA, Med Res Inst Infect Dis, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
RP Nabel, GJ (corresponding author), NIAID, Vaccine Res Ctr, NIH, Bldg 40,Room 4502,MSC 3005,40 Convent Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM gnabel@nih.gov
FU National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [ZIAAI005073] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 17
TC 379
Z9 441
U1 0
U2 89
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 7
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6949
BP 681
EP 684
DI 10.1038/nature01876
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 708QE
UT WOS:000184578800047
PM 12904795
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bowers, JE
   Chapman, BA
   Rong, JK
   Paterson, AH
AF Bowers, JE
   Chapman, BA
   Rong, JK
   Paterson, AH
TI Unravelling angiosperm genome evolution by phylogenetic analysis of chromosomal duplication events
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nucleotide substitution; arabidopsis; rice; organization; segments; sequence; synteny; dicots; tomato; plants
AB Conservation of gene order in vertebrates is evident after hundreds of millions of years of divergence(1,2), but comparisons of the Arabidopsis thaliana sequence(3) to partial gene orders of other angiosperms (flowering plants) sharing common ancestry, similar to170-235 million years ago(4) yield conflicting results(5-11). This difference may be largely due to the propensity of angiosperms to undergo chromosomal duplication ('polyploidization') and subsequent gene loss(12) ('diploidization'); these evolutionary mechanisms have profound consequences for comparative biology. Here we integrate a phylogenetic approach (relating chromosomal duplications to the tree of life) with a genomic approach (mitigating information lost to diploidization) to show that a genome-wide duplication(3,13-17) post-dates the divergence of Arabidopsis from most dicots. We also show that an inferred ancestral gene order for Arabidopsis reveals more synteny with other dicots (exemplified by cotton), and that additional, more ancient duplication events affect more distant taxonomic comparisons. By using partial sequence data for many diverse taxa to better relate the evolutionary history of completely sequenced genomes to the tree of life, we foster comparative approaches to the study of genome organization, consequences of polyploidy, and the molecular basis of quantitative traits.
C1 Univ Georgia, Plant Genome Mapping Lab, Athens, GA 30602 USA.
C3 University System of Georgia; University of Georgia
RP Paterson, AH (corresponding author), Univ Georgia, Plant Genome Mapping Lab, Athens, GA 30602 USA.
EM paterson@uga.edu
NR 30
TC 1304
Z9 1487
U1 3
U2 237
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 27
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6930
BP 433
EP 438
DI 10.1038/nature01521
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 659WV
UT WOS:000181801200045
PM 12660784
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Knorr, G
   Lohmann, G
AF Knorr, G
   Lohmann, G
TI Southern Ocean origin for the resumption of Atlantic thermohaline circulation during deglaciation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID last deglaciation; climate; water; ice; fluxes; cycle; co2
AB During the two most recent deglaciations, the Southern Hemisphere warmed before Greenland(1,2). At the same time, the northern Atlantic Ocean was exposed to meltwater discharge(3), which is generally assumed to reduce the formation of North Atlantic Deep Water(4,5). Yet during deglaciation, the Atlantic thermohaline circulation became more vigorous, in the transition from a weak glacial to a strong interglacial mode(6). Here we use a three-dimensional ocean circulation model(7) to investigate the impact of Southern Ocean warming and the associated sea-ice retreat(8) on the Atlantic thermohaline circulation. We find that a gradual warming in the Southern Ocean during deglaciation induces an abrupt resumption of the interglacial mode of the thermohaline circulation, triggered by increased mass transport into the Atlantic Ocean via the warm (Indian Ocean) and cold (Pacific Ocean) water route(9,10). This effect prevails over the influence of meltwater discharge, which would oppose a strengthening of the thermohaline circulation. A Southern Ocean trigger for the transition into an interglacial mode of circulation provides a consistent picture of Southern and Northern hemispheric climate change at times of deglaciation, in agreement with the available proxy records.
C1 Univ Hamburg, Inst Meteorol, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany.
   Univ Bremen, Fachbereich Geowissensch, D-28334 Bremen, Germany.
   Univ Bremen, Forschungszentrum Ozeanrander, D-28334 Bremen, Germany.
C3 University of Hamburg; University of Bremen; University of Bremen
RP Knorr, G (corresponding author), Univ Hamburg, Inst Meteorol, Bundesstr 55, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany.
NR 30
TC 231
Z9 259
U1 0
U2 35
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 31
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6948
BP 532
EP 536
DI 10.1038/nature01855
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 706LG
UT WOS:000184454700037
PM 12891352
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Welter, S
   Brunner, K
   Hofstraat, JW
   De Cola, L
AF Welter, S
   Brunner, K
   Hofstraat, JW
   De Cola, L
TI Electroluminescent device with reversible switching between red and green emission
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chelated ruthenium(ii) complex; electron-transfer processes; molecular wires; chemiluminescence
AB Research on new materials for organic electroluminescence has recently focused strongly on phosphorescent emitters(1-3), with the aim of increasing the emission efficiency and stability. Here we report the fabrication of a simple electroluminescent device, based on a semiconducting polymer combined with a phosphorescent complex, that shows fully reversible voltage-dependent switching between green and red light emission. The active material is made of a polyphenylenevinylene (PPV) derivative molecularly doped with a homogeneously dispersed dinuclear ruthenium complex, which fulfils the dual roles of triplet emitter and electron transfer mediator. At forward bias (+4 V), the excited state of the ruthenium compound is populated, and the characteristic red emission of the complex is observed. On reversing the bias (-4 V), the lowest excited singlet state of the polymer host is populated, with subsequent emission of green light. The mechanism for the formation of the excited state of the PPV derivative involves the ruthenium dinuclear complex in a stepwise electron transfer process that finally leads to efficient charge recombination reaction on the polymer.
C1 Univ Amsterdam, Mol Photon Grp, NL-1018 WV Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Philips Natuurkundig Lab, NL-5656 AA Eindhoven, Netherlands.
C3 University of Amsterdam; Philips
RP De Cola, L (corresponding author), Univ Amsterdam, Mol Photon Grp, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, NL-1018 WV Amsterdam, Netherlands.
EM klemens.brunner@philips.com; ldc@science.uva.nl
NR 21
TC 292
Z9 314
U1 1
U2 81
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 2
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6918
BP 54
EP 57
DI 10.1038/nature01309
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 631JY
UT WOS:000180165500034
PM 12511951
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sweeney, A
   Jiggins, C
   Johnsen, S
AF Sweeney, A
   Jiggins, C
   Johnsen, S
TI Insect communication: Polarized light as a butterfly mating signal
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID color
C1 Duke Univ, Dept Biol, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
   Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, Balboa, Panama.
   Univ Edinburgh, Inst Cell Anim & Populat Biol, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, Midlothian, Scotland.
C3 Duke University; Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; University of Edinburgh
RP Sweeney, A (corresponding author), Duke Univ, Dept Biol, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
NR 12
TC 219
Z9 252
U1 0
U2 82
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 1
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6935
BP 31
EP 32
DI 10.1038/423031a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 673CG
UT WOS:000182561600030
PM 12721616
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Diamond, J
AF Diamond, J
TI The double puzzle of diabetes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID impaired glucose-tolerance; risk-factors; prevalence; mellitus; epidemic; niddm
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Geog, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP Diamond, J (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Geog, 1255 Bunche Hall,Box 951524, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
NR 30
TC 296
Z9 364
U1 2
U2 59
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 5
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6940
BP 599
EP 602
DI 10.1038/423599a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 686BT
UT WOS:000183301200026
PM 12789325
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lingel, A
   Simon, B
   Izaurralde, E
   Sattler, M
AF Lingel, A
   Simon, B
   Izaurralde, E
   Sattler, M
TI Structure and nucleic-acid binding of the Drosophila Argonaute 2 PAZ domain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rna interference; protein structures; gene; nmr; atp; recognition; cleavage; program; homolog; system
AB RNA interference is a conserved mechanism that regulates gene expression in response to the presence of double-stranded (ds) RNAs1,2. The RNase III-like enzyme Dicer first cleaves dsRNA into 21-23-nucleotide small interfering RNAs (siR-NAs)(3-6). In the effector step, the multimeric RNA-induced silencing complex ( RISC) identifies messenger RNAs homologous to the siRNAs and promotes their degradation(3,7). The Argonaute 2 protein (Ago2) is a critical component of RISC8,9. Both Argonaute and Dicer family proteins contain a common PAZ domain whose function is unknown(10). Here we present the three-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance structure of the Drosophila melanogaster Ago2 PAZ domain. This domain adopts a nucleic-acid-binding fold that is stabilized by conserved hydrophobic residues. The nucleic-acid-binding patch is located in a cleft between the surface of a central beta-barrel and a conserved module comprising strands beta3, beta4 and helix alpha3. Because critical structural residues and the binding surface are conserved, we suggest that PAZ domains in all members of the Argonaute and Dicer families adopt a similar fold with nucleic-acid binding function, and that this plays an important part in gene silencing.
C1 European Mol Biol Lab, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
C3 European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)
RP Izaurralde, E (corresponding author), European Mol Biol Lab, Meyerhofstr 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
NR 30
TC 353
Z9 464
U1 0
U2 58
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 27
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6965
BP 465
EP 469
DI 10.1038/nature02123
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 747JE
UT WOS:000186800800043
PM 14615801
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hirsh, AE
   Fraser, HB
AF Hirsh, AE
   Fraser, HB
TI Rate of evolution and gene dispensability - Reply
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 Stanford University; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Hirsh, AE (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
NR 10
TC 25
Z9 26
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 30
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6922
BP 497
EP 498
DI 10.1038/421497a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 640DB
UT WOS:000180670600034
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Belonoshko, AB
   Ahuja, R
   Johansson, B
AF Belonoshko, AB
   Ahuja, R
   Johansson, B
TI Stability of the body-centred-cubic phase of iron in the Earth's inner core
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID situ x-ray; high-pressure; in-situ; melting curve; temperatures; elasticity; diagram
AB Iron is thought to be the main constituent of the Earth's core(1), and considerable efforts(2-14) have therefore been made to understand its properties at high pressure and temperature. While these efforts have expanded our knowledge of the iron phase diagram, there remain some significant inconsistencies, the most notable being the difference between the 'low' and 'high' melting curves(15). Here we report the results of molecular dynamics simulations of iron based on embedded atom models fitted to the results of two implementations of density functional theory. We tested two model approximations and found that both point to the stability of the body-centred-cubic (b.c.c.) iron phase at high temperature and pressure. Our calculated melting curve is in agreement with the 'high' melting curve, but our calculated phase boundary between the hexagonal close packed (h. c. p.) and b.c.c. iron phases is in good agreement with the 'low' melting curve. We suggest that the h.c.p.-b.c.c. transition was previously misinterpreted as a melting transition, similar to the case of xenon(16-18), and that the b.c.c. phase of iron is the stable phase in the Earth's inner core.
C1 Royal Inst Technol, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Royal Inst Technol, Dept Phys, Stockholm Ctr Phys Astron & Biotechnol, Condensed Matter Theory Grp, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Uppsala Univ, Dept Phys, Condensed Matter Theory Grp, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden.
C3 Royal Institute of Technology; Royal Institute of Technology; Uppsala University
RP Belonoshko, AB (corresponding author), Royal Inst Technol, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden.
EM anatoly@fysik.uu.se
NR 28
TC 198
Z9 231
U1 0
U2 68
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 28
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6952
BP 1032
EP 1034
DI 10.1038/nature01954
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 715QR
UT WOS:000184984200037
PM 12944963
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pan, JW
   Gasparoni, S
   Ursin, R
   Weihs, G
   Zeilinger, A
AF Pan, JW
   Gasparoni, S
   Ursin, R
   Weihs, G
   Zeilinger, A
TI Experimental entanglement purification of arbitrary unknown states
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quantum cryptography; teleportation; communication; computation
AB Distribution of entangled states between distant locations is essential for quantum communication(1-3) over large distances. But owing to unavoidable decoherence in the quantum communication channel, the quality of entangled states generally decreases exponentially with the channel length. Entanglement purification(4,5) - a way to extract a subset of states of high entanglement and high purity from a large set of less entangled states - is thus needed to overcome decoherence. Besides its important application in quantum communication, entanglement purification also plays a crucial role in error correction for quantum computation, because it can significantly increase the quality of logic operations between different qubits(6). Here we demonstrate entanglement purification for general mixed states of polarization-entangled photons using only linear optics(7). Typically, one photon pair of fidelity 92% could be obtained from two pairs, each of fidelity 75%. In our experiments, decoherence is overcome to the extent that the technique would achieve tolerable error rates for quantum repeaters in long-distance quantum communication(8). Our results also imply that the requirement of high-accuracy logic operations in fault-tolerant quantum computation can be considerably relaxed(6).
C1 Univ Vienna, Inst Expt Phys, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
C3 University of Vienna
RP Pan, JW (corresponding author), Univ Vienna, Inst Expt Phys, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
EM pan@ap.univie.ac.at; zeilinger-office@exp.univie.ac.at
NR 30
TC 458
Z9 495
U1 2
U2 99
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 22
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6938
BP 417
EP 422
DI 10.1038/nature01623
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 681AJ
UT WOS:000183012000036
PM 12761543
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shi, Y
   Evans, JE
   Rock, KL
AF Shi, Y
   Evans, JE
   Rock, KL
TI Molecular identification of a danger signal that alerts the immune system to dying cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID urate monohydrate crystals; monosodium urate; particulate antigens; endogenous adjuvants; dendritic cells; uric-acid; solubility; macrophages; gout
AB In infections, microbial components provide signals that alert the immune system to danger and promote the generation of immunity(1,2). In the absence of such signals, there is often no immune response or tolerance may develop. This has led to the concept that the immune system responds only to antigens perceived to be associated with a dangerous situation such as infection(3,4). Danger signals are thought to act by stimulating dendritic cells to mature so that they can present foreign antigens and stimulate T lymphocytes(2,5-7). Dying mammalian cells have also been found to release danger signals of unknown identity(8-11). Here we show that uric acid is a principal endogenous danger signal released from injured cells. Uric acid stimulates dendritic cell maturation and, when co-injected with antigen in vivo, significantly enhances the generation of responses from CD8(+) T cells. Eliminating uric acid in vivo inhibits the immune response to antigens associated with injured cells, but not to antigens presented by activated dendritic cells. Our findings provide a molecular link between cell injury and immunity and have important implications for vaccines, autoimmunity and inflammation.
C1 Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Worcester, MA 01655 USA.
   Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Dept Mol Pharmacol & Biochem, Proteom & Mass Spectrometry Facil, Worcester, MA 01655 USA.
C3 University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester; University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester
RP Rock, KL (corresponding author), Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Worcester, MA 01655 USA.
EM kenneth.rock@umassmed.edu
NR 26
TC 1357
Z9 1584
U1 4
U2 95
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 2
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6957
BP 516
EP 521
DI 10.1038/nature01991
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 727FN
UT WOS:000185648100046
PM 14520412
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bromm, V
   Loeb, A
AF Bromm, V
   Loeb, A
TI The formation of the first low-mass stars from gas with low carbon and oxygen abundances
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID supernovae; fragmentation; elements
AB The first stars in the Universe are predicted to have been much more massive than the Sun(1-3). Gravitational condensation, accompanied by cooling of the primordial gas via molecular hydrogen, yields a minimum fragmentation scale of a few hundred solar masses. Numerical simulations indicate that once a gas clump acquires this mass it undergoes a slow, quasihydrostatic contraction without further fragmentation(1,2); lowermass stars cannot form. Here we show that as soon as the primordial gas - left over from the Big Bang - is enriched by elements ejected from supernovae to a carbon or oxygen abundance as small as similar to0.01 - 0.1 per cent of that found in the Sun, cooling by singly ionized carbon or neutral oxygen can lead to the formation of low-mass stars by allowing cloud fragmentation to smaller clumps. This mechanism naturally accommodates the recent discovery(4) of solar-mass stars with unusually low iron abundances (10(-5.3) solar) but with relatively high (10(-1.3) solar) carbon abundance. The critical abundances that we derive can be used to identify those metal-poor stars in our Galaxy with elemental patterns imprinted by the first supernovae. We also find that the minimum stellar mass at early epochs is partially regulated by the temperature of the cosmic microwave background.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Astron, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University
RP Bromm, V (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Astron, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM loeb@cfa.harvard.edu
NR 30
TC 385
Z9 407
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 23
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6960
BP 812
EP 814
DI 10.1038/nature02071
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 735ME
UT WOS:000186118500038
PM 14574405
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hilgenkamp, H
   Ariando
   Smilde, HJH
   Blank, DHA
   Rijnders, G
   Rogalla, H
   Kirtley, JR
   Tsuei, CC
AF Hilgenkamp, H
   Ariando
   Smilde, HJH
   Blank, DHA
   Rijnders, G
   Rogalla, H
   Kirtley, JR
   Tsuei, CC
TI Ordering and manipulation of the magnetic moments in large-scale superconducting π-loop arrays
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quantum interference device; josephson-junctions; frustration; state; superposition; symmetry; flux
AB The phase of the macroscopic electron-pair wavefunction in a superconductor can vary only by multiples of 2pi when going around a closed contour. This results in quantization of magnetic flux, one of the most striking demonstrations of quantum phase coherence in superconductors(1-3). By using superconductors with unconventional pairing symmetry(4-7), or by incorporating pi-Josephson junctions(8), a phase shift of pi can be introduced in such loops(7,9,10). Under appropriate conditions, this phase shift results in doubly degenerate time-reversed ground states, which are characterized by the spontaneous generation of half quanta of magnetic flux, with magnitude 1/2 Phi(0)(Phi(0) = h/2e 5 2.07 x 10(-15) Wb) (ref. 7). Until now, it has only been possible to generate individual half flux quanta. Here we report the realization of large-scale coupled pi-loop arrays based on YBa2Cu3O7-Au-Nb Josephson contacts(11,12). Scanning SQUID (superconducting quantum interference device) microscopy has been used to study the ordering of half flux quanta in these structures. The possibility of manipulating the polarities of individual half flux quanta is also demonstrated. These pi-loop arrays are of interest as model systems for studying magnetic phenomena-including frustration effects-in Ising antiferromagnets(13-18). Furthermore, studies of coupled pi-loops can be useful for designing quantum computers based on flux-qubits(19-23) with viable quantum error correction capabilities(24,25).
C1 Univ Twente, Fac Sci & Technol, NL-7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands.
   Univ Twente, MESA Res Inst, NL-7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands.
   IBM Corp, Thomas J Watson Res Ctr, Yorktown Hts, NY 10598 USA.
C3 University of Twente; University of Twente; International Business Machines (IBM); IBM USA
RP Hilgenkamp, H (corresponding author), Univ Twente, Fac Sci & Technol, POB 217, NL-7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands.
NR 32
TC 222
Z9 228
U1 1
U2 39
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 6
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6927
BP 50
EP 53
DI 10.1038/nature01442
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 651VP
UT WOS:000181343100032
PM 12621428
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McKeever, J
   Boca, A
   Boozer, AD
   Buck, JR
   Kimble, HJ
AF McKeever, J
   Boca, A
   Boozer, AD
   Buck, JR
   Kimble, HJ
TI Experimental realization of a one-atom laser in the regime of strong coupling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ion-trap laser; photon statistics; single atoms
AB Conventional lasers (from table-top systems to microscopic devices) typically operate in the so-called weak-coupling regime, involving large numbers of atoms and photons; individual quanta have a negligible impact on the system dynamics. However, this is no longer the case when the system approaches the regime of strong coupling for which the number of atoms and photons can become quite small. Indeed, the lasing properties of a single atom in a resonant cavity have been extensively investigated theoretically(1-11). Here we report the experimental realization of a one-atom laser operated in the regime of strong coupling. We exploit recent advances(12) in cavity quantum electrodynamics that allow one atom to be isolated in an optical cavity in a regime for which one photon is sufficient to saturate the atomic transition. The observed characteristics of the atom-cavity system are qualitatively different from those of the familiar many-atom case. Specifically, our measurements of the intracavity photon number versus pump intensity indicate that there is no threshold for lasing, and we infer that the output flux from the cavity mode exceeds that from atomic fluorescence by more than tenfold. Observations of the second-order intensity correlation function demonstrate that our one-atom laser generates manifestly quantum (nonclassical) light, typified by photon anti-bunching and sub-poissonian photon statistics.
C1 CALTECH, Norman Bridge Lab Phys 12 33, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology
RP Kimble, HJ (corresponding author), CALTECH, Norman Bridge Lab Phys 12 33, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
NR 30
TC 538
Z9 593
U1 2
U2 78
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 18
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6955
BP 268
EP 271
DI 10.1038/nature01974
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 722JA
UT WOS:000185370900037
PM 13679909
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ji, Y
   Chung, YC
   Sprinzak, D
   Heiblum, M
   Mahalu, D
   Shtrikman, H
AF Ji, Y
   Chung, YC
   Sprinzak, D
   Heiblum, M
   Mahalu, D
   Shtrikman, H
TI An electronic Mach-Zehnder interferometer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID slit interference experiment; phase
AB Double-slit electron interferometers fabricated in high mobility two-dimensional electron gases are powerful tools for studying coherent wave-like phenomena in mesoscopic systems(1-6). However, they suffer from low visibility of the interference patterns due to the many channels present in each slit, and from poor sensitivity to small currents due to their open geometry(3-5,7). Moreover, these interferometers do not function in high magnetic fields-such as those required to enter the quantum Hall effect regime(8)-as the field destroys the symmetry between left and right slits. Here we report the fabrication and operation of a single-channel, two-path electron interferometer that functions in a high magnetic field. This device is the first electronic analogue of the optical Mach-Zehnder interferometer(9), and opens the way to measuring interference of quasiparticles with fractional charges. On the basis of measurements of single edge state and closed geometry transport in the quantum Hall effect regime, we find that the interferometer is highly sensitive and exhibits very high visibility (62%). However, the interference pattern decays precipitously with increasing electron temperature or energy. Although the origin of this dephasing is unclear, we show, via shot-noise measurements, that it is not a decoherence process that results from inelastic scattering events.
C1 Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Condensed Matter Phys, Braun Ctr Submicron Res, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
C3 Weizmann Institute of Science
RP Heiblum, M (corresponding author), Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Condensed Matter Phys, Braun Ctr Submicron Res, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
NR 15
TC 674
Z9 740
U1 3
U2 162
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 27
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6930
BP 415
EP 418
DI 10.1038/nature01503
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 659WV
UT WOS:000181801200040
PM 12660779
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Demokritov, SO
   Serga, AA
   Demidov, VE
   Hillebrands, B
   Kostylev, MP
   Kalinikos, BA
AF Demokritov, SO
   Serga, AA
   Demidov, VE
   Hillebrands, B
   Kostylev, MP
   Kalinikos, BA
TI Experimental observation of symmetry-breaking nonlinear modes in an active ring
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID magnetic envelope solitons; self-generation; films; trains
AB Solitons are large-amplitude, spatially confined wave packets in nonlinear media. They occur in a wide range of physical systems, such as water surfaces, optical fibres, plasmas, Bose-Einstein condensates and magnetically ordered media(1,2). A distinguishing feature of soliton behaviour that is common to all systems, is that they propagate without a change in shape owing to the stabilizing effect of the particular nonlinearity involved(1,3). When the propagation path is closed, modes consisting of one or several solitons may rotate around the ring, the topology of which imposes additional constraints on their allowed frequencies and phases(4,5). Here we measure the mode spectrum of spin-wave solitons in a nonlinear active ring constructed from a magnetic ferrite film. Several unusual symmetry-breaking soliton-like modes are found, such as 'Mobius' solitons, which break the fundamental symmetry of 2pi-periodicity in the phase change acquired per loop: a Mobius soliton needs to travel twice around the ring to meet the initial phase condition.
C1 Tech Univ Kaiserslautern, Fachbereich Phys, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
   Tech Univ Kaiserslautern, Forsch Schwerpunkt MINAS, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
   St Petersburg Electrotech Univ, St Petersburg 197376, Russia.
C3 RPTU University Kaiserslautern; RPTU University Kaiserslautern; Saint Petersburg State Electrotechnical University
RP Demokritov, SO (corresponding author), Tech Univ Kaiserslautern, Fachbereich Phys, Erwin Schrodinger Str 56, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
NR 17
TC 100
Z9 102
U1 1
U2 41
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 13
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6963
BP 159
EP 162
DI 10.1038/nature02042
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 742LA
UT WOS:000186517200037
PM 14614500
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zagotta, WN
   Olivier, NB
   Black, KD
   Young, EC
   Olson, R
   Gouaux, E
AF Zagotta, WN
   Olivier, NB
   Black, KD
   Young, EC
   Olson, R
   Gouaux, E
TI Structural basis for modulation and agonist specificity of HCN pacemaker channels
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nucleotide-gated channels; camp modulation; molecular-mechanism; binding domain; protein-kinase; stoichiometry; activation; dependence; subunit; k+
AB The family of hyperpolarization-activated, cyclic nucleotide-modulated (HCN) channels are crucial for a range of electrical signalling, including cardiac and neuronal pacemaker activity, setting resting membrane electrical properties and dendritic integration(1). These nonselective cation channels, underlying the I-f, I-h and I-q currents of heart and nerve cells, are activated by membrane hyperpolarization and modulated by the binding of cyclic nucleotides such as cAMP and cGMP(2). The cAMP-mediated enhancement of channel activity is largely responsible for the increase in heart rate caused by beta-adrenergic agonists(3). Here we have investigated the mechanism underlying this modulation by studying a carboxy-terminal fragment of HCN2 containing the cyclic nucleotide-binding domain (CNBD) and the C-linker region that connects the CNBD to the pore. X-ray crystallographic structures of this C-terminal fragment bound to cAMP or cGMP, together with equilibrium sedimentation analysis, identify a tetramerization domain and the mechanism for cyclic nucleotide specificity, and suggest a model for ligand-dependent channel modulation. On the basis of amino acid sequence similarity to HCN channels, the cyclic nucleotide-gated, and eag- and KAT1-related families of channels are probably related to HCN channels in structure and mechanism.
C1 Columbia Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biophys, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Univ Washington, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Ctr Neurobiol & Behav, New York, NY 10032 USA.
C3 Columbia University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Columbia University
RP Gouaux, E (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biophys, 650 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032 USA.
EM zagotta@u.washington.edu; jeg52@columbia.edu
FU National Eye Institute [R01EY010329] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER; NEI NIH HHS [R01 EY010329] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 495
Z9 570
U1 0
U2 30
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 11
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6954
BP 200
EP 205
DI 10.1038/nature01922
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 719ZT
UT WOS:000185236000048
PM 12968185
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kawasaki, H
   Taira, K
AF Kawasaki, H
   Taira, K
TI RETRACTED: Hes1 is a target of microRNA-23 during retinoic-acid-induced neuronal differentiation of NT2 cells (Retracted Article. See 426, pg 100, 2003)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article; Retracted Publication
ID rna-interference; caenorhabditis-elegans; regulatory rna; expression; genes; roles; identification; maturation; cleavage; sequence
AB MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are phylogenetically widespread small RNAs of 18-25 nucleotides in length, and are found in animals and plants. These small RNAs can regulate gene expression at a translational level through interactions with their target messenger RNAs, and they have a role in the development of Caenorhabditis elegans and plants. Although more than two hundred miRNAs have been found in mammals, their mRNA targets remain to be identified. Here, we demonstrate that the expression of Hes1, basic helix-loop-helix transcriptional repressor, is regulated by miRNA-23 (miR-23) in NT2 cells. miR-23 is almost complementary to part of the coding region, just upstream of the termination codon, of Hes1 mRNA. Reduction in the level of miR-23 by small interfering RNAs resulted in the accumulation of Hes1, and hindered the retinoic-acid-induced neuronal differentiation of NT2 cells. Thus, our results indicate that miR-23 regulates the expression of Hes1 at the post-transcriptional level, and participates in retinoic-acid-induced neuronal differentiation of NT2 cells.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Sch Engn, Dept Chem & Biotechnol, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138656, Japan.
   AIST, Gene Funct Res Ctr, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058562, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST)
RP Kawasaki, H (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Sch Engn, Dept Chem & Biotechnol, Bunkyo Ku, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo 1138656, Japan.
EM kawasaki@chembio.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp; taria@chembio.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp
NR 40
TC 77
Z9 116
U1 1
U2 62
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 19
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6942
BP 838
EP 842
DI 10.1038/nature01730
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 691BQ
UT WOS:000183585300036
PM 12808467
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Alford, MH
AF Alford, MH
TI Redistribution of energy available for ocean mixing by long-range propagation of internal waves
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inertial currents; tidal energy; deep-ocean; wind; altimetry; tides
AB Ocean mixing, which affects pollutant dispersal, marine productivity and global climate(1), largely results from the breaking of internal gravity waves-disturbances propagating along the ocean's internal stratification. A global map of internal-wave dissipation would be useful in improving climate models, but would require knowledge of the sources of internal gravity waves and their propagation. Towards this goal, I present here computations of horizontal internal-wave propagation from 60 historical moorings and relate them to the source terms of internal waves as computed previously(2,3). Analysis of the two most energetic frequency ranges-near-inertial frequencies and semidiurnal tidal frequencies-reveals that the fluxes in both frequency bands are of the order of 1 kW m(-1) (that is, 15-50% of the energy input) and are directed away from their respective source regions. However, the energy flux due to near-inertial waves is stronger in winter, whereas the tidal fluxes are uniform throughout the year. Both varieties of internal waves can thus significantly affect the space-time distribution of energy available for global mixing.
C1 Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, Seattle, WA 98105 USA.
   Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98105 USA.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Alford, MH (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, 1013 NE 40th St, Seattle, WA 98105 USA.
EM malford@apl.washington.edu
NR 30
TC 357
Z9 409
U1 5
U2 109
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 8
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6936
BP 159
EP 162
DI 10.1038/nature01628
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 675MR
UT WOS:000182699600043
PM 12736682
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Möller, S
   Perlov, C
   Jackson, W
   Taussig, C
   Forrest, SR
AF Möller, S
   Perlov, C
   Jackson, W
   Taussig, C
   Forrest, SR
TI A polymer/semiconductor write-once read-many-times memory
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chalcogenide glasses; poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene); films
AB Organic devices promise to revolutionize the extent of, and access to, electronics by providing extremely inexpensive, lightweight and capable ubiquitous components that are printed onto plastic, glass or metal foils(1-3). One key component of an electronic circuit that has thus far received surprisingly little attention is an organic electronic memory. Here we report an architecture for a write-once read-many-times (WORM) memory, based on the hybrid integration of an electrochromic polymer with a thin-film silicon diode deposited onto a flexible metal foil substrate. WORM memories are desirable for ultralow-cost permanent storage of digital images, eliminating the need for slow, bulky and expensive mechanical drives used in conventional magnetic and optical memories. Our results indicate that the hybrid organic/inorganic memory device is a reliable means for achieving rapid, large-scale archival data storage. The WORM memory pixel exploits a mechanism of current-controlled, thermally activated un-doping of a two-component electrochromic conducting polymer.
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Ctr Photon & Optoelect Mat, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Hewlett Packard Labs, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.
C3 Princeton University; Princeton University; Hewlett-Packard
RP Forrest, SR (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
NR 14
TC 731
Z9 791
U1 12
U2 341
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 13
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6963
BP 166
EP 169
DI 10.1038/nature02070
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 742LA
UT WOS:000186517200039
PM 14614502
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Walter, F
   Bertoldi, F
   Carilli, C
   Cox, P
   Lo, KY
   Neri, R
   Fan, XH
   Omont, A
   Strauss, MA
   Menten, KM
AF Walter, F
   Bertoldi, F
   Carilli, C
   Cox, P
   Lo, KY
   Neri, R
   Fan, XH
   Omont, A
   Strauss, MA
   Menten, KM
TI Molecular gas in the host galaxy of a quasar at redshift z=6.42
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID line emission
AB Observations of molecular hydrogen in quasar host galaxies at high redshifts provide fundamental constraints on galaxy evolution, because it is out of this molecular gas that stars form. Molecular hydrogen is traced by emission from the carbon monoxide molecule, CO; cold H-2 itself is generally not observable. Carbon monoxide has been detected in about ten quasar host galaxies with redshifts z > 2; the record- holder is at z = 4.69 (refs 1- 3). Here we report CO emission from the quasar SDSS J114816.64 + 525150.3 (refs 5, 6) at z = 6.42. At that redshift, the Universe was only 1/16 of its present age, and the era of cosmic reionization was just ending. The presence of about 2 x 10(10) M-. of H-2 in an object at this time demonstrates that molecular gas enriched with heavy elements can be generated rapidly in the youngest galaxies.
C1 Natl Radio Astron Observ, Socorro, NM 87801 USA.
   Max Planck Inst Radioastron, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
   Univ Paris 11, Inst Astrophys Spatiale, F-91405 Orsay, France.
   Inst Radio Astron Millimetr, F-38406 St Martin Dheres, France.
   Univ Arizona, Steward Observ, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Princeton Univ Observ, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
C3 National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO); Max Planck Society; Universite Paris Saclay; Sorbonne Universite; University of Arizona; Princeton University
RP Walter, F (corresponding author), Natl Radio Astron Observ, POB 0, Socorro, NM 87801 USA.
EM fwalter@nrao.edu
NR 27
TC 281
Z9 287
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 24
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6947
BP 406
EP 408
DI 10.1038/nature01821
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 704BT
UT WOS:000184318400036
PM 12879063
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schmidt-Kaler, F
   Häffner, H
   Riebe, M
   Gulde, S
   Lancaster, GPT
   Deuschle, T
   Becher, C
   Roos, CF
   Eschner, J
   Blatt, R
AF Schmidt-Kaler, F
   Häffner, H
   Riebe, M
   Gulde, S
   Lancaster, GPT
   Deuschle, T
   Becher, C
   Roos, CF
   Eschner, J
   Blatt, R
TI Realization of the Cirac-Zoller controlled-NOT quantum gate
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID implementation; entanglement; universal; algorithm; ions
AB Quantum computers have the potential to perform certain computational tasks more efficiently than their classical counterparts. The Cirac-Zoller proposal(1) for a scalable quantum computer is based on a string of trapped ions whose electronic states represent the quantum bits of information (or qubits). In this scheme, quantum logical gates involving any subset of ions are realized by coupling the ions through their collective quantized motion. The main experimental step towards realizing the scheme is to implement the controlled-NOT (CNOT) gate operation between two individual ions. The CNOT quantum logical gate corresponds to the XOR gate operation of classical logic that flips the state of a target bit conditioned on the state of a control bit. Here we implement a CNOT quantum gate according to the Cirac-Zoller proposal(1). In our experiment, two Ca-40(+) ions are held in a linear Paul trap and are individually addressed using focused laser beams(2); the qubits(3) are represented by superpositions of two long-lived electronic states. Our work relies on recently developed precise control of atomic phases(4) and the application of composite pulse sequences adapted from nuclear magnetic resonance techniques(5,6).
C1 Univ Innsbruck, Inst Expt Phys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
C3 University of Innsbruck
RP Blatt, R (corresponding author), Univ Innsbruck, Inst Expt Phys, Technikerstr 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
EM Rainer.Blatt@uibk.ac.at
NR 25
TC 773
Z9 857
U1 2
U2 107
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 27
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6930
BP 408
EP 411
DI 10.1038/nature01494
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 659WV
UT WOS:000181801200038
PM 12660777
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Adams, JB
   Mann, ME
   Ammann, CM
AF Adams, JB
   Mann, ME
   Ammann, CM
TI Proxy evidence for an El Nino-like response to volcanic forcing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID southern-oscillation; climate-change; model; temperature; co2; eruptions; aerosols; index; enso
AB Past studies have suggested a statistical connection between explosive volcanic eruptions and subsequent El Nino climate events(1,2). This connection, however, has remained controversial(3-5). Here we present support for a response of the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon(6,7) to forcing from explosive volcanism by using two different palaeoclimate reconstructions of El Nino activity(8,9) and two independent, proxy-based chronologies of explosive volcanic activity(5) from AD 1649 to the present. We demonstrate a significant, multi-year, El Nino-like response to explosive tropical volcanic forcing over the past several centuries. The results imply roughly a doubling of the probability of an El Nino event occurring in the winter following a volcanic eruption. Our empirical findings shed light on how the tropical Pacific ocean-atmosphere system may respond to exogenous (both natural and anthropogenic) radiative forcing.
C1 Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA.
   Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Climate Global Dynam Div, Boulder, CO 80307 USA.
C3 University of Virginia; National Center Atmospheric Research (NCAR) - USA
RP Adams, JB (corresponding author), Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Clark Hall, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA.
EM jba7g@virginia.edu
NR 30
TC 373
Z9 410
U1 1
U2 100
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 20
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6964
BP 274
EP 278
DI 10.1038/nature02101
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 744YQ
UT WOS:000186660800040
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhang, JW
   Niu, C
   Ye, L
   Huang, HY
   He, X
   Tong, WG
   Ross, J
   Haug, J
   Johnson, T
   Feng, JQ
   Harris, S
   Wiedemann, LM
   Mishina, Y
   Li, LH
AF Zhang, JW
   Niu, C
   Ye, L
   Huang, HY
   He, X
   Tong, WG
   Ross, J
   Haug, J
   Johnson, T
   Feng, JQ
   Harris, S
   Wiedemann, LM
   Mishina, Y
   Li, LH
TI Identification of the haematopoietic stem cell niche and control of the niche size
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bone morphogenetic protein-2; drosophila-ovary; in-vivo; differentiation; osteoblast; cadherin; lineages; proliferation; mesoderm; marrow
AB Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are a subset of bone marrow cells that are capable of self-renewal and of forming all types of blood cells (multi-potential)(1). However, the HSC 'niche'-the in vivo regulatory microenvironment where HSCs reside-and the mechanisms involved in controlling the number of adult HSCs remain largely unknown. The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signal has an essential role in inducing haematopoietic tissue during embryogenesis(2,3). We investigated the roles of the BMP signalling pathway in regulating adult HSC development in vivo by analysing mutant mice with conditional inactivation of BMP receptor type IA (BMPRIA). Here we show that an increase in the number of spindle-shaped N-cadherin(+)CD45(-) osteoblastic (SNO) cells correlates with an increase in the number of HSCs. The long-term HSCs are found attached to SNO cells. Two adherens junction molecules, N-cadherin and beta-catenin, are asymmetrically localized between the SNO cells and the long-term HSCs. We conclude that SNO cells lining the bone surface function as a key component of the niche to support HSCs, and that BMP signalling through BMPRIA controls the number of HSCs by regulating niche size.
C1 Stowers Inst Med Res, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA.
   Univ Missouri, Sch Dent, Dept Oral Biol, Kansas City, MO 64108 USA.
   NIEHS, Reprod & Dev Toxicol Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA.
   Univ Kansas, Med Ctr, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA.
C3 Stowers Institute for Medical Research; University of Missouri System; University of Missouri Kansas City; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); University of Kansas; University of Kansas Medical Center
RP Li, LH (corresponding author), Stowers Inst Med Res, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA.
NR 31
TC 2319
Z9 2818
U1 1
U2 182
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 23
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6960
BP 836
EP 841
DI 10.1038/nature02041
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 735ME
UT WOS:000186118500045
PM 14574412
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Elliot, JL
   Ates, A
   Babcock, BA
   Bosh, AS
   Buie, MW
   Clancy, KB
   Dunham, EW
   Eikenberry, SS
   Hall, DT
   Kern, SD
   Leggett, SK
   Levine, SE
   Moon, DS
   Olkin, CB
   Osip, DJ
   Pasachoff, JM
   Penprase, BE
   Person, MJ
   Qu, S
   Rayner, JT
   Roberts, LC
   Salyk, CV
   Souza, SP
   Stone, RC
   Taylor, BW
   Tholen, DJ
   Thomas-Osip, JE
   Ticehurst, DR
   Wasserman, LH
AF Elliot, JL
   Ates, A
   Babcock, BA
   Bosh, AS
   Buie, MW
   Clancy, KB
   Dunham, EW
   Eikenberry, SS
   Hall, DT
   Kern, SD
   Leggett, SK
   Levine, SE
   Moon, DS
   Olkin, CB
   Osip, DJ
   Pasachoff, JM
   Penprase, BE
   Person, MJ
   Qu, S
   Rayner, JT
   Roberts, LC
   Salyk, CV
   Souza, SP
   Stone, RC
   Taylor, BW
   Tholen, DJ
   Thomas-Osip, JE
   Ticehurst, DR
   Wasserman, LH
TI The recent expansion of Pluto's atmosphere
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stellar occultation; planetary-atmospheres; absorption; pressure; triton; models
AB Stellar occultations - the passing of a relatively nearby body in front of a background star - can be used to probe the atmosphere of the closer body with a spatial resolution of a few kilometres (ref. 1). Such observations can yield the scale height, temperature profile, and other information about the structure of the occulting atmosphere. Occultation data acquired for Pluto's atmosphere in 1988 revealed a nearly isothermal atmosphere(2) above a radius of similar to1,215 km. Below this level, the data could be interpreted as indicating either an extinction layer or the onset of a large thermal gradient, calling into question the fundamental structure of this atmosphere. Another question is to what extent Pluto's atmosphere might be collapsing as it recedes from the Sun ( passing perihelion in 1989 in its 248-year orbital period), owing to the extreme sensitivity of the equilibrium surface pressure to the surface temperature. Here we report observations at a variety of visible and infrared wavelengths of an occultation of a star by Pluto in August 2002. These data reveal evidence for extinction in Pluto's atmosphere and show that it has indeed changed, having expanded rather than collapsed, since 1988.
C1 MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Dept Aeronaut & Astronaut, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Lowell Observ, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA.
   Pomona Coll, Dept Phys & Astron, Claremont, CA 91711 USA.
   Williams Coll, Dept Phys, Williamstown, MA 01267 USA.
   Williams Coll, Hopkins Observ, Williamstown, MA 01267 USA.
   Boston Univ, Inst Astrophys Res, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Boeing Co, Kihei, HI 96753 USA.
   USN Observ, Flagstaff Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86002 USA.
   NASA Infrared Telescope Facil, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   Inst Astron, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Claremont Colleges; Pomona College; Williams College; Johns Hopkins University; Williams College; Boston University; Cornell University; Boeing; United States Department of Defense; United States Navy; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA)
RP Elliot, JL (corresponding author), Carnegie Observ, Las Campanas Observ, Casilla 601, La Serena, Chile.
NR 30
TC 96
Z9 103
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 10
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6945
BP 165
EP 168
DI 10.1038/nature01762
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 699AA
UT WOS:000184032700034
PM 12853949
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Venter, H
   Shilling, RA
   Velamakanni, S
   Balakrishnan, L
   van Veen, HW
AF Venter, H
   Shilling, RA
   Velamakanni, S
   Balakrishnan, L
   van Veen, HW
TI An ABC transporter with a secondary-active multidrug translocator domain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID p-glycoprotein; functional reconstitution; antibiotic-resistance; lactococcus-lactis; escherichia-coli; intracellular ph; drug transport; bacteria; homolog; msba
AB Multidrug resistance, by which cells become resistant to multiple unrelated pharmaceuticals, is due to the extrusion of drugs from the cell's interior by active transporters such as the human multidrug resistance beta-glycoprotein(1). Two major classes of transporters mediate this extrusion(2,3). Primary-active transporters are dependent on ATP hydrolysis, whereas secondary-active transletters porters are driven by electrochemical ion gradients that exist across the plasma membrane. The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter LmrA(4) is a primary drug transporter in Lactococcus lactis that can functionally substitute for P-glycoprotein in lung fibroblast cells(5). Here we have engineered a truncated LmrA protein that lacks the ATP-binding domain. Surprisingly, this truncated protein mediates a proton-ethidium symport reaction without the requirement for ATP. In other words, it functions as a secondary-active multidrug uptake system. These findings suggest that the evolutionary precursor of LmrA was a secondary-active substrate translocator that acquired an ATP-binding domain to enable primary-active multidrug efflux in L. lactis.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Pharmacol, Cambridge CB2 1PD, England.
C3 University of Cambridge
RP van Veen, HW (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Pharmacol, Tennis Court Rd, Cambridge CB2 1PD, England.
NR 26
TC 101
Z9 107
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 18
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6968
BP 866
EP 870
DI 10.1038/nature02173
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 754QM
UT WOS:000187342000065
PM 14685244
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Casolino, M
   Bidoli, V
   Morselli, A
   Narici, L
   DePascale, MP
   Picozza, P
   Reali, E
   Sparvoli, R
   Mazzenga, G
   Ricci, M
   Spillantini, P
   Boezio, M
   Bonvicini, V
   Vacchi, A
   Zampa, N
   Castellini, G
   Sannita, WG
   Carlson, P
   Galper, A
   Korotkov, M
   Popov, A
   Vavilov, N
   Avdeev, S
   Fugelsang, C
AF Casolino, M
   Bidoli, V
   Morselli, A
   Narici, L
   DePascale, MP
   Picozza, P
   Reali, E
   Sparvoli, R
   Mazzenga, G
   Ricci, M
   Spillantini, P
   Boezio, M
   Bonvicini, V
   Vacchi, A
   Zampa, N
   Castellini, G
   Sannita, WG
   Carlson, P
   Galper, A
   Korotkov, M
   Popov, A
   Vavilov, N
   Avdeev, S
   Fugelsang, C
TI Space travel - Dual origins of light flashes seen in space
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID station
C1 Univ Roma Tor Vergata, Dept Phys, I-00133 Rome, Italy.
   Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, LNF, Rome, Italy.
   Univ Florence, Dept Phys, I-50121 Florence, Italy.
   Univ Trieste, Dept Phys, I-34127 Trieste, Italy.
   CNR, IROE, I-50127 Florence, Italy.
   Univ Genoa, DISMR, Genoa, Italy.
   SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Psychiat, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
   Royal Inst Technol, Stockholm, Sweden.
   Moscow State Engn Phys Inst, Moscow, Russia.
   Russian Space Corp Energia Korolin, Moscow, Russia.
   European Astronaut Ctr, Cologne, Germany.
C3 University of Rome Tor Vergata; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN); University of Florence; University of Trieste; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); University of Genoa; State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University; Royal Institute of Technology; National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute); Roscosmos; United Rocket & Space Corporation; S.P. Korolev Rocket & Space Corporation - Energia; European Space Agency; European Astronaut Center
RP Casolino, M (corresponding author), Univ Roma Tor Vergata, Dept Phys, I-00133 Rome, Italy.
EM casolino@roma2.infn.it
NR 9
TC 80
Z9 82
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 17
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6933
BP 680
EP 680
DI 10.1038/422680a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 668CG
UT WOS:000182272300030
PM 12700751
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tremblay, S
   Shiller, DM
   Ostry, DJ
AF Tremblay, S
   Shiller, DM
   Ostry, DJ
TI Somatosensory basis of speech production
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID vowel-u; perturbation; compensation; variability; adaptation; model
AB The hypothesis that speech goals are defined acoustically and maintained by auditory feedback is a central idea in speech production research(1-6). An alternative proposal is that speech production is organized in terms of control signals that subserve movements and associated vocal-tract configurations(7-9). Indeed, the capacity for intelligible speech by deaf speakers suggests that somatosensory inputs related to movement play a role in speech production-but studies that might have documented a somatosensory component have been equivocal. For example, mechanical perturbations that have altered somatosensory feedback have simultaneously altered acoustics(10-14). Hence, any adaptation observed under these conditions may have been a consequence of acoustic change. Here we show that somatosensory information on its own is fundamental to the achievement of speech movements. This demonstration involves a dissociation of somatosensory and auditory feedback during speech production. Over time, subjects correct for the effects of a complex mechanical load that alters jaw movements (and hence somatosensory feedback), but which has no measurable or perceptible effect on acoustic output. The findings indicate that the positions of speech articulators and associated somatosensory inputs constitute a goal of speech movements that is wholly separate from the sounds produced.
C1 McGill Univ, Dept Psychol, Montreal, PQ H3A 1B1, Canada.
   Haskins Labs Inc, New Haven, CT 06511 USA.
C3 McGill University; Yale University; Haskins Laboratories
RP Ostry, DJ (corresponding author), McGill Univ, Dept Psychol, 1205 Dr Penfield Ave, Montreal, PQ H3A 1B1, Canada.
NR 20
TC 249
Z9 296
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 19
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6942
BP 866
EP 869
DI 10.1038/nature01710
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 691BQ
UT WOS:000183585300045
PM 12815431
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yan, KS
   Yan, S
   Farooq, A
   Han, A
   Zeng, L
   Zhou, MM
AF Yan, KS
   Yan, S
   Farooq, A
   Han, A
   Zeng, L
   Zhou, MM
TI Structure and conserved RNA binding of the PAZ domain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID double-stranded-rna; gene; interference; drosophila; sirnas; messenger; cleavage; defense
AB The discovery of RNA-mediated gene-silencing pathways, including RNA interference(1-3), highlights a fundamental role of short RNAs in eukaryotic gene regulation(4-10) and antiviral defence(11,12). Members of the Dicer and Argonaute protein families are essential components of these RNA-silencing pathways(13-19). Notably, these two families possess an evolutionarily conserved PAZ (Piwi/Argonaute/Zwille) domain whose biochemical function is unknown. Here we report the nuclear magnetic resonance solution structure of the PAZ domain from Drosophila melanogaster Argonaute 1 (Ago1). The structure consists of a left-handed, six-stranded beta-barrel capped at one end by two alpha-helices and wrapped on one side by a distinctive appendage, which comprises a long beta-hairpin and a short alpha-helix. Using structural and biochemical analyses, we demonstrate that the PAZ domain binds a 5-nucleotide RNA with 1:1 stoichiometry. We map the RNA-binding surface to the open face of the beta-barrel, which contains amino acids conserved within the PAZ domain family, and we define the 5'-to-3' orientation of single-stranded RNA bound within that site. Furthermore, we show that PAZ domains from different human Argonaute proteins also bind RNA, establishing a conserved function for this domain.
C1 NYU, Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Struct Biol Program, New York, NY 10029 USA.
C3 New York University; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
RP Zhou, MM (corresponding author), NYU, Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Struct Biol Program, 1 Gustave L Levy Pl, New York, NY 10029 USA.
EM Ming-Ming.Zhou@mssm.edu
NR 31
TC 280
Z9 298
U1 0
U2 31
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 27
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6965
BP 469
EP 474
DI 10.1038/nature02129
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 747JE
UT WOS:000186800800044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Takada, K
   Sakurai, H
   Takayama-Muromachi, E
   Izumi, F
   Dilanian, RA
   Sasaki, T
AF Takada, K
   Sakurai, H
   Takayama-Muromachi, E
   Izumi, F
   Dilanian, RA
   Sasaki, T
TI Superconductivity in two-dimensional CoO2 layers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID system
AB Since the discovery of high-transition-temperature (high-T-c) superconductivity in layered copper oxides(1), many researchers have searched for similar behaviour in other layered metal oxides involving 3d-transition metals, such as cobalt and nickel. Such attempts have so far failed, with the result that the copper oxide layer is thought to be essential for superconductivity. Here we report that NaxCoO2.yH(2)O (x approximate to 0.35, y approximate to 1.3) is a superconductor with a T-c of about 5 K. This compound consists of two-dimensional CoO2 layers separated by a thick insulating layer of Na+ ions and H2O molecules. There is a marked resemblance in superconducting properties between the present material and high-T-c copper oxides, suggesting that the two systems have similar underlying physics.
C1 Natl Inst Mat Sci, Adv Mat Lab, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050044, Japan.
   Natl Inst Mat Sci, Superconducting Mat Ctr, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050044, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, CREST, Tokyo, Japan.
C3 National Institute for Materials Science; National Institute for Materials Science; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Takada, K (corresponding author), Natl Inst Mat Sci, Adv Mat Lab, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050044, Japan.
EM takada.kazunori@nims.go.jp
NR 5
TC 1720
Z9 1811
U1 12
U2 532
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 6
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6927
BP 53
EP 55
DI 10.1038/nature01450
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 651VP
UT WOS:000181343100033
PM 12621429
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kiers, ET
   Rousseau, RA
   West, SA
   Denison, RF
AF Kiers, ET
   Rousseau, RA
   West, SA
   Denison, RF
TI Host sanctions and the legume-rhizobium mutualism
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nitrogenase activity; root-nodules; evolution; stability; permeability; competition
AB Explaining mutualistic cooperation between species remains one of the greatest problems for evolutionary biology(1-4). Why do symbionts provide costly services to a host, indirectly benefiting competitors sharing the same individual host? Host monitoring of symbiont performance and the imposition of sanctions on 'cheats' could stabilize mutualism(5,6). Here we show that soybeans penalize rhizobia that fail to fix N-2 inside their root nodules. We prevented a normally mutualistic rhizobium strain from cooperating (fixing N-2) by replacing air with an N-2-free atmosphere (Ar:O-2). A series of experiments at three spatial scales (whole plants, half root systems and individual nodules) demonstrated that forcing non-cooperation (analogous to cheating) decreased the reproductive success of rhizobia by about 50%. Non-invasive monitoring implicated decreased O-2 supply as a possible mechanism for sanctions against cheating rhizobia. More generally, such sanctions by one or both partners may be important in stabilizing a wide range of mutualistic symbioses.
C1 Univ Calif Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
   Univ Edinburgh, Inst Cell Anim & Populat Biol, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, Midlothian, Scotland.
C3 University of California System; University of California Davis; University of Edinburgh
RP Denison, RF (corresponding author), Univ Calif Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
EM rfdenison@ucdavis.edu
NR 30
TC 721
Z9 857
U1 7
U2 458
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 4
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6953
BP 78
EP 81
DI 10.1038/nature01931
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 717LD
UT WOS:000185089200041
PM 12955144
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yin, YX
   Liu, YX
   Jin, YJ
   Hall, EJ
   Barrett, JC
AF Yin, YX
   Liu, YX
   Jin, YJ
   Hall, EJ
   Barrett, JC
TI PAC1 phosphatase is a transcription target of p53 in signalling apoptosis and growth suppression
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID oxidative stress; dna-binding; activation; deficiency; domain; p21
AB p53 has a role in many cellular processes through the transcriptional regulation of target genes(1,2). PAC1 ( phosphatase of activated cells 1; also known as dual specificity phosphatase 2, DUSP2) is a dual threonine/tyrosine phosphatase that specifically dephosphorylates and inactivates mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases(3,4). Here we show that during apoptosis, p53 activates transcription of PAC1 by binding to a palindromic site in the PAC1 promoter. PAC1 transcription is induced in response to serum deprivation and oxidative stress, which results in p53-dependent apoptosis, but not in response to gamma-irradiation, which causes cell cycle arrest(5,6). Reduction of PAC1 transcription using small interfering RNA inhibits p53-mediated apoptosis, whereas overexpression of PAC1 increases susceptibility to apoptosis and suppresses tumour formation. Moreover, activation of p53 significantly inhibits MAP kinase activity. We conclude that, under specific stress conditions, p53 regulates transcription of PAC1 through a new p53-binding site, and that PAC1 is necessary and sufficient for p53-mediated apoptosis. Identification of a palindromic motif as a p53-binding site may reveal a novel mechanism whereby p53 regulates its target genes.
C1 Columbia Univ, Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Radiat Oncol, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   NCI, Lab Biosyst & Canc, Ctr Canc Res, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 Columbia University; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI)
RP Yin, YX (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Radiat Oncol, 630 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032 USA.
EM yy151@columbia.edu
NR 21
TC 127
Z9 148
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 3
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6931
BP 527
EP 531
DI 10.1038/nature01519
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 662TW
UT WOS:000181965400039
PM 12673251
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lyon, BE
AF Lyon, BE
TI Egg recognition and counting reduce costs of avian conspecific brood parasitism
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nest parasitism; cuculus-canorus; clutch size; discrimination; coevolution; cuckoo; coots; model
AB Birds parasitized by interspecific brood parasites often adopt defences based on egg recognition but such behaviours are puzzlingly rare in species parasitized by members of the same species. Here I show that conspecific egg recognition is frequent, accurate and used in three defences that reduce the high costs of conspecific brood parasitism in American coots. Hosts recognized and rejected many parasitic eggs, reducing the fitness costs of parasitism by half. Recognition without rejection also occurred and some hosts banished parasitic eggs to inferior outer incubation positions. Clutch size comparisons revealed that females combine egg recognition and counting to make clutch size decisions - by counting their own eggs, while ignoring distinctive parasitic eggs, females avoid a maladaptive clutch size reduction. This is clear evidence that female birds use visual rather than tactile cues to regulate their clutch sizes, and provides a rare example of the ecological and evolutionary context of counting in animals.
C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz
RP Lyon, BE (corresponding author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
EM lyon@biology.ucsc.edu
NR 26
TC 219
Z9 246
U1 4
U2 116
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 3
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6931
BP 495
EP 499
DI 10.1038/nature01505
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 662TW
UT WOS:000181965400030
PM 12673243
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Agathon, A
   Thisse, C
   Thisse, B
AF Agathon, A
   Thisse, C
   Thisse, B
TI The molecular nature of the zebrafish tail organizer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Based on grafting experiments, Mangold and Spemann showed the dorsal blastopore lip of an amphibian gastrula to be able to induce a secondary body axis(1). The equivalent of this organizer region has been identified in different vertebrates including teleosts(2). However, whereas the graft can induce ectopic head and trunk, endogenous and ectopic axes fuse in the posterior part of the body(3,4), raising the question of whether a distinct organizer region is necessary for tail development. Here we reveal, by isochronic and heterochronic transplantation, the existence of a tail organizer deriving from the ventral margin of the zebrafish embryo, which is independent of the dorsal Spemann organizer. Loss-of-function experiments reveal that bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), Nodal and Wnt8 signalling pathways are required for tail development. Moreover, stimulation of naive cells by a combination of BMP, Nodal and Wnt8 mimics the tail-organizing activity of the ventral margin and induces surrounding tissues to become tail. In contrast to induction of the vertebrate head, known to result from the triple inhibition of BMP, Nodal and Wnt(5), here we show that induction of the tail results from the triple stimulation of BMP, Nodal and Wnt8 signalling pathways.
C1 Inst Genet & Biol Mol & Cellulaire, CNRS, UMR 7104, INSERM,ULP, F-67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Biology (INSB); Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm)
RP Thisse, B (corresponding author), Inst Genet & Biol Mol & Cellulaire, CNRS, UMR 7104, INSERM,ULP, 1 Rue Laurent Fries,BP10142,CU Strasbourg, F-67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France.
EM thisse@igbmc.u-strasbg.fr
NR 28
TC 176
Z9 213
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 24
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6947
BP 448
EP 452
DI 10.1038/nature01822
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 704BT
UT WOS:000184318400048
PM 12879074
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hristov, TS
   Miller, SD
   Friehe, CA
AF Hristov, TS
   Miller, SD
   Friehe, CA
TI Dynamical coupling of wind and ocean waves through wave-induced air flow
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID turbulent-flow; generation; surface
AB Understanding the physical mechanisms behind the generation of ocean waves by wind has been a longstanding challenge(1,2). Previous studies(3-6) have assumed that ocean waves induce fluctuations in velocity and pressure of the overlying air that are synchronized with the waves, and numerical models have supported this assumption(7). In a complex feedback, these fluctuations provide the energy for wave generation. The spatial and temporal structure of the wave-induced airflow therefore holds the key to the physics of wind-wave coupling, but detailed observations have proved difficult. Here we present an analysis of wind velocities and ocean surface elevations observed over the open ocean. We use a linear filter(8) to identify the wave-induced air flow from the measurements and find that its structure is in agreement with 'critical-layer' theory(3). Considering that the wave-induced momentum flux is then controlled by the wave spectrum and that it varies considerably in vertical direction, a simple parameterization of the total air-sea momentum flux is unlikely to exist.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
   Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
   Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; University of California System; University of California Irvine; University of California System; University of California Irvine
RP Hristov, TS (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
EM Tihomir.Hristov@jhu.edu
NR 19
TC 155
Z9 173
U1 0
U2 38
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 6
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6927
BP 55
EP 58
DI 10.1038/nature01382
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 651VP
UT WOS:000181343100034
PM 12621430
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chen, Y
   Au, J
   Kazlas, P
   Ritenour, A
   Gates, H
   McCreary, M
AF Chen, Y
   Au, J
   Kazlas, P
   Ritenour, A
   Gates, H
   McCreary, M
TI Flexible active-matrix electronic ink display
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transistors; paper
C1 E Ink Corp, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 E Ink Corporation
RP Chen, Y (corresponding author), E Ink Corp, 733 Concord Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
NR 10
TC 529
Z9 669
U1 4
U2 277
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 8
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6936
BP 136
EP 136
DI 10.1038/423136a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 675MR
UT WOS:000182699600034
PM 12736673
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Humeau, Y
   Shaban, H
   Bissière, S
   Lüthi, A
AF Humeau, Y
   Shaban, H
   Bissière, S
   Lüthi, A
TI Presynaptic induction of heterosynaptic associative plasticity in the mammalian brain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-term potentiation; lateral amygdala; synaptic transmission; basolateral amygdala; nmda receptors; depression; rat; localization; cortex; memory
AB The induction of associative synaptic plasticity in the mammalian central nervous system classically depends on coincident presynaptic and postsynaptic activity(1,2). According to this principle, associative homosynaptic long-term potentiation (LTP) of excitatory synaptic transmission can be induced only if synaptic release occurs during postsynaptic depolarization(1,2). In contrast, heterosynaptic plasticity in mammals is considered to rely on activity-independent, non-associative processes(3-8). Here we describe a novel mechanism underlying the induction of associative LTP in the lateral amygdala ( LA). Simultaneous activation of converging cortical and thalamic afferents specifically induced associative, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor-dependent LTP at cortical, but not at thalamic, inputs. Surprisingly, the induction of associative LTP at cortical inputs was completely independent of postsynaptic activity, including depolarization, postsynaptic NMDA receptor activation or an increase in postsynaptic Ca2+ concentration, and did not require network activity. LTP expression was mediated by a persistent increase in the presynaptic probability of release at cortical afferents. Our study shows the presynaptic induction and expression of heterosynaptic and associative synaptic plasticity on simultaneous activity of converging afferents. Our data indicate that input specificity of associative LTP can be determined exclusively by presynaptic properties.
C1 Friedrich Miescher Inst, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland.
   Univ Basel, Biozentrum, Dept Pharmacol Neurobiol, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
C3 Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research; University of Basel
RP Lüthi, A (corresponding author), Friedrich Miescher Inst, Maulbeerstr 66, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland.
NR 30
TC 211
Z9 242
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 18
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6968
BP 841
EP 845
DI 10.1038/nature02194
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 754QM
UT WOS:000187342000059
PM 14685239
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Delneri, D
   Colson, I
   Grammenoudi, S
   Roberts, IN
   Louis, EJ
   Oliver, SG
AF Delneri, D
   Colson, I
   Grammenoudi, S
   Roberts, IN
   Louis, EJ
   Oliver, SG
TI Engineering evolution to study speciation in yeasts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sensu-stricto complex; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; redundancy; genome; translocation; sterility; bayanus; system; hybrid; cells
AB The Saccharomyces 'sensu stricto' yeasts are a group of species that will mate with one another, but interspecific pairings produce sterile hybrids. A retrospective analysis of their genomes revealed that translocations between the chromosomes of these species do not correlate with the group's sequence-based phylogeny(1) (that is, translocations do not drive the process of speciation). However, that analysis was unable to infer what contribution such rearrangements make to reproductive isolation between these organisms. Here, we report experiments that take an interventionist, rather than a retrospective approach to studying speciation, by reconfiguring the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome so that it is collinear with that of Saccharomyces mikatae. We demonstrate that this imposed genomic collinearity allows the generation of interspecific hybrids that produce a large proportion of spores that are viable, but extensively aneuploid. We obtained similar results in crosses between wild-type S. cerevisiae and the naturally collinear species Saccharomyces paradoxus, but not with non-collinear crosses. This controlled comparison of the effect of chromosomal translocation on species barriers suggests a mechanism for the generation of redundancy in the S. cerevisiae genome(2).
C1 Univ Manchester, Sch Biol Sci, Manchester M13 9PT, Lancs, England.
   Inst Food Res, Natl Collect Yeast Cultures, Norwich NR4 7UA, Norfolk, England.
   Univ Leicester, Dept Genet, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England.
C3 University of Manchester; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); Quadram Institute; University of East Anglia; University of Leicester
RP Oliver, SG (corresponding author), Univ Manchester, Sch Biol Sci, 2-205 Stopford Bldg,Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PT, Lancs, England.
EM steve.oliver@man.ac.uk
NR 26
TC 195
Z9 219
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 6
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6927
BP 68
EP 72
DI 10.1038/nature01418
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 651VP
UT WOS:000181343100038
PM 12621434
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dale, JK
   Maroto, M
   Dequeant, ML
   Malapert, P
   McGrew, M
   Pourquie, O
AF Dale, JK
   Maroto, M
   Dequeant, ML
   Malapert, P
   McGrew, M
   Pourquie, O
TI Periodic Notch inhibition by lunatic fringe underlies the chick segmentation clock
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID somite boundary formation; intracellular domain; delta-homolog; expression; gene; glycosyltransferase; requires; somitogenesis; oscillator; release
AB The segmented aspect of the vertebrate body plan first arises through the sequential formation of somites. The periodicity of somitogenesis is thought to be regulated by a molecular oscillator, the segmentation clock, which functions in presomitic mesoderm cells. This oscillator controls the periodic expression of 'cyclic genes', which are all related to the Notch pathway(1-7). The mechanism underlying this oscillator is not understood. Here we show that the protein product of the cyclic gene lunatic fringe (Lfng), which encodes a glycosyltransferase that can modify Notch activity, oscillates in the chick presomitic mesoderm. Overexpressing Lfng in the paraxial mesoderm abolishes the expression of cyclic genes including endogenous Lfng and leads to defects in segmentation. This effect on cyclic genes phenocopies inhibition of Notch signalling in the presomitic mesoderm. We therefore propose that Lfng establishes a negative feedback loop that implements periodic inhibition of Notch, which in turn controls the rhythmic expression of cyclic genes in the chick presomitic mesoderm. This feedback loop provides a molecular basis for the oscillator underlying the avian segmentation clock.
C1 Univ Mediterranee AP Marseille, Lab Genet & Phys Dev, Inst Biol Dev Marseille, CNRS,INSERM, F-13288 Marseille 09, France.
C3 Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Aix-Marseille Universite
RP Pourquie, O (corresponding author), Stowers Inst Med Res, 1000 E 50th St, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA.
NR 29
TC 263
Z9 310
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 16
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6920
BP 275
EP 278
DI 10.1038/nature01244
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 635KG
UT WOS:000180397600049
PM 12529645
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Coburn, W
   Boggs, SE
AF Coburn, W
   Boggs, SE
TI Polarization of the prompt γ-ray emission from the γ-ray burst of 6 December 2002
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID magnetic-fields; black-holes; grb 990510; afterglow; fireball; polarimetry; energy; shocks; model
AB Observations of the afterglows of g-ray bursts (GRBs) have revealed that they lie at cosmological distances, and so correspond to the release of an enormous amount of energy(1,2). The nature of the central engine that powers these events and the prompt gamma-ray emission mechanism itself remain enigmatic because, once a relativistic fireball is created, the physics of the afterglow is insensitive to the nature of the progenitor. Here we report the discovery of linear polarization in the prompt gamma-ray emission from GRB021206, which indicates that it is synchrotron emission from relativistic electrons in a strong magnetic field. The polarization is at the theoretical maximum, which requires a uniform, large-scale magnetic field over the gamma-ray emission region. A large-scale magnetic field constrains possible progenitors to those either having or producing organized fields. We suggest that the large magnetic energy densities in the progenitor environment (comparable to the kinetic energy densities of the fireball), combined with the large-scale structure of the field, indicate that magnetic fields drive the GRB explosion.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Boggs, SE (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM boggs@ssl.berkeley.edu
NR 30
TC 345
Z9 358
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 22
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6938
BP 415
EP 417
DI 10.1038/nature01612
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 681AJ
UT WOS:000183012000035
PM 12761542
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hillier, LW
   Fulton, RS
   Fulton, LA
   Graves, TA
   Pepin, KH
   Wagner-McPherson, C
   Layman, D
   Maas, J
   Jaeger, S
   Walker, R
   Wylie, K
   Sekhon, M
   Becker, MC
   O'Laughlin, MD
   Schaller, ME
   Fewell, GA
   Delehaunty, KD
   Miner, TL
   Nash, WE
   Cordes, M
   Du, H
   Sun, H
   Edwards, J
   Bradshaw-Cordum, H
   Ali, J
   Andrews, S
   Isak, A
   VanBrunt, A
   Nguyen, C
   Du, FY
   Lamar, B
   Courtney, L
   Kalicki, J
   Ozersky, P
   Bielicki, L
   Scott, K
   Holmes, A
   Harkins, R
   Harris, A
   Strong, CM
   Hou, SF
   Tomlinson, C
   Dauphin-Kohlberg, S
   Kozlowicz-Reilly, A
   Leonard, S
   Rohlfing, T
   Rock, SM
   Tin-Wollam, AM
   Abbott, A
   Minx, P
   Maupin, R
   Strowmatt, C
   Latreille, P
   Miller, N
   Johnson, D
   Murray, J
   Woessner, JP
   Wendl, MC
   Yang, SP
   Schultz, BR
   Wallis, JW
   Spieth, J
   Bieri, TA
   Nelson, JO
   Berkowicz, N
   Wohldmann, PE
   Cook, LL
   Hickenbotham, MT
   Eldred, J
   Williams, D
   Bedell, JA
   Mardis, ER
   Clifton, SW
   Chissoe, SL
   Marra, MA
   Raymond, C
   Haugen, E
   Gillett, W
   Zhou, Y
   James, R
   Phelps, K
   Iadanoto, S
   Bubb, K
   Simms, E
   Levy, R
   Clendenning, J
   Kaul, R
   Kent, WJ
   Furey, TS
   Baertsch, RA
   Brent, MR
   Keibler, E
   Flicek, P
   Bork, P
   Suyama, M
   Bailey, JA
   Portnoy, ME
   Torrents, D
   Chinwalla, AT
   Gish, WR
   Eddy, SR
   McPherson, JD
   Olson, MV
   Eichler, EE
   Green, ED
   Waterston, RH
   Wilson, RK
AF Hillier, LW
   Fulton, RS
   Fulton, LA
   Graves, TA
   Pepin, KH
   Wagner-McPherson, C
   Layman, D
   Maas, J
   Jaeger, S
   Walker, R
   Wylie, K
   Sekhon, M
   Becker, MC
   O'Laughlin, MD
   Schaller, ME
   Fewell, GA
   Delehaunty, KD
   Miner, TL
   Nash, WE
   Cordes, M
   Du, H
   Sun, H
   Edwards, J
   Bradshaw-Cordum, H
   Ali, J
   Andrews, S
   Isak, A
   VanBrunt, A
   Nguyen, C
   Du, FY
   Lamar, B
   Courtney, L
   Kalicki, J
   Ozersky, P
   Bielicki, L
   Scott, K
   Holmes, A
   Harkins, R
   Harris, A
   Strong, CM
   Hou, SF
   Tomlinson, C
   Dauphin-Kohlberg, S
   Kozlowicz-Reilly, A
   Leonard, S
   Rohlfing, T
   Rock, SM
   Tin-Wollam, AM
   Abbott, A
   Minx, P
   Maupin, R
   Strowmatt, C
   Latreille, P
   Miller, N
   Johnson, D
   Murray, J
   Woessner, JP
   Wendl, MC
   Yang, SP
   Schultz, BR
   Wallis, JW
   Spieth, J
   Bieri, TA
   Nelson, JO
   Berkowicz, N
   Wohldmann, PE
   Cook, LL
   Hickenbotham, MT
   Eldred, J
   Williams, D
   Bedell, JA
   Mardis, ER
   Clifton, SW
   Chissoe, SL
   Marra, MA
   Raymond, C
   Haugen, E
   Gillett, W
   Zhou, Y
   James, R
   Phelps, K
   Iadanoto, S
   Bubb, K
   Simms, E
   Levy, R
   Clendenning, J
   Kaul, R
   Kent, WJ
   Furey, TS
   Baertsch, RA
   Brent, MR
   Keibler, E
   Flicek, P
   Bork, P
   Suyama, M
   Bailey, JA
   Portnoy, ME
   Torrents, D
   Chinwalla, AT
   Gish, WR
   Eddy, SR
   McPherson, JD
   Olson, MV
   Eichler, EE
   Green, ED
   Waterston, RH
   Wilson, RK
TI The DNA sequence of human chromosome 7
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human-chromosome 7; human-genome; gene; map; identification; duplication; integration; annotation; evolution
AB Human chromosome 7 has historically received prominent attention in the human genetics community, primarily related to the search for the cystic fibrosis gene and the frequent cytogenetic changes associated with various forms of cancer. Here we present more than 153 million base pairs representing 99.4% of the euchromatic sequence of chromosome 7, the first metacentric chromosome completed so far. The sequence has excellent concordance with previously established physical and genetic maps, and it exhibits an unusual amount of segmentally duplicated sequence (8.2%), with marked differences between the two arms. Our initial analyses have identified 1,150 protein-coding genes, 605 of which have been confirmed by complementary DNA sequences, and an additional 941 pseudogenes. Of genes confirmed by transcript sequences, some are polymorphic for mutations that disrupt the reading frame.
C1 Washington Univ, Sch Med, Genome Sequencing Ctr, St Louis, MO 63108 USA.
   Univ Washington, Genome Ctr, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Ctr Biomol Sci & Engn, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   Washington Univ, Dept Comp Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA.
   European Mol Biol Lab, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Case Western Reserve Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Computat Genome, Dept Genet, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
   Case Western Reserve Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Human Genet, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
   Univ Hosp Cleveland, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
   NHGRI, Genome Technol Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL); University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; Washington University (WUSTL); European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); University System of Ohio; Case Western Reserve University; University System of Ohio; Case Western Reserve University; University Hospitals of Cleveland; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL); Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Wilson, RK (corresponding author), Washington Univ, Sch Med, Genome Sequencing Ctr, Campus Box 8501,4444 Forest Pk Ave, St Louis, MO 63108 USA.
EM rwilson@watson.wustl.edu
NR 49
TC 212
Z9 1032
U1 0
U2 32
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 10
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6945
BP 157
EP U2
DI 10.1038/nature01782
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 699AA
UT WOS:000184032700033
PM 12853948
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Etchegaray, JP
   Lee, C
   Wade, PA
   Reppert, SM
AF Etchegaray, JP
   Lee, C
   Wade, PA
   Reppert, SM
TI Rhythmic histone acetylation underlies transcription in the mammalian circadian clock
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene-expression; mechanisms; mouse; components; hda1; limb
AB In the mouse circadian clock, a transcriptional feedback loop is at the centre of the clockwork mechanism. Clock and Bmal1 are essential transcription factors that drive the expression of three period genes (Per1-3) and two cryptochrome genes (Cry1 and Cry2)(1-5). The Cry proteins feedback to inhibit Clock/Bmal1-mediated transcription by a mechanism that does not alter Clock/Bmal1 binding to DNA(6). Here we show that transcriptional regulation of the core clock mechanism in mouse liver is accompanied by rhythms in H3 histone acetylation, and that H3 acetylation is a potential target of the inhibitory action of Cry. The promoter regions of the Per1, Per2 and Cry1 genes exhibit circadian rhythms in H3 acetylation and RNA polymerase II binding that are synchronous with the corresponding steady-state messenger RNA rhythms. The histone acetyltransferase p300 precipitates together with Clock in vivo in a time-dependent manner. Moreover, the Cry proteins inhibit a p300-induced increase in Clock/Bmal1-mediated transcription. The delayed timing of the Cry1 mRNA rhythm, relative to the Per rhythms, is due to the coordinated activities of Rev-Erbalpha and Clock/Bmal1, and defines a new mechanism for circadian phase control.
C1 Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, Worcester, MA 01605 USA.
   Emory Univ, Dept Pathol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
C3 University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester; Emory University
RP Reppert, SM (corresponding author), Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, LRB-728,364 Plantat St, Worcester, MA 01605 USA.
EM steven.reppert@umassmed.edu
NR 23
TC 563
Z9 681
U1 0
U2 53
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 9
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6919
BP 177
EP 182
DI 10.1038/nature01314
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 633DR
UT WOS:000180267200044
PM 12483227
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Li, XY
   Qian, Q
   Fu, ZM
   Wang, YH
   Xiong, GS
   Zeng, DL
   Wang, XQ
   Liu, XF
   Teng, S
   Hiroshi, F
   Yuan, M
   Luo, D
   Han, B
   Li, JY
AF Li, XY
   Qian, Q
   Fu, ZM
   Wang, YH
   Xiong, GS
   Zeng, DL
   Wang, XQ
   Liu, XF
   Teng, S
   Hiroshi, F
   Yuan, M
   Luo, D
   Han, B
   Li, JY
TI Control of tillering in rice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-division; signal-transduction; arabidopsis root; gene encodes; pathway; family; gras; evolution; protein; member
AB Tillering in rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important agronomic trait for grain production, and also a model system for the study of branching in monocotyledonous plants. Rice tiller is a specialized grain-bearing branch that is formed on the unelongated basal internode and grows independently of the mother stem (culm) by means of its own adventitious roots(1). Rice tillering occurs in a two-stage process: the formation of an axillary bud at each leaf axil and its subsequent outgrowth(2). Although the morphology and histology(2,3) and some mutants of rice tillering(4) have been well described, the molecular mechanism of rice tillering remains to be elucidated. Here we report the isolation and characterization of MONOCULM 1 (MOC1), a gene that is important in the control of rice tillering. The moc1 mutant plants have only a main culm without any tillers owing to a defect in the formation of tiller buds. MOC1 encodes a putative GRAS family nuclear protein that is expressed mainly in the axillary buds and functions to initiate axillary buds and to promote their outgrowth.
C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Genet & Dev Biol, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China.
   Chinese Acad Agr Sci, China Natl Rice Res Inst, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, Peoples R China.
   China Agr Univ, Beijing 100094, Peoples R China.
   Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Plant Physiol & Ecol, Shanghai 200032, Peoples R China.
   Chinese Acad Sci, Natl Ctr Gene Res, Shanghai 200233, Peoples R China.
C3 Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Genetics & Developmental Biology, CAS; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; China National Rice Research Institute, CAAS; China Agricultural University; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences
RP Li, JY (corresponding author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Genet & Dev Biol, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China.
NR 29
TC 930
Z9 1256
U1 18
U2 638
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 10
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6932
BP 618
EP 621
DI 10.1038/nature01518
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 665GN
UT WOS:000182111400043
PM 12687001
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU di Fagagna, FD
   Reaper, PM
   Clay-Farrace, L
   Fiegler, H
   Carr, P
   von Zglinicki, T
   Saretzki, G
   Carter, NP
   Jackson, SP
AF di Fagagna, FD
   Reaper, PM
   Clay-Farrace, L
   Fiegler, H
   Carr, P
   von Zglinicki, T
   Saretzki, G
   Carter, NP
   Jackson, SP
TI A DNA damage checkpoint response in telomere-initiated senescence
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ionizing-radiation; s-checkpoint; life-span; sensitivity; genome; mdc1; atm; apoptosis; distinct; kinase
AB Most human somatic cells can undergo only a limited number of population doublings in vitro(1). This exhaustion of proliferative potential, called senescence, can be triggered when telomeres the ends of linear chromosomes-cannot fulfil their normal protective functions. Here we show that senescent human fibroblasts display molecular markers characteristic of cells bearing DNA double-strand breaks. These markers include nuclear foci of phosphorylated histone H2AX and their co-localization with DNA repair and DNA damage checkpoint factors such as 53BP1, MDC1 and NBS1. We also show that senescent cells contain activated forms of the DNA damage checkpoint kinases CHK1 and CHK2. Furthermore, by chromatin immunoprecipitation and whole-genome scanning approaches, we show that the chromosome ends of senescent cells directly contribute to the DNA damage response, and that uncapped telomeres directly associate with many, but not all, DNA damage response proteins. Finally, we show that inactivation of DNA damage checkpoint kinases in senescent cells can restore cell-cycle progression into S phase. Thus, we propose that telomere-initiated senescence reflects a DNA damage checkpoint response that is activated with a direct contribution from dysfunctional telomeres.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Wellcome Trust Canc Res UK Inst Canc & Dev Biol, Cambridge CB2 1QR, England.
   Wellcome Trust Sanger Inst, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England.
   Newcastle Univ, Inst Ageing & Hlth, Henry Wellcome Lab Biogerontol, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE4 6BE, Tyne & Wear, England.
C3 University of Cambridge; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; Newcastle University - UK
RP Jackson, SP (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Wellcome Trust Canc Res UK Inst Canc & Dev Biol, Cambridge CB2 1QR, England.
EM dadda@ifom-firc.it; spj13@mole.bio.cam.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 1489
Z9 1855
U1 4
U2 139
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 13
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6963
BP 194
EP 198
DI 10.1038/nature02118
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 742LA
UT WOS:000186517200047
PM 14608368
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reiners, PW
   Ehlers, TA
   Mitchell, SG
   Montgomery, DR
AF Reiners, PW
   Ehlers, TA
   Mitchell, SG
   Montgomery, DR
TI Coupled spatial variations in precipitation and long-term erosion rates across the Washington Cascades
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mountain belts; state; exhumation; tectonics; climate; uplift; limits; model; range
AB Past studies of tectonically active mountain ranges have suggested strong coupling and feedbacks between climate, tectonics and topography(1 - 5). For example, rock uplift generates topographic relief, thereby enhancing precipitation, which focuses erosion and in turn influences rates and spatial patterns of further rock uplift. Although theoretical links between climate, erosion and uplift have received much attention(2,6 - 10), few studies have shown convincing correlations between observable indices of these processes on mountain- range scales(11,12). Here we show that strongly varying long- term(> 10(6) - 10(7) yr) erosion rates inferred from apatite ( U - Th)/ He cooling ages across the Cascades mountains of Washington state closely track modern mean annual precipitation rates. Erosion and precipitation rates vary over an order of magnitude across the range with maxima of 0.33 mm yr(-1) and 3.5 m yr(-1), respectively, with both maxima located 50 km west ( windward) of the topographic crest of the range. These data demonstrate a strong coupling between precipitation and long- term erosion rates on the mountain- range scale. If the range is currently in topographic steady state, rock uplift on the west flank is three to ten times faster than elsewhere in the range, possibly in response to climatically focused erosion.
C1 Yale Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, New Haven, CT 06511 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 Yale University; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Reiners, PW (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, 210 Whitney Ave, New Haven, CT 06511 USA.
NR 19
TC 262
Z9 314
U1 2
U2 57
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 11
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6967
BP 645
EP 647
DI 10.1038/nature02111
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 752DY
UT WOS:000187132800036
PM 14668859
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schadt, EE
   Monks, SA
   Drake, TA
   Lusis, AJ
   Che, N
   Colinayo, V
   Ruff, TG
   Milligan, SB
   Lamb, JR
   Cavet, G
   Linsley, PS
   Mao, M
   Stoughton, RB
   Friend, SH
AF Schadt, EE
   Monks, SA
   Drake, TA
   Lusis, AJ
   Che, N
   Colinayo, V
   Ruff, TG
   Milligan, SB
   Lamb, JR
   Cavet, G
   Linsley, PS
   Mao, M
   Stoughton, RB
   Friend, SH
TI Genetics of gene expression surveyed in maize, mouse and man
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quantitative trait loci; model; susceptibility; identification; dissection; density; linkage; mice
AB Treating messenger RNA transcript abundances as quantitative traits and mapping gene expression quantitative trait loci for these traits has been pursued in gene-specific ways. Transcript abundances often serve as a surrogate for classical quantitative traits in that the levels of expression are significantly correlated with the classical traits across members of a segregating population. The correlation structure between transcript abundances and classical traits has been used to identify susceptibility loci for complex diseases such as diabetes' and allergic asthma(2). One study recently completed the first comprehensive dissection of transcriptional regulation in budding yeast(3), giving a detailed glimpse of a genome-wide survey of the genetics of gene expression. Unlike classical quantitative traits, which often represent gross clinical measurements that may be far removed from the biological processes giving rise to them, the genetic linkages associated with transcript abundance affords a closer look at cellular biochemical processes. Here we describe comprehensive genetic screens of mouse, plant and human transcriptomes by considering gene expression values as quantitative traits. We identify a gene expression pattern strongly associated with obesity in a murine cross, and observe two distinct obesity subtypes. Furthermore, we find that these obesity subtypes are under the control of different loci.
C1 Rosetta Inpharmat LLC, Kirkland, WA 98034 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Biostat, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Microbiol Mol Genet & Immunol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Med, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Human Genet, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Monsanto Co, St Louis, MO 63167 USA.
   Merck & Co Inc, Merck Res Labs, West Point, PA 19486 USA.
C3 Merck & Company; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; Monsanto; Merck & Company; Merck & Company USA
RP Schadt, EE (corresponding author), Rosetta Inpharmat LLC, 12040 115th Ave NE, Kirkland, WA 98034 USA.
EM eric_schadt@merck.com; stephen_friend@merck.com
NR 25
TC 1127
Z9 1412
U1 0
U2 112
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 20
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6929
BP 297
EP 302
DI 10.1038/nature01434
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 656XX
UT WOS:000181637300037
PM 12646919
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hutchinson, JR
   Famini, D
   Lair, R
   Kram, R
AF Hutchinson, JR
   Famini, D
   Lair, R
   Kram, R
TI Are fast-moving elephants really running?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID locomotion; mammals; speed
C1 Stanford Univ, Biomech Engn Div, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
   Thai Elephant Conservat Ctr, Lampang 52000, Thailand.
   Univ Colorado, Dept Kinesiol & Appl Physiol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
C3 Stanford University; University of California System; University of California Davis; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder
RP Hutchinson, JR (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Biomech Engn Div, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM jrhutch@stanford.edu
NR 12
TC 112
Z9 124
U1 1
U2 31
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 3
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6931
BP 493
EP 494
DI 10.1038/422493a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 662TW
UT WOS:000181965400028
PM 12673241
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sucena, E
   Delon, I
   Jones, I
   Payre, F
   Stern, DL
AF Sucena, E
   Delon, I
   Jones, I
   Payre, F
   Stern, DL
TI Regulatory evolution of shavenbaby/ovo underlies multiple cases of morphological parallelism
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID wingless; epidermis
AB Cases of convergent evolution that involve changes in the same developmental pathway, called parallelism, provide evidence that a limited number of developmental changes are available to evolve a particular phenotype(1). To our knowledge, in no case are the genetic changes underlying morphological convergence understood. However, morphological convergence is not generally assumed to imply developmental parallelism(2). Here we investigate a case of convergence of larval morphology in insects and show that the loss of particular trichomes, observed in one species of the Drosophila melanogaster species group, has independently evolved multiple times in the distantly related D. virilis species group(3). We present genetic and gene expression data showing that regulatory changes of the shavenbaby/ovo (svb/ovo) gene underlie all independent cases of this morphological convergence. Our results indicate that some developmental regulators might preferentially accumulate evolutionary changes and that morphological parallelism might therefore be more common than previously appreciated.
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Ctr Dev Biol, F-31062 Toulouse 4, France.
   Vanguard High Sch, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Princeton University
RP Stern, DL (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
EM dstern@princeton.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM063622] Funding Source: Medline
NR 17
TC 180
Z9 222
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 21
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6951
BP 935
EP 938
DI 10.1038/nature01768
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 713EH
UT WOS:000184843600040
PM 12931187
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sedkov, Y
   Cho, E
   Petruk, S
   Cherbas, L
   Smith, ST
   Jones, RS
   Cherbas, P
   Canaani, E
   Jaynes, JB
   Mazo, A
AF Sedkov, Y
   Cho, E
   Petruk, S
   Cherbas, L
   Smith, ST
   Jones, RS
   Cherbas, P
   Canaani, E
   Jaynes, JB
   Mazo, A
TI Methylation at lysine 4 of histone H3 in ecdysone-dependent development of Drosophila
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID morphogenetic furrow movement; polarity gene hedgehog; retinoid-x-receptor; nuclear receptor; ultraspiracle; protein; eye; ecr; progression; encodes
AB Steroid hormones fulfil important functions in animal development. In Drosophila, ecdysone triggers moulting and metamorphosis through its effects on gene expression(1). Ecdysone works by binding to a nuclear receptor, EcR, which heterodimerizes with the retinoid X receptor homologue Ultraspiracle(2,3). Both partners are required for binding to ligand or DNA(4-6). Like most DNA-binding transcription factors, nuclear receptors activate or repress gene expression by recruiting co-regulators, some of which function as chromatin-modifying complexes(7,8). For example, p160 class coactivators associate with histone acetyltransferases and arginine histone methyltransferases(9). The Trithorax-related gene of Drosophila encodes the SET domain protein TRR. Here we report that TRR is a histone methyltransferases capable of trimethylating lysine 4 of histone H3 (H3-K4). trr acts upstream of hedgehog (hh) in progression of the morphogenetic furrow, and is required for retinal differentiation. Mutations in trr interact in eye development with EcR, and EcR and TRR can be co-immunoprecipitated on ecdysone treatment. TRR, EcR and trimethylated H3-K4 are detected at the ecdysone-inducible promoters of hh and BR-C in cultured cells, and H3-K4 trimethylation at these promoters is decreased in embryos lacking a functional copy of trr. We propose that TRR functions as a coactivator of EcR by altering the chromatin structure at ecdysone-responsive promoters.
C1 Thomas Jefferson Univ, Kimmel Canc Ctr, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA.
   Indiana Univ, Dept Biol, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA.
   So Methodist Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Dallas, TX 75275 USA.
   Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Mol Cell Biol, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
C3 Thomas Jefferson University; Indiana University System; Indiana University Bloomington; Southern Methodist University; Weizmann Institute of Science
RP Mazo, A (corresponding author), Thomas Jefferson Univ, Kimmel Canc Ctr, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA.
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM050231] Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 138
Z9 182
U1 1
U2 26
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 6
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6962
BP 78
EP 83
DI 10.1038/nature02080
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 739WY
UT WOS:000186370800045
PM 14603321
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Abbott, A
AF Abbott, A
TI Restless nights, listless days
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sleep-phase syndrome; suprachiasmatic nucleus; circadian clock; rhythm; light; age
NR 13
TC 27
Z9 28
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 30
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6961
BP 896
EP 898
DI 10.1038/425896a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 737KY
UT WOS:000186230600013
PM 14586438
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Foerster, K
   Delhey, K
   Johnsen, A
   Lifjeld, JT
   Kempenaers, B
AF Foerster, K
   Delhey, K
   Johnsen, A
   Lifjeld, JT
   Kempenaers, B
TI Females increase offspring heterozygosity and fitness through extra-pair matings
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tit parus-caeruleus; blue tit; mate choice; genetic similarity; paternity; microsatellites; populations; polyandry; parentage; benefits
AB Females in a variety of species commonly mate with multiple males, and there is evidence that they benefit by producing offspring of higher genetic quality(1-3); however, the nature of these genetic benefits is debated(1-4). Enhanced offspring survival or quality can result from intrinsic effects of paternal genes- 'good genes'-or from interactions between the maternal and paternal genomes-'compatible genes'(1-5). Evidence for the latter process is accumulating(2,6): matings between relatives lead to decreased reproductive success, and the individual level of inbreeding-measured as average heterozygosity-is a strong fitness predictor(7-13). Females should thus benefit from mating with genetically dissimilar males(2,14). In many birds, social monogamy restricts mate choice, but females may circumvent this by pursuing extra-pair copulations(15,16). Here we show that female blue tits, Parus caeruleus, increase the heterozygosity of their progeny through extra-pair matings. Females thereby produce offspring of higher reproductive value, because less inbred individuals have increased survival chances, a more elaborate male secondary sexual trait (crown colour) and higher reproductive success. The cost of inbreeding may therefore be an important factor driving the evolution of female extra-pair mating.
C1 Max Planck Res Ctr Ornithol, D-82305 Starnberg, Germany.
   Univ Oslo, Zool Museum, N-0318 Oslo, Norway.
C3 Max Planck Society; University of Oslo
RP Kempenaers, B (corresponding author), Max Planck Res Ctr Ornithol, POB 1564, D-82305 Starnberg, Germany.
NR 30
TC 420
Z9 475
U1 2
U2 260
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 16
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6959
BP 714
EP 717
DI 10.1038/nature01969
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 732DA
UT WOS:000185924500041
PM 14562103
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pintard, L
   Willis, JH
   Willems, A
   Johnson, JLF
   Srayko, M
   Kurz, T
   Glaser, S
   Mains, PE
   Tyers, M
   Bowerman, B
   Peter, M
AF Pintard, L
   Willis, JH
   Willems, A
   Johnson, JLF
   Srayko, M
   Kurz, T
   Glaser, S
   Mains, PE
   Tyers, M
   Bowerman, B
   Peter, M
TI The BTB protein MEL-26 is a substrate-specific adaptor of the CUL-3 ubiquitin-ligase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID caenorhabditis-elegans; degradation; gene; family; mei-1; complex; target; member
AB Many biological processes, such as development and cell cycle progression are tightly controlled by selective ubiquitin-dependent degradation of key substrates. In this pathway, the E3-ligase recognizes the substrate and targets it for degradation by the 26S proteasome. The SCF (Skp1-Cul1-F-box) and ECS (Elongin C-Cul2-SOCS box) complexes are two well-defined cullin-based E3-ligases(1-3). The cullin subunits serve a scaffolding function and interact through their C terminus with the RING-finger-containing protein Hrt1/Roc1/Rbx1, and through their N terminus with Skp1 or Elongin C, respectively. In Caenorhabditis elegans, the ubiquitin-ligase activity of the CUL-3 complex is required for degradation of the microtubule-severing protein MEI-1/katanin at the meiosis-to-mitosis transition(4). However, the molecular composition of this cullin-based E3-ligase is not known. Here we identified the BTB-containing protein MEL-26 as a component required for degradation of MEI-1 in vivo. Importantly, MEL-26 specifically interacts with CUL-3 and MEI-1 in vivo and in vitro, and displays properties of a substrate-specific adaptor. Our results suggest that BTB-containing proteins may generally function as substrate-specific adaptors in Cul3-based E3-ubiquitin ligases.
C1 ETH Honggerberg, Inst Biochem, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Univ Oregon, Inst Mol Biol, Eugene, OR 97403 USA.
   Mt Sinai Hosp, Samuel Lunenfeld Res Inst, Dept Med Genet & Microbiol, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada.
   Univ Calgary, Genes & Dev Res Grp, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
   Univ Calgary, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; University of Oregon; University of Toronto; Sinai Health System Toronto; Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute; University of Calgary; University of Calgary
RP Pintard, L (corresponding author), ETH Honggerberg, Inst Biochem, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
EM lionel.pintard@bc.biol.ethz.ch; matthias.peter@bc.biol.ethz.ch
NR 27
TC 364
Z9 458
U1 2
U2 40
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 18
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6955
BP 311
EP 316
DI 10.1038/nature01959
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 722JA
UT WOS:000185370900049
PM 13679921
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Redl, FX
   Cho, KS
   Murray, CB
   O'Brien, S
AF Redl, FX
   Cho, KS
   Murray, CB
   O'Brien, S
TI Three-dimensional binary superlattices of magnetic nanocrystals and semiconductor quantum dots
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID self-organization; colloidal synthesis; gold; silver; nanoparticles; particles; films
AB Recent advances in strategies for synthesizing nanoparticles such as semiconductor quantum dots(1), magnets and noble-metal clusters(2) - have enabled the precise control of composition, size, shape(3), crystal structure(4), and surface chemistry. The distinct properties of the resulting nanometre-scale building blocks can be harnessed in assemblies with new collective properties(2,5,6), which can be further engineered by controlling interparticle spacing and by material processing. Our study is motivated by the emerging concept of metamaterials(7) - materials with properties arising from the controlled interaction of the different nanocrystals in an assembly. Previous multi-component nanocrystal assemblies have usually resulted in amorphous or short-range-ordered materials(8,9) because of non-directional forces or insufficient mobility during assembly(10-14). Here we report the self-assembly of PbSe semiconductor quantum dots and Fe2O3 magnetic nanocrystals into precisely ordered three-dimensional superlattices. The use of specific size ratios directs the assembly of the magnetic and semiconducting nanoparticles into AB(13) or AB(2) superlattices with potentially tunable optical and magnetic properties. This synthesis concept could ultimately enable the fine-tuning of material responses to magnetic, electrical, optical and mechanical stimuli(6).
C1 IBM Corp, Thomas J Watson Res Ctr, Yorktown Hts, NY 10598 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Dept Appl Phys & Appl Math, New York, NY 10027 USA.
   Univ New Orleans, Adv Mat Res Inst, New Orleans, LA 70148 USA.
C3 International Business Machines (IBM); IBM USA; Columbia University; University of Louisiana System; University of New Orleans
RP Murray, CB (corresponding author), IBM Corp, Thomas J Watson Res Ctr, 1101 Kitchawan Rd,Route 134, Yorktown Hts, NY 10598 USA.
NR 29
TC 770
Z9 894
U1 2
U2 475
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 26
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6943
BP 968
EP 971
DI 10.1038/nature01702
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 694BL
UT WOS:000183753900044
PM 12827196
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lillo, F
   Farmer, JD
   Mantegna, RN
AF Lillo, F
   Farmer, JD
   Mantegna, RN
TI Econophysics - Master curve for price-impact function
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID trade; time
C1 Univ Palermo, Ist Nazl Fis Mat, I-90128 Palermo, Italy.
   Univ Palermo, Dipartimento Fis & Tecnol Relat, I-90128 Palermo, Italy.
   Santa Fe Inst, Santa Fe, NM 87501 USA.
C3 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia (INFM-CNR); University of Palermo; University of Palermo; The Santa Fe Institute
RP Lillo, F (corresponding author), Univ Palermo, Ist Nazl Fis Mat, I-90128 Palermo, Italy.
NR 11
TC 262
Z9 313
U1 0
U2 41
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 9
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6919
BP 129
EP 130
DI 10.1038/421129a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 633DR
UT WOS:000180267200029
PM 12520292
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU González, MM
   Dingus, BL
   Kaneko, Y
   Preece, RD
   Dermer, CD
   Briggs, MS
AF González, MM
   Dingus, BL
   Kaneko, Y
   Preece, RD
   Dermer, CD
   Briggs, MS
TI A γ-ray burst with a high-energy spectral component inconsistent with the synchrotron shock model
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID calibration; emission; catalog; egret
AB Gamma-ray bursts are among the most powerful events in nature. These events release most of their energy as photons with energies in the range from 30 keV to a few MeV, with a smaller fraction of the energy radiated in radio, optical, and soft X-ray afterglows(1). The data are in general agreement with a relativistic shock model(2), where the prompt and afterglow emissions 3 correspond to synchrotron radiation from shock-accelerated electrons. Here we report an observation of a high-energy (multi-MeV) spectral component in the burst of 17 October 1994 that is distinct from the previously observed lower-energy gamma-ray component. The flux of the high-energy component decays more slowly and its fluence is greater than the lower-energy component; it is described by a power law of differential photon number index approximately 21 up to about 200 MeV. This observation is difficult to explain with the standard synchrotron shock model(2), suggesting the presence of new phenomena such as a different non-thermal electron process, or the interaction of relativistic protons with photons at the source.
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Phys, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   Univ Alabama, Dept Phys, Natl Space Sci & Technol Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA.
   USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Huntsville; United States Department of Defense; United States Navy; United States Naval Research Laboratory; NRL Chesapeake
RP González, MM (corresponding author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Phys, 1150 Univ Ave, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
EM magda@whopper.lanl.gov
NR 27
TC 234
Z9 254
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 14
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6950
BP 749
EP 751
DI 10.1038/nature01869
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 711HQ
UT WOS:000184733900031
PM 12917676
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Carlip, S
   Vaidya, S
AF Carlip, S
   Vaidya, S
TI Do black holes constrain varying constants?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Phys, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Davis
RP Carlip, S (corresponding author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Phys, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
NR 12
TC 8
Z9 8
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 30
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6922
BP 498
EP 498
DI 10.1038/421498a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 640DB
UT WOS:000180670600035
PM 12556883
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nong, Y
   Huang, YQ
   Ju, W
   Kalia, LV
   Ahmadian, G
   Wang, YT
   Salter, MW
AF Nong, Y
   Huang, YQ
   Ju, W
   Kalia, LV
   Ahmadian, G
   Wang, YT
   Salter, MW
TI Glycine binding primes NMDA receptor internalization
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ionotropic glutamate receptors; synaptic vesicle endocytosis; d-aspartate receptor; acid; site; ampa; transmission; hippocampus; antagonists; activation
AB NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors (NMDARs) are a principal subtype of excitatory ligand-gated ion channel with prominent roles in physiological and disease processes in the central nervous system(1). Recognition that glycine potentiates NMDAR-mediated currents(2) as well as being a requisite co-agonist of the NMDAR subtype of 'glutamate' receptor(3) profoundly changed our understanding of chemical synaptic communication in the central nervous system. The binding of both glycine and glutamate is necessary to cause opening of the NMDAR conductance pore(1). Although binding of either agonist alone is insufficient to cause current flow through the channel, we report here that stimulation of the glycine site initiates signalling through the NMDAR complex, priming the receptors for clathrin-dependent endocytosis. Glycine binding alone does not cause the receptor to be endocytosed; this requires both glycine and glutamate site activation of NMDARs. The priming effect of glycine is mimicked by the NMDAR glycine site agonist D-serine, and is blocked by competitive glycine site antagonists. Synaptic as well as extrasynaptic NMDARs are primed for internalization by glycine site stimulation. Our results demonstrate transmembrane signal transduction through activating the glycine site of NMDARs, and elucidate a model for modulating cell-cell communication in the central nervous system.
C1 Univ Toronto, Hosp Sick Children, Program Brain & Behav, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Physiol, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Pathobiol & Lab Med, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Inst Med Sci, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
   Univ British Columbia, Vancouver Hosp & Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Med, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
   Univ British Columbia, Vancouver Hosp & Hlth Sci Ctr, Brain Res Ctr, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
C3 University of Toronto; Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids); University of Toronto; University of Toronto; University of Toronto; University of British Columbia; University of British Columbia
RP Salter, MW (corresponding author), Univ Toronto, Hosp Sick Children, Program Brain & Behav, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
NR 29
TC 365
Z9 428
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 20
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6929
BP 302
EP 307
DI 10.1038/nature01497
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 656XX
UT WOS:000181637300038
PM 12646920
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Moss, F
   Milton, JG
AF Moss, F
   Milton, JG
TI Medical technology - Balancing the unbalanced
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stochastic resonance; noise
C1 Univ Missouri, Ctr Neurodynam, St Louis, MO 63121 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Neurol, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
C3 University of Missouri System; University of Missouri Saint Louis; University of Chicago
RP Moss, F (corresponding author), Univ Missouri, Ctr Neurodynam, St Louis, MO 63121 USA.
NR 13
TC 39
Z9 48
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 30
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6961
BP 911
EP 912
DI 10.1038/425911a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 737KY
UT WOS:000186230600027
PM 14586454
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mandel, O
   Greiner, M
   Widera, A
   Rom, T
   Hänsch, TW
   Bloch, I
AF Mandel, O
   Greiner, M
   Widera, A
   Rom, T
   Hänsch, TW
   Bloch, I
TI Controlled collisions for multi-particle entanglement of optically trapped atoms
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neutral atoms; quantum; lattices; arrays
AB Entanglement lies at the heart of quantum mechanics, and in recent years has been identified as an essential resource for quantum information processing and computation(1-4). The experimentally challenging production of highly entangled multi-particle states is therefore important for investigating both fundamental physics and practical applications. Here we report the creation of highly entangled states of neutral atoms trapped in the periodic potential of an optical lattice. Controlled collisions between individual neighbouring atoms are used to realize an array of quantum gates, with massively parallel operation. We observe a coherent entangling - disentangling evolution in the many-body system, depending on the phase shift acquired during the collision between neighbouring atoms. Such dynamics are indicative of highly entangled many-body states; moreover, these are formed in a single operational step, independent of the size of the system(5,6).
C1 Univ Munich, Sekt Phys, D-80799 Munich, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Quantum Opt, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
C3 University of Munich; Max Planck Society
RP Bloch, I (corresponding author), Univ Munich, Sekt Phys, Schellingstr 4-3, D-80799 Munich, Germany.
EM imb@mpq.mpg.de
NR 26
TC 685
Z9 742
U1 0
U2 42
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 30
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6961
BP 937
EP 940
DI 10.1038/nature02008
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 737KY
UT WOS:000186230600035
PM 14586463
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Salzman, NH
   Ghosh, D
   Huttner, KM
   Paterson, Y
   Bevins, CL
AF Salzman, NH
   Ghosh, D
   Huttner, KM
   Paterson, Y
   Bevins, CL
TI Protection against enteric salmonellosis in transgenic mice expressing a human intestinal defensin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID innate host-defense; paneth cell; antimicrobial peptide; epithelial-cells; alpha-defensins; gene; localization; macrophages; secretion; growth
AB Genetically encoded antibiotic peptides are evolutionarily ancient and widespread effector molecules of immune defence(1-3). Mammalian defensins, one subset of such peptides, have been implicated in the antimicrobial defence capacity of phagocytic leukocytes and various epithelial cells(4), but direct evidence of the magnitude of their in vivo effects have not been clearly demonstrated. Paneth cells, specialized epithelia of the small intestinal crypt, secrete abundant alpha-defensins and other antimicrobial polypeptides(5,6) including human defensin 5 (HD-5; also known as DEFA5)(7-9). Although antibiotic activity of HD-5 has been demonstrated in vitro(9,10), functional studies of HD-5 biology have been limited by the lack of in vivo models. To study the in vivo role of HD-5, we developed a transgenic mouse model using a 2.9-kilobase HD-5 minigene containing two HD-5 exons and 1.4 kilobases of 5'-flanking sequence. Here we show that HD-5 expression in these mice is specific to Paneth cells and reflects endogenous enteric defensin gene expression. The storage and processing of transgenic HD-5 also matches that observed in humans. HD-5 transgenic mice were markedly resistant to oral challenge with virulent Salmonella typhimurium. These findings provide support for a critical in vivo role of epithelial-derived defensins in mammalian host defence.
C1 Cleveland Clin Fdn, Lerner Res Inst, Dept Immunol, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA.
   Med Coll Wisconsin, Dept Pediat, Div Gastroenterol, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Sch Med, Div Neonatol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Childrens Hosp Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 Cleveland Clinic Foundation; Medical College of Wisconsin; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; University of Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania; Pennsylvania Medicine; Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia
RP Bevins, CL (corresponding author), Cleveland Clin Fdn, Lerner Res Inst, Dept Immunol, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA.
EM bevinsc@ccf.org
FU NIAID NIH HHS [K08 AI001525] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 626
Z9 753
U1 1
U2 51
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 3
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6931
BP 522
EP 526
DI 10.1038/nature01520
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 662TW
UT WOS:000181965400038
PM 12660734
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Javey, A
   Guo, J
   Wang, Q
   Lundstrom, M
   Dai, HJ
AF Javey, A
   Guo, J
   Wang, Q
   Lundstrom, M
   Dai, HJ
TI Ballistic carbon nanotube field-effect transistors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID devices
AB A common feature of the single-walled carbon-nanotube field-effect transistors fabricated to date has been the presence of a Schottky barrier at the nanotube-metal junctions(1-3). These energy barriers severely limit transistor conductance in the 'ON' state, and reduce the current delivery capability-a key determinant of device performance. Here we show that contacting semiconducting single-walled nanotubes by palladium, a noble metal with high work function and good wetting interactions with nanotubes, greatly reduces or eliminates the barriers for transport through the valence band of nanotubes. In situ modification of the electrode work function by hydrogen is carried out to shed light on the nature of the contacts. With Pd contacts, the 'ON' states of semiconducting nanotubes can behave like ohmically contacted ballistic metallic tubes, exhibiting room-temperature conductance near the ballistic transport limit of 4e(2)/h (refs 4-6), high current-carrying capability (similar to25 muA per tube), and Fabry-Perot interferences (5) at low temperatures. Under high voltage operation, the current saturation appears to be set by backscattering of the charge carriers by optical phonons. High-performance ballistic nanotube field-effect transistors with zero or slightly negative Schottky barriers are thus realized.
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Chem, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Purdue Univ, Sch Elect & Comp Engn, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Purdue University System; Purdue University
RP Dai, HJ (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Chem, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM hdai@stanford.edu
NR 31
TC 2765
Z9 3343
U1 8
U2 1014
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 7
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6949
BP 654
EP 657
DI 10.1038/nature01797
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 708QE
UT WOS:000184578800039
PM 12904787
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Leibfried, D
   DeMarco, B
   Meyer, V
   Lucas, D
   Barrett, M
   Britton, J
   Itano, WM
   Jelenkovic, B
   Langer, C
   Rosenband, T
   Wineland, DJ
AF Leibfried, D
   DeMarco, B
   Meyer, V
   Lucas, D
   Barrett, M
   Britton, J
   Itano, WM
   Jelenkovic, B
   Langer, C
   Rosenband, T
   Wineland, DJ
TI Experimental demonstration of a robust, high-fidelity geometric two ion-qubit phase gate
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quantum; state; ions; decoherence
AB Universal logic gates for two quantum bits (qubits) form an essential ingredient of quantum computation. Dynamical gates have been proposed(1,2) in the context of trapped ions; however, geometric phase gates (which change only the phase of the physical qubits) offer potential practical advantages because they have higher intrinsic resistance to certain small errors and might enable faster gate implementation. Here we demonstrate a universal geometric pi-phase gate between two beryllium ion-qubits, based on coherent displacements induced by an optical dipole force. The displacements depend on the internal atomic states; the motional state of the ions is unimportant provided that they remain in the regime in which the force can be considered constant over the extent of each ion's wave packet. By combining the gate with single-qubit rotations, we have prepared ions in an entangled Bell state with 97% fidelity-about six times better than in a previous experiment(3) demonstrating a universal gate between two ion-qubits. The particular properties of the gate make it attractive for a multiplexed trap architecture(4,5) that would enable scaling to large numbers of ionqubits.
C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Time & Frequency Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Oxford OX1 3PU, England.
   Inst Phys, YU-11001 Belgrade, Serbia.
C3 National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) - USA; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; University of Oxford; University of Belgrade
RP Wineland, DJ (corresponding author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Time & Frequency Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA.
EM david.wineland@boulder.nist.gov
NR 22
TC 968
Z9 1090
U1 5
U2 129
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 27
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6930
BP 412
EP 415
DI 10.1038/nature01492
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 659WV
UT WOS:000181801200039
PM 12660778
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Takahashi, K
   Mitsui, K
   Yamanaka, S
AF Takahashi, K
   Mitsui, K
   Yamanaka, S
TI Role of ERas in promoting tumour-like properties in mouse embryonic stem cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; protein; kinase; transformation; gene; akt; establishment; suppression; pten; line
AB Embryonic stem (ES) cells are pluripotent cells derived from early mammalian embryos(1,2). Their immortality and rapid growth make them attractive sources for stem cell therapies(3); however, they produce tumours (teratomas) when transplanted, which could preclude their therapeutic usage(4). Why ES cells, which lack chromosomal abnormalities, possess tumour-like properties is largely unknown. Here we show that mouse ES cells specifically express a Ras-like gene, which we have named ERas. We show that human HRasp, which is a recognized pseudogene, does not contain reported base substitutions and instead encodes the human orthologue of ERas. This protein contains amino-acid residues identical to those present in active mutants of Ras(5) and causes oncogenic transformation in NIH 3T3 cells. ERas interacts with phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase(6) but not with Raf(7,8). ERas-null ES cells maintain pluripotency but show significantly reduced growth and tumorigenicity, which are rescued by expression of ERas complementary DNA or by activated phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase. We conclude that the transforming oncogene ERas is important in the tumour-like growth properties of ES cells.
C1 Nara Inst Sci & Technol, Res & Educ Ctr Genet Informat, Lab Anim Mol Technol, Nara 6300192, Japan.
C3 Nara Institute of Science & Technology
RP Yamanaka, S (corresponding author), Nara Inst Sci & Technol, Res & Educ Ctr Genet Informat, Lab Anim Mol Technol, Nara 6300192, Japan.
NR 30
TC 280
Z9 347
U1 0
U2 35
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 29
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6939
BP 541
EP 545
DI 10.1038/nature01646
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 683RH
UT WOS:000183162900044
PM 12774123
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shaevitz, JW
   Abbondanzieri, EA
   Landick, R
   Block, SM
AF Shaevitz, JW
   Abbondanzieri, EA
   Landick, R
   Block, SM
TI Backtracking by single RNA polymerase molecules observed at near-base-pair resolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; transcript cleavage; elongation; dna; fidelity; force; grea; mechanism; complexes; arrest
AB Escherichia coli RNA polymerase ( RNAP) synthesizes RNA with remarkable fidelity in vivo(1). Its low error rate may be achieved by means of a ' proofreading' mechanism comprised of two sequential events. The first event ( backtracking) involves a transcriptionally upstream motion of RNAP through several base pairs, which carries the 30 end of the nascent RNA transcript away from the enzyme active site. The second event ( endonucleolytic cleavage) occurs after a variable delay and results in the scission and release of the most recently incorporated ribonucleotides, freeing up the active site. Here, by combining ultrastable optical trapping apparatus with a novel two- bead assay to monitor transcriptional elongation with near- base- pair precision, we observed backtracking and recovery by single molecules of RNAP. Backtracking events (similar to 5 bp) occurred infrequently at locations throughout the DNA template and were associated with pauses lasting 20 s to > 30 min. Inosine triphosphate increased the frequency of backtracking pauses, whereas the accessory proteins GreA and GreB, which stimulate the cleavage of nascent RNA, decreased the duration of such pauses.
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Appl Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Bacteriol, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University; Stanford University; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
RP Block, SM (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Appl Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM057035] Funding Source: Medline
NR 28
TC 314
Z9 399
U1 2
U2 65
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 11
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6967
BP 684
EP 687
DI 10.1038/nature02191
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 752DY
UT WOS:000187132800047
PM 14634670
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Friml, J
   Vieten, A
   Sauer, M
   Weijers, D
   Schwarz, H
   Hamann, T
   Offringa, R
   Jürgens, G
AF Friml, J
   Vieten, A
   Sauer, M
   Weijers, D
   Schwarz, H
   Hamann, T
   Offringa, R
   Jürgens, G
TI Efflux-dependent auxin gradients establish the apical-basal axis of Arabidopsis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gnom arf-gef; pattern-formation; morphogen gradients; polar transport; plant; embryo; gene; cells; root; embryogenesis
AB Axis formation occurs in plants, as in animals, during early embryogenesis. However, the underlying mechanism is not known. Here we show that the first manifestation of the apical-basal axis in plants, the asymmetric division of the zygote, produces a basal cell that transports and an apical cell that responds to the signalling molecule auxin. This apical-basal auxin activity gradient triggers the specification of apical embryo structures and is actively maintained by a novel component of auxin efflux, PIN7, which is located apically in the basal cell. Later, the developmentally regulated reversal of PIN7 and onset of PIN1 polar localization reorganize the auxin gradient for specification of the basal root pole. An analysis of pin quadruple mutants identifies PIN-dependent transport as an essential part of the mechanism for embryo axis formation. Our results indicate how the establishment of cell polarity, polar auxin efflux and local auxin response result in apical-basal axis formation of the embryo, and thus determine the axiality of the adult plant.
C1 Univ Tubingen, Zentrum Mol Biol Pflanzen, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
   Leiden Univ, Clusius Lab, Inst Biol, NL-2333 AL Leiden, Netherlands.
   Max Planck Inst Dev Biol, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
C3 Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen; Leiden University; Leiden University - Excl LUMC; Max Planck Society
RP Friml, J (corresponding author), Univ Tubingen, Zentrum Mol Biol Pflanzen, Morgenstelle 3, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
NR 39
TC 1525
Z9 1744
U1 9
U2 402
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 13
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6963
BP 147
EP 153
DI 10.1038/nature02085
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 742LA
UT WOS:000186517200034
PM 14614497
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhang, LI
   Tan, AYY
   Schreiner, CE
   Merzenich, MM
AF Zhang, LI
   Tan, AYY
   Schreiner, CE
   Merzenich, MM
TI Topography and synaptic shaping of direction selectivity in primary auditory cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID receptive-fields; cortical-neurons; unit responses; in-vivo; cat; frequency; rat; organization; inhibition; patterns
AB The direction of frequency-modulated ( FM) sweeps is an important temporal cue in animal and human communication. FM direction-selective neurons are found in the primary auditory cortex (A1)(1,2), but their topography and the mechanisms underlying their selectivity remain largely unknown. Here we report that in the rat A1, direction selectivity is topographically ordered in parallel with characteristic frequency (CF): low CF neurons preferred upward sweeps, whereas high CF neurons preferred downward sweeps. The asymmetry of 'inhibitory sidebands', suppressive regions flanking the tonal receptive field (TRF) of the spike response, also co-varied with CF. In vivo whole-cell recordings showed that the direction selectivity already present in the synaptic inputs was enhanced by cortical synaptic inhibition, which suppressed the synaptic excitation of the nonpreferred direction more than that of the preferred. The excitatory and inhibitory synaptic TRFs had identical spectral tuning, but with inhibition delayed relative to excitation. The spectral asymmetry of the synaptic TRFs co-varied with CF, as had direction selectivity and sideband asymmetry, and thus suggested a synaptic mechanism for the shaping of FM direction selectivity and its topographic ordering.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Coleman Mem Lab, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, WM Keck Fdn Ctr Integrat Neurosci, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Zhang, LI (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Coleman Mem Lab, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
EM lizhang@phy.ucsf.edu
FU NIDCD NIH HHS [R01 DC002260] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 315
Z9 369
U1 0
U2 29
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 10
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6945
BP 201
EP 205
DI 10.1038/nature01796
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 699AA
UT WOS:000184032700044
PM 12853959
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schaal, B
   Coureaud, G
   Langlois, D
   Ginies, C
   Sémon, E
   Perrier, G
AF Schaal, B
   Coureaud, G
   Langlois, D
   Ginies, C
   Sémon, E
   Perrier, G
TI Chemical and behavioural characterization of the rabbit mammary pheromone
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID newborn rabbits; olfaction; odors; rats; pup
AB Mammals owe part of their evolutionary success to the harmonious exchanges of information, energy and immunity between females and their offspring. This functional reciprocity is vital for the survival and normal development of infants, and for the inclusive fitness of parents(1,2). It is best seen in the intense exchanges taking place around the mother's offering of, and the infant's quest for, milk. All mammalian females have evolved behavioural and sensory methods of stimulating and guiding their inexperienced newborns to their mammae, whereas newborns have coevolved means to respond to them efficiently(3). Among these cues, maternal odours have repeatedly been shown to be involved(4-6), but the chemical identity and pheromonal nature of these cues have not been definitively characterized until now. Here we focus on the nature of an odour signal emitted by the female rabbit to which newborn pups respond by attraction and oral grasping, and provide a complete chemical and behavioural description of a pheromone of mammary origin in a mammalian species.
C1 Ctr Europeen Sci Gout, CNRS, Fre 2328, F-21000 Dijon, France.
   INRA, Unite Mixte Rech Aromes, F-21000 Dijon, France.
   Etab Natl Enseignement Super Agr, F-21000 Dijon, France.
C3 Institut Agro; Institut Agro Dijon; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Bourgogne Europe; INRAE
RP Schaal, B (corresponding author), Ctr Europeen Sci Gout, CNRS, Fre 2328, F-21000 Dijon, France.
EM schaal@cesg.cnrs.fr
NR 30
TC 290
Z9 332
U1 0
U2 49
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 3
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6944
BP 68
EP 72
DI 10.1038/nature01739
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 696XL
UT WOS:000183912800041
PM 12840760
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gandhi, SP
   Stevens, CF
AF Gandhi, SP
   Stevens, CF
TI Three modes of synaptic vesicular recycling revealed by single-vesicle imaging
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID retinal bipolar cells; hippocampal synapses; nerve-terminals; membrane retrieval; chromaffin cells; endocytosis; exocytosis; calcium; fusion; ph
AB Synapses recycle their spent vesicles in order to keep up with on-going neurotransmitter release. To investigate vesicle recycling in the small synapses of hippocampal neurons, we have used an optical recording method that permits us to resolve single-vesicle events. Here we show that an exocytic event can terminate with three modes of vesicle retrieval: a fast (400-860 ms) 'kiss-and-run' mode that has a selective fusion pore; a slow (8-21 s) 'compensatory' mode; and a 'stranded' mode of recycling, in which a vesicle is left on the cell surface until a nerve impulse triggers its retrieval. We have also observed that, in response to a nerve impulse, synapses with low release probability primarily use the kiss-and-run mode, whereas high release probability terminals predominantly use the compensatory mode of vesicle retrieval.
C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, Howard Hughes Med Inst, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Salk Inst Biol Studies, Mol Neurobiol Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Neurosci Program, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Salk Institute; Salk Institute; University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Stevens, CF (corresponding author), Salk Inst Biol Studies, Howard Hughes Med Inst, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
NR 37
TC 355
Z9 434
U1 0
U2 56
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 5
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6940
BP 607
EP 613
DI 10.1038/nature01677
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 686BT
UT WOS:000183301200032
PM 12789331
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hayes, RA
   Feenstra, BJ
AF Hayes, RA
   Feenstra, BJ
TI Video-speed electronic paper based on electrowetting
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID voltage; displays
AB In recent years, a number of different technologies have been proposed for use in reflective displays(1-3). One of the most appealing applications of a reflective display is electronic paper, which combines the desirable viewing characteristics of conventional printed paper with the ability to manipulate the displayed information electronically. Electronic paper based on the electrophoretic motion of particles inside small capsules has been demonstrated(1) and commercialized; but the response speed of such a system is rather slow, limited by the velocity of the particles. Recently, we have demonstrated that electrowetting is an attractive technology for the rapid manipulation of liquids on a micrometre scale(4). Here we show that electrowetting can also be used to form the basis of a reflective display that is significantly faster than electrophoretic displays, so that video content can be displayed. Our display principle utilizes the voltage-controlled movement of a coloured oil film adjacent to a white substrate. The reflectivity and contrast of our system approach those of paper. In addition, we demonstrate a colour concept, which is intrinsically four times brighter than reflective liquid-crystal displays(5) and twice as bright as other emerging technologies(1-3). The principle of microfluidic motion at low voltages is applicable in a wide range of electro-optic devices.
C1 Philips Res Eindhoven, NL-5656 AA Eindhoven, Netherlands.
C3 Philips; Philips Research
RP Hayes, RA (corresponding author), Philips Res Eindhoven, Prof Holstlaan 4, NL-5656 AA Eindhoven, Netherlands.
NR 13
TC 955
Z9 1334
U1 15
U2 474
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 25
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6956
BP 383
EP 385
DI 10.1038/nature01988
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 724TG
UT WOS:000185502300036
PM 14508484
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hattar, S
   Lucas, RJ
   Mrosovsky, N
   Thompson, S
   Douglas, RH
   Hankins, MW
   Lem, J
   Biel, M
   Hofmann, F
   Foster, RG
   Yau, KW
AF Hattar, S
   Lucas, RJ
   Mrosovsky, N
   Thompson, S
   Douglas, RH
   Hankins, MW
   Lem, J
   Biel, M
   Hofmann, F
   Foster, RG
   Yau, KW
TI Melanopsin and rod-cone photoreceptive systems account for all major accessory visual functions in mice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID retinal ganglion-cells; circadian-rhythms; retinohypothalamic tract; light; responses; masking; lacking; clock; phototransduction; photosensitivity
AB In the mammalian retina, besides the conventional rod-cone system, a melanopsin-associated photoreceptive system exists that conveys photic information for accessory visual functions such as pupillary light reflex and circadian photo-entrainment(1-7). On ablation of the melanopsin gene, retinal ganglion cells that normally express melanopsin are no longer intrinsically photosensitive(8). Furthermore, pupil reflex(8), light-induced phase delays of the circadian clock(9,10) and period lengthening of the circadian rhythm in constant light(9,10) are all partially impaired. Here, we investigated whether additional photoreceptive systems participate in these responses. Using mice lacking rods and cones, we measured the action spectrum for phase-shifting the circadian rhythm of locomotor behaviour. This spectrum matches that for the pupillary light reflex in mice of the same genotype(11), and that for the intrinsic photosensitivity of the melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells(7). We have also generated mice lacking melanopsin coupled with disabled rod and cone phototransduction mechanisms. These animals have an intact retina but fail to show any significant pupil reflex, to entrain to light/dark cycles, and to show any masking response to light. Thus, the rod-cone and melanopsin systems together seem to provide all of the photic input for these accessory visual functions.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurosci, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Fac Med, Dept Integrat & Mol Neurosci, Div Neurosci & Psychol Med, London W6 8RF, England.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Zool, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Physiol, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Psychol, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada.
   City Univ London, Dept Optometry & Visual Sci, Appl Vis Res Ctr, London EC1V 0HB, England.
   Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Ophthalmol, Boston, MA 02111 USA.
   Univ Munich, Zentrum Pharmaforsch, Lehrstuhl Pharmakol Nat Wissensch, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
   Tech Univ Munich, Inst Pharmakol & Toxikol, D-80802 Munich, Germany.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Imperial College London; University of Toronto; University of Toronto; University of Toronto; City St Georges, University of London; Tufts University; University of Munich; Technical University of Munich
RP Yau, KW (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
FU NEI NIH HHS [R37 EY006837, R01 EY014596, R01 EY006837] Funding Source: Medline; Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline; National Eye Institute [R01EY014596] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 32
TC 961
Z9 1152
U1 2
U2 91
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 3
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6944
BP 76
EP 81
DI 10.1038/nature01761
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 696XL
UT WOS:000183912800043
PM 12808468
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McCulloch, M
   Fallon, S
   Wyndham, T
   Hendy, E
   Lough, J
   Barnes, D
AF McCulloch, M
   Fallon, S
   Wyndham, T
   Hendy, E
   Lough, J
   Barnes, D
TI Coral record of increased sediment flux to the inner Great Barrier Reef since European settlement
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phase-shifts; massive corals; perspectives; impacts; issue; bands; water
AB The effect of European settlement on water quality in the Great Barrier Reef of Australia is a long-standing and controversial issue(1-6). Erosion and sediment transport in river catchments in this region have increased substantially since European settlement(6-10), but the magnitude of these changes remains uncertain(1-10). Here we report analyses of Ba/Ca ratios in long-lived Porites coral from Havannah Reef-a site on the inner Great Barrier Reef that is influenced by flood plumes from the Burdekin river-to establish a record of sediment fluxes from about 1750 to 1998. We find that, in the early part of the record, suspended sediment from river floods reached the inner reef area only occasionally, whereas after about 1870-following the beginning of European settlement-a five- to tenfold increase in the delivery of sediments is recorded with the highest fluxes occurring during the drought-breaking floods. We conclude that, since European settlement, land-use practices such as clearing and overstocking have led to major degradation of the semi-arid river catchments, resulting in substantially increased sediment loads entering the inner Great Barrier Reef.
C1 Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Earth Sci, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
   Australian Inst Marine Sci, Townsville, Qld 4810, Australia.
C3 Australian National University; Australian Institute of Marine Science
RP McCulloch, M (corresponding author), Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Earth Sci, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
EM Malcom.McCulloch@anu.edu.au
NR 30
TC 580
Z9 646
U1 1
U2 201
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 13
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6924
BP 727
EP 730
DI 10.1038/nature01361
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 644UP
UT WOS:000180938000039
PM 12610621
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jacobson, T
   Liberati, S
   Mattingly, D
AF Jacobson, T
   Liberati, S
   Mattingly, D
TI A strong astrophysical constraint on the violation of special relativity by quantum gravity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID radiation; limits; tests; speed; light
AB Special relativity asserts that physical phenomena appear the same to all unaccelerated observers. This is called Lorentz symmetry and relates long wavelengths to short ones: if the symmetry is exact it implies that space-time must look the same at all length scales. Several approaches to quantum gravity, however, suggest that there may be a microscopic structure of space-time that leads to a violation of Lorentz symmetry. This might arise because of the discreteness(1) or non-commutivity(2) of space-time, or through the action of extra dimensions(3). Here we determine a very strong constraint on a type of Lorentz violation that produces a maximum electron speed less than the speed of light. We use the observation of 100-MeV synchrotron radiation from the Crab nebula to improve the previous limit by a factor of 40 million, ruling out this type of Lorentz violation, and thereby providing an important constraint on theories of quantum gravity.
C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
C3 University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park
RP Jacobson, T (corresponding author), Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
EM jacobson@physics.umd.edu
NR 27
TC 232
Z9 236
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 28
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6952
BP 1019
EP 1021
DI 10.1038/nature01882
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 715QR
UT WOS:000184984200033
PM 12944959
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Etienne-Manneville, S
   Hall, A
AF Etienne-Manneville, S
   Hall, A
TI Cdc42 regulates GSK-3β and adenomatous polyposis coli to control cell polarity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID beta-catenin; xenopus embryos; protein eb1; c-elegans; kinase; phosphorylation; microtubules; complex; binding; activation
AB Cell polarity is a fundamental property of all cells. In higher eukaryotes, the small GTPase Cdc42, acting through a Par6-atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) complex, is required to establish cellular asymmetry during epithelial morphogenesis, asymmetric cell division and directed cell migration(1-5). However, little is known about what lies downstream of this complex. Here we show, through the use of primary rat astrocytes in a cell migration assay, that Par6-PKCzeta interacts directly with and regulates glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta) to promote polarization of the centrosome and to control the direction of cell protrusion. Cdc42-dependent phosphorylation of GSK-3beta induces the interaction of adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc) protein with the plus ends of microtubules. The association of Apc with microtubules is essential for cell polarization. We conclude that Cdc42 regulates cell polarity through the spatial regulation of GSK-3beta and Apc. This role for Apc may contribute to its tumour-suppressor activity. occurs specifically at the leading edge of migrating cells, and
C1 UCL, MRC, Mol Cell Biol Lab, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   UCL, Canc Res UK Oncogene & Signal Transduct Grp, Cell Biol Unit, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   UCL, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, London WC1E 6BT, England.
C3 University of London; University College London; University of London; University College London; University of London; University College London
RP Hall, A (corresponding author), UCL, MRC, Mol Cell Biol Lab, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, England.
EM alan.hall@ucl.ac.uk
NR 28
TC 701
Z9 875
U1 0
U2 31
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 13
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6924
BP 753
EP 756
DI 10.1038/nature01423
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 644UP
UT WOS:000180938000046
PM 12610628
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wehr, M
   Zador, AM
AF Wehr, M
   Zador, AM
TI Balanced inhibition underlies tuning and sharpens spike timing in auditory cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID visual cortical-neurons; direction selectivity; response property; receptive-fields; simple cells; in-vivo; cat; input; orientation; sensitivity
AB Neurons in the primary auditory cortex are tuned to the intensity and specific frequencies of sounds, but the synaptic mechanisms underlying this tuning remain uncertain. Inhibition seems to have a functional role in the formation of cortical receptive fields, because stimuli often suppress similar or neighbouring responses(1-3), and pharmacological blockade of inhibition broadens tuning curves(4,5). Here we use whole-cell recordings in vivo to disentangle the roles of excitatory and inhibitory activity in the tone-evoked responses of single neurons in the auditory cortex. The excitatory and inhibitory receptive fields cover almost exactly the same areas, in contrast to the predictions of classical lateral inhibition models. Thus, although inhibition is typically as strong as excitation, it is not necessary to establish tuning, even in the receptive field surround. However, inhibition and excitation occurred in a precise and stereotyped temporal sequence: an initial barrage of excitatory input was rapidly quenched by inhibition, truncating the spiking response within a few (1-4) milliseconds. Balanced inhibition might thus serve to increase the temporal precision(6) and thereby reduce the randomness of cortical operation, rather than to increase noise as has been proposed previously(7).
C1 Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
C3 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
RP Zador, AM (corresponding author), Cold Spring Harbor Lab, 1 Bungtown Rd, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
NR 30
TC 1085
Z9 1345
U1 1
U2 63
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 27
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6965
BP 442
EP 446
DI 10.1038/nature02116
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 747JE
UT WOS:000186800800038
PM 14647382
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Huynen, L
   Millar, CD
   Scofield, RP
   Lambert, DM
AF Huynen, L
   Millar, CD
   Scofield, RP
   Lambert, DM
TI Nuclear DNA sequences detect species limits in ancient moa
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mitochondrial-dna; genome sequences; sex; birds; gene
AB Ancient DNA studies have typically used multi-copy mitochondrial DNA sequences(1,2). This is largely because single-locus nuclear genes have been difficult to recover from sub-fossil material(3), restricting the scope of ancient DNA research. Here, we have isolated single-locus nuclear DNA markers to assign the sex of 115 extinct moa and, in combination with a mitochondrial DNA phylogeny, tested competing hypotheses about the specific status of moa taxa. Moa were large ratite birds that showed extreme size variation both within and among species(4). For some taxa, this large variation was hypothesized to represent sexual dimorphism, while for others it was argued to reflect the existence of different species(5). Our results show that moa were characterized by extreme reverse sexual dimorphism and as a result we have been able to clarify the number of moa species. For example, we show that the three recognized 'species' of Dinornis comprised only two monophyletic groups and that two of these 'species' comprised individuals of one sex only. This study also illustrates that single-locus nuclear DNA sequences can be consistently recovered from ancient material.
C1 Univ Auckland, Sch Biol Sci, Allan Wilson Ctr Mol Ecol & Evolut, Auckland 1, New Zealand.
   Canterbury Museum, Christchurch 8001, New Zealand.
C3 Massey University; University of Auckland
RP Lambert, DM (corresponding author), Massey Univ, Inst Mol Biosci, Allan Wilson Ctr Mol Ecol & Evolut, Private Bag 102 904, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
EM D.M.Lambert@massey.ac.nz
NR 30
TC 102
Z9 113
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 11
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6954
BP 175
EP 178
DI 10.1038/nature01838
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 719ZT
UT WOS:000185236000041
PM 12968179
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Andersen, JS
   Wilkinson, CJ
   Mayor, T
   Mortensen, P
   Nigg, EA
   Mann, M
AF Andersen, JS
   Wilkinson, CJ
   Mayor, T
   Mortensen, P
   Nigg, EA
   Mann, M
TI Proteomic characterization of the human centrosome by protein correlation profiling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID component; cycle; gene; identification; duplication; alms1
AB The centrosome is the major microtubule-organizing centre of animal cells and through its influence on the cytoskeleton is involved in cell shape, polarity and motility. It also has a crucial function in cell division because it determines the poles of the mitotic spindle that segregates duplicated chromosomes between dividing cells(1-5). Despite the importance of this organelle to cell biology and more than 100 years of study, many aspects of its function remain enigmatic and its structure and composition are still largely unknown. We performed a mass-spectrometry-based proteomic analysis of human centrosomes in the interphase of the cell cycle by quantitatively profiling hundreds of proteins across several centrifugation fractions. True centrosomal proteins were revealed by both correlation with already known centrosomal proteins and in vivo localization. We identified and validated 23 novel components and identified 41 likely candidates as well as the vast majority of the known centrosomal proteins in a large background of nonspecific proteins. Protein correlation profiling permits the analysis of any multiprotein complex that can be enriched by fractionation but not purified to homogeneity.
C1 Univ So Denmark, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Ctr Expt Bioinformat, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark.
   Max Planck Inst Biochem, Dept Cell Biol, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
C3 University of Southern Denmark; Max Planck Society
RP Nigg, EA (corresponding author), Univ So Denmark, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Ctr Expt Bioinformat, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark.
EM nigg@biochem.mpg.de; mann@bmb.sdu.dk
NR 30
TC 1091
Z9 1329
U1 1
U2 90
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 4
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6966
BP 570
EP 574
DI 10.1038/nature02166
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 749TE
UT WOS:000186944300042
PM 14654843
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sakaba, T
   Neher, E
AF Sakaba, T
   Neher, E
TI Direct modulation of synaptic vesicle priming by GABAB receptor activation at a glutamatergic synapse
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID presynaptic calcium current; transmitter release; brain-stem; g-proteins; inhibition; camp; rat; transmission; currents; calyx
AB Second messenger cascades involving G proteins(1,2) and calcium(3) are known to modulate neurotransmitter release(4,5). A prominent effect of such a cascade is the downmodulation of presynaptic calcium influx(6,7), which markedly reduces evoked neurotransmitter release(5,7,8). Here we show that G-protein-mediated signalling, such as through GABA (gamma-amino butyric acid) subtype B (GABA(B)) receptors, retards the recruitment of synaptic vesicles during sustained activity and after short-term depression. This retardation occurs through a lowering of cyclic AMP, which blocks the stimulatory effect of increased calcium concentration on vesicle recruitment. In this signalling pathway, cAMP (functioning through the cAMP-dependent guanine nucleotide exchange factor) and calcium/calmodulin cooperate to enhance vesicle priming. The differential modulation of the two forms of synaptic plasticity, presynaptic inhibition and calcium-dependent recovery from synaptic depression, is expected to have interesting consequences for the dynamic behaviour of neural networks.
C1 Max Planck Inst Biophys Chem, Dept Membrane Biophys, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Neher, E (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Biophys Chem, Dept Membrane Biophys, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany.
NR 30
TC 199
Z9 235
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 14
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6950
BP 775
EP 778
DI 10.1038/nature01859
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 711HQ
UT WOS:000184733900040
PM 12917685
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Abe, E
   Pennycook, SJ
   Tsai, AP
AF Abe, E
   Pennycook, SJ
   Tsai, AP
TI Direct observation of a local thermal vibration anomaly in a quasicrystal
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID decagonal quasi-crystals; diffuse-scattering; co; crystallography; elasticity; clusters; phasons
AB Quasicrystals have long-range order with symmetries that are incompatible with periodicity, and are often described with reference to a higher-dimensional analogue of a periodic lattice(1-3). Within the context of this 'hyperspace' crystallography, lattice dynamics of quasicrystals can be described by a combination of lattice vibrations and atomic fluctuations-phonons and phasons(1,4). However, it is difficult to see localized fluctuations in a real-space quasicrystal structure, and so the nature of phason-related fluctuations and their contribution to thermodynamic stability are still not fully understood. Here we use atomic-resolution annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy to map directly the change in thermal diffuse scattering intensity distribution in the quasicrystal, through in situ high-temperature observation of decagonal Al72Ni20Co8. We find that, at 1,100 K, a local anomaly of atomic vibrations becomes significant at specific atomic sites in the structure. The distribution of these localized vibrations is not random but well-correlated, with a quasiperiodic length scale of 2 nm. We are able to explain this feature by an anomalous temperature (Debye-Waller) factor for the Al atoms that sit at the phason-related sites defined within the framework of hyperspace crystallography. The present results therefore provide a direct observation of local thermal vibration anomalies in a solid.
C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Condensed Matter Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, Natl Inst Mat Sci, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050047, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, SORST, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050047, Japan.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); National Institute for Materials Science; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Abe, E (corresponding author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Condensed Matter Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA.
NR 31
TC 119
Z9 131
U1 2
U2 74
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6921
BP 347
EP 350
DI 10.1038/nature01337
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 637UW
UT WOS:000180533000035
PM 12540895
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Luminet, JP
   Weeks, JR
   Riazuelo, A
   Lehoucq, R
   Uzan, JP
AF Luminet, JP
   Weeks, JR
   Riazuelo, A
   Lehoucq, R
   Uzan, JP
TI Dodecahedral space topology as an explanation for weak wide-angle temperature correlations in the cosmic microwave background
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID probe wmap observations; spherical spaces
AB The current 'standard model' of cosmology posits an infinite flat universe forever expanding under the pressure of dark energy. First-year data from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) confirm this model to spectacular precision on all but the largest scales(1,2). Temperature correlations across the microwave sky match expectations on angular scales narrower than 608 but, contrary to predictions, vanish on scales wider than 60degrees. Several explanations have been proposed(3,4). One natural approach questions the underlying geometry of space-namely, its curvature(5) and topology(6). In an infinite flat space, waves from the Big Bang would fill the universe on all length scales. The observed lack of temperature correlations on scales beyond 608 means that the broadest waves are missing, perhaps because space itself is not big enough to support them. Here we present a simple geometrical model of a finite space-the Poincare' dodecahedral space-which accounts for WMAP's observations with no fine-tuning required. The predicted density is Omega(0) < 1.013 > 1, and the model also predicts temperature correlations in matching circles on the sky(7).
C1 Observ Paris, F-92195 Meudon, France.
   CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   Univ Paris 11, Phys Theor Lab, F-91405 Orsay, France.
C3 Universite PSL; Observatoire de Paris; Universite Paris Saclay; CEA; Universite Paris Saclay
RP Weeks, JR (corresponding author), 15 Farmer St, Canton, NY 13617 USA.
NR 15
TC 308
Z9 326
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 9
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6958
BP 593
EP 595
DI 10.1038/nature01944
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 729XU
UT WOS:000185801000029
PM 14534579
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Martina, BEE
   Haagmans, BL
   Kuiken, T
   Fouchier, RAM
   Rimmelzwaan, GF
   van Amerongen, G
   Peiris, JSM
   Lim, W
   Osterhaus, ADME
AF Martina, BEE
   Haagmans, BL
   Kuiken, T
   Fouchier, RAM
   Rimmelzwaan, GF
   van Amerongen, G
   Peiris, JSM
   Lim, W
   Osterhaus, ADME
TI SARS virus infection of cats and ferrets
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID acute respiratory syndrome; coronavirus
C1 Erasmus Med Ctr, Inst Virol, NL-3015 GE Rotterdam, Netherlands.
   Queen Mary Hosp, Dept Pathol & Microbiol, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.
   Govt Virus Unit, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.
C3 Erasmus University Rotterdam; Erasmus MC; University of Hong Kong
RP Martina, BEE (corresponding author), Erasmus Med Ctr, Inst Virol, NL-3015 GE Rotterdam, Netherlands.
NR 5
TC 456
Z9 528
U1 0
U2 263
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 30
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6961
BP 915
EP 915
DI 10.1038/425915a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 737KY
UT WOS:000186230600030
PM 14586458
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wu, LZ
   de Bruin, A
   Saavedra, HI
   Starovic, M
   Trimboli, A
   Yang, Y
   Opavska, J
   Wilson, P
   Thompson, JC
   Ostrowski, MC
   Rosol, TJ
   Woollett, LA
   Weinstein, M
   Cross, JC
   Robinson, ML
   Leone, G
AF Wu, LZ
   de Bruin, A
   Saavedra, HI
   Starovic, M
   Trimboli, A
   Yang, Y
   Opavska, J
   Wilson, P
   Thompson, JC
   Ostrowski, MC
   Rosol, TJ
   Woollett, LA
   Weinstein, M
   Cross, JC
   Robinson, ML
   Leone, G
TI Extra-embryonic function of Rb is essential for embryonic development and viability
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID retinoblastoma gene; mouse placenta; chimeric mice; cells; proliferation; mutation; protein; differentiation; expression; apoptosis
AB The retinoblastoma (Rb) gene was the first tumour suppressor identified(1). Inactivation of Rb in mice results in unscheduled cell proliferation, apoptosis and widespread developmental defects, leading to embryonic death by day 14.5 (refs 2-4). However, the actual cause of the embryonic lethality has not been fully investigated. Here we show that loss of Rb leads to excessive proliferation of trophoblast cells and a severe disruption of the normal labyrinth architecture in the placenta. This is accompanied by a decrease in vascularization and a reduction in placental transport function. We used two complementary techniques-tetraploid aggregation and conditional knockout strategies-to demonstrate that Rb-deficient embryos supplied with a wild-type placenta can be carried to term, but die soon after birth. Most of the neurological and erythroid abnormalities thought to be responsible for the embryonic lethality of Rb-null animals were virtually absent in rescued Rb-null pups. These findings identify and define a key function of Rb in extra-embryonic cell lineages that is required for embryonic development and viability, and provide a mechanism for the cell autonomous versus non-cell autonomous roles of Rb in development.
C1 Ohio State Univ, Dept Mol Virol Immunol & Med Genet, Human Canc Genet Program, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
   Ohio State Univ, Dept Mol Genet, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
   Ohio State Univ, Ctr Comprehens Canc, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
   Ohio State Univ, Dept Vet Biosci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
   Ohio State Univ, Dept Pediat, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
   Univ Calgary, Fac Med, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
   Childrens Res Inst, Div Mol & Human Genet, Columbus, OH 43205 USA.
   Univ Cincinnati, Med Ctr, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA.
C3 University System of Ohio; Ohio State University; University System of Ohio; Ohio State University; University System of Ohio; Ohio State University; James Cancer Hospital & Solove Research Institute; University System of Ohio; Ohio State University; University System of Ohio; Ohio State University; University of Calgary; University System of Ohio; Ohio State University; Nationwide Childrens Hospital; Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital; Center for Molecular & Human Genetics; University System of Ohio; University of Cincinnati
RP Leone, G (corresponding author), Ohio State Univ, Dept Mol Virol Immunol & Med Genet, Human Canc Genet Program, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
NR 29
TC 319
Z9 386
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 27
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6926
BP 942
EP 947
DI 10.1038/nature01417
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 649BK
UT WOS:000181186900049
PM 12607001
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Aldhous, P
AF Aldhous, P
TI Atomic physics: Rocky Mountain high
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 1
Z9 1
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 26
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6943
BP 915
EP 916
DI 10.1038/423915a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 694BL
UT WOS:000183753900014
PM 12827165
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU West, GB
   Savage, VM
   Gillooly, J
   Enquist, BJ
   Woodruff, WH
   Brown, JH
AF West, GB
   Savage, VM
   Gillooly, J
   Enquist, BJ
   Woodruff, WH
   Brown, JH
TI Why does metabolic rate scale with body size?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   Santa Fe Inst, Santa Fe, NM 87501 USA.
   Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA.
   Univ Arizona, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; The Santa Fe Institute; University of New Mexico; University of Arizona
RP West, GB (corresponding author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
EM gbw@lanl.gov
NR 6
TC 100
Z9 110
U1 3
U2 89
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 13
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6924
BP 713
EP 713
DI 10.1038/421713a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 644UP
UT WOS:000180938000032
PM 12610614
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Madsen, EB
   Madsen, LH
   Radutoiu, S
   Olbryt, M
   Rakwalska, M
   Szczyglowski, K
   Sato, S
   Kaneko, T
   Tabata, S
   Sandal, N
   Stougaard, J
AF Madsen, EB
   Madsen, LH
   Radutoiu, S
   Olbryt, M
   Rakwalska, M
   Szczyglowski, K
   Sato, S
   Kaneko, T
   Tabata, S
   Sandal, N
   Stougaard, J
TI A receptor kinase gene of the LysM type is involved in legume perception of rhizobial signals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lipo-oligosaccharide signals; pisum-sativum-l; lotus-japonicus; nodule organogenesis; nodulation factors; symbiotic mutants; host-specificity; meliloti; pea; bacterial
AB Plants belonging to the legume family develop nitrogen-fixing root nodules in symbiosis with bacteria commonly known as rhizobia. The legume host encodes all of the functions necessary to build the specialized symbiotic organ, the nodule, but the process is elicited by the bacteria(1-3). Molecular communication initiates the interaction, and signals, usually flavones, secreted by the legume root induce the bacteria to produce a lipochitin-oligosaccharide signal molecule (Nod-factor), which in turn triggers the plant organogenic process(4-7). An important determinant of bacterial host specificity is the structure of the Nodfactor, suggesting that a plant receptor is involved in signal perception and signal transduction initiating the plant developmental response(8,9). Here we describe the cloning of a putative Nod-factor receptor kinase gene (NFR5) from Lotus japonicus. NFR5 is essential for Nod-factor perception and encodes an unusual transmembrane serine/ threonine receptor-like kinase required for the earliest detectable plant responses to bacteria and Nod-factor. The extracellular domain of the putative receptor has three modules with similarity to LysM domains known from peptidoglycan-binding proteins and chitinases. Together with an atypical kinase domain structure this characterizes an unusual receptor-like kinase.
C1 Univ Aarhus, Dept Mol Biol, Gene Express Lab, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
   Agr & Agri Food Canada, SCPFRC, London, ON NV5 4T3, Canada.
   Kazusa DNA Res Inst, Chiba 2920812, Japan.
C3 Aarhus University; Agriculture & Agri Food Canada; Kazusa DNA Research Institute
RP Stougaard, J (corresponding author), Univ Aarhus, Dept Mol Biol, Gene Express Lab, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
EM stougaard@mb.au.dk
NR 31
TC 738
Z9 877
U1 2
U2 181
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 9
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6958
BP 637
EP 640
DI 10.1038/nature02045
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 729XU
UT WOS:000185801000042
PM 14534591
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Radutoiu, S
   Madsen, LH
   Madsen, EB
   Felle, HH
   Umehara, Y
   Gronlund, M
   Sato, S
   Nakamura, Y
   Tabata, S
   Sandal, N
   Stougaard, J
AF Radutoiu, S
   Madsen, LH
   Madsen, EB
   Felle, HH
   Umehara, Y
   Gronlund, M
   Sato, S
   Nakamura, Y
   Tabata, S
   Sandal, N
   Stougaard, J
TI Plant recognition of symbiotic bacteria requires two LysM receptor-like kinases
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lipo-oligosaccharide signals; legume lotus-japonicus; alfalfa root hairs; rhizobium-meliloti; nod factors; host-specificity; mutants; gene; expression; domain
AB Although most higher plants establish a symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, symbiotic nitrogen fixation with rhizobia is a salient feature of legumes. Despite this host range difference, mycorrhizal and rhizobial invasion shares a common plant-specified genetic programme controlling the early host interaction. One feature distinguishing legumes is their ability to perceive rhizobial-specific signal molecules. We describe here two LysM-type serine/threonine receptor kinase genes, NFR1 and NFR5, enabling the model legume Lotus japonicus to recognize its bacterial microsymbiont Mesorhizobium loti. The extracellular domains of the two transmembrane kinases resemble LysM domains of peptidoglycan- and chitin-binding proteins, suggesting that they may be involved directly in perception of the rhizobial lipochitin-oligosaccharide signal. We show that NFR1 and NFR5 are required for the earliest physiological and cellular responses to this lipochitin-oligosaccharide signal, and demonstrate their role in the mechanism establishing susceptibility of the legume root for bacterial infection.
C1 Univ Aarhus, Dept Mol Biol, Gene Express Lab, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
   Univ Giessen, Inst Bot 1, D-35390 Giessen, Germany.
   Kazusa DNA Res Inst, Chiba 2920812, Japan.
C3 Aarhus University; Justus Liebig University Giessen; Kazusa DNA Research Institute
RP Stougaard, J (corresponding author), Univ Aarhus, Dept Mol Biol, Gene Express Lab, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
EM stougaard@mb.au.dk
NR 47
TC 901
Z9 1064
U1 11
U2 296
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 9
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6958
BP 585
EP 592
DI 10.1038/nature02039
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 729XU
UT WOS:000185801000028
PM 14534578
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kenichi, T
   Kyoko, S
   Hiroshi, F
   Mitsuko, O
AF Kenichi, T
   Kyoko, S
   Hiroshi, F
   Mitsuko, O
TI Modulated structure of solid iodine during its molecular dissociation under high pressure
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray; metallic state; transformation; phase
AB The application of pressure to solid iodine forces the molecules in the crystal to approach each other until intermolecular distances become comparable to the bond length of iodine; at this point, the molecules lose their identity and are essentially dissociated. According to room-temperature X-ray diffraction studies(1), this process involves direct dissociation of iodine molecules at about 21 GPa, whereas spectroscopic observations(2,3) have identified intermediate molecular phases at pressures ranging from 15 to 30 GPa. Here we present quasi-hydrostatic powder X-ray diffraction measurements that clearly reveal an intermediate phase during the pressure-induced dissociation of solid iodine. We find that, similar to the behaviour seen in uranium(4), the structure of this intermediate phase is incommensurately modulated, with the nearest interatomic distances continuously distributed over the range 2.86 - 3.11 Angstrom. The shortest of these interatomic distances falls between the bond length of iodine in the molecular crystal (2.75 Angstrom) and the nearest interatomic distance in the fully dissociated monatomic crystal (2.89 Angstrom), implying that the intermediate phase is a transient state during molecular dissociation. We expect that further measurements at different temperatures will help to elucidate the origin and stability of the incommensurate structure, which might lead to a better understanding of the molecular-level mechanism of the pressure-induced dissociation seen here and in the molecular crystals of hydrogen(5), oxygen(6) and nitrogen(7).
C1 Natl Inst Mat Sci, Adv Mat Lab, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050044, Japan.
   Japan Soc Promot Sci, Chiyoda Ku, Tokyo 1020083, Japan.
   Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Inst Mat & Chem Proc, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058565, Japan.
C3 National Institute for Materials Science; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST)
RP Kenichi, T (corresponding author), Natl Inst Mat Sci, Adv Mat Lab, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050044, Japan.
EM takemura.kenichi@nims.go.jp
NR 25
TC 85
Z9 94
U1 2
U2 52
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 26
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6943
BP 971
EP 974
DI 10.1038/nature01724
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 694BL
UT WOS:000183753900045
PM 12827197
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Laxon, S
   Peacock, N
   Smith, D
AF Laxon, S
   Peacock, N
   Smith, D
TI High interannual variability of sea ice thickness in the Arctic region
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID climate; ocean; model; regimes; draft; basin
AB Possible future changes in Arctic sea ice cover and thickness, and consequent changes in the ice-albedo feedback, represent one of the largest uncertainties in the prediction of future temperature rise(1,2). Knowledge of the natural variability of sea ice thickness is therefore critical for its representation in global climate models(3,4). Numerical simulations suggest that Arctic ice thickness varies primarily on decadal timescales(3,5,6) owing to changes in wind and ocean stresses on the ice(7-10), but observations have been unable to provide a synoptic view of sea ice thickness, which is required to validate the model results(3,6,9). Here we use an eight-year time-series of Arctic ice thickness, derived from satellite altimeter measurements of ice freeboard, to determine the mean thickness field and its variability from 65degrees N to 81.5degrees N. Our data reveal a high-frequency interannual variability in mean Arctic ice thickness that is dominated by changes in the amount of summer melt(11), rather than by changes in circulation. Our results suggest that a continued increase in melt season length would lead to further thinning of Arctic sea ice.
C1 UCL, Ctr Polar Observat & Modelling, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   Met Off Hadley Ctr Climate Predict & Res, Exeter EX1 3PB, Devon, England.
C3 University of London; University College London; Met Office - UK; Hadley Centre
RP Laxon, S (corresponding author), UCL, Ctr Polar Observat & Modelling, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, England.
EM swl@cpom.ucl.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 451
Z9 517
U1 6
U2 121
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 30
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6961
BP 947
EP 950
DI 10.1038/nature02050
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 737KY
UT WOS:000186230600038
PM 14586466
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Collins, FS
   Green, ED
   Guttmacher, AE
   Guyer, MS
AF Collins, FS
   Green, ED
   Guttmacher, AE
   Guyer, MS
TI A vision for the future of genomics research
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID genetic information; sequence; dna; privacy
C1 NHGRI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI)
RP Collins, FS (corresponding author), NHGRI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
NR 44
TC 1300
Z9 1576
U1 2
U2 143
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 24
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6934
BP 835
EP 847
DI 10.1038/nature01626
PG 13
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 670WR
UT WOS:000182432600044
PM 12695777
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Papp, B
   Pál, C
   Hurst, LD
AF Papp, B
   Pál, C
   Hurst, LD
TI Dosage sensitivity and the evolution of gene families in yeast
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; protein; genome; organization; database; dominance; cells
AB According to what we term the balance hypothesis, an imbalance in the concentration of the subcomponents of a protein - protein complex can be deleterious(1). If so, there are two consequences: first, both underexpression and overexpression of protein complex subunits should lower fitness, and second, the accuracy of transcriptional co-regulation of subunits should reflect the deleterious consequences of imbalance. Here we show that all these predictions are upheld in yeast ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae). This supports the hypothesis(2,3) that dominance is a by-product of physiology and metabolism rather than the result of selection to mask the deleterious effects of mutations. Beyond this, single-gene duplication of protein subunits is expected to be harmful, as this, too, leads to imbalance. As then expected, we find that members of large gene families are rarely involved in complexes. The balance hypothesis therefore provides a single theoretical framework for understanding components both of dominance and of gene family size.
C1 Univ Bath, Dept Biol & Biochem, Bath BA2 7AY, Avon, England.
   Eotvos Lorand Univ, Dept Plant Taxon & Ecol, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
C3 University of Bath; Eotvos Lorand University
RP Hurst, LD (corresponding author), Univ Bath, Dept Biol & Biochem, Bath BA2 7AY, Avon, England.
EM bssldh@bath.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 671
Z9 775
U1 0
U2 52
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 10
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6945
BP 194
EP 197
DI 10.1038/nature01771
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 699AA
UT WOS:000184032700042
PM 12853957
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Moore, T
   Armstrong, KM
AF Moore, T
   Armstrong, KM
TI Selective gating of visual signals by microstimulation of frontal cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccadic eye-movements; spatial attention; cortical areas; macaque; fields; v4; representations; stimulation; topography; primates
AB Several decades of psychophysical and neurophysiological studies have established that visual signals are enhanced at the locus of attention(1-5). What remains a mystery is the mechanism that initiates biases in the strength of visual representations(6). Recent evidence argues that, during spatial attention, these biases reflect nascent saccadic eye movement commands(7,8). We examined the functional interaction of saccade preparation and visual coding by electrically stimulating sites within the frontal eye fields (FEF) and measuring its effect on the activity of neurons in extrastriate visual cortex. Here we show that visual responses in area V4 could be enhanced after brief stimulation of retinotopically corresponding sites within the FEF using currents below that needed to evoke saccades. The magnitude of the enhancement depended on the effectiveness of receptive field stimuli as well as on the presence of competing stimuli outside the receptive field. Stimulation of non-corresponding FEF representations could suppress V4 responses. The results suggest that the gain of visual signals is modified according to the strength of spatially corresponding eye movement commands.
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Psychol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
C3 Princeton University
RP Moore, T (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Dept Psychol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
NR 26
TC 920
Z9 1082
U1 1
U2 61
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6921
BP 370
EP 373
DI 10.1038/nature01341
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 637UW
UT WOS:000180533000042
PM 12540901
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Knight, J
AF Knight, J
TI Turning technology into gold
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 11
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6967
BP 708
EP 708
DI 10.1038/426708
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 752DY
UT WOS:000187132800053
PM 14668876
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Natesh, R
   Schwager, SLU
   Sturrock, ED
   Acharya, KR
AF Natesh, R
   Schwager, SLU
   Sturrock, ED
   Acharya, KR
TI Crystal structure of the human angiotensin-converting enzyme-lisinopril complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID active-site; competitive inhibitors; molecular-cloning; identification; hydrolysis; activation; dependence; substrate; residues; binding
AB Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) has a critical role in cardiovascular function by cleaving the carboxy terminal His-Leu dipeptide from angiotensin I to produce a potent vasopressor octapeptide, angiotensin II. Inhibitors of ACE are a first line of therapy for hypertension, heart failure, myocardial infarction and diabetic nephropathy. Notably, these inhibitors were developed without knowledge of the structure of human ACE, but were instead designed on the basis of an assumed mechanistic homology with carboxypeptidase A(1). Here we present the X-ray structure of human testicular ACE and its complex with one of the most widely used inhibitors, lisinopril (N-2-[(S)-1-carboxy-3-phenylpropyl]-L-lysyl-L-proline; also known as Prinivil or Zestril), at 2.0 Angstrom resolution. Analysis of the three-dimensional structure of ACE shows that it bears little similarity to that of carboxypeptidase A, but instead resembles neurolysin(2) and Pyrococcus furiosus carboxypeptidase(3)-zinc metallopeptidases with no detectable sequence similarity to ACE. The structure provides an opportunity to design domain-selective ACE inhibitors that may exhibit new pharmacological profiles.
C1 Univ Bath, Dept Biol & Biochem, Bath BA2 7AY, Avon, England.
   Univ Cape Town, Sch Med, Div Med Biochem, ZA-7925 Observatory, South Africa.
   Univ Cape Town, Sch Med, MRC, UCT Liver Res Ctr, ZA-7925 Observatory, South Africa.
C3 University of Bath; University of Cape Town; University of Cape Town
RP Acharya, KR (corresponding author), Univ Bath, Dept Biol & Biochem, Bath BA2 7AY, Avon, England.
EM sturrock@curie.uct.ac.za; bsskra@bath.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 762
Z9 848
U1 0
U2 184
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 30
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6922
BP 551
EP 554
DI 10.1038/nature01370
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 640DB
UT WOS:000180670600050
PM 12540854
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Doiron, B
   Chacron, MJ
   Maler, L
   Longtin, A
   Bastian, J
AF Doiron, B
   Chacron, MJ
   Maler, L
   Longtin, A
   Bastian, J
TI Inhibitory feedback required for network oscillatory responses to communication but not prey stimuli
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID weakly electric fish; lateral-line lobe; encoding neural assembly; corticothalamic feedback; sensory searchlight; visual-cortex; synchronization; neurons; cells; mechanisms
AB Stimulus-induced oscillations occur in visual(1,2), olfactory(3-6) and somatosensory(7) systems. Several experimental(2,3,5) and theoretical(8-13) studies have shown how such oscillations can be generated by inhibitory connections between neurons. But the effects of realistic spatiotemporal sensory input on oscillatory network dynamics and the overall functional roles of such oscillations in sensory processing are poorly understood. Weakly electric fish must detect electric field modulations produced by both prey (spatially localized)(14) and communication (spatially diffuse)(15) signals. Here we show, through in vivo recordings, that sensory pyramidal neurons in these animals produce an oscillatory response to communication-like stimuli, but not to prey-like stimuli. On the basis of well-characterized circuitry(16), we construct a network model of pyramidal neurons that predicts that diffuse delayed inhibitory feedback is required to achieve oscillatory behaviour only in response to communication-like stimuli. This prediction is experimentally verified by reversible blockade of feedback inhibition that removes oscillatory behaviour in the presence of communication-like stimuli. Our results show that a sensory system can use inhibitory feedback as a mechanism to 'toggle' between oscillatory and non-oscillatory firing states, each associated with a naturalistic stimulus.
C1 Univ Ottawa, Dept Phys, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
   Univ Ottawa, Dept Cellular & Mol Med, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.
   Univ Oklahoma, Dept Zool, Norman, OK 73019 USA.
C3 University of Ottawa; University of Ottawa; University of Oklahoma System; University of Oklahoma - Norman
RP Doiron, B (corresponding author), Univ Ottawa, Dept Phys, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
NR 30
TC 138
Z9 154
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 30
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6922
BP 539
EP 543
DI 10.1038/nature01360
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 640DB
UT WOS:000180670600047
PM 12556894
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bansal, D
   Miyake, K
   Vogel, SS
   Groh, S
   Chen, CC
   Williamson, R
   McNeil, PL
   Campbell, KP
AF Bansal, D
   Miyake, K
   Vogel, SS
   Groh, S
   Chen, CC
   Williamson, R
   McNeil, PL
   Campbell, KP
TI Defective membrane repair in dysferlin-deficient muscular dystrophy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID miyoshi myopathy; skeletal-muscle; gene; exocytosis; expression; complex; accumulation; disruptions; mechanism; proteins
AB Muscular dystrophy includes a diverse group of inherited muscle diseases characterized by wasting and weakness of skeletal muscle(1). Mutations in dysferlin are linked to two clinically distinct muscle diseases, limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B and Miyoshi myopathy, but the mechanism that leads to muscle degeneration is unknown(2,3). Dysferlin is a homologue of the Caenorhabditis elegans fer-1 gene, which mediates vesicle fusion to the plasma membrane in spermatids(4). Here we show that dysferlin-null mice maintain a functional dystrophin glycoprotein complex but nevertheless develop a progressive muscular dystrophy. In normal muscle, membrane patches enriched in dysferlin can be detected in response to sarcolemma injuries. In contrast, there are sub-sarcolemmal accumulations of vesicles in dysferlin-null muscle. Membrane repair assays with a two-photon laser-scanning microscope demonstrated that wildtype muscle fibres efficiently reseal their sarcolemma in the presence of Ca2+. Interestingly, dysferlin-deficient muscle fibres are defective in Ca2+-dependent sarcolemma resealing. Membrane repair is therefore an active process in skeletal muscle fibres, and dysferlin has an essential role in this process. Our findings show that disruption of the muscle membrane repair machinery is responsible for dysferlin-deficient muscle degeneration, and highlight the importance of this basic cellular mechanism of membrane resealing in human disease.
C1 Univ Iowa, Roy J & Lucille A Carver Coll Med, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
   Univ Iowa, Roy J & Lucille A Carver Coll Med, Dept Neurol, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
   Med Coll Georgia, Dept Cellular Biol & Anat, Augusta, GA 30912 USA.
   NIAAA, Lab Mol Physiol, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852 USA.
   Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
C3 University of Iowa; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Iowa; University System of Georgia; Augusta University; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism (NIAAA); University of Iowa
RP Campbell, KP (corresponding author), Univ Iowa, Roy J & Lucille A Carver Coll Med, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
EM kevin-campbell@uiowa.edu
FU National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism [ZIAAA000452] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 27
TC 797
Z9 913
U1 0
U2 68
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 8
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6936
BP 168
EP 172
DI 10.1038/nature01573
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 675MR
UT WOS:000182699600046
PM 12736685
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Frank, SA
   Nowak, MA
AF Frank, SA
   Nowak, MA
TI Developmental predisposition to cancer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
   Inst Adv Study, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Irvine; Institute for Advanced Study - USA
RP Frank, SA (corresponding author), Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
EM safrank@uci.edu
NR 7
TC 75
Z9 83
U1 1
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 3
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6931
BP 494
EP 494
DI 10.1038/422494a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 662TW
UT WOS:000181965400029
PM 12673242
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Battin, TJ
   Kaplan, LA
   Newbold, JD
   Hansen, CME
AF Battin, TJ
   Kaplan, LA
   Newbold, JD
   Hansen, CME
TI Contributions of microbial biofilms to ecosystem processes in stream mesocosms
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mass-transport; deposition; nitrogen; size
AB In many aquatic ecosystems, most microbes live in matrix-enclosed biofilms(1-3) and contribute substantially to energy flow and nutrient cycling. Little is known, however, about the coupling of structure and dynamics of these biofilms to ecosystem function(2). Here we show that microbial biofilms changed the physical and chemical microhabitat and contributed to ecosystem processes in 30-m-long stream mesocosms. Biofilm growth increased hydrodynamic transient storage-streamwater detained in quiescent zones, which is a major physical template for ecological processes in streams(4,5) - by 300% and the retention of suspended particles by 120%. In addition, by enhancing the relative uptake of organic molecules of lower bioavailability, the interplay of biofilm microarchitecture and mass transfer changed their downstream linkage. As living zones of transient storage, biofilms bring hydrodynamic retention and biochemical processing into close spatial proximity and influence biogeochemical processes and patterns in streams. Thus, biofilms are highly efficient and successful ecological communities that may also contribute to the influence that headwater streams have on rivers, estuaries and even oceans(6,7) through longitudinal linkages of local biogeochemical and hydrodynamic processes.
C1 Univ Vienna, IECB, Dept Limnol, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
   Stroud Water Res Ctr, Avondale, PA 19311 USA.
   Univ Innsbruck, Inst Limnol & Zool, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
C3 University of Vienna; University of Innsbruck
RP Battin, TJ (corresponding author), Univ Vienna, IECB, Dept Limnol, Waehringer Guertel 18, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
EM tomba@pflaphy.pph.univie.ac.at
NR 24
TC 590
Z9 668
U1 5
U2 407
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 27
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6965
BP 439
EP 442
DI 10.1038/nature02152
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 747JE
UT WOS:000186800800037
PM 14647381
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Smith, CM
   Venkataraman, N
   Gallagher, MT
   Müller, D
   West, JA
   Borrelli, NF
   Allan, DC
   Koch, KW
AF Smith, CM
   Venkataraman, N
   Gallagher, MT
   Müller, D
   West, JA
   Borrelli, NF
   Allan, DC
   Koch, KW
TI Low-loss hollow-core silica/air photonic bandgap fibre
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crystals
AB Photonic bandgap structures use the principle of interference to reflect radiation. Reflection from photonic bandgap structures has been demonstrated in one, two and three dimensions and various applications have been proposed(1-4). Early work in hollow-core photonic bandgap fibre technology(5) used a hexagonal structure surrounding the air core; this fibre was the first demonstration of light guided inside an air core of a photonic bandgap fibre. The potential benefits of guiding light in air derive from lower Rayleigh scattering, lower nonlinearity and lower transmission loss compared to conventional waveguides. In addition, these fibres offer a new platform for studying nonlinear optics in gases(6). Owing largely to challenges in fabrication, the early air-core fibres were only available in short lengths, and so systematic studies of loss were not possible. More recently, longer lengths of fibre have become available(7,8) with reported losses of 1,000 dB km(-1). We report here the fabrication and characterization of long lengths of low attenuation photonic bandgap fibre. Attenuation of less than 30 dB km(-1) over a wide transmission window is observed with minimum loss of 13 dB km(-1) at 1,500 nm, measured on 100 m of fibre. Coupling between surface and core modes of the structure is identified as an important contributor to transmission loss in hollow-core photonic bandgap fibres.
C1 Corning Inc, Corning, NY 14831 USA.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; SUNY Community College; Corning Inc
RP Koch, KW (corresponding author), Corning Inc, Sullivan Pk, Corning, NY 14831 USA.
EM kochkw@corning.com
NR 10
TC 415
Z9 466
U1 11
U2 195
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 7
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6949
BP 657
EP 659
DI 10.1038/nature01849
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 708QE
UT WOS:000184578800040
PM 12904788
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Krejci, L
   Van Komen, S
   Li, Y
   Villemain, J
   Reddy, MS
   Klein, H
   Ellenberger, T
   Sung, P
AF Krejci, L
   Van Komen, S
   Li, Y
   Villemain, J
   Reddy, MS
   Klein, H
   Ellenberger, T
   Sung, P
TI DNA helicase Srs2 disrupts the Rad51 presynaptic filament
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID replication protein-a; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; yeast rad51; strand exchange; repair; recombination; mutations; gene; reca; sgs1
AB Mutations in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene SRS2 result in the yeast's sensitivity to genotoxic agents, failure to recover or adapt from DNA damage checkpoint-mediated cell cycle arrest, slow growth, chromosome loss, and hyper-recombination(1,2). Furthermore, double mutant strains, with mutations in DNA helicase genes SRS2 and SGS1, show low viability that can be overcome by inactivating recombination, implying that untimely recombination is the cause of growth impairment(1,3,4). Here we clarify the role of SRS2 in recombination modulation by purifying its encoded product and examining its interactions with the Rad51 recombinase. Srs2 has a robust ATPase activity that is dependent on single-stranded DNA ( ssDNA) and binds Rad51, but the addition of a catalytic quantity of Srs2 to Rad51-mediated recombination reactions causes severe inhibition of these reactions. We show that Srs2 acts by dislodging Rad51 from ssDNA. Thus, the attenuation of recombination efficiency by Srs2 stems primarily from its ability to dismantle the Rad51 presynaptic filament efficiently. Our findings have implications for the basis of Bloom's and Werner's syndromes, which are caused by mutations in DNA helicases and are characterized by increased frequencies of recombination and a predisposition to cancers and accelerated ageing(5).
C1 Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Inst Biotechnol, San Antonio, TX 78245 USA.
   Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Mol Med, San Antonio, TX 78245 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem & Mol Pharmacol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   NYU, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, New York, NY 10016 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas at San Antonio; University of Texas System; University of Texas at San Antonio; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; New York University
RP Krejci, L (corresponding author), Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Inst Biotechnol, 15355 Lambda Dr, San Antonio, TX 78245 USA.
NR 30
TC 521
Z9 642
U1 1
U2 26
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 15
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6937
BP 305
EP 309
DI 10.1038/nature01577
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 678EX
UT WOS:000182853100047
PM 12748644
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pearson, BJ
   Doe, CQ
AF Pearson, BJ
   Doe, CQ
TI Regulation of neuroblast competence in Drosophila
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-fate determination; central-nervous-system; transcription factors; cerebral-cortex; retina; cns; projections; sequence; lineages; binding
AB Individual neural progenitors generate different cell types in a reproducible order in the retina(1-3), cerebral cortex(4-6) and probably in the spinal cord(7). It is unknown how neural progenitors change over time to generate different cell types. It has been proposed that progenitors undergo progressive restriction(8) or transit through distinct competence states(9,10); however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here we investigate neural progenitor competence and temporal identity using an in vivo genetic system-Drosophila neuroblasts-where the Hunchback transcription factor is necessary and sufficient to specify early-born cell types(11). We show that neuroblasts gradually lose competence to generate early-born fates in response to Hunchback, similar to progressive restriction models(8), and that competence to acquire early-born fates is present in mitotic precursors but is lost in post-mitotic neurons. These results match those observed in vertebrate systems, and establish Drosophila neuroblasts as a model system for the molecular genetic analysis of neural progenitor competence and plasticity.
C1 Univ Oregon 1254, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Inst Neurosci & Mol Biol, Eugene, OR 97403 USA.
C3 University of Oregon; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Doe, CQ (corresponding author), Univ Oregon 1254, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Inst Neurosci & Mol Biol, Eugene, OR 97403 USA.
NR 23
TC 174
Z9 226
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 9
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6958
BP 624
EP 628
DI 10.1038/nature01910
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 729XU
UT WOS:000185801000039
PM 14534589
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rahn, T
   Eiler, JM
   Boering, KA
   Wennberg, PO
   McCarthy, MC
   Tyler, S
   Schauffler, S
   Donnelly, S
   Atlas, E
AF Rahn, T
   Eiler, JM
   Boering, KA
   Wennberg, PO
   McCarthy, MC
   Tyler, S
   Schauffler, S
   Donnelly, S
   Atlas, E
TI Extreme deuterium enrichment in stratospheric hydrogen and the global atmospheric budget of H2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID liquefied petroleum gas; isotopic composition; molecular-hydrogen; rate coefficients; air; tritium; leakage; carbon; impact
AB Molecular hydrogen (H-2) is the second most abundant trace gas in the atmosphere after methane(1) (CH4). In the troposphere, the D/H ratio of H-2 is enriched by 120parts per thousand relative to the world's oceans(2-4). This cannot be explained by the sources of H-2 for which the D/H ratio has been measured to date (for example, fossil fuels and biomass burning)(5,6). But the isotopic composition of H-2 from its single largest source-the photochemical oxidation of methane-has yet to be determined. Here we show that the D/H ratio of stratospheric H-2 develops enrichments greater than 440parts per thousand, the most extreme D/H enrichment observed in a terrestrial material. We estimate the D/H ratio of H-2 produced from CH4 in the stratosphere, where production is isolated from the influences of non-photochemical sources and sinks, showing that the chain of reactions producing H-2 from CH4 concentrates D in the product H-2. This enrichment, which we estimate is similar on a global average in the troposphere, contributes substantially to the D/H ratio of tropospheric H-2.
C1 CALTECH, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Irvine, Earth Syst Sci Dept, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
   Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA.
   CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Irvine; National Center Atmospheric Research (NCAR) - USA; California Institute of Technology
RP Rahn, T (corresponding author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, EES-6,MS-D462, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
EM trahn@lanl.gov
NR 28
TC 80
Z9 87
U1 0
U2 37
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 21
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6951
BP 918
EP 921
DI 10.1038/nature01917
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 713EH
UT WOS:000184843600035
PM 12931182
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Velicer, GJ
   Yu, YTN
AF Velicer, GJ
   Yu, YTN
TI Evolution of novel cooperative swarming in the bacterium Myxococcus xanthus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-interactions; social motility; gliding motility; excitation; conflict; cohesion; fibrils; systems
AB Cooperation among individuals is necessary for evolutionary transitions to higher levels of biological organization(1-3). In such transitions, groups of individuals at one level (such as single cells) cooperate to form selective units at a higher level (such as multicellular organisms). Though the evolution of cooperation is difficult to observe directly in higher eukaryotes, microorganisms do offer such an opportunity(4). Here we report the evolution of novel cooperative behaviour in experimental lineages of the bacterium Myxococcus xanthus. Wild-type strains of M. xanthus exhibit socially dependent swarming across soft surfaces(5) by a mechanism known as 'S-motility' that requires the presence of extracellular type IV pili(6). In lineages of M. xanthus unable to make pili, a new mechanistic basis for cooperative swarming evolved. Evolved swarming is mediated, at least in part, by enhanced production of an extracellular fibril matrix that binds cells-and their evolutionary interests-together. Though costly to individuals, fibril production greatly enhanced population expansion in groups of interconnected cells. These results show that fundamental transitions to primitive cooperation can readily occur in bacteria.
C1 Max Planck Inst Dev Biol, Dept Evolutionary Biol, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Dev Biol, Dept Prot Evolut, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society; Max Planck Society
RP Velicer, GJ (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Dev Biol, Dept Evolutionary Biol, Spemannstr 35, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
EM gregory.velicer@tuebingen.mpg.de
NR 30
TC 143
Z9 171
U1 1
U2 58
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 4
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6953
BP 75
EP 78
DI 10.1038/nature01908
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 717LD
UT WOS:000185089200040
PM 12955143
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Van de Walle, CG
   Neugebauer, J
AF Van de Walle, CG
   Neugebauer, J
TI Universal alignment of hydrogen levels in semiconductors, insulators and solutions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transition-metal impurity; band lineups; energy; offsets
AB Hydrogen strongly affects the electronic and structural properties of many materials. It can bind to defects or to other impurities, often eliminating their electrical activity: this effect of defect passivation is crucial to the performance of many photovoltaic and electronic devices(1,2). A fuller understanding of hydrogen in solids is required to support development of improved hydrogen-storage systems(3), proton-exchange membranes for fuel cells, and high-permittivity dielectrics for integrated circuits. In chemistry and in biological systems, there have also been many efforts to correlate proton affinity and deprotonation with host properties(4). Here we report a systematic theoretical study (based on ab initio methods) of hydrogen in a wide range of hosts, which reveals the existence of a universal alignment for the electronic transition level of hydrogen in semiconductors, insulators and even aqueous solutions. This alignment allows the prediction of the electrical activity of hydrogen in any host material once some basic information about the band structure of that host is known. We present a physical explanation that connects the behaviour of hydrogen to the line-up of electronic band structures at heterojunctions.
C1 Xerox Corp, Palo Alto Res Ctr, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.
   Max Planck Gesell, Fritz Haber Inst, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
C3 Xerox; Max Planck Society; Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society
RP Van de Walle, CG (corresponding author), Xerox Corp, Palo Alto Res Ctr, 3333 Coyote Hill Rd, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.
EM vandewalle@parc.com
NR 25
TC 1105
Z9 1238
U1 7
U2 357
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 5
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6940
BP 626
EP 628
DI 10.1038/nature01665
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 686BT
UT WOS:000183301200036
PM 12789334
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Palenik, B
   Brahamsha, B
   Larimer, FW
   Land, M
   Hauser, L
   Chain, P
   Lamerdin, J
   Regala, W
   Allen, EE
   McCarren, J
   Paulsen, I
   Dufresne, A
   Partensky, F
   Webb, EA
   Waterbury, J
AF Palenik, B
   Brahamsha, B
   Larimer, FW
   Land, M
   Hauser, L
   Chain, P
   Lamerdin, J
   Regala, W
   Allen, EE
   McCarren, J
   Paulsen, I
   Dufresne, A
   Partensky, F
   Webb, EA
   Waterbury, J
TI The genome of a motile marine Synechococcus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cyanobacterium synechococcus; sp pcc7942; polypeptide; identification; gene; prochlorococcus; degradation; sequence; strains; ecology
AB Marine unicellular cyanobacteria are responsible for an estimated 20-40% of chlorophyll biomass and carbon fixation in the oceans(1). Here we have sequenced and analysed the 2.4-megabase genome of Synechococcus sp. strain WH8102, revealing some of the ways that these organisms have adapted to their largely oligotrophic environment. WH8102 uses organic nitrogen and phosphorus sources and more sodium-dependent transporters than a model freshwater cyanobacterium. Furthermore, it seems to have adopted strategies for conserving limited iron stores by using nickel and cobalt in some enzymes, has reduced its regulatory machinery (consistent with the fact that the open ocean constitutes a far more constant and buffered environment than fresh water), and has evolved a unique type of swimming motility. The genome of WH8102 seems to have been greatly influenced by horizontal gene transfer, partially through phages. The genetic material contributed by horizontal gene transfer includes genes involved in the modification of the cell surface and in swimming motility. On the basis of its genome, WH8102 is more of a generalist than two related marine cyanobacteria(2).
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Div Marine Biol Res, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA.
   Joint Genome Inst, Walnut Creek, CA 94598 USA.
   Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA.
   TIGR, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
   CNRS, Biol Stn, UMR 7127, F-29682 Roscoff, France.
   Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Biol, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; Scripps Institution of Oceanography; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Oak Ridge National Laboratory; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Joint Genome Institute - JGI; Joint BioEnergy Institute - JBEI; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; J. Craig Venter Institute; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
RP Palenik, B (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Div Marine Biol Res, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
NR 30
TC 543
Z9 1050
U1 6
U2 126
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 28
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6952
BP 1037
EP 1042
DI 10.1038/nature01943
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 715QR
UT WOS:000184984200039
PM 12917641
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Balakirev, FF
   Betts, JB
   Migliori, A
   Ono, S
   Ando, Y
   Boebinger, GS
AF Balakirev, FF
   Betts, JB
   Migliori, A
   Ono, S
   Ando, Y
   Boebinger, GS
TI Signature of optimal doping in Hall-effect measurements on a high-temperature superconductor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID normal-state; high-t(c) superconductors; quantum criticality; insulator; cuprate; phase; metal; angle; field; tc
AB High-temperature superconductivity is achieved by doping copper oxide insulators with charge carriers. The density of carriers in conducting materials can be determined from measurements of the Hall voltage-the voltage transverse to the flow of the electrical current that is proportional to an applied magnetic field. In common metals, this proportionality (the Hall coefficient) is robustly temperature independent. This is in marked contrast to the behaviour seen in high-temperature superconductors when in the 'normal' (resistive) state(1-5); the departure from expected behaviour is a key signature of the unconventional nature of the normal state, the origin of which remains a central controversy in condensed matter physics(6). Here we report the evolution of the low-temperature Hall coefficient in the normal state as the carrier density is increased, from the onset of superconductivity and beyond (where superconductivity has been suppressed by a magnetic field). Surprisingly, the Hall coefficient does not vary monotonically with doping but rather exhibits a sharp change at the optimal doping level for superconductivity. This observation supports the idea that two competing ground states underlie the high-temperature superconducting phase.
C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Natl High Magnet Field Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   Cent Res Inst Elect Power Ind, Tokyo 2018511, Japan.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry - Japan
RP Balakirev, FF (corresponding author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Natl High Magnet Field Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
EM fedor@lanl.gov
NR 29
TC 120
Z9 133
U1 0
U2 47
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 21
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6951
BP 912
EP 915
DI 10.1038/nature01890
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 713EH
UT WOS:000184843600033
PM 12931180
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nosengo, N
AF Nosengo, N
TI Fertilized to death
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nitrogen saturation; forest ecosystems
NR 7
TC 101
Z9 149
U1 0
U2 52
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 30
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6961
BP 894
EP 895
DI 10.1038/425894a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 737KY
UT WOS:000186230600012
PM 14586437
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Krekelberg, B
   Dannenberg, S
   Hoffmann, KP
   Bremmer, F
   Ross, J
AF Krekelberg, B
   Dannenberg, S
   Hoffmann, KP
   Bremmer, F
   Ross, J
TI Neural correlates of implied motion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID visual area mt; transparent motion; macaque monkey; direction; perception; signals; neurons; selectivity; orientation; cortex
AB Current views of the visual system assume that the primate brain analyses form and motion along largely independent pathways(1); they provide no insight into why form is sometimes interpreted as motion. In a series of psychophysical and electrophysiological experiments in humans and macaques, here we show that some form information is processed in the prototypical motion areas of the superior temporal sulcus (STS). First, we show that STS cells respond to dynamic Glass patterns(2),which contain no coherent motion but suggest a path of motion(3). Second, we show that when motion signals conflict with form signals suggesting a different path of motion, both humans and monkeys perceive motion in a compromised direction. This compromise also has a correlate in the responses of STS cells, which alter their direction preferences in the presence of conflicting implied motion information. We conclude that cells in the prototypical motion areas in the dorsal visual cortex process form that implies motion. Estimating motion by combining motion cues with form cues may be a strategy to deal with the complexities of motion perception in our natural environment.
C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, Vis Ctr Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Ruhr Univ Bochum, Dept Neurobiol, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
   Univ Marburg, Dept Neurophys, Cognit Neurosci Lab, D-35032 Marburg, Germany.
   Univ Western Australia, Sch Psychol, Nedlands, WA 6907, Australia.
C3 Salk Institute; Ruhr University Bochum; Philipps University Marburg; University of Western Australia
RP Krekelberg, B (corresponding author), Salk Inst Biol Studies, Vis Ctr Lab, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
NR 20
TC 137
Z9 144
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 7
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6949
BP 674
EP 677
DI 10.1038/nature01852
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 708QE
UT WOS:000184578800045
PM 12904793
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Raxworthy, CJ
   Martinez-Meyer, E
   Horning, N
   Nussbaum, RA
   Schneider, GE
   Ortega-Huerta, MA
   Peterson, AT
AF Raxworthy, CJ
   Martinez-Meyer, E
   Horning, N
   Nussbaum, RA
   Schneider, GE
   Ortega-Huerta, MA
   Peterson, AT
TI Predicting distributions of known and unknown reptile species in Madagascar
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID biodiversity hotspots; future
AB Despite the importance of tropical biodiversity(1), informative species distributional data are seldom available for biogeographical study or setting conservation priorities(2,3). Modelling ecological niche distributions of species offers a potential soluion(4-7); however, the utility of old locality data from museums, and of more recent remotely sensed satellite data, remains poorly explored, especially for rapidly changing tropical landscapes. Using 29 modern data sets of environmental land coverage and 621 chameleon occurrence localities from Madagascar ( historical and recent), here we demonstrate a significant ability of our niche models in predicting species distribution. At 11 recently inventoried sites, highest predictive success (85.1%) was obtained for models based only on modern occurrence data (74.7% and 82.8% predictive success, respectively, for pre-1978 and all data combined). Notably, these models also identified three intersecting areas of over-prediction that recently yielded seven chameleon species new to science. We conclude that ecological niche modelling using recent locality records and readily available environmental coverage data provides informative biogeographical data for poorly known tropical landscapes, and offers innovative potential for the discovery of unknown distributional areas and unknown species.
C1 Amer Museum Nat Hist, New York, NY 10024 USA.
   Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Biol, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico.
   Univ Michigan, Museum Zool, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Kansas, Nat Hist Museum, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA.
   Univ Kansas, Biodivers Res Ctr, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA.
C3 American Museum of Natural History (AMNH); Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Kansas; University of Kansas
RP Raxworthy, CJ (corresponding author), Amer Museum Nat Hist, Cent Pk W & 79th St, New York, NY 10024 USA.
EM rax@amnh.org
NR 30
TC 426
Z9 558
U1 3
U2 135
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 18
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6968
BP 837
EP 841
DI 10.1038/nature02205
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 754QM
UT WOS:000187342000058
PM 14685238
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mitsui, T
   Rose, MK
   Fomin, E
   Ogletree, DF
   Salmeron, M
AF Mitsui, T
   Rose, MK
   Fomin, E
   Ogletree, DF
   Salmeron, M
TI Dissociative hydrogen adsorption on palladium requires aggregates of three or more vacancies
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB During reaction, a catalyst surface usually interacts with a constantly fluctuating mix of reactants, products, 'spectators' that do not participate in the reaction, and species that either promote or inhibit the activity of the catalyst. How molecules adsorb and dissociate under such dynamic conditions is often poorly understood. For example, the dissociative adsorption of the diatomic molecule H-2-a central step in many industrially important catalytic processes-is generally assumed(1) to require at least two adjacent and empty atomic adsorption sites (or vacancies). The creation of active sites for H-2 dissociation will thus involve the formation of individual vacancies and their subsequent diffusion and aggregation(2-6), with the coupling between these events determining the activity of the catalyst surface. But even though active sites are the central component of most reaction models, the processes controlling their formation, and hence the activity of a catalyst surface, have never been captured experimentally. Here we report scanning tunnelling microscopy observations of the transient formation of active sites for the dissociative adsorption of H-2 molecules on a palladium (111) surface. We find, contrary to conventional thinking(1), that two-vacancy sites seem inactive, and that aggregates of three or more hydrogen vacancies are required for efficient H-2 dissociation.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Salmeron, M (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 11
TC 300
Z9 329
U1 1
U2 160
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 17
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6933
BP 705
EP 707
DI 10.1038/nature01557
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 668CG
UT WOS:000182272300036
PM 12700757
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nelson, C
   Goto, S
   Lund, K
   Hung, W
   Sadowski, I
AF Nelson, C
   Goto, S
   Lund, K
   Hung, W
   Sadowski, I
TI Srb10/Cdk8 regulates yeast filamentous growth by phosphorylating the transcription factor Ste12
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID polymerase-ii holoenzyme; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; invasive growth; cell-type; kinase; activation
AB The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae differentiates into filamentous invasively growing forms under conditions of nutrient limitation(1,2). This response is dependent on the transcription factor Ste12 and on the mating pheromone-response mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade 1, but a mechanism for regulation of Ste12 by nutrient limitation has not been defined. Here we show that Ste12 function in filamentous growth is regulated by the cyclin-dependent kinase Srb10 (also known as Cdk8), which is associated with the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme. Srb10 inhibits filamentous growth in cells growing in rich medium by phosphorylating Ste12 and decreasing its stability. Under conditions of limiting nitrogen, loss of Srb10 protein and kinase activity occurs, with a corresponding loss of Ste12 phosphorylation. Mutation of the Srb10-dependent phosphorylation sites increases pseudohyphal development but has no effect on the pheromone response of haploid yeast. Srb10 kinase activity is also regulated independently of the mating pheromone-response pathway. This indicates that Srb10 controls Ste12 activity for filamentous growth in response to nitrogen limitation and is consistent with the hypothesis that Srb10 regulates gene-specific activators in response to physiological signals to coordinate gene expression with growth potential.
C1 Univ British Columbia, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
C3 University of British Columbia
RP Sadowski, I (corresponding author), Univ British Columbia, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
EM sadowski@interchange.ubc.ca
NR 15
TC 130
Z9 161
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 9
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6919
BP 187
EP 190
DI 10.1038/nature01243
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 633DR
UT WOS:000180267200046
PM 12520306
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mayor, U
   Guydosh, NR
   Johnson, CM
   Grossmann, JG
   Sato, S
   Jas, GS
   Freund, SMV
   Alonso, DOV
   Daggett, V
   Fersht, AR
AF Mayor, U
   Guydosh, NR
   Johnson, CM
   Grossmann, JG
   Sato, S
   Jas, GS
   Freund, SMV
   Alonso, DOV
   Daggett, V
   Fersht, AR
TI The complete folding pathway of a protein from nanoseconds to microseconds
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID diffusion-collision model; denatured state; energy; domain; helix
AB Combining experimental and simulation data to describe all of the structures and the pathways involved in folding a protein is problematical. Transition states can be mapped experimentally by phi values(1,2), but the denatured state(3) is very difficult to analyse under conditions that favour folding. Also computer simulation at atomic resolution is currently limited to about a microsecond or less. Ultrafast-folding proteins fold and unfold on timescales accessible by both approaches(4,5), so here we study the folding pathway of the three-helix bundle protein Engrailed homeodomain(6). Experimentally, the protein collapses in a microsecond to give an intermediate with much native alpha-helical secondary structure, which is the major component of the denatured state under conditions that favour folding. A mutant protein shows this state to be compact and contain dynamic, native-like helices with unstructured side chains. In the transition state between this and the native state, the structure of the helices is nearly fully formed and their docking is in progress, approximating to a classical diffusion-collision model. Molecular dynamics simulations give rate constants and structural details highly consistent with experiment, thereby completing the description of folding at atomic resolution.
C1 MRC, Ctr Prot Engn, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
   CLRC Daresbury Lab, Warrington WA4 4AD, Cheshire, England.
   NIDDK, Phys Chem Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Med Chem, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 University of Cambridge; STFC Daresbury Laboratory; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Fersht, AR (corresponding author), MRC, Ctr Prot Engn, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
EM arf25@cam.ac.uk
NR 29
TC 425
Z9 488
U1 0
U2 76
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 20
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6925
BP 863
EP 867
DI 10.1038/nature01428
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 646QA
UT WOS:000181044700053
PM 12594518
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gershon, D
AF Gershon, D
TI Probing the proteome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 31
Z9 36
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 31
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6948
BP 581
EP +
DI 10.1038/424581a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 706LG
UT WOS:000184454700049
PM 12891368
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bizzarro, M
   Baker, JA
   Haack, H
   Ulfbeck, D
   Rosing, M
AF Bizzarro, M
   Baker, JA
   Haack, H
   Ulfbeck, D
   Rosing, M
TI Early history of Earth's crust-mantle system inferred from hafnium isotopes in chondrites
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lu-hf; detrital zircons; depleted mantle; solar-system; evolution; differentiation; transient; lu-176
AB The Lu-176 to Hf-176 decay series has been widely used to understand the nature of Earth's early crust-mantle system(1-6). The interpretation, however, of Lu-Hf isotope data requires accurate knowledge of the radioactive decay constant of Lu-176 (lambda(176Lu)), as well as bulk-Earth reference parameters. A recent calibration of the lambda(176Lu) value calls for the presence of highly unradiogenic hafnium in terrestrial zircons with ages greater than 3.9 Gyr, implying widespread continental crust extraction from an isotopically enriched mantle source more than 4.3 Gyr ago(7), but does not provide evidence for a complementary depleted mantle reservoir. Here we report Lu-Hf isotope measurements of different Solar System objects including chondrites and basaltic eucrites. The chondrites define a Lu-Hf isochron with an initial Hf-176/Hf-177 ratio of 0.279628+/-0.000047, corresponding to lambda(176Lu)=1.983+/-0.033x10(-11) yr(-1) using an age of 4.56 Gyr for the chondrite-forming event. This lambda(176Lu) value indicates that Earth's oldest minerals were derived from melts of a mantle source with a time-integrated history of depletion rather than enrichment(7). The depletion event must have occurred no later than 320 Myr after planetary accretion, consistent with timing inferred from extinct radionuclides(8-10).
C1 Geol Museum, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark.
   Danish Lithosphere, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark.
RP Bizzarro, M (corresponding author), Geol Museum, Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark.
NR 31
TC 175
Z9 184
U1 0
U2 29
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 27
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6926
BP 931
EP 933
DI 10.1038/nature01421
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 649BK
UT WOS:000181186900045
PM 12606997
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tilman, D
   Cassman, KG
   Matson, PA
   Naylor, R
   Polasky, S
AF Tilman, D
   Cassman, KG
   Matson, PA
   Naylor, R
   Polasky, S
TI Is fertilization efficiency misleading? Reply
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID agricultural sustainability
C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA.
C3 University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities
RP Tilman, D (corresponding author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA.
NR 7
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 1
U2 42
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 27
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6930
BP 398
EP 398
DI 10.1038/422398a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 659WV
UT WOS:000181801200035
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Krol, MC
   Lelieveld, J
   Oram, DE
   Sturrock, GA
   Penkett, SA
   Brenninkmeijer, CAM
   Gros, V
   Williams, J
   Scheeren, HA
AF Krol, MC
   Lelieveld, J
   Oram, DE
   Sturrock, GA
   Penkett, SA
   Brenninkmeijer, CAM
   Gros, V
   Williams, J
   Scheeren, HA
TI Continuing emissions of methyl chloroform from Europe
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID trace gases; oh; simulation; history; ozone
AB The consumption of methyl chloroform (1,1,1-trichloroethane), an industrial solvent, has been banned by the 1987 Montreal Protocol because of its ozone-depleting potential. During the 1990s, global emissions have decreased substantially and, since 1999, near-zero emissions have been estimated for Europe and the United States. Here we present measurements of methyl chloroform that are inconsistent with the assumption of small emissions. Using a tracer transport model, we estimate that European emissions were greater than 20 Gg in 2000. Although these emissions are not significant for stratospheric ozone depletion, they have important implications for estimates of global tropospheric hydroxyl radical (OH) concentrations, deduced from measurements of methyl chloroform. Ongoing emissions therefore cast doubt upon recent reports of a strong and unexpected negative trend in OH during the 1990s and a previously calculated higher OH abundance in the Southern Hemisphere compared to the Northern Hemisphere.
C1 Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, NL-3584 CC Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Max Planck Inst Chem, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
   Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England.
C3 Utrecht University; Max Planck Society; University of East Anglia
RP Krol, MC (corresponding author), Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, NL-3584 CC Utrecht, Netherlands.
EM krol@phys.uu.nl
NR 33
TC 81
Z9 88
U1 1
U2 23
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 9
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6919
BP 131
EP 135
DI 10.1038/nature01311
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 633DR
UT WOS:000180267200031
PM 12520294
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Holzenberger, M
   Dupont, J
   Ducos, B
   Leneuve, P
   Géloën, A
   Even, PC
   Cervera, P
   Le Bouc, Y
AF Holzenberger, M
   Dupont, J
   Ducos, B
   Leneuve, P
   Géloën, A
   Even, PC
   Cervera, P
   Le Bouc, Y
TI IGF-1 receptor regulates lifespan and resistance to oxidative stress in mice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID insulin-receptor; growth-hormone; dwarf mice; longevity; gene; mutations; extension; cancer; tissue
AB Studies in invertebrates have led to the identification of a number of genes that regulate lifespan, some of which encode components of the insulin or insulin-like signalling pathways(1-3). Examples include the related tyrosine kinase receptors InR (Drosophila melanogaster) and DAF-2 (Caenorhabditis elegans) that are homologues of the mammalian insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor (IGF-1R). To investigate whether IGF-1R also controls longevity in mammals, we inactivated the IGF-1R gene in mice (Igf1r). Here, using heterozygous knockout mice because null mutants are not viable, we report that Igf1r (+/-) mice live on average 26% longer than their wild-type littermates (P < 0.02). Female Igf1r (+/-) mice live 33% longer than wild-type females (P < 0.001), whereas the equivalent male mice show an increase in lifespan of 16%, which is not statistically significant. Long-lived Igf1r (+/-) mice do not develop dwarfism, their energy metabolism is normal, and their nutrient uptake, physical activity, fertility and reproduction are unaffected. The Igf1r (+/-) mice display greater resistance to oxidative stress, a known determinant of ageing. These results indicate that the IGF-1 receptor may be a central regulator of mammalian lifespan.
C1 INSERM, U515, F-75571 Paris 12, France.
   Hop St Antoine, Serv Anat & Cytol Pathol, F-75571 Paris 12, France.
   INRA, F-37380 Nouzilly, France.
   Inst Natl Sci Appl, INSERM, U352, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France.
   INA PG, INRA, F-75231 Paris 5, France.
C3 Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Assistance Publique Hopitaux Paris (APHP); Sorbonne Universite; Hopital Universitaire Saint-Antoine - APHP; INRAE; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Institut National des Sciences Appliquees de Lyon - INSA Lyon; INRAE
RP Holzenberger, M (corresponding author), INSERM, U515, F-75571 Paris 12, France.
EM holzenberger@st-antoine.inserm.fr
NR 30
TC 1649
Z9 1947
U1 1
U2 209
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 9
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6919
BP 182
EP 187
DI 10.1038/nature01298
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 633DR
UT WOS:000180267200045
PM 12483226
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Berner, RA
AF Berner, RA
TI The long-term carbon cycle, fossil fuels and atmospheric composition
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID organic-carbon; seawater composition; cenozoic evolution; oxygen-content; co2; sulfur; model; preservation; sediments; burial
AB The long-term carbon cycle operates over millions of years and involves the exchange of carbon between rocks and the Earth's surface. There are many complex feedback pathways between carbon burial, nutrient cycling, atmospheric carbon dioxide and oxygen, and climate. New calculations of carbon fluxes during the Phanerozoic eon (the past 550 million years) illustrate how the long-term carbon cycle has affected the burial of organic matter and fossil-fuel formation, as well as the evolution of atmospheric composition.
C1 Yale Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
C3 Yale University
RP Berner, RA (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, POB 6666, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
EM robert.berner@yale.edu
NR 37
TC 445
Z9 578
U1 16
U2 419
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 20
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6964
BP 323
EP 326
DI 10.1038/nature02131
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 744YQ
UT WOS:000186660800053
PM 14628061
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hari, P
   Raivonen, M
   Vesala, T
   Munger, JW
   Pilegaard, K
   Kulmala, M
AF Hari, P
   Raivonen, M
   Vesala, T
   Munger, JW
   Pilegaard, K
   Kulmala, M
TI Atmospheric science -: Ultraviolet light and leaf emission of NOx
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID flux; chemistry
C1 Univ Helsinki, Dept Forest Ecol, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
   Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
   Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Riso Natl Lab, Plant Res Dept, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
C3 University of Helsinki; University of Helsinki; Harvard University; Technical University of Denmark
RP Hari, P (corresponding author), Univ Helsinki, Dept Forest Ecol, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
NR 11
TC 44
Z9 54
U1 1
U2 46
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 13
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6928
BP 134
EP 134
DI 10.1038/422134a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 654HG
UT WOS:000181488900033
PM 12634774
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Genty, D
   Blamart, D
   Ouahdi, R
   Gilmour, M
   Baker, A
   Jouzel, J
   Van-Exter, S
AF Genty, D
   Blamart, D
   Ouahdi, R
   Gilmour, M
   Baker, A
   Jouzel, J
   Van-Exter, S
TI Precise dating of Dansgaard-Oeschger climate oscillations in western Europe from stalagmite data
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID last glacial period; greenland ice-core; oxygen-isotope; speleothems; cave; records; past; temperature; instability; antarctica
AB The signature of Dansgaard-Oeschger events-millennial-scale abrupt climate oscillations during the last glacial period-is well established in ice cores and marine records(1-3). But the effects of such events in continental settings are not as clear, and their absolute chronology is uncertain beyond the limit of C-14 dating and annual layer counting for marine records and ice cores, respectively. Here we present carbon and oxygen isotope records from a stalagmite collected in southwest France which have been precisely dated using U-234/Th-230 ratios. We find rapid climate oscillations coincident with the established Dansgaard-Oeschger events between 83,000 and 32,000 years ago in both isotope records. The oxygen isotope signature is similar to a record from Soreq cave, Israel(4), and deep-sea records(5,6), indicating the large spatial scale of the climate oscillations. The signal in the carbon isotopes gives evidence of drastic and rapid vegetation changes in western Europe, an important site in human cultural evolution. We also find evidence for a long phase of extremely cold climate in southwest France between 61.2 6 +/- 0.6 and 67.4 +/- 0.9 kyr ago.
C1 CEA, CNRS, UMR 1572, IPSL Lab Sci Climat & Environm, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   Open Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Uranium Series Facil, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England.
   Univ Newcastle Upon Tyne, Ctr Land Use & Water Resouces Res, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, Tyne & Wear, England.
   Univ Montpellier 2, Lab Hydrosci, CNRS,UMR 5569, IRD, F-34095 Montpellier 5, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Saclay; CEA; Open University - UK; Newcastle University - UK; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Earth Sciences & Astronomy (INSU); Universite de Montpellier; Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD)
RP Genty, D (corresponding author), CEA, CNRS, UMR 1572, IPSL Lab Sci Climat & Environm, Bat 709,Lorme Merisiers CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
NR 30
TC 544
Z9 628
U1 2
U2 132
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 20
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6925
BP 833
EP 837
DI 10.1038/nature01391
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 646QA
UT WOS:000181044700045
PM 12594510
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Skumryev, V
   Stoyanov, S
   Zhang, Y
   Hadjipanayis, G
   Givord, D
   Nogués, J
AF Skumryev, V
   Stoyanov, S
   Zhang, Y
   Hadjipanayis, G
   Givord, D
   Nogués, J
TI Beating the superparamagnetic limit with exchange bias
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID magnetic-property; co; anisotropy; nanoparticles; fabrication; transition; films
AB Interest in magnetic nanoparticles has increased in the past few years by virtue of their potential for applications in fields such as ultrahigh-density recording and medicine(1-4). Most applications rely on the magnetic order of the nanoparticles being stable with time. However, with decreasing particle size the magnetic anisotropy energy per particle responsible for holding the magnetic moment along certain directions becomes comparable to the thermal energy. When this happens, the thermal fluctuations induce random flipping of the magnetic moment with time, and the nanoparticles lose their stable magnetic order and become superparamagnetic(5). Thus, the demand for further miniaturization comes into conflict with the superparamagnetism caused by the reduction of the anisotropy energy per particle: this constitutes the so-called 'superparamagnetic limit'(6,7) in recording media. Here we show that magnetic exchange coupling induced at the interface between ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic systems(8,9) can provide an extra source of anisotropy, leading to magnetization stability. We demonstrate this principle for ferromagnetic cobalt nanoparticles of about 4 nm in diameter that are embedded in either a paramagnetic or an antiferromagnetic matrix. Whereas the cobalt cores lose their magnetic moment at 10 K in the first system, they remain ferromagnetic up to about 290 K in the second. This behaviour is ascribed to the specific way ferromagnetic nanoparticles couple to an antiferromagnetic matrix.
C1 Univ Delaware, Dept Phys & Astron, Newark, DE 19716 USA.
   CNRS, Lab Louis Neel, F-38042 Grenoble, France.
   Univ Autonoma Barcelona, ICREA, Bellaterra 08193, Spain.
   Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Dept Fis, Bellaterra 08193, Spain.
C3 University of Delaware; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA); Autonomous University of Barcelona; ICREA; Autonomous University of Barcelona
RP Skumryev, V (corresponding author), Univ Delaware, Dept Phys & Astron, Newark, DE 19716 USA.
EM vassil@udel.edu
FU ICREA Funding Source: Custom
NR 30
TC 1475
Z9 1586
U1 5
U2 492
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 19
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6942
BP 850
EP 853
DI 10.1038/nature01687
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 691BQ
UT WOS:000183585300040
PM 12815426
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Melton, L
AF Melton, L
TI Haplotypes or pools?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 3
Z9 3
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 24
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6934
BP 921
EP 921
DI 10.1038/422921a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 670WR
UT WOS:000182432600063
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Joron, M
   Brakefield, PM
AF Joron, M
   Brakefield, PM
TI Captivity masks inbreeding effects on male mating success in butterflies
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bicyclus-anynana; extinction risk; song sparrows; depression; population; fitness; behavior; biology; size
AB Small isolated populations are frequently genetically less diverse than core populations, resulting in higher homozygosity that can hamper their long-term survival(1-4). The decrease in fitness of organisms owing to matings between relatives is well known from captive and laboratory animals. Such inbreeding can have strongly deleterious effects on life-history traits and survival(5-11), and can be critical to the success of population conservation(2,4,12). Because pedigrees are hard to follow in the wild, most field studies have used marker loci to establish that fitness declines with increasing homozygosity(1,13,14). Very few have experimentally explored the effects of inbreeding in the wild(15), or compared observations in the laboratory with field conditions(8,9). Here, using a technique involving the transfer of marker dusts during copulation, we show that a small decrease in mating success of captive inbred male butterflies in cages is greatly accentuated in conditions with unconstrained flight. Our results have important implications for conservation and for studies of sexual selection because they show that the behaviours underlying patterns of mating can be profoundly influenced by a history of inbreeding or by any restraining experimental conditions.
C1 Leiden Univ, Inst Biol, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands.
C3 Leiden University; Leiden University - Excl LUMC
RP Joron, M (corresponding author), UCL, Galton Lab, 4 Stephenson Way, London NW1 2HE, England.
EM m.joron@ucl.ac.uk; brakefield@rulsfb.leidenuniv.nl
NR 30
TC 134
Z9 142
U1 0
U2 43
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 10
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6945
BP 191
EP 194
DI 10.1038/nature01713
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 699AA
UT WOS:000184032700041
PM 12853956
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Trompouki, E
   Hatzivassiliou, E
   Tsichritzis, T
   Farmer, H
   Ashworth, A
   Mosialos, G
AF Trompouki, E
   Hatzivassiliou, E
   Tsichritzis, T
   Farmer, H
   Ashworth, A
   Mosialos, G
TI CYLD is a deubiquitinating enzyme that negatively regulates NF-κB activation by TNFR family members
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID epstein-barr-virus; receptor-associated factor-2; transforming protein lmp1; ectodermal dysplasia; membrane-protein; complex; kinase; traf2; ikk; identification
AB Familial cylindromatosis is an autosomal dominant predisposition to tumours of skin appendages called cylindromas. Familial cylindromatosis is caused by mutations in a gene encoding the CYLD protein of previously unknown function(1). Here we show that CYLD is a deubiquitinating enzyme that negatively regulates activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB by specific tumour-necrosis factor receptors (TNFRs). Loss of the deubiquitinating activity of CYLD correlates with tumorigenesis. CYLD inhibits activation of NF-kappaB by the TNFR family members CD40, XEDAR and EDAR in a manner that depends on the deubiquitinating activity of CYLD. Downregulation of CYLD by RNA-mediated interference augments both basal and CD40-mediated activation of NF-kappaB. The inhibition of NF-kappaB activation by CYLD is mediated, at least in part, by the deubiquitination and inactivation of TNFR-associated factor 2 (TRAF2) and, to a lesser extent, TRAF6. These results indicate that CYLD is a negative regulator of the cytokine-mediated activation of NF-kappaB that is required for appropriate cellular homeostasis of skin appendages.
C1 Biomed Sci Res Ctr Alexander Fleming, Inst Immunol, Vari 16672, Greece.
   Inst Canc Res, Chester Beatty Labs, Breakthrough Breast Canc Res Ctr, Canc Res UK Gene Funct & Regulat Grp, London SW3 6JB, England.
C3 Alexander Fleming Biomedical Sciences Research Center; Cancer Research UK; Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust; University of London; Institute of Cancer Research - UK
RP Mosialos, G (corresponding author), Biomed Sci Res Ctr Alexander Fleming, Inst Immunol, 34 Alexander Fleming St, Vari 16672, Greece.
NR 27
TC 833
Z9 961
U1 0
U2 39
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 14
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6950
BP 793
EP 796
DI 10.1038/nature01803
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 711HQ
UT WOS:000184733900044
PM 12917689
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lamb, S
   Davis, P
AF Lamb, S
   Davis, P
TI Cenozoic climate change as a possible cause for the rise of the Andes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID vertical axis rotation; subduction erosion; bolivian orocline; convergent margin; nazca farallon; fault zone; northern; chile; earthquake; plateau
AB Causal links between the rise of a large mountain range and climate have often been considered to work in one direction, with significant uplift provoking climate change. Here we propose a mechanism by which Cenozoic climate change could have caused the rise of the Andes. Based on considerations of the force balance in the South American lithosphere, we suggest that the height of, and tectonics in, the Andes are strongly controlled both by shear stresses along the plate interface in the subduction zone and by buoyancy stress contrasts between the trench and highlands, and shear stresses in the subduction zone depend on the amount of subducted sediments. We propose that the dynamics of subduction and mountain-building in this region are controlled by the processes of erosion and sediment deposition, and ultimately climate. In central South America, climate-controlled sediment starvation would then cause high shear stress, focusing the plate boundary stresses that support the high Andes.
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Earth Sci, Oxford OX1 3PR, England.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 University of Oxford; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP Lamb, S (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Earth Sci, Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PR, England.
EM simon.lamb@earth.ox.ac.uk
NR 52
TC 390
Z9 444
U1 1
U2 109
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 23
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6960
BP 792
EP 797
DI 10.1038/nature02049
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 735ME
UT WOS:000186118500035
PM 14574402
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Griffith, SC
   Montgomerie, R
AF Griffith, SC
   Montgomerie, R
TI Why do birds engage in extra-pair copulation?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID genetic similarity
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Edward Grey Inst, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
   Queens Univ, Dept Biol, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
C3 University of Oxford; Queens University - Canada
RP Griffith, SC (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Edward Grey Inst, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
NR 9
TC 27
Z9 29
U1 2
U2 30
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 24
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6934
BP 833
EP 833
DI 10.1038/422833b
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 670WR
UT WOS:000182432600040
PM 12712192
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Weill, M
   Lutfalla, G
   Mogensen, K
   Chandre, F
   Berthomieu, A
   Berticat, C
   Pasteur, N
   Philips, A
   Fort, P
   Raymond, M
AF Weill, M
   Lutfalla, G
   Mogensen, K
   Chandre, F
   Berthomieu, A
   Berticat, C
   Pasteur, N
   Philips, A
   Fort, P
   Raymond, M
TI Insecticide resistance in mosquito vectors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID acetylcholinesterase
C1 Univ Montpellier 2, Inst Sci Evolut, UMR 5554, F-34095 Montpellier, France.
   CNRS, Def Antivirales & Tumorales UMR 5124, F-34293 Montpellier, France.
   CNRS, Ctr Rech Biochim Macromol, UPR1086, F-34293 Montpellier, France.
   IRD, LIN, F-34394 Montpellier, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD); Universite de Montpellier; CNRS - Institute of Ecology & Environment (INEE); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite de Montpellier; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD)
RP Weill, M (corresponding author), Univ Montpellier 2, Inst Sci Evolut, UMR 5554, CC 065, F-34095 Montpellier, France.
EM weill@isem.univ-montp2.fr
NR 5
TC 391
Z9 468
U1 4
U2 87
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 8
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6936
BP 136
EP 137
DI 10.1038/423136b
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 675MR
UT WOS:000182699600035
PM 12736674
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rose, CR
   Blum, R
   Pichler, B
   Lepier, A
   Kafitz, KW
   Konnerth, A
AF Rose, CR
   Blum, R
   Pichler, B
   Lepier, A
   Kafitz, KW
   Konnerth, A
TI Truncated TrkB-T1 mediates neurotrophin-evoked calcium signalling in glia cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nervous-system; tyrosine kinase; full-length; receptor; transduction; protein; bdnf; activation; astrocytes; inhibitor
AB The neurotrophin receptor TrkB is essential for normal function of the mammalian brain(1-3). It is expressed in three splice variants. Full-length receptors (TrkB(FL)) possess an intracellular tyrosine kinase domain and are considered as those TrkB receptors that mediate the crucial effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) or neurotrophin 4/5 (NT- 4/5). By contrast, truncated receptors (TrkB-T1 and TrkB-T2) lack tyrosine kinase activity and have not been reported to elicit rapid intracellular signalling(4). Here we show that astrocytes predominately express TrkB-T1 and respond to brief application of BDNF by releasing calcium from intracellular stores. The calcium transients are insensitive to the tyrosine kinase blocker K-252a and persist in mutant mice lacking TrkB(FL). By contrast, neurons produce rapid BDNF-evoked signals through TrkB(FL) and the Na(v)1.9 channel(5,6). Expression of antisense TrkB messenger RNA strongly reduces BDNF-evoked calcium signals in glia. Thus, our results show that, unexpectedly, TrkB-T1 has a direct signalling role in mediating inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate-dependent calcium release; in addition, they identify a previously unknown mechanism of neurotrophin action in the brain.
C1 Univ Munich, Inst Physiol, D-80336 Munich, Germany.
C3 University of Munich
RP Rose, CR (corresponding author), Univ Munich, Inst Physiol, D-80336 Munich, Germany.
NR 30
TC 307
Z9 364
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 6
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6962
BP 74
EP 78
DI 10.1038/nature01983
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 739WY
UT WOS:000186370800044
PM 14603320
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lenski, RE
   Ofria, C
   Pennock, RT
   Adami, C
AF Lenski, RE
   Ofria, C
   Pennock, RT
   Adami, C
TI The evolutionary origin of complex features
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID design; rates; gene
AB A long-standing challenge to evolutionary theory has been whether it can explain the origin of complex organismal features. We examined this issue using digital organisms-computer programs that self-replicate, mutate, compete and evolve. Populations of digital organisms often evolved the ability to perform complex logic functions requiring the coordinated execution of many genomic instructions. Complex functions evolved by building on simpler functions that had evolved earlier, provided that these were also selectively favoured. However, no particular intermediate stage was essential for evolving complex functions. The first genotypes able to perform complex functions differed from their non-performing parents by only one or two mutations, but differed from the ancestor by many mutations that were also crucial to the new functions. In some cases, mutations that were deleterious when they appeared served as stepping-stones in the evolution of complex features. These findings show how complex functions can originate by random mutation and natural selection.
C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Microbiol & Mol Genet, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
   Michigan State Univ, Dept Comp Sci & Engn, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
   Michigan State Univ, Lyman Briggs Sch, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
   Michigan State Univ, Dept Philosophy, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
   CALTECH, Digital Life Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 Michigan State University; Michigan State University; Michigan State University; Michigan State University; California Institute of Technology
RP Lenski, RE (corresponding author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Microbiol & Mol Genet, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
EM lenski@msu.edu
NR 33
TC 440
Z9 533
U1 2
U2 88
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 8
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6936
BP 139
EP 144
DI 10.1038/nature01568
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 675MR
UT WOS:000182699600038
PM 12736677
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Turner, JL
   Beck, SC
   Crosthwaite, LP
   Larkin, JE
   McLean, IS
   Meier, DS
AF Turner, JL
   Beck, SC
   Crosthwaite, LP
   Larkin, JE
   McLean, IS
   Meier, DS
TI An extragalactic supernebula confined by gravity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID h-ii regions; star-forming galaxy; ngc 5253; infrared-emission; radio supernebula; ngc-5253; gas; alpha; population; starburst
AB Little is known about the origins of globular clusters, which contain hundreds of thousands of stars in a volume only a few light years across. Radiation pressure and winds from luminous young stars should disperse the star-forming gas and disrupt the formation of the cluster. Globular clusters in our Galaxy cannot provide answers; they are billions of years old. Here we report the measurement of infrared hydrogen recombination lines from a young, forming super star cluster in the dwarf galaxy NGC5253. The lines arise in gas heated by a cluster of about one million stars, including 4,000 -6,000 massive, hot 'O' stars(1,2). It is so young that it is still enshrouded in gas and dust, hidden from optical view(1,3-5 .) The gases within the cluster seem bound by gravity, which may explain why the windy and luminous O stars have not yet blown away those gases. Young clusters in 'starbursting' galaxies in the local and distant Universe may also be gravitationally confined and cloaked from view.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Tel Aviv Univ, Sch Phys & Astron, Raymond & Beverly Sackler Fac Exact Sci, Ramat Aviv, Israel.
   Astute Networks, San Diego, CA 92127 USA.
   Univ Illinois, Dept Astron, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; Tel Aviv University; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
RP Turner, JL (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
EM turner@astro.ucla.edu
NR 29
TC 57
Z9 60
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 5
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6940
BP 621
EP 623
DI 10.1038/nature01689
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 686BT
UT WOS:000183301200034
PM 12789332
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rainey, PB
   Rainey, K
AF Rainey, PB
   Rainey, K
TI Evolution of cooperation and conflict in experimental bacterial populations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID competition; divergence; diversity; origin
AB A fundamental problem in biology is the evolutionary transition from single cells to multicellular life forms(1-3). During this transition the unit of selection shifts from individual cells to groups of cooperating cells(1,3,4). Although there is much theory(5-15), there are few empirical studies(16). Here we describe an evolutionary transition that occurs in experimental populations of Pseudomonas fluorescens propagated in a spatially heterogeneous environment(17). Cooperating groups are formed by over-production of an adhesive polymer(18), which causes the interests of individuals to align with those of the group. The costs and benefits of cooperation, plus evolutionary susceptibility to defecting genotypes, were analysed to determine conformation to theory(1,3,12). Cooperation was costly to individuals, but beneficial to the group. Defecting genotypes evolved in populations founded by the cooperating type and were fitter in the presence of this type than in its absence. In the short term, defectors sabotaged the viability of the group; but these findings nevertheless show that transitions to higher orders of complexity are readily achievable, provide insights into the selective conditions, and facilitate experimental analysis of the evolution of individuality.
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Plant Sci, Oxford OX1 3RB, England.
   Univ Auckland, Sch Biol Sci, Auckland 1, New Zealand.
C3 University of Oxford; University of Auckland
RP Rainey, PB (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Plant Sci, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3RB, England.
EM p.rainey@auckland.ac.nz
NR 31
TC 445
Z9 513
U1 0
U2 244
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 4
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6953
BP 72
EP 74
DI 10.1038/nature01906
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 717LD
UT WOS:000185089200039
PM 12955142
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vocadlo, L
   Alfè, D
   Gillan, MJ
   Wood, IG
   Brodholt, JP
   Price, GD
AF Vocadlo, L
   Alfè, D
   Gillan, MJ
   Wood, IG
   Brodholt, JP
   Price, GD
TI Possible thermal and chemical stabilization of body-centred-cubic iron in the Earth's core
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ab-initio calculations; inner-core; high-pressure; energy calculations; phase; constraints; bcc; temperature; transition
AB The nature of the stable phase of iron in the Earth's solid inner core is still highly controversial. Laboratory experiments 1 suggest the possibility of an uncharacterized phase transformation in iron at core conditions and seismological observations(2-4) have indicated the possible presence of complex, inner-core layering. Theoretical studies(5,6) currently suggest that the hexagonal close packed (h. c. p.) phase of iron is stable at core pressures and that the body centred cubic (b. c. c.) phase of iron becomes elastically unstable at high pressure. In other h. c. p. metals, however, a high-pressure b. c. c. form has been found to become stabilized at high temperature. We report here a quantum mechanical study of b.c.c.-iron able to model its behaviour at core temperatures as well as pressures, using ab initio molecular dynamics free-energy calculations. We find that b.c.c.-iron indeed becomes entropically stabilized at core temperatures, but in its pure state h.c.p.-iron still remains thermodynamically more favourable. The inner core, however, is not pure iron, and our calculations indicate that the b. c. c. phase will be stabilized with respect to the h. c. p. phase by sulphur or silicon impurities in the core. Consequently, a b.c.c.-structured alloy may be a strong candidate for explaining the observed seismic complexity of the inner core(2-4).
C1 Univ London Birkbeck Coll, Res Sch Earth Sci, London WC1E 7HX, England.
   UCL, Dept Phys & Astron, London WC1E 6BT, England.
C3 University of London; Birkbeck University London; University of London; University College London
RP Vocadlo, L (corresponding author), Univ London Birkbeck Coll, Res Sch Earth Sci, London WC1E 7HX, England.
EM l.vocadlo@ucl.ac.uk
FU Natural Environment Research Council [NER/O/S/2001/01227] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 30
TC 229
Z9 256
U1 1
U2 48
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 31
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6948
BP 536
EP 539
DI 10.1038/nature01829
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 706LG
UT WOS:000184454700038
PM 12891353
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ubersax, JA
   Woodbury, EL
   Quang, PN
   Paraz, M
   Blethrow, JD
   Shah, K
   Shokat, KM
   Morgan, DO
AF Ubersax, JA
   Woodbury, EL
   Quang, PN
   Paraz, M
   Blethrow, JD
   Shah, K
   Shokat, KM
   Morgan, DO
TI Targets of the cyclin-dependent kinase Cdk1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID unnatural nucleotide specificity; anaphase-promoting complex; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; protein-kinase; phosphorylation; cdc28; ubiquitination; identification; localization; replication
AB The events of cell reproduction are governed by oscillations in the activities of cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks)(1). Cdks control the cell cycle by catalysing the transfer of phosphate from ATP to specific protein substrates. Despite their importance in cell-cycle control, few Cdk substrates have been identified(2). Here, we screened a budding yeast proteomic library for proteins that are directly phosphorylated by Cdk1 in whole-cell extracts. We identified about 200 Cdk1 substrates, several of which are phosphorylated in vivo in a Cdk1-dependent manner. The identities of these substrates reveal that Cdk1 employs a global regulatory strategy involving phosphorylation of other regulatory molecules as well as phosphorylation of the molecular machines that drive cell-cycle events. Detailed analysis of these substrates is likely to yield important insights into cell-cycle regulation.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Physiol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Biochem & Biophys, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Mol & Cellular Pharmacol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Novartis Fdn, Genom Inst, San Diego, CA 92121 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Novartis; Novartis USA
RP Morgan, DO (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Physiol, Box 0444, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
NR 30
TC 749
Z9 1000
U1 1
U2 78
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 23
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6960
BP 859
EP 864
DI 10.1038/nature02062
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 735ME
UT WOS:000186118500050
PM 14574415
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pollard, TD
AF Pollard, TD
TI The cytoskeleton, cellular motility and the reductionist agenda
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID actin; dynamics; mechanisms; microscopy; mutations; listeria; complex
C1 Yale Univ, Dept Mol Cellular & Dev Biol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
C3 Yale University
RP Pollard, TD (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Dept Mol Cellular & Dev Biol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
EM thomas.pollard@yale.edu
NR 32
TC 233
Z9 269
U1 0
U2 42
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 17
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6933
BP 741
EP 745
DI 10.1038/nature01598
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 668CG
UT WOS:000182272300047
PM 12700767
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hurlstone, AFL
   Haramis, APG
   Wienholds, E
   Begthel, H
   Korving, J
   van Eeden, F
   Cuppen, E
   Zivkovic, D
   Plasterk, RHA
   Clevers, H
AF Hurlstone, AFL
   Haramis, APG
   Wienholds, E
   Begthel, H
   Korving, J
   van Eeden, F
   Cuppen, E
   Zivkovic, D
   Plasterk, RHA
   Clevers, H
TI The Wnt/β-catenin pathway regulates cardiac valve formation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID beta-catenin; colorectal-cancer; cushion formation; zebrafish; gene; transformation; apc; specification; phenotype; mutation
AB Truncation of the tumour suppressor adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc) constitutively activates the Wnt/beta-catenin signalling pathway(1). Apc has a role in development: for example, embryos of mice with truncated Apc do not complete gastrulation(2). To understand this role more fully, we examined the effect of truncated Apc on zebrafish development. Here we show that, in contrast to mice, zebrafish do complete gastrulation. However, mutant hearts fail to loop and form excessive endocardial cushions. Conversely, overexpression of Apc or Dickkopf 1 (Dkk1), a secreted Wnt inhibitor(3), blocks cushion formation. In wild-type hearts, nuclear beta-catenin, the hallmark of activated canonical Wnt signalling(4), accumulates only in valve-forming cells, where it can activate a Tcf reporter. In mutant hearts, all cells display nuclear beta-catenin and Tcf reporter activity, while valve markers are markedly upregulated. Concomitantly, proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition, normally restricted to endocardial cushions, occur throughout the endocardium. Our findings identify a novel role for Wnt/beta-catenin signalling in determining endocardial cell fate.
C1 Netherlands Inst Dev Biol, Hubrecht Lab, NL-3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Ctr Biomed Genet, NL-3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands.
C3 Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts & Sciences; Hubrecht Institute (KNAW)
RP Clevers, H (corresponding author), Netherlands Inst Dev Biol, Hubrecht Lab, Uppsalalaan 8, NL-3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands.
NR 24
TC 335
Z9 421
U1 0
U2 32
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 9
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6958
BP 633
EP 637
DI 10.1038/nature02028
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 729XU
UT WOS:000185801000041
PM 14534590
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pashkin, YA
   Yamamoto, T
   Astafiev, O
   Nakamura, Y
   Averin, DV
   Tsai, JS
AF Pashkin, YA
   Yamamoto, T
   Astafiev, O
   Nakamura, Y
   Averin, DV
   Tsai, JS
TI Quantum oscillations in two coupled charge qubits
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID single-cooper-pair; josephson-junction; states; superposition
AB A practical quantum computer(1), if built, would consist of a set of coupled two-level quantum systems (qubits). Among the variety of qubits implemented(2), solid-state qubits are of particular interest because of their potential suitability for integrated devices. A variety of qubits based on Josephson junctions(3,4) have been implemented(5-8); these exploit the coherence of Cooper-pair tunnelling in the superconducting state(5-10). Despite apparent progress in the implementation of individual solid-state qubits, there have been no experimental reports of multiple qubit gates-a basic requirement for building a real quantum computer. Here we demonstrate a Josephson circuit consisting of two coupled charge qubits. Using a pulse technique, we coherently mix quantum states and observe quantum oscillations, the spectrum of which reflects interaction between the qubits. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of coupling multiple solid-state qubits, and indicate the existence of entangled two-qubit states.
C1 RIKEN, Inst Phys & Chem Res, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan.
   NEC Fundamental Res Labs, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058501, Japan.
   SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Phys & Astron, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
   PN Lebedev Phys Inst, Moscow 117924, Russia.
C3 RIKEN; NEC Corporation; State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University; Russian Academy of Sciences; Russian Academy of Science Lebedev Physical Institute
RP Tsai, JS (corresponding author), RIKEN, Inst Phys & Chem Res, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan.
EM tsai@frl.cl.nec.co.jp
NR 16
TC 658
Z9 699
U1 2
U2 83
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 20
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6925
BP 823
EP 826
DI 10.1038/nature01365
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 646QA
UT WOS:000181044700042
PM 12594507
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cahan, SH
   Keller, L
AF Cahan, SH
   Keller, L
TI Complex hybrid origin of genetic caste determination in harvester ants
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Caste differentiation and division of labour are the hallmarks of insect societies(1) and at the root of their ecological success(2). Kin selection predicts that caste determination should result from environmentally induced differences in gene expression(3,4), a prediction largely supported by empirical data(5). However, two exceptional cases of genetically determined caste differentiation have recently been found in harvester ants(6-8). Here we show that genetic caste determination evolved in these populations after complex hybridization events. We identified four distinct genetic lineages, each consisting of unique blends of the genomes of the parental species, presumably Pogonomyrmex barbatus and P. rugosus. Crosses between lineages H1 and H2 and between J1 and J2 give rise to workers, whereas queens develop from within-lineage matings. Although historical gene flow is evident, genetic exchange among lineages and between lineages and the parental species no longer occurs. This unusual system of caste determination seems to be evolutionarily stable.
C1 Univ Lausanne, Inst Ecol, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
C3 University of Lausanne
RP Cahan, SH (corresponding author), Univ Lausanne, Inst Ecol, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
NR 20
TC 141
Z9 158
U1 2
U2 34
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 17
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6946
BP 306
EP 309
DI 10.1038/nature01744
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 701RZ
UT WOS:000184183900040
PM 12867980
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Müller, CD
   Falcou, A
   Reckefuss, N
   Rojahn, M
   Wiederhirn, V
   Rudati, P
   Frohne, H
   Nuyken, O
   Becker, H
   Meerholz, K
AF Müller, CD
   Falcou, A
   Reckefuss, N
   Rojahn, M
   Wiederhirn, V
   Rudati, P
   Frohne, H
   Nuyken, O
   Becker, H
   Meerholz, K
TI Multi-colour organic light-emitting displays by solution processing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hole-transport materials; polymers; diodes; electroluminescence; efficient; devices; layers
AB Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) show promise for applications as high-quality self-emissive displays for portable devices such as cellular phones and personal organizers(1-4). Although monochrome operation is sufficient for some applications, the extension to multi-colour devices-such as RGB (red, green, blue) matrix displays-could greatly enhance their technological impact. Multi-colour OLEDs have been successfully fabricated by vacuum deposition of small electroluminescent molecules, but solution processing of larger molecules (electroluminescent polymers) would result in a cheaper and simpler manufacturing process. However, it has proved difficult to combine the solution processing approach with the high-resolution patterning techniques required to produce a pixelated display. Recent attempts have focused on the modification of standard printing techniques, such as screen printing(5-7) and ink jetting(8), but those still have technical drawbacks. Here we report a class of electroluminescent polymers that can be patterned in a way similar to standard photoresist materials-soluble polymers with oxetane sidegroups that can be crosslinked photochemically to produce insoluble polymer networks in desired areas. The resolution of the process is sufficient to fabricate pixelated matrix displays. Consecutive deposition of polymers that are luminescent in each of the three RGB colours yielded a device with efficiencies comparable to state-of-the-art OLEDs and even slightly reduced onset voltages.
C1 Covion Org Semcond GmbH, D-69526 Frankfurt, Germany.
   Tech Univ Munich, Lehrstuhl Makromol Stoffe, D-85747 Garching, Germany.
   Univ Munich, Dept Chem, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
C3 Technical University of Munich; University of Munich
RP Meerholz, K (corresponding author), Univ Cologne, Inst Phys Chem, Luxemburgerstr 116, D-50939 Cologne, Germany.
EM klaus.meerholz@uni-koeln.de
NR 25
TC 1083
Z9 1191
U1 8
U2 597
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 20
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6925
BP 829
EP 833
DI 10.1038/nature01390
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 646QA
UT WOS:000181044700044
PM 12594509
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Liou, YC
   Sun, A
   Ryo, A
   Zhou, XZ
   Yu, ZX
   Huang, HK
   Uchida, T
   Bronson, R
   Bing, GY
   Li, XJ
   Hunter, T
   Lu, KP
AF Liou, YC
   Sun, A
   Ryo, A
   Zhou, XZ
   Yu, ZX
   Huang, HK
   Uchida, T
   Bronson, R
   Bing, GY
   Li, XJ
   Hunter, T
   Lu, KP
TI Role of the prolyl isomerase Pin1 in protecting against age-dependent neurodegeneration
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID paired helical filaments; proline-directed phosphorylation; alzheimers-disease; transgenic mice; tau-protein; neurofibrillary tangles; p301l tau; isomerization; hyperphosphorylation; dephosphorylation
AB The neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies include senile plaques and/or neurofibrillary tangles(1-4). Although mouse models have been created by overexpressing specific proteins including beta-amyloid precursor protein, presenilin and tau(1-10), no model has been generated by gene knockout. Phosphorylation of tau and other proteins on serine or threonine residues preceding proline seems to precede tangle formation and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease(11-14). Notably, these phospho(Ser/Thr)-Pro motifs exist in two distinct conformations, whose conversion in some proteins is catalysed by the Pin1 prolyl isomerase(15-17). Pin1 activity can directly restore the conformation and function of phosphorylated tau or it can do so indirectly by promoting its dephosphorylation, which suggests that Pin1 is involved in neurodegeneration(14,18,19); however, genetic evidence is lacking. Here we show that Pin1 expression is inversely correlated with predicted neuronal vulnerability and actual neurofibrillary degeneration in Alzheimer's disease. Pin1 knockout in mice causes progressive age-dependent neuropathy characterized by motor and behavioural deficits, tau hyperphosphorylation, tau filament formation and neuronal degeneration. Thus, Pin1 is pivotal in protecting against age-dependent neurodegeneration, providing insight into the pathogenesis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies.
C1 Harvard Univ, Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Sch Med, Dept Med,Canc Biol Program, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Univ Kentucky, Dept Anat & Neurobiol, Lexington, KY 40536 USA.
   Emory Univ, Dept Human Genet, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
   Salk Inst Biol Studies, Mol & Cell Biol Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Tohoku Univ, Dept Pathol, Sendai, Miyagi 9808575, Japan.
   Tufts Univ, Sch Vet Med, North Grafton, MA 01536 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; University of Kentucky; Emory University; Salk Institute; Tohoku University; Tufts University
RP Lu, KP (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Sch Med, Dept Med,Canc Biol Program, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
NR 30
TC 385
Z9 448
U1 0
U2 30
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 31
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6948
BP 556
EP 561
DI 10.1038/nature01832
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 706LG
UT WOS:000184454700044
PM 12891359
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhang, H
   Yang, B
   Pomerantz, RJ
   Zhang, CM
   Arunachalam, SC
   Gao, L
AF Zhang, H
   Yang, B
   Pomerantz, RJ
   Zhang, CM
   Arunachalam, SC
   Gao, L
TI The cytidine deaminase CEM15 induces hypermutation in newly synthesized HIV-1 DNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human-immunodeficiency-virus; b messenger-rna; type-1 vif protein; reverse transcription; g->a hypermutation; nonpermissive cells; editing enzyme; sor gene; infection; replication
AB High mutation frequency during reverse transcription has a principal role in the genetic variation of primate lentiviral populations. It is the main driving force for the generation of drug resistance and the escape from immune surveillance. G to A hypermutation is one of the characteristics of primate lentiviruses, as well as other retroviruses, during replication in vivo and in cell culture(1-6). The molecular mechanisms of this process, however, remain to be clarified. Here, we demonstrate that CEM15 (also known as apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like 3G; APOBEC3G)(7,8), an endogenous inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication, is a cytidine deaminase and is able to induce G to A hypermutation in newly synthesized viral DNA. This effect can be counteracted by the HIV-1 virion infectivity factor (Vif). It seems that this viral DNA mutator is a viral defence mechanism in host cells that may induce either lethal hypermutation or instability of the incoming nascent viral reverse transcripts, which could account for the Vif-defective phenotype. Importantly, the accumulation of CEM15-mediated non-lethal hypermutation in the replicating viral genome could potently contribute to the genetic variation of primate lentiviral populations.
C1 Thomas Jefferson Univ, Dept Med, Div Infect Dis & Environm Med, Ctr Human Virol & Biodef,Dorrance H Hamilton Labs, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA.
C3 Thomas Jefferson University
RP Zhang, H (corresponding author), Thomas Jefferson Univ, Dept Med, Div Infect Dis & Environm Med, Ctr Human Virol & Biodef,Dorrance H Hamilton Labs, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA.
FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI047720] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 916
Z9 1136
U1 1
U2 52
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 3
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6944
BP 94
EP 98
DI 10.1038/nature01707
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 696XL
UT WOS:000183912800047
PM 12808465
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Price, PA
   Fox, DW
   Kulkarni, SR
   Peterson, BA
   Schmidt, BP
   Soderberg, AM
   Yost, SA
   Berger, E
   Djorgovski, SG
   Frail, DA
   Harrison, FA
   Sari, R
   Blain, AW
   Chapman, SC
AF Price, PA
   Fox, DW
   Kulkarni, SR
   Peterson, BA
   Schmidt, BP
   Soderberg, AM
   Yost, SA
   Berger, E
   Djorgovski, SG
   Frail, DA
   Harrison, FA
   Sari, R
   Blain, AW
   Chapman, SC
TI The bright optical afterglow of the nearby γ-ray burst of 29 March 2003
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID supernova; emission
AB Past studies of cosmological gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) have been hampered by their extreme distances, resulting in faint afterglows. A nearby GRB could potentially shed much light on the origin of these events, but GRBs with a redshift zless than or equal to0.2 have been estimated to occur only rarely, about once per decade(1). Here we report the discovery of the bright optical afterglow emission from the burst of 29 March 2003 (GRB030329; ref. 2). The brightness of the afterglow and the prompt report(3) of its position resulted in extensive follow-up observations at many wavelengths, along with the measurement of the redshift, z=0.169 (ref. 4). The gamma-ray and afterglow properties of GRB030329 are similar to those of GRBs at cosmological redshifts. Observations have already identified the progenitor as a massive star that exploded as a supernova(5,6).
C1 ANU, Mt Stromlo Observ, RSAA, Weston, ACT 2611, Australia.
   CALTECH, Caltech Opt Observ 105 24, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   CALTECH, Space Radiat Lab 220 47, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Natl Radio Astron Observ, Socorro, NM 87801 USA.
C3 Australian National University; California Institute of Technology; California Institute of Technology; National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO)
RP Price, PA (corresponding author), ANU, Mt Stromlo Observ, RSAA, Via Cotter Rd, Weston, ACT 2611, Australia.
EM pap@mso.anu.edu.au
NR 30
TC 119
Z9 122
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 19
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6942
BP 844
EP 847
DI 10.1038/nature01734
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 691BQ
UT WOS:000183585300038
PM 12815424
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Imaizumi, T
   Tran, HG
   Swartz, TE
   Briggs, WR
   Kay, SA
AF Imaizumi, T
   Tran, HG
   Swartz, TE
   Briggs, WR
   Kay, SA
TI FKF1 is essential for photoperiodic-specific light signalling in Arabidopsis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID circadian clock; photoreceptor phototropin; protein; plants; nph1; purification; transduction; receptors; mediate; domains
AB Adaptation to seasonal change is a crucial component of an organism's survival strategy. To monitor seasonal variation, organisms have developed the capacity to measure day length ( photoperiodism). Day-length assessment involves the photoperiodic control of flowering in Arabidopsis thaliana, whereby the coincidence of light and high expression of CONSTANS ( CO) induces the expression of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), leading to flowering in long-day conditions(1). Although controlling CO expression is clearly a key step in day-length discrimination, the mechanism that generates day-length-dependent CO expression remains unknown. Here we show that the clock-controlled FLAVIN-BINDING, KELCH REPEAT, F-BOX (FKF1)(2) protein has an essential role in generating the diurnal CO peak and that this function is dependent on light. We show that a recombinant FKF1 LIGHT, OXYGEN OR VOLTAGE ( LOV)(3) domain binds the chromophore flavin mononucleotide and undergoes light-induced photochemistry, indicating that FKF1 may function as a photoperiodic blue-light receptor. It is likely that the circadian control of FKF1 expression and the light regulation of FKF1 function coincide to control the daytime CO waveform precisely, which in turn is crucial for day-length discrimination by Arabidopsis.
C1 Scripps Res Inst, Dept Cell Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Plant Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute; Carnegie Institution for Science
RP Kay, SA (corresponding author), Scripps Res Inst, Dept Cell Biol, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
NR 28
TC 470
Z9 574
U1 2
U2 118
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 20
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6964
BP 302
EP 306
DI 10.1038/nature02090
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 744YQ
UT WOS:000186660800047
PM 14628054
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rees, WE
AF Rees, WE
TI A blot on the land
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ British Columbia, Sch Community & Reg Planning, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2, Canada.
C3 University of British Columbia
RP Rees, WE (corresponding author), Univ British Columbia, Sch Community & Reg Planning, 6333 Mem Rd, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2, Canada.
NR 4
TC 28
Z9 33
U1 0
U2 31
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 27
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6926
BP 898
EP 898
DI 10.1038/421898a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 649BK
UT WOS:000181186900023
PM 12606978
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wang, X
   Willenbring, H
   Akkari, Y
   Torimaru, Y
   Foster, M
   Al-Dhalimy, M
   Lagasse, E
   Finegold, M
   Olson, S
   Grompe, M
AF Wang, X
   Willenbring, H
   Akkari, Y
   Torimaru, Y
   Foster, M
   Al-Dhalimy, M
   Lagasse, E
   Finegold, M
   Olson, S
   Grompe, M
TI Cell fusion is the principal source of bone-marrow-derived hepatocytes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase; hepatic-dysfunction; gene-therapy; murine model; stem-cells; liver; mice; repopulation; phenotype; vivo
AB Evidence suggests that haematopoietic stem cells might have unexpected developmental plasticity, highlighting therapeutic potential. For example, bone-marrow-derived hepatocytes can repopulate the liver of mice with fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase deficiency and correct their liver disease(1). To determine the underlying mechanism in this murine model, we performed serial transplantation of bone-marrow-derived hepatocytes. Here we show by Southern blot analysis that the repopulating hepatocytes in the liver were heterozygous for alleles unique to the donor marrow, in contrast to the original homozygous donor cells. Furthermore, cytogenetic analysis of hepatocytes transplanted from female donor mice into male recipients demonstrated 80,XXXY (diploid to diploid fusion) and 120,XXXXYY (diploid to tetraploid fusion) karyotypes, indicative of fusion between donor and host cells. We conclude that hepatocytes derived form bone marrow arise from cell fusion and not by differentiation of haematopoietic stem cells.
C1 Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Dept Mol & Med Genet, Portland, OR 97239 USA.
   Stem Cells Inc, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.
   Texas Childrens Hosp, Dept Pathol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
C3 Oregon Health & Science University; Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College Medical Hospital
RP Grompe, M (corresponding author), Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Dept Mol & Med Genet, Portland, OR 97239 USA.
EM grompem@ohsu.edu
NR 30
TC 1266
Z9 1458
U1 1
U2 55
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 24
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6934
BP 897
EP 901
DI 10.1038/nature01531
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 670WR
UT WOS:000182432600056
PM 12665832
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chapman, T
AF Chapman, T
TI Lab automation and robotics - Automation on the move
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 94
Z9 109
U1 2
U2 29
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 6
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6923
BP 661
EP +
DI 10.1038/421661a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 642KH
UT WOS:000180803200049
PM 12571603
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dasen, JS
   Liu, JP
   Jessell, TM
AF Dasen, JS
   Liu, JP
   Jessell, TM
TI Motor neuron columnar fate imposed by sequential phases of Hox-c activity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID spinal-cord; homeodomain protein; subtype identity; homeotic transformations; transcriptional codes; positional identity; genes; expression; mice; specification
AB The organization of neurons into columns is a prominent feature of central nervous systemstructure and function. In many regions of the central nervous system the grouping of neurons into columns links cell-body position to axonal trajectory, thus contributing to the establishment of topographic neural maps. This link is prominent in the developing spinal cord, where columnar sets of motor neurons innervate distinct targets in the periphery. We show here that sequential phases of Hox-c protein expression and activity control the columnar differentiation of spinal motor neurons. Hox expression in neural progenitors is established by graded fibroblast growth factor signalling and translated into a distinct motor neuron Hox pattern. Motor neuron columnar fate then emerges through cell autonomous repressor and activator functions of Hox proteins. Hox proteins also direct the expression of genes that establish motor topographic projections, thus implicating Hox proteins as critical determinants of spinal motor neuron identity and organization.
C1 Columbia Univ, Ctr Neurobiol & Behav, Dept Biochem & Mol Biophys, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Univ Virginia, Sch Med, Dept Neurosci, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA.
C3 Columbia University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Virginia
RP Jessell, TM (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Ctr Neurobiol & Behav, Dept Biochem & Mol Biophys, Howard Hughes Med Inst, 701 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032 USA.
NR 49
TC 284
Z9 371
U1 1
U2 29
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 30
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6961
BP 926
EP 933
DI 10.1038/nature02051
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 737KY
UT WOS:000186230600033
PM 14586461
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kaufman, AJ
   Xiao, SH
AF Kaufman, AJ
   Xiao, SH
TI High CO2 levels in the Proterozoic atmosphere estimated from analyses of individual microfossils
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carbon isotopic composition; growth-rate
AB Solar luminosity on the early Earth was significantly lower than today. Therefore, solar luminosity models suggest that, in the atmosphere of the early Earth, the concentration of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane must have been much higher(1,2). However, empirical estimates of Proterozoic levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations have not hitherto been available. Here we present ion microprobe analyses of the carbon isotopes in individual organic-walled microfossils extracted from a Proterozoic (similar to1.4-gigayear-old) shale in North China. Calculated magnitudes of the carbon isotope fractionation in these large, morphologically complex microfossils suggest elevated levels of carbon dioxide in the ancient atmosphere-between 10 and 200 times the present atmospheric level. Our results indicate that carbon dioxide was an important greenhouse gas during periods of lower solar luminosity, probably dominating over methane after the atmosphere and hydrosphere became pervasively oxygenated between 2 and 2.2 gigayears ago.
C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Geol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
   Tulane Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA.
C3 University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; Tulane University
RP Kaufman, AJ (corresponding author), Univ Maryland, Dept Geol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
EM kaufman@geol.umd.edu; xiao@vt.edu
NR 22
TC 139
Z9 158
U1 0
U2 45
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 18
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6955
BP 279
EP 282
DI 10.1038/nature01902
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 722JA
UT WOS:000185370900040
PM 13679912
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fu, XD
   Harberd, NP
AF Fu, XD
   Harberd, NP
TI Auxin promotes Arabidopsis root growth by modulating gibberellin response
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gai; degradation; transport; gene; derepression; expression; reduction; regulator; defines; protein
AB The growth of plant organs is influenced by a stream of the phytohormone auxin that flows from the shoot apex to the tip of the root(1). However, until now it has not been known how auxin regulates the cell proliferation and enlargement that characterizes organ growth. Here we show that auxin controls the growth of roots by modulating cellular responses to the phytohormone gibberellin (GA). GA promotes the growth of plants by opposing the effects of nuclear DELLA protein growth repressors(2-8), one of which is Arabidopsis RGA (for repressor of gal-3)(9,10). GA opposes the action of several DELLA proteins by destabilizing them, reducing both the concentration of detectable DELLA proteins and their growth-restraining effects(9-14). We also show that auxin is necessary for GA-mediated control of root growth, and that attenuation of auxin transport or signalling delays the GA-induced disappearance of RGA from root cell nuclei. Our observations indicate that the shoot apex exerts long-distance control on the growth of plant organs through the effect of auxin on GA-mediated DELLA protein destabilization.
C1 John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England.
C3 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); John Innes Centre
RP Harberd, NP (corresponding author), John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Norwich Res Pk,Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England.
EM nicholas.harberd@bbsrc.ac.uk
FU Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BBS/E/J/00000583] Funding Source: researchfish; Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BBS/E/J/00000583] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 643
Z9 787
U1 2
U2 263
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 13
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6924
BP 740
EP 743
DI 10.1038/nature01387
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 644UP
UT WOS:000180938000043
PM 12610625
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mamdouh, Z
   Chen, X
   Pierini, LM
   Maxfield, FR
   Muller, WA
AF Mamdouh, Z
   Chen, X
   Pierini, LM
   Maxfield, FR
   Muller, WA
TI Targeted recycling of PECAM from endothelial surface-connected compartments during diapedesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID vesiculo-vacuolar organelles; transendothelial migration; cell-adhesion; transmigration; monocytes; cadherin; leukocytes
AB Leukocytes enter sites of inflammation by squeezing through the borders between endothelial cells that line postcapillary venules at that site. This rapid process, called transendothelial migration (TEM) or diapedesis, is completed within 90 s after a leukocyte arrests on the endothelial surface(1-4). In this time, the leukocyte moves in ameboid fashion across the endothelial borders, which remain tightly apposed to it during transit. It is not known how the endothelial cell changes its borders rapidly and reversibly to accommodate the migrating leukocyte. Here we show that there is a membrane network just below the plasmalemma at the cell borders that is connected at intervals to the junctional surface. PECAM-1, an integral membrane protein with an essential role in TEM5-7, is found in this compartment and constitutively recycles evenly along endothelial cell borders. During TEM, however, recycling PECAM is targeted to segments of the junction across which monocytes are in the act of migration. In addition, blockade of TEM with antibodies against PECAM specifically blocks the recruitment of this membrane to the zones of leukocyte migration, without affecting the constitutive membrane trafficking.
C1 Weill Med Coll, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Weill Med Coll, Dept Biochem, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Cornell University; Weill Cornell Medicine; Cornell University; Weill Cornell Medicine
RP Muller, WA (corresponding author), Weill Med Coll, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
NR 21
TC 267
Z9 321
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 13
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6924
BP 748
EP 753
DI 10.1038/nature01300
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 644UP
UT WOS:000180938000045
PM 12610627
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mounkes, LC
   Kozlov, S
   Hernandez, L
   Sullivan, T
   Stewart, CL
AF Mounkes, LC
   Kozlov, S
   Hernandez, L
   Sullivan, T
   Stewart, CL
TI A progeroid syndrome in mice is caused by defects in A-type lamins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dreifuss muscular-dystrophy; nuclear-envelope; gene; expression; mutations; disease; cells
AB Numerous studies of the underlying causes of ageing have been attempted by examining diseases associated with premature ageing, such as Werner's syndrome and Hutchinson - Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS). HGPS is a rare genetic disorder resulting in phenotypes suggestive of accelerated ageing, including shortened stature, craniofacial disproportion, very thin skin, alopecia and osteoporosis, with death in the early teens predominantly due to atherosclerosis(1). However, recent reports suggest that developmental abnormalities may also be important in HGPS(1,2). Here we describe the derivation of mice carrying an autosomal recessive mutation in the lamin A gene (Lmna) encoding A-type lamins, major components of the nuclear lamina(3). Homozygous mice display defects consistent with HGPS, including a marked reduction in growth rate and death by 4 weeks of age. Pathologies in bone, muscle and skin are also consistent with progeria. The Lmna mutation resulted in nuclear morphology defects and decreased lifespan of homozygous fibroblasts, suggesting premature cell death. Here we present a mouse model for progeria that may elucidate mechanisms of ageing and development in certain tissue types, especially those developing from the mesenchymal cell lineage.
C1 NCI, Canc & Dev Biol Lab, Frederick, MD 21702 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI)
RP Stewart, CL (corresponding author), NCI, Canc & Dev Biol Lab, Frederick, MD 21702 USA.
NR 26
TC 296
Z9 350
U1 0
U2 38
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 15
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6937
BP 298
EP 301
DI 10.1038/nature01631
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 678EX
UT WOS:000182853100045
PM 12748643
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fouchier, RAM
   Kuiken, T
   Schutten, M
   van Amerongen, G
   van Doornum, J
   van den Hoogen, BG
   Peiris, M
   Lim, W
   Stöhr, K
   Osterhaus, ADME
AF Fouchier, RAM
   Kuiken, T
   Schutten, M
   van Amerongen, G
   van Doornum, J
   van den Hoogen, BG
   Peiris, M
   Lim, W
   Stöhr, K
   Osterhaus, ADME
TI Aetiology -: Koch's postulates fulfilled for SARS virus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Erasmus Med Ctr, Dept Virol, NL-3015 GE Rotterdam, Netherlands.
   Univ Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hosp, Dept Microbiol, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.
   9F Publ Hlth Lab Ctr, Govt Virus Unit, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.
C3 Erasmus University Rotterdam; Erasmus MC; University of Hong Kong
RP Fouchier, RAM (corresponding author), Erasmus Med Ctr, Dept Virol, NL-3015 GE Rotterdam, Netherlands.
NR 7
TC 572
Z9 676
U1 0
U2 60
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 15
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6937
BP 240
EP 240
DI 10.1038/423240a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 678EX
UT WOS:000182853100032
PM 12748632
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Alff, L
   Krockenberger, Y
   Welter, B
   Schonecke, M
   Gross, R
   Manske, D
   Naito, M
AF Alff, L
   Krockenberger, Y
   Welter, B
   Schonecke, M
   Gross, R
   Manske, D
   Naito, M
TI A hidden pseudogap under the 'dome' of superconductivity in electron-doped high-temperature superconductors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID doping dependence; state; phase; order; gap
AB The ground state of superconductors is characterized by the long-range order of condensed Cooper pairs: this is the only order present in conventional superconductors. The high-transition-temperature (high-T-c) superconductors, in contrast, exhibit more complex phase behaviour, which might indicate the presence of other competing ground states. For example, the pseudogap(1,2)-a suppression of the accessible electronic states at the Fermi level in the normal state of high-T-c superconductors has been interpreted as either a precursor to superconductivity(3,4) or as tracer of a nearby ground state that can be separated from the superconducting state by a quantum critical point(5,6). Here we report the existence of a second order parameter(7) hidden within the superconducting phase of the underdoped (electron-doped) high-T-c superconductor Pr2-xCexCuO4-y and the newly synthesized electron-doped material La2-xCexCuO4-y (ref. 8). The existence of a pseudogap when superconductivity is suppressed excludes precursor superconductivity as its origin. Our observation is consistent with the presence of a (quantum) phase transition at T = 0, which may be a key to understanding high-T-c superconductivity. This supports the picture that the physics of high-T-c superconductors is determined by the interplay between competing and coexisting ground states.
C1 Bayer Akad Wissensch, Walther Meissner Inst, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
   Free Univ Berlin, Inst Theoret Phys, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
   NTT Corp, Basic Res Labs, Kanagawa 243, Japan.
C3 Free University of Berlin; NTT, Inc
RP Alff, L (corresponding author), Bayer Akad Wissensch, Walther Meissner Inst, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
EM lambert.alff@wmi.badw.de
NR 30
TC 109
Z9 119
U1 0
U2 28
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 17
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6933
BP 698
EP 701
DI 10.1038/nature01488
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 668CG
UT WOS:000182272300034
PM 12700755
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ren, SX
   Gang, F
   Jiang, XG
   Zeng, R
   Miao, YG
   Xu, H
   Zhang, YX
   Xiong, H
   Lu, G
   Lu, LF
   Jiang, HQ
   Jia, J
   Tu, YF
   Jiang, JX
   Gu, WY
   Zhang, YQ
   Cai, Z
   Sheng, HH
   Yin, HF
   Zhang, Y
   Zhu, GF
   Wan, M
   Huang, HL
   Qian, Z
   Wang, SY
   Ma, W
   Yao, ZJ
   Shen, Y
   Qiang, BQ
   Xia, QC
   Guo, XK
   Danchin, A
   Saint Girons, I
   Somerville, RL
   Wen, YM
   Shi, MH
   Chen, Z
   Xu, JG
   Zhao, GP
AF Ren, SX
   Gang, F
   Jiang, XG
   Zeng, R
   Miao, YG
   Xu, H
   Zhang, YX
   Xiong, H
   Lu, G
   Lu, LF
   Jiang, HQ
   Jia, J
   Tu, YF
   Jiang, JX
   Gu, WY
   Zhang, YQ
   Cai, Z
   Sheng, HH
   Yin, HF
   Zhang, Y
   Zhu, GF
   Wan, M
   Huang, HL
   Qian, Z
   Wang, SY
   Ma, W
   Yao, ZJ
   Shen, Y
   Qiang, BQ
   Xia, QC
   Guo, XK
   Danchin, A
   Saint Girons, I
   Somerville, RL
   Wen, YM
   Shi, MH
   Chen, Z
   Xu, JG
   Zhao, GP
TI Unique physiological and pathogenic features of Leptospira interrogans revealed by whole-genome sequencing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID platelet-activating-factor; gene; motility; synthase
AB Leptospirosis is a widely spread disease of global concern. Infection causes flu-like episodes with frequent severe renal and hepatic damage, such as haemorrhage and jaundice. In more severe cases, massive pulmonary haemorrhages, including fatal sudden haemoptysis, can occur(1). Here we report the complete genomic sequence of a representative virulent serovar type strain (Lai)(2) of Leptospira interrogans serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae consisting of a 4.33-megabase large chromosome and a 359-kilobase small chromosome, with a total of 4,768 predicted genes. In terms of the genetic determinants of physiological characteristics, the facultatively parasitic L. interrogans differs extensively from two other strictly parasitic pathogenic spirochaetes, Treponema pallidum(3) and Borrelia burgdorferi(4), although similarities exist in the genes that govern their unique morphological features. A comprehensive analysis of the L. interrogans genes for chemotaxis/motility and lipopolysaccharide synthesis provides a basis for in-depth studies of virulence and pathogenesis. The discovery of a series of genes possibly related to adhesion, invasion and the haematological changes that characterize leptospirosis has provided clues about how an environmental organism might evolve into an important human pathogen.
C1 Chinese Natl Human Genome Ctr Shanghai, Shanghai 201203, Peoples R China.
   Chinese Acad Sci, Bioinformat Ctr, Inst Biochem & Cell Biol, Shanghai 200031, Peoples R China.
   Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Plant Physiol & Ecol, Biotechnol Res Ctr, Shanghai 200031, Peoples R China.
   Chinese Acad Sci, Shanghai Inst Biol Sci, Shanghai 200031, Peoples R China.
   Shanghai Med Univ 2, Rui Jin Hosp, Dept Microbiol & Parasitol, Shanghai 200025, Peoples R China.
   Chinese Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Inst Communicable Dis Control & Prevent, ICDC, China CDC, Beijing 102206, Peoples R China.
   Chinese Natl Human Genome Ctr, Beijing 100170, Peoples R China.
   Fudan Univ, Dept Mol Virol, Med Ctr, Shanghai 200032, Peoples R China.
   HKU, Pasteur Res Ctr, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.
   Inst Pasteur, Unite Bacteriol Mol & Med, F-75724 Paris 15, France.
   Purdue Univ, Dept Biochem, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA.
C3 Chinese Academy of Sciences; Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, CAS; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Chinese Center for Disease Control & Prevention; National Institute for Communicable Disease Control & Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control & Prevention; Fudan University; University of Hong Kong; Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; Purdue University System; Purdue University
RP Zhao, GP (corresponding author), Chinese Natl Human Genome Ctr Shanghai, 250 Bi Bo Rd,Zhang Jiang High Tech Pk, Shanghai 201203, Peoples R China.
EM gpzhao@sibs.ac.cn
NR 28
TC 450
Z9 961
U1 3
U2 82
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 24
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6934
BP 888
EP 893
DI 10.1038/nature01597
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 670WR
UT WOS:000182432600054
PM 12712204
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gao, KQ
   Shubin, NH
AF Gao, KQ
   Shubin, NH
TI Earliest known crown-group salamanders
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Salamanders are a model system for studying the rates and patterns of the evolution of new anatomical structures(1-4). Recent discoveries of abundant Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous salamanders are helping to address these issues(5-8). Here we report the discovery of well-preserved Middle Jurassic salamanders from China, which constitutes the earliest known record of crown-group urodeles (living salamanders and their closest relatives). The new specimens are from the volcanic deposits of the Jiulongshan Formation (Bathonian)(9-13), Inner Mongolia, China, and represent basal members of the Cryptobranchidae, a family that includes the endangered Asian giant salamander (Andrias) and the North American hellbender (Cryptobranchus). These fossils document a Mesozoic record of the Cryptobranchidae, predating the previous record of the group by some 100 million years(14-17). This discovery provides evidence to support the hypothesis that the divergence of the Cryptobranchidae from the Hynobiidae had taken place in Asia before the Middle Jurassic period.
C1 Univ Chicago, Dept Organismal Biol & Anat, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Peking Univ, Sch Earth & Space Sci, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China.
C3 University of Chicago; Peking University
RP Shubin, NH (corresponding author), Univ Chicago, Dept Organismal Biol & Anat, 1027 E 57th St, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
NR 29
TC 255
Z9 302
U1 1
U2 65
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 27
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6930
BP 424
EP 428
DI 10.1038/nature01491
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 659WV
UT WOS:000181801200043
PM 12660782
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kovalchuk, I
   Kovalchuk, O
   Kalck, V
   Boyko, V
   Filkowski, J
   Heinlein, M
   Hohn, B
AF Kovalchuk, I
   Kovalchuk, O
   Kalck, V
   Boyko, V
   Filkowski, J
   Heinlein, M
   Hohn, B
TI Pathogen-induced systemic plant signal triggers DNA rearrangements
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tobacco mosaic-virus; homologous recombination; transposable elements; maize; arabidopsis; resistance; infection; induction; radiation
AB Plant genome stability is known to be affected by various abiotic environmental conditions(1-7), but little is known about the effect of pathogens. For example, exposure of maize plants to barley stripe mosaic virus seems to activate transposable elements(8,9) and to cause mutations in the non-infected progeny of infected plants(10). The induction by barley stripe mosaic virus of an inherited effect may mean that the virus has a non-cell-autonomous influence on genome stability. Infection with Peronospora parasitica results in an increase in the frequency of somatic recombination in Arabidopsis thaliana(11); however, it is unclear whether effects on recombination require the presence of the pathogen or represent a systemic plant response. It is also not clear whether the changes in the frequency of somatic recombination can be inherited. Here we report a threefold increase in homologous recombination frequency in both infected and noninfected tissue of tobacco plants infected with either tobacco mosaic virus(12) or oilseed rape mosaic virus(13). These results indicate the existence of a systemic recombination signal that also results in an increased frequency of meiotic and/or inherited late somatic recombination.
C1 Univ Lethbridge, Dept Biol Sci, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada.
   Friedrich Miescher Inst Biomed Res, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
C3 University of Lethbridge; Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research
RP Kovalchuk, I (corresponding author), Univ Lethbridge, Dept Biol Sci, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada.
NR 23
TC 227
Z9 273
U1 0
U2 37
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 12
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6941
BP 760
EP 762
DI 10.1038/nature01683
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 688PA
UT WOS:000183443400045
PM 12802336
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Trieloff, M
   Jessberger, EK
   Herrwerth, I
   Hopp, J
   Fiéni, C
   Ghélis, M
   Bourot-Denise, M
   Pellas, P
AF Trieloff, M
   Jessberger, EK
   Herrwerth, I
   Hopp, J
   Fiéni, C
   Ghélis, M
   Bourot-Denise, M
   Pellas, P
TI Structure and thermal history of the H-chondrite parent asteroid revealed by thermochronometry
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID acapulco meteorite; systematic-errors; decay constants; 40ar/39ar age; cooling rates; fragmentation; metamorphism; plagioclase
AB Our Solar System formed, similar to4.6 billion years ago from the collapse of a dense core inside an interstellar molecular cloud. The subsequent formation of solid bodies took place rapidly. The period of < 10 million years over which planetesimals were assembled can be investigated through the study of meteorites(1-3). Although some planetesimals differentiated and formed metallic cores like the larger terrestrial planets, the parent bodies of undifferentiated chondritic meteorites experienced comparatively mild thermal metamorphism that was insufficient to separate metal from silicate(4,5). There is debate about the nature of the heat source(6-9) as well as the structure and cooling history of the parent bodies(10-12). Here we report a study of Pu-244 fission-track and 40Ar-39Ar thermochronologies of unshocked H chondrites, which are presumed to have a common, single, parent body. We show that, after fast accretion, an internal heating source ( most probably Al-26 decay(8-10,13)) resulted in a layered parent body(6) that cooled relatively undisturbed: rocks in the outer shells reached lower maximum metamorphic temperatures and cooled faster than the more recrystallized and chemically equilibrated rocks from the centre, which needed similar to 160 Myr to reach 390K.
C1 Heidelberg Univ, Inst Mineral, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Univ Munster, Inst Planetol, D-48149 Munster, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Kernphys, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Museum Lab Mineral, F-75005 Paris, France.
C3 Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg; University of Munster; Max Planck Society
RP Trieloff, M (corresponding author), Heidelberg Univ, Inst Mineral, Neuenheimer Feld 236, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
EM trieloff@min.uni-heidelberg.de
NR 30
TC 284
Z9 302
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 3
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6931
BP 502
EP 506
DI 10.1038/nature01499
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 662TW
UT WOS:000181965400032
PM 12673245
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Greiner, J
   Klose, S
   Reinsch, K
   Schmid, HM
   Sari, R
   Hartmann, DH
   Kouveliotou, C
   Rau, A
   Palazzi, E
   Straubmeier, C
   Stecklum, B
   Zharikov, S
   Tovmassian, G
   Bärnbantner, O
   Ries, C
   Jehin, E
   Henden, A
   Kaas, AA
   Grav, T
   Hjorth, J
   Pedersen, H
   Wijers, RAMJ
   Kaufer, A
   Park, HS
   Williams, G
   Reimer, O
AF Greiner, J
   Klose, S
   Reinsch, K
   Schmid, HM
   Sari, R
   Hartmann, DH
   Kouveliotou, C
   Rau, A
   Palazzi, E
   Straubmeier, C
   Stecklum, B
   Zharikov, S
   Tovmassian, G
   Bärnbantner, O
   Ries, C
   Jehin, E
   Henden, A
   Kaas, AA
   Grav, T
   Hjorth, J
   Pedersen, H
   Wijers, RAMJ
   Kaufer, A
   Park, HS
   Williams, G
   Reimer, O
TI Evolution of the polarization of the optical afterglow of the γ-ray burst GRB030329
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 29 march 2003; grb 990510; spectropolarimetry; grb-020405; grb-030329; emission
AB The association of a supernova with GRB030329(1,2) strongly supports the 'collapsar' model(3) of gamma-ray bursts, where a relativistic jet(4) forms after the progenitor star collapses. Such jets cannot be spatially resolved because gamma-ray bursts lie at cosmological distances; their existence is instead inferred from 'breaks' in the light curves of the afterglows, and from the theoretical desire to reduce the estimated total energy of the burst by proposing that most of it comes out in narrow beams. Temporal evolution of the polarization of the afterglows(5-7) may provide independent evidence for the jet structure of the relativistic outflow. Small-level polarization (similar to1-3 per cent)(8-17) has been reported for a few bursts, but its temporal evolution has yet to be established. Here we report polarimetric observations of the afterglow of GRB030329. We establish the polarization light curve, detect sustained polarization at the per cent level, and find significant variability. The data imply that the afterglow magnetic field has a small coherence length and is mostly random, probably generated by turbulence, in contrast with the picture arising from the high polarization detected in the prompt gamma-rays from GRB021206 (ref. 18).
C1 Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, D-85741 Garching, Germany.
   Thuringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg, D-07778 Tautenburg, Germany.
   Univ Sternwarte Gottingen, D-37083 Gottingen, Germany.
   ETH, Inst Astron, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
   CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Clemson Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Clemson, SC 29634 USA.
   NSSTC, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA.
   CNR, Ist Astrofis Spaziale & Fis Cosm, Sez Bologna, I-40129 Bologna, Italy.
   Univ Cologne, Inst Phys, D-50937 Cologne, Germany.
   Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Astron, Ensenada 22860, Baja California, Mexico.
   Univ Sternwarte, Wendelstein Observ, D-81679 Munich, Germany.
   European So Observ, Santiago 19, Chile.
   USN Observ, Univ Space Res Assoc, Flagstaff, AZ 86002 USA.
   Nord Opt Telescope, Santa Cruz De La Palma 38700, Spain.
   Univ Oslo, Inst Theoret Astrophys, N-0315 Oslo, Norway.
   Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Univ Copenhagen, NBIfAFG, Astron Observ, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark.
   Univ Amsterdam, Astron Inst Anton Pannekoek, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94551 USA.
   Univ Arizona, Multiple Mirror Telescope Observ, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Ruhr Univ Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society; University of Gottingen; University Gottingen Observatory; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; California Institute of Technology; Clemson University; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); University of Cologne; Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico; University of Munich; European Southern Observatory; United States Department of Defense; United States Navy; Universities Space Research Association (USRA); University of Oslo; Smithsonian Institution; Harvard University; Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; University of Copenhagen; University of Amsterdam; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; University of Arizona; Ruhr University Bochum
RP Greiner, J (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, D-85741 Garching, Germany.
EM jcg@mpe.mpg.de
NR 28
TC 113
Z9 113
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 13
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6963
BP 157
EP 159
DI 10.1038/nature02077
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 742LA
UT WOS:000186517200036
PM 14614499
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU van Montfort, RLM
   Congreve, M
   Tisi, D
   Carr, R
   Jhoti, H
AF van Montfort, RLM
   Congreve, M
   Tisi, D
   Carr, R
   Jhoti, H
TI Oxidation state of the active-site cysteine in protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID reversible inactivation; substrate-specificity; insulin sensitivity; hydrogen-peroxide; enzyme catalysis; intermediate; roles
AB Protein tyrosine phosphatases regulate signal transduction pathways involving tyrosine phosphorylation(1) and have been implicated in the development of cancer, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis and hypertension(2). Increasing evidence suggests that the cellular redox state is involved in regulating tyrosine phosphatase activity through the reversible oxidization of the catalytic cysteine to sulphenic acid (Cys-SOH)(3-6). But how further oxidation to the irreversible sulphinic (Cys-SO2H) and sulphonic (Cys-SO3H) forms is prevented remains unclear. Here we report the crystal structures of the regulatory sulphenic and irreversible sulphinic and sulphonic acids of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), an important enzyme in the negative regulation of the insulin receptor(7,8) and a therapeutic target in type II diabetes and obesity(9). We also identify a sulphenyl-amide species that is formed through oxidation of its catalytic cysteine. Formation of the sulphenyl-amide causes large changes in the PTP1B active site, which are reversible by reduction with the cellular reducing agent glutathione. The sulphenyl-amide is a protective intermediate in the oxidative inhibition of PTP1B. In addition, it may facilitate reactivation of PTP1B by biological thiols and signal a unique state of the protein.
C1 Astex Technol Ltd, Cambridge CB4 0QA, England.
RP Jhoti, H (corresponding author), Astex Technol Ltd, 436 Cambridge Sci Pk,Milton Rd, Cambridge CB4 0QA, England.
EM h.jhoti@astex-technology.com
NR 23
TC 539
Z9 646
U1 0
U2 79
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 12
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6941
BP 773
EP 777
DI 10.1038/nature01681
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 688PA
UT WOS:000183443400048
PM 12802339
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Salter, MG
   Franklin, KA
   Whitelam, GC
AF Salter, MG
   Franklin, KA
   Whitelam, GC
TI Gating of the rapid shade-avoidance response by the circadian clock in plants
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID aprr1/toc1 quintet; phytochrome-a; arabidopsis; perception; expression; signal; patterns; gene
AB The phytochromes are a family of plant photoreceptor proteins that control several adaptive developmental strategies(1,2). For example, the phytochromes perceive far- red light ( wavelengths between 700 and 800 nm) reflected or scattered from the leaves of nearby vegetation. This provides an early warning of potential shading, and triggers a series of ' shade- avoidance' responses, such as a rapid increase in elongation(3), by which the plant attempts to overgrow its neighbours(3). Other, less immediate, responses include accelerated flowering and early production of seeds. However, little is known about the molecular events that connect light perception with increased growth in shade avoidance. Here we show that the circadian clock gates this rapid shade- avoidance response. It is most apparent around dusk and is accompanied by altered expression of several genes. One of these rapidly responsive genes encodes a basic helix - loop - helix protein, PIL1, previously shown to interact with the clock protein TOC1 ( ref. 4). Furthermore PIL1 and TOC1 are both required for the accelerated growth associated with the shade- avoidance response.
C1 Univ Leicester, Dept Biol, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England.
C3 University of Leicester
RP Whitelam, GC (corresponding author), Univ Leicester, Dept Biol, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England.
EM gcw1@le.ac.uk
NR 20
TC 255
Z9 310
U1 2
U2 57
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 11
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6967
BP 680
EP 683
DI 10.1038/nature02174
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 752DY
UT WOS:000187132800046
PM 14668869
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cua, DJ
   Sherlock, J
   Chen, Y
   Murphy, CA
   Joyce, B
   Seymour, B
   Lucian, L
   To, W
   Kwan, S
   Churakova, T
   Zurawski, S
   Wiekowski, M
   Lira, SA
   Gorman, D
   Kastelein, RA
   Sedgwick, JD
AF Cua, DJ
   Sherlock, J
   Chen, Y
   Murphy, CA
   Joyce, B
   Seymour, B
   Lucian, L
   To, W
   Kwan, S
   Churakova, T
   Zurawski, S
   Wiekowski, M
   Lira, SA
   Gorman, D
   Kastelein, RA
   Sedgwick, JD
TI Interleukin-23 rather than interleukin-12 is the critical cytokine for autoimmune inflammation of the brain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID central-nervous-system; ifn-gamma; encephalomyelitis; expression; disease; il-12; mice; antibody; responses; il-23
AB Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a heterodimeric molecule composed of p35 and p40 subunits. Analyses in vitro have defined IL-12 as an important factor for the differentiation of naive T cells into T-helper type 1 CD4(+) lymphocytes secreting interferon-gamma (refs 1, 2). Similarly, numerous studies(3-7) have concluded that IL-12 is essential for T-cell-dependent immune and inflammatory responses in vivo, primarily through the use of IL-12 p40 gene-targeted mice and neutralizing antibodies against p40. The cytokine IL-23, which comprises the p40 subunit of IL-12 but a different p19 subunit(8), is produced predominantly by macrophages and dendritic cells, and shows activity on memory T cells. Evidence from studies of IL-23 receptor expression(9) and IL-23 overexpression in transgenic mice(10) suggest, however, that IL-23 may also affect macrophage function directly. Here we show, by using gene-targeted mice lacking only IL-23 and cytokine replacement studies, that the perceived central role for IL-12 in autoimmune inflammation, specifically in the brain, has been misinterpreted and that IL-23, and not IL-12, is the critical factor in this response. In addition, we show that IL-23, unlike IL-12, acts more broadly as an end-stage effector cytokine through direct actions on macrophages.
C1 DNAX Res Inst Mol & Cellular Biol Inc, Dept Immunol, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.
   DNAX Res Inst Mol & Cellular Biol Inc, Dept Genom, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.
   DNAX Res Inst Mol & Cellular Biol Inc, Dept Prot & Antibody Technol, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.
   Schering Plough Corp, Res Inst, Dept Immunol, Kenilworth, NJ 07033 USA.
C3 Merck & Company; Dnax Research Institute Of Molecular & Cellular Biology Inc.; Merck & Company; Dnax Research Institute Of Molecular & Cellular Biology Inc.; Merck & Company; Dnax Research Institute Of Molecular & Cellular Biology Inc.; Merck & Company; Schering Plough Corporation
RP Cua, DJ (corresponding author), DNAX Res Inst Mol & Cellular Biol Inc, Dept Immunol, 901 Calif Ave, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.
NR 29
TC 2311
Z9 2945
U1 2
U2 109
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 13
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6924
BP 744
EP 748
DI 10.1038/nature01355
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 644UP
UT WOS:000180938000044
PM 12610626
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Murthy, VM
   van Westrenen, W
   Fei, YW
AF Murthy, VM
   van Westrenen, W
   Fei, YW
TI Experimental evidence that potassium is a substantial radioactive heat source in planetary cores
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID earths core; thermal evolution; terrestrial planets; silicate liquids; oxygen fugacity; metallic liquid; mars; history; sulfur; melt
AB The hypothesis that K-40 may be a significant radioactive heat source in the Earth's core was proposed on theoretical grounds(1,2) over three decades ago, but experiments(3-8) have provided only ambiguous and contradictory evidence for the solubility of potassium in iron-rich alloys. The existence of such radioactive heat in the core would have important implications for our understanding of the thermal evolution of the Earth and global processes such as the generation of the geomagnetic field, the core-mantle boundary heat flux and the time of formation of the inner core(9-12). Here we provide experimental evidence to show that the ambiguous results obtained from earlier experiments are probably due to previously unrecognized experimental and analytical difficulties. The high-pressure, high-temperature data presented here show conclusively that potassium enters iron sulphide melts in a strongly temperature-dependent fashion and that K-40 can serve as a substantial heat source in the cores of the Earth and Mars.
C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Geol & Geophys, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
   Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Terr Magnetism, Washington, DC 20015 USA.
   Carnegie Inst Washington, Geophys Lab, Washington, DC 20015 USA.
   Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Inst Mineral & Petrog, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
C3 University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; Carnegie Institution for Science; Carnegie Institution for Science; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich
RP Murthy, VM (corresponding author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Geol & Geophys, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
NR 29
TC 147
Z9 163
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 8
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6936
BP 163
EP 165
DI 10.1038/nature01560
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 675MR
UT WOS:000182699600044
PM 12736683
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zazula, GD
   Froese, DG
   Schweger, CE
   Mathewes, RW
   Beaudoin, AB
   Telka, AM
   Harington, CR
   Westgate, JA
AF Zazula, GD
   Froese, DG
   Schweger, CE
   Mathewes, RW
   Beaudoin, AB
   Telka, AM
   Harington, CR
   Westgate, JA
TI Ice-age steppe vegetation in east Beringia - Tiny plant fossils indicate how this frozen region once sustained huge herds of mammals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID alaska; tundra
C1 Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
   Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
   Prov Museum Alberta, Edmonton, AB T5N 0M6, Canada.
   Univ Alberta, Dept Anthropol, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H4, Canada.
   PALEOTEC Serv, W Ottawa, ON K1R 5K2, Canada.
   Canadian Museum Nat, Ottawa, ON K1P 6P4, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Geol, Toronto, ON M5S 3B1, Canada.
C3 Simon Fraser University; Simon Fraser University; University of Alberta; University of Toronto
RP Zazula, GD (corresponding author), Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
NR 10
TC 88
Z9 109
U1 0
U2 27
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 5
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6940
BP 603
EP 603
DI 10.1038/423603a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 686BT
UT WOS:000183301200027
PM 12789326
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU He, JZ
   Ritalahti, KM
   Yang, KL
   Koenigsberg, SS
   Löffler, FE
AF He, JZ
   Ritalahti, KM
   Yang, KL
   Koenigsberg, SS
   Löffler, FE
TI Detoxification of vinyl chloride to ethene coupled to growth of an anaerobic bacterium
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chloroethene-contaminated sites; cis-dichloroethene; reductive dehalogenation; tetrachloroethene; dechlorination; desulfuromonas; hydrogen; acetate
AB Tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichloroethene (TCE) are ideal solvents for numerous applications, and their widespread use makes them prominent groundwater pollutants. Even more troubling, natural biotic and abiotic processes acting on these solvents lead to the accumulation of toxic intermediates (such as dichloroethenes) and carcinogenic intermediates (such as vinyl chloride)(1-4). Vinyl chloride was found in at least 496 of the 1,430 National Priorities List sites identified by the US Environmental Protection Agency, and its precursors PCE and TCE are present in at least 771 and 852 of these sites, respectively(5). Here we describe an unusual, strictly anaerobic bacterium that destroys dichloroethenes and vinyl chloride as part of its energy metabolism, generating environmentally benign products (biomass, ethene and inorganic chloride). This organism might be useful for cleaning contaminated subsurface environments and restoring drinking-water reservoirs.
C1 Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA.
   Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Biol, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA.
   Regenesis Bioremediat Prod, San Clemente, CA 92672 USA.
C3 University System of Georgia; Georgia Institute of Technology; University System of Georgia; Georgia Institute of Technology
RP Löffler, FE (corresponding author), Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA.
NR 25
TC 432
Z9 547
U1 2
U2 252
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 3
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6944
BP 62
EP 65
DI 10.1038/nature01717
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 696XL
UT WOS:000183912800039
PM 12840758
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brosnan, SF
   de Waal, FBM
AF Brosnan, SF
   de Waal, FBM
TI Monkeys reject unequal pay
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human cooperation; ultimatum game; capuchins; sociology; behavior; altruism; fairness; puzzle
AB During the evolution of cooperation it may have become critical for individuals to compare their own efforts and pay-offs with those of others. Negative reactions may occur when expectations are violated. One theory proposes that aversion to inequity can explain human cooperation within the bounds of the rational choice model(1), and may in fact be more inclusive than previous explanations(2-8). Although there exists substantial cultural variation in its particulars, this 'sense of fairness' is probably a human universal(9,10) that has been shown to prevail in a wide variety of circumstances(11-13). However, we are not the only cooperative animals(14), hence inequity aversion may not be uniquely human. Many highly cooperative nonhuman species seem guided by a set of expectations about the outcome of cooperation and the division of resources(15,16). Here we demonstrate that a nonhuman primate, the brown capuchin monkey (Cebus apella), responds negatively to unequal reward distribution in exchanges with a human experimenter. Monkeys refused to participate if they witnessed a conspecific obtain a more attractive reward for equal effort, an effect amplified if the partner received such a reward without any effort at all. These reactions support an early evolutionary origin of inequity aversion.
C1 Emory Univ, Yerkes Natl Primate Res Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA.
C3 Emory University
RP Brosnan, SF (corresponding author), Emory Univ, Yerkes Natl Primate Res Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA.
NR 30
TC 796
Z9 948
U1 10
U2 538
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 18
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6955
BP 297
EP 299
DI 10.1038/nature01963
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 722JA
UT WOS:000185370900046
PM 13679918
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU White, AR
   Enever, P
   Tayebi, M
   Mushens, R
   Linehan, J
   Brandner, S
   Anstee, D
   Collinge, J
   Hawke, S
AF White, AR
   Enever, P
   Tayebi, M
   Mushens, R
   Linehan, J
   Brandner, S
   Anstee, D
   Collinge, J
   Hawke, S
TI Monoclonal antibodies inhibit prion replication and delay the development of prion disease
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID follicular dendritic cells; creutzfeldt-jakob-disease; scrapie agent; incubation period; mice lacking; variant cjd; congo red; protein; prp; accumulation
AB Prion diseases such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) are fatal, neuro-degenerative disorders with no known therapy. A proportion of the UK population has been exposed to a bovine spongiform encephalopathy-like prion strain(1-3) and are at risk of developing variant CJD(4). A hallmark of prion disease is the transformation of normal cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) into an infectious disease-associated isoform(5), PrP(Sc). Recent in vitro studies indicate that anti-PrP monoclonal antibodies with little or no affinity for PrP(Sc) can prevent the incorporation of PrP(C) into propagating prions(6,7). We therefore investigated in a murine scrapie model whether anti-PrP monoclonal antibodies show similar inhibitory effects on prion replication in vivo. We found that peripheral PrP(Sc) levels and prion infectivity were markedly reduced, even when the antibodies were first administered at the point of near maximal accumulation of PrP(Sc) in the spleen. Furthermore, animals in which the treatment was continued remained healthy for over 300 days after equivalent untreated animals had succumbed to the disease. These findings indicate that immunotherapeutic strategies for human prion diseases are worth pursuing.
C1 Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Fac Med, Div Neurosci & Psychol Med, Dept Neurogenet,CNS Infect & Immun Grp, London W2 1PG, England.
   Natl Blood Serv, IBGRL, Bristol BS10 5ND, Avon, England.
   UCL, Inst Neurol, MRC, Prion Unit, London WC1N 3BG, England.
   UCL, Inst Neurol, Dept Neurodegenerat Dis, London WC1N 3BG, England.
C3 Imperial College London; University of London; University College London; University of London; University College London
RP Hawke, S (corresponding author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Fac Med, Div Neurosci & Psychol Med, Dept Neurogenet,CNS Infect & Immun Grp, Norfolk Pl, London W2 1PG, England.
EM s.hawke@imperial.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 405
Z9 462
U1 1
U2 33
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 6
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6927
BP 80
EP 83
DI 10.1038/nature01457
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 651VP
UT WOS:000181343100041
PM 12621436
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Klausberger, T
   Magill, PJ
   Márton, LF
   Roberts, JDB
   Cobden, PM
   Buzsáki, G
   Somogyi, P
AF Klausberger, T
   Magill, PJ
   Márton, LF
   Roberts, JDB
   Cobden, PM
   Buzsáki, G
   Somogyi, P
TI Brain-state- and cell-type-specific firing of hippocampal interneurons in vivo
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pyramidal cells; rat hippocampus; theta-rhythm; in-vivo; neurons
AB Neural-network oscillations at distinct frequencies have been implicated in the encoding, consolidation and retrieval of information in the hippocampus. Some GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)-containing interneurons fire phase-locked to theta oscillations (4-8 Hz) or to sharp-wave-associated ripple oscillations (120-200 Hz), which represent different behavioural states(1-6). Interneurons also entrain pyramidal cells in vitro(7). The large diversity of interneurons(8-10) poses the question of whether they have specific roles in shaping distinct network activities in vivo. Here we report that three distinct interneuron types-basket, axo-axonic and oriens-lacunosum-moleculare cells-visualized and defined by synaptic connectivity as well as by neurochemical markers, contribute differentially to theta and ripple oscillations in anaesthetized rats. The firing patterns of individual cells of the same class are remarkably stereotyped and provide unique signatures for each class. We conclude that the diversity of interneurons, innervating distinct domains of pyramidal cells 11, emerged to coordinate the activity of pyramidal cells in a temporally distinct and brain-state-dependent manner.
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Pharmacol, MRC, Anat Neuropharmacol Unit, Oxford OX1 3TH, England.
   Rutgers State Univ, Ctr Mol & Behav Neurosci, Newark, NJ 07102 USA.
C3 University of Oxford; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University Newark; Rutgers University New Brunswick
RP Klausberger, T (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Pharmacol, MRC, Anat Neuropharmacol Unit, Mansfield Rd, Oxford OX1 3TH, England.
EM thomas.klausberger@pharm.ox.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 1060
Z9 1295
U1 0
U2 83
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 20
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6925
BP 844
EP 848
DI 10.1038/nature01374
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 646QA
UT WOS:000181044700048
PM 12594513
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shu, DG
   Morris, SC
   Han, J
   Zhang, ZF
   Yasui, K
   Janvier, P
   Chen, L
   Zhang, XL
   Liu, JN
   Li, Y
   Liu, HQ
AF Shu, DG
   Morris, SC
   Han, J
   Zhang, ZF
   Yasui, K
   Janvier, P
   Chen, L
   Zhang, XL
   Liu, JN
   Li, Y
   Liu, HQ
TI Head and backbone of the Early Cambrian vertebrate Haikouichthys
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID evolution; china; perspectives; amphioxus; hagfishes; insights; lampreys; origin
AB Agnathan fish hold a key position in vertebrate evolution, especially regarding the origin of the head and neural-crest-derived tissue(1). In contrast to amphioxus(2), lampreys and other vertebrates possess a complex brain and placodes that contribute to well-developed eyes, as well as auditory and olfactory systems(3). These sensory sytems were arguably a trigger to subsequent vertebrate diversifications. However, although they are known from skeletal impressions in younger Palaeozoic agnathans(4), information about the earliest records of these systems has been largely wanting. Here we report numerous specimens of the Lower Cambrian vertebrate Haikouichthys ercaicunensis, until now only known from the holotype(5). Haikouichthys shows significant differences from other fossil agnathans: key features include a small lobate extension to the head, with eyes and possible nasal sacs, as well as what may be otic capsules. A notochord with separate vertebral elements is also identifiable. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that this fish lies within the stem-group craniates. Although Haikouichthys somewhat resembles the ammocoete larva of modern lampreys, this is because of shared general craniate characters; adult lampreys and hagfishes (the cyclostomes if monophyletic(6,7)) are probably derived in many respects.
C1 NW Univ Xian, Early Life Inst, Xian 710069, Peoples R China.
   NW Univ Xian, Dept Geol, Xian 710069, Peoples R China.
   China Univ Geosci, Sch Earth Sci & Resources, Beijing 100083, Peoples R China.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Earth Sci, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, England.
   Kumamoto Univ, Div Dev & Biohist, Inst Mol Embryol & Genet, Kumamoto 8600811, Japan.
   CNRS, UMR 8569, Lab Paleontol, Museum Natl Hist Nat, F-75005 Paris, France.
   Museum Nat Hist, Dept Palaeontol, London SW7 5BD, England.
C3 Northwest University Xi'an; Northwest University Xi'an; China University of Geosciences; University of Cambridge; Kumamoto University; Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Natural History Museum London
RP Shu, DG (corresponding author), NW Univ Xian, Early Life Inst, Xian 710069, Peoples R China.
NR 29
TC 243
Z9 285
U1 17
U2 125
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 30
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6922
BP 526
EP 529
DI 10.1038/nature01264
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 640DB
UT WOS:000180670600043
PM 12556891
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ölveczky, BP
   Baccus, SA
   Meister, M
AF Ölveczky, BP
   Baccus, SA
   Meister, M
TI Segregation of object and background motion in the retina
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lateral geniculate-nucleus; polyaxonal amacrine cells; macaque monkey retina; ganglion-cells; spatial summation; contrast sensitivity; rabbit retina; responses; physiology; signals
AB An important task in vision is to detect objects moving within a stationary scene. During normal viewing this is complicated by the presence of eye movements that continually scan the image across the retina, even during fixation. To detect moving objects, the brain must distinguish local motion within the scene from the global retinal image drift due to fixational eye movements. We have found that this process begins in the retina: a subset of retinal ganglion cells responds to motion in the receptive field centre, but only if the wider surround moves with a different trajectory. This selectivity for differential motion is independent of direction, and can be explained by a model of retinal circuitry that invokes pooling over nonlinear interneurons. The suppression by global image motion is probably mediated by polyaxonal, wide-field amacrine cells with transient responses. We show how a population of ganglion cells selective for differential motion can rapidly flag moving objects, and even segregate multiple moving objects.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   MIT, Div Hlth Sci & Technol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Program Neurosci, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Harvard University
RP Meister, M (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, 16 Divin Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
NR 43
TC 332
Z9 414
U1 1
U2 32
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 22
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6938
BP 401
EP 408
DI 10.1038/nature01652
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 681AJ
UT WOS:000183012000033
PM 12754524
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Spicer, RA
   Harris, NBW
   Widdowson, M
   Herman, AB
   Guo, SX
   Valdes, PJ
   Wolfe, JA
   Kelley, SP
AF Spicer, RA
   Harris, NBW
   Widdowson, M
   Herman, AB
   Guo, SX
   Valdes, PJ
   Wolfe, JA
   Kelley, SP
TI Constant elevation of southern Tibet over the past 15 million years
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID east-west extension; asian monsoon; late miocene; myr ago; plateau; uplift; paleoaltitudes; lithosphere; collision; volcanism
AB The uplift of the Tibetan plateau, an area that is 2,000 km wide, to an altitude of about 5,000 m has been shown to modify global climate(1-3) and to influence monsoon intensity(4-8). Mechanical and thermal models for homogeneous thickening of the lithosphere make specific predictions about uplift rates of the Tibetan plateau(9,10), but the precise history of the uplift of the plateau has yet to be confirmed by observations. Here we present well-preserved fossil leaf assemblages from the Namling basin, southern Tibet, dated to similar to15 Myr ago, which allow us to reconstruct the temperatures within the basin at that time. Using a numerical general circulation model to estimate moist static energy at the location of the fossil leaves, we reconstruct the elevation of the Namling basin 15 Myr ago to be 4,689 +/- 895 m or 4,638 +/- 847 m, depending on the reference data used. This is comparable to the present-day altitude of 4,600 m. We conclude that the elevation of the southern Tibetan plateau probably has remained unchanged for the past 15 Myr.
C1 Open Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England.
   Russian Acad Sci, Inst Geol, Moscow 119017, Russia.
   Acad Sinica, Nanjing Inst Geol & Palaeontol, Nanjing 210008, Peoples R China.
   Univ Reading, Dept Meteorol, Reading RG6 6BB, Berks, England.
   Univ Arizona, Dept Geosci, Desert Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
C3 Open University - UK; Russian Academy of Sciences; Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Reading; University of Arizona
RP Spicer, RA (corresponding author), Open Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England.
NR 25
TC 601
Z9 753
U1 3
U2 238
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 6
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6923
BP 622
EP 624
DI 10.1038/nature01356
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 642KH
UT WOS:000180803200039
PM 12571593
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hamilton, VE
   Christensen, PR
   Bandfield, JL
AF Hamilton, VE
   Christensen, PR
   Bandfield, JL
TI Volcanism or aqueous alteration on Mars?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
C3 Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe
RP Hamilton, VE (corresponding author), Univ Hawaii, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Honolulu, HI 96828 USA.
EM hamilton@higp.hawaii.edu
NR 10
TC 16
Z9 18
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 13
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6924
BP 711
EP 712
DI 10.1038/421711b
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 644UP
UT WOS:000180938000030
PM 12610612
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nishiyama, M
   Hoshino, A
   Tsai, L
   Henley, JR
   Goshima, Y
   Tessier-Lavigne, M
   Poo, MM
   Hong, KS
AF Nishiyama, M
   Hoshino, A
   Tsai, L
   Henley, JR
   Goshima, Y
   Tessier-Lavigne, M
   Poo, MM
   Hong, KS
TI Cyclic AMP/GMP-dependent modulation of Ca2+ channels sets the polarity of nerve growth-cone turning
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase; calcium transients; canine brain; netrin-1; guidance; cells; acid; orientation; specificity; activation
AB Signalling by intracellular second messengers such as cyclic nucleotides and Ca2+ is known to regulate attractive and repulsive guidance of axons by extracellular factors(1,2). However, the mechanism of interaction among these second messengers in determining the polarity of the guidance response is largely unknown. Here, we report that the ratio of cyclic AMP to cyclic GMP activities sets the polarity of netrin-1-induced axon guidance: high ratios favour attraction, whereas low ratios favour repulsion. Whole-cell recordings of Ca2+ currents at Xenopus spinal neuron growth cones indicate that cyclic nucleotide signalling directly modulates the activity of L-type Ca2+ channels LCCs) in axonal growth cones. Furthermore, cGMP signalling activated by an arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase metabolite(3) suppresses LCC activity triggered by netrin-1, and is required for growth-cone repulsion mediated by the DCC-UNC5 receptor complex(4). By linking cAMP and cGMP signalling and modulation of Ca2+ channel activity in growth cones, these findings delineate an early membrane-associated event responsible for signal transduction during bi-directional axon guidance.
C1 NYU, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Cell & Mol Biol, Div Neurobiol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Yokohama City Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Pharmacol & Neurobiol, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2360004, Japan.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 New York University; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Yokohama City University; Stanford University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Hong, KS (corresponding author), NYU, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, New York, NY 10016 USA.
NR 30
TC 319
Z9 408
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 26
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6943
BP 990
EP 995
DI 10.1038/nature01751
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 694BL
UT WOS:000183753900051
PM 12827203
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fennimore, AM
   Yuzvinsky, TD
   Han, WQ
   Fuhrer, MS
   Cumings, J
   Zettl, A
AF Fennimore, AM
   Yuzvinsky, TD
   Han, WQ
   Fuhrer, MS
   Cumings, J
   Zettl, A
TI Rotational actuators based on carbon nanotubes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fabrication
AB Nanostructures are of great interest not only for their basic scientific richness, but also because they have the potential to revolutionize critical technologies. The miniaturization of electronic devices over the past century has profoundly affected human communication, computation, manufacturing and transportation systems. True molecular-scale electronic devices are now emerging that set the stage for future integrated nanoelectronics(1). Recently, there have been dramatic parallel advances in the miniaturization of mechanical and electromechanical devices(2). Commercial microelectromechanical systems now reach the submillimetre to micrometre size scale, and there is intense interest in the creation of next-generation synthetic nanometre-scale electromechanical systems(3,4). We report on the construction and successful operation of a fully synthetic nanoscale electromechanical actuator incorporating a rotatable metal plate, with a multi-walled carbon nanotube serving as the key motion-enabling element.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
RP Zettl, A (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM azettl@physics.berkeley.edu
NR 21
TC 1041
Z9 1154
U1 2
U2 287
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 24
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6947
BP 408
EP 410
DI 10.1038/nature01823
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 704BT
UT WOS:000184318400037
PM 12879064
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Niemeier, M
   Crawford, JD
   Tweed, DB
AF Niemeier, M
   Crawford, JD
   Tweed, DB
TI Optimal transsaccadic integration explains distorted spatial perception
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccadic eye-movements; apparent position; displacement; suppression; motion; compression; signals; vision; space
AB We scan our surroundings with quick eye movements called saccades, and from the resulting sequence of images we build a unified percept by a process known as transsaccadic integration. This integration is often said to be flawed, because around the time of saccades, our perception is distorted(1-6) and we show saccadic suppression of displacement (SSD): we fail to notice if objects change location during the eye movement(7,8). Here we show that transsaccadic integration works by optimal inference. We simulated a visuomotor system with realistic saccades, retinal acuity, motion detectors and eye-position sense, and programmed it to make optimal use of these imperfect data when interpreting scenes. This optimized model showed human-like SSD and distortions of spatial perception. It made new predictions, including tight correlations between perception and motor action (for example, more SSD in people with less-precise eye control) and a graded contraction of perceived jumps; we verified these predictions experimentally. Our results suggest that the brain constructs its evolving picture of the world by optimally integrating each new piece of sensory or motor information.
C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Physiol, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Med, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
   Canadian Inst Hlth Res, Grp Act & Percept, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
   York Univ, Ctr Vis Res, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
C3 University of Toronto; University of Toronto; Institute for Work & Health; York University - Canada
RP Tweed, DB (corresponding author), Univ Toronto, Dept Physiol, 1 Kings Coll Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
NR 30
TC 148
Z9 164
U1 1
U2 12
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 6
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6927
BP 76
EP 80
DI 10.1038/nature01439
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 651VP
UT WOS:000181343100040
PM 12621435
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Huxter, J
   Burgess, N
   O'Keefe, J
AF Huxter, J
   Burgess, N
   O'Keefe, J
TI Independent rate and temporal coding in hippocampal pyramidal cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID theta-phase precession; place cells; neuronal-activity; oscillations; memory; experience; expansion; sequences; dynamics; position
AB In the brain, hippocampal pyramidal cells use temporal(1) as well as rate(2) coding to signal spatial aspects of the animal's environment or behaviour. The temporal code takes the form of a phase relationship to the concurrent cycle of the hippocampal electroencephalogram theta rhythm(1). These two codes could each represent a different variable(3,4). However, this requires the rate and phase to vary independently, in contrast to recent suggestions(5,6) that they are tightly coupled, both reflecting the amplitude of the cell's input. Here we show that the time of firing and firing rate are dissociable, and can represent two independent variables: respectively the animal's location within the place field, and its speed of movement through the field. Independent encoding of location together with actions and stimuli occurring there may help to explain the dual roles of the hippocampus in spatial and episodic memory(7,8), or may indicate a more general role of the hippocampus in relational/declarative memory(9,10).
C1 UCL, Dept Anat & Dev Biol, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   UCL, Inst Cognit Neurosci, London WC1E 6BT, England.
C3 University of London; University College London; University of London; University College London
RP O'Keefe, J (corresponding author), UCL, Dept Anat & Dev Biol, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, England.
EM j.okeefe@ucl.ac.uk
FU Medical Research Council [G117/433] Funding Source: researchfish; Medical Research Council [G0501672, G0501672(76328), G117/433] Funding Source: Medline; Wellcome Trust [071248] Funding Source: Medline; MRC [G117/433] Funding Source: UKRI
NR 30
TC 460
Z9 549
U1 0
U2 46
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 23
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6960
BP 828
EP 832
DI 10.1038/nature02058
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 735ME
UT WOS:000186118500043
PM 14574410
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Boamfa, MI
   Kim, MW
   Maan, JC
   Rasing, T
AF Boamfa, MI
   Kim, MW
   Maan, JC
   Rasing, T
TI Observation of surface and bulk phase transitions in nematic liquid crystals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID isotropic-phase; layer; dependence; order
AB The behaviour of liquid crystal (LC) molecules near a surface is of both fundamental and technological interest: it gives rise to various surface phase-transition and wetting phenomena(1-14), and surface-induced ordering of the LC molecules is integral to the operation of LC displays(15,16). Here we report the observation of a pure isotropic-nematic (IN) surface phase transition-clearly separated from the bulk IN transition-in a nematic LC on a substrate. Differences in phase behaviour between surface and bulk are expected(1-4,) but have hitherto proved difficult to distinguish, owing in part to the close proximity of their transition temperatures. We have overcome these difficulties by using a mixture of nematic LCs: small, surface-induced composition variations lead to complete separation of the surface and bulk transitions, which we then study independently as a function of substrate and applied magnetic field. We find the surface IN transition to be of first order on surfaces with a weak anchoring energy and continuous on surfaces with a strong anchoring. We show that the presence of high magnetic fields does not change the surface IN transition temperature, whereas the bulk IN transition temperature increases with field. We attribute this to the interaction energy between the surface and bulk phases, which is tuned by magnetic-field-induced order in the surface-wetting layer.
C1 Univ Nijmegen, NSRIM Inst, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands.
   Univ Nijmegen, High Field Magnet Lab, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands.
C3 Radboud University Nijmegen; Radboud University Nijmegen
RP Boamfa, MI (corresponding author), Univ Nijmegen, NSRIM Inst, Toernooiveld 1, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands.
EM boamfa@sci.kun.nl
NR 22
TC 71
Z9 76
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 9
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6919
BP 149
EP 152
DI 10.1038/nature01331
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 633DR
UT WOS:000180267200035
PM 12520297
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dioumaev, VK
   Bullock, RM
AF Dioumaev, VK
   Bullock, RM
TI A recyclable catalyst that precipitates at the end of the reaction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID liquid/solid phase-separation; fluorous catalysis; homogeneous catalysis; recoverable catalysts; green chemistry; solvents; complexes; temperature; molybdenum; aluminum
AB Homogeneous catalysts-which exist in the same (usually liquid) phase as reactants and products- are usually more selective than heterogeneous catalysts and far less affected by limitations due to slow transport of reactants and products, but their separation from reaction products can be costly and inefficient. This has stimulated the development of strategies that facilitate the recycling of homogeneous catalysts(1-4). Some of these methods exploit the preference of a catalyst for one of two solvents with thermoregulated miscibility(5,6); others exploit a dramatic decrease in catalyst solubility as one reagent is consumed(7,8) or temperature changed after completion of the reaction(9-14). Here we describe a tungsten catalyst for the solvent-free hydrosilylation of ketones that retains its activity until essentially all of the liquid substrate is converted to liquid products, which we can then simply decant to separate the catalyst that precipitates from the products of the reaction. We attribute the ability of the catalyst to retain its solubility and hence activity until completion of the reaction to the transient formation of liquid clathrate(15,16) that contains a few molecules of the substrate per molecule of the otherwise solid catalyst. Insights into the fundamental processes controlling the formation of this liquid clathrate might help to tailor other catalysts and substrates, so as to develop efficient and solvent-free schemes for reactions of practical interest.
C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Chem, Upton, NY 11973 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Brookhaven National Laboratory
RP Bullock, RM (corresponding author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Chem, Upton, NY 11973 USA.
EM bullock@bnl.gov
NR 28
TC 177
Z9 191
U1 0
U2 66
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 31
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6948
BP 530
EP 532
DI 10.1038/nature01856
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 706LG
UT WOS:000184454700036
PM 12891351
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Phiel, CJ
   Wilson, CA
   Lee, VMY
   Klein, PS
AF Phiel, CJ
   Wilson, CA
   Lee, VMY
   Klein, PS
TI GSK-3α regulates production of Alzheimer's disease amyloid-β peptides
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID glycogen-synthase kinase-3-beta; precursor protein; intracellular domain; secretase cleavage; human neurons; presenilin; cells; lithium; notch; phosphorylation
AB Alzheimer's disease is associated with increased production and aggregation of amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptides(1). Abeta peptides are derived from the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by sequential proteolysis, catalysed by the aspartyl protease BACE(2), followed by presenilin-dependent gamma-secretase cleavage(3). Presenilin interacts with nicastrin(4,5), APH-1 and PEN-2 (ref. 6), all of which are required for gamma-secretase function. Presenilins also interact with alpha-catenin, beta-catenin(7,8) and glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta)(9-11), but a functional role for these proteins in gamma-secretase activity has not been established. Here we show that therapeutic concentrations of lithium, a GSK-3 inhibitor(12), block the production of Abeta peptides by interfering with APP cleavage at the gamma-secretase step, but do not inhibit Notch processing. Importantly, lithium also blocks the accumulation of Abeta peptides in the brains of mice that overproduce APP. The target of lithium in this setting is GSK-3alpha, which is required for maximal processing of APP. Since GSK-3 also phosphorylates tau protein, the principal component of neurofibrillary tangles, inhibition of GSK-3alpha offers a new approach to reduce the formation of both amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, two pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease.
C1 Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Med, Div Hematol Oncol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Penn, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Ctr Neurodegenerat Dis Res, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 University of Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Pennsylvania
RP Klein, PS (corresponding author), Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Med, Div Hematol Oncol, 415 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
NR 30
TC 1083
Z9 1252
U1 0
U2 103
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 22
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6938
BP 435
EP 439
DI 10.1038/nature01640
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 681AJ
UT WOS:000183012000041
PM 12761548
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gompel, N
   Carroll, SB
AF Gompel, N
   Carroll, SB
TI Genetic mechanisms and constraints governing the evolution of correlated traits in drosophilid flies
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID convergent phenotypes; adult abdomen; melanogaster; phylogeny; proteins; pattern; pannier
AB Some morphological traits differ greatly between related species, but it is not clear whether diversity evolves through changes in the same genes and whether similar, independent (that is, convergent) changes occur by the same mechanism(1,2). Pigmentation in fruitflies presents an attractive opportunity to explore these issues because pigmentation patterns are diverse, similar patterns have arisen in independent clades, and numerous genes governing their formation have been identified(3-5) in Drosophila melanogaster. Here we show that both evolutionary diversification and convergence can be due to evolution at the same locus, by comparing abdominal pigmentation and trichome patterns and the expression of Bric-a-brac2 (Bab2), which regulates both traits in D. melanogaster(3,6), in 13 species representing the major clades (7,8) of the subfamily Drosophilinae. Modifications of Bab2 expression are frequently correlated with diverse pigmentation and trichome patterns that evolved independently in multiple lineages. In a few species, Bab2 expression is not correlated with changes in pigmentation but is correlated with a conserved pattern of trichomes, indicating that this locus can be circumvented to evolve new patterns when a correlated trait is under different constraints.
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Mol Biol Lab, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
RP Carroll, SB (corresponding author), Univ Wisconsin, Howard Hughes Med Inst, 1525 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
EM sbcarrol@facstaff.wisc.edu
NR 25
TC 101
Z9 125
U1 1
U2 15
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 21
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6951
BP 931
EP 935
DI 10.1038/nature01787
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 713EH
UT WOS:000184843600039
PM 12931186
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Smith, C
AF Smith, C
TI Drug target validation: Hitting the target
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 64
Z9 85
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 20
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6929
BP 341
EP +
DI 10.1038/422341a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 656XX
UT WOS:000181637300045
PM 12646929
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Matsushita, T
   Mochizuki, N
   Nagatani, A
AF Matsushita, T
   Mochizuki, N
   Nagatani, A
TI Dimers of the N-terminal domain of phytochrome B are functional in the nucleus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID signal-transduction; light; protein; reveals; encodes; region; pif3
AB A plant modulates its developmental processes in response to light by several informational photoreceptors such as phytochrome. Phytochrome is a dimeric chromoprotein which regulates various aspects of plant development from seed germination to flowering(1). Upon absorption of red light, phytochrome translocates from the cytoplasm to the nucleus(2-4), and regulates gene expression through interaction with transcription factors such as PIF3 (refs 5-7). The phytochrome polypeptide has two domains(1,8) : the amino-terminal photosensory domain with a chromophore and the carboxy-terminal domain which contains signalling motifs such as a kinase domain(9). The latter is widely believed to transduce the signal to downstream components(1,5,810). Here we show that the C-terminal domain of Arabidopsis phytochrome B (phyB), which is known as the most important member of the phytochrome family(1), is not directly involved in signal transduction. The N-terminal domain isolated from phyB, when dimerized and localized in the nucleus, triggered full phyB responses with much higher photosensitivity than the full-length phyB. These findings indicate that the C-terminal domain attenuates the activity of phyB rather than positively transducing the signal.
C1 Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Bot, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068502, Japan.
C3 Kyoto University
RP Nagatani, A (corresponding author), Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Bot, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068502, Japan.
EM nagatani@physiol.bot.kyoto-u.ac.jp
NR 30
TC 259
Z9 303
U1 2
U2 58
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 31
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6948
BP 571
EP 574
DI 10.1038/nature01837
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 706LG
UT WOS:000184454700047
PM 12891362
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Guthrie, RD
AF Guthrie, RD
TI Rapid body size decline in Alaskan Pleistocene horses before extinction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pollen records; beringia; transition; europe; steppe; end
AB About 70% of North American large mammal species were lost at the end of the Pleistocene epoch(1). The causes of this extinction the role of humans versus that of climate-have been the focus of much controversy(1-6). Horses have figured centrally in that debate, because equid species dominated North American late Pleistocene faunas in terms of abundance, geographical distribution, and species variety, yet none survived into the Holocene epoch. The timing of these equid regional extinctions and accompanying evolutionary changes are poorly known. In an attempt to document better the decline and demise of two Alaskan Pleistocene equids, I selected a large number of fossils from the latest Pleistocene for radiocarbon dating. Here I show that horses underwent a rapid decline in body size before extinction, and I propose that the size decline and subsequent regional extinction at 12,500 radiocarbon years before present are best attributed to a coincident climatic/vegetational shift. The present data do not support human overkill(1) and several other proposed extinction causes(2,3), and also show that large mammal species responded somewhat individualistically to climate changes(4-6) at the end of the Pleistocene.
C1 Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA.
C3 University of Alaska System; University of Alaska Fairbanks
RP Guthrie, RD (corresponding author), Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA.
NR 31
TC 178
Z9 219
U1 0
U2 67
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 13
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6963
BP 169
EP 171
DI 10.1038/nature02098
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 742LA
UT WOS:000186517200040
PM 14614503
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lilley, MD
   Butterfield, DA
   Lupton, JE
   Olson, EJ
AF Lilley, MD
   Butterfield, DA
   Lupton, JE
   Olson, EJ
TI Magmatic events can produce rapid changes in hydrothermal vent chemistry
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID de-fuca ridge; east pacific rise; midocean ridge; spreading centers; crustal structure; fluids; juan; field; evolution; seamount
AB The Endeavour segment of the Juan de Fuca ridge is host to one of the most vigorous hydrothermal areas found on the global mid-ocean-ridge system, with five separate vent fields located within 15 km along the top of the ridge segment(1). Over the past decade, the largest of these vent fields(2), the 'Main Endeavour Field', has exhibited a constant spatial gradient in temperature and chloride concentration in its vent fluids, apparently driven by differences in the nature and extent of subsurface phase separation(3). This stable situation was disturbed on 8 June 1999 by an earthquake swarm(4). Owing to the nature of the seismic signals and the lack of new lava flows observed in the area during subsequent dives of the Alvin and Jason submersibles (August-September 1999), the event was interpreted to be tectonic in nature(4). Here we show that chemical data from hydrothermal fluid samples collected in September 1999 and June 2000 strongly suggest that the event was instead volcanic in origin. Volatile data from this event and an earlier one at 9degreesN on the East Pacific Rise show that such magmatic events can have profound and rapid effects on fluid-mineral equilibria, phase separation, He-3/heat ratios and fluxes of volatiles from submarine hydrothermal systems.
C1 Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Washington, NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Ocean, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Newport, OR 97365 USA.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA
RP Lilley, MD (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
NR 30
TC 210
Z9 242
U1 1
U2 47
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 24
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6934
BP 878
EP 881
DI 10.1038/nature01569
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 670WR
UT WOS:000182432600051
PM 12712202
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Anest, V
   Hanson, JL
   Cogswell, PC
   Steinbrecher, KA
   Strahl, BD
   Baldwin, AS
AF Anest, V
   Hanson, JL
   Cogswell, PC
   Steinbrecher, KA
   Strahl, BD
   Baldwin, AS
TI A nucleosomal function for IκB kinase-α in NF-κB-dependent gene expression
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID histone h3; nemo/ikk-gamma; ikk-alpha; phosphorylation; acetylation; induction; activation; pathway; beta
AB NF-kappaB is a principal transcriptional regulator of diverse cytokine-mediated processes and is tightly controlled by the IkappaB kinase complex (IKK-alpha/beta/gamma). IKK-beta and IKK-gamma are critical for cytokine-induced NF-kappaB function, whereas IKK-alpha is thought to be involved in other regulatory pathways(1-4). However, recent data suggest a role for IKK-alpha in NF-kappaB-dependent gene expression in response to cytokine treatment(1,5-7). Here we demonstrate nuclear accumulation of IKK-alpha after cytokine exposure, suggesting a nuclear function for this protein. Consistent with this, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays reveal that IKK-alpha was recruited to the promoter regions of NF-kappaB-regulated genes on stimulation with tumour-necrosis factor-alpha. Notably, NF-kappaB-regulated gene expression is suppressed by the loss of IKK-alpha and this correlates with a complete loss of gene-specific phosphorylation of histone H3 on serine 10, a modification previously associated with positive gene expression. Furthermore, we show that IKK-alpha can directly phosphorylate histone H3 in vitro, suggesting a new substrate for this kinase. We propose that IKK-alpha is an essential regulator of NF-kappaB-dependent gene expression through control of promoter-associated histone phosphorylation after cytokine exposure. These findings provide additional insight into the role of the IKK complex in NF-kappaB-regulated gene expression.
C1 Univ N Carolina, Lineberger Comprehens Canc Ctr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Genet & Mol Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Dept Biochem & Biophys, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Dept Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
C3 University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill
RP Baldwin, AS (corresponding author), Univ N Carolina, Lineberger Comprehens Canc Ctr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
NR 22
TC 467
Z9 539
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 5
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6940
BP 659
EP 663
DI 10.1038/nature01648
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 686BT
UT WOS:000183301200045
PM 12789343
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Finne, AP
   Araki, T
   Blaauwgeers, R
   Eltsov, VB
   Kopnin, NB
   Krusius, M
   Skrbek, L
   Tsubota, M
   Volovik, GE
AF Finne, AP
   Araki, T
   Blaauwgeers, R
   Eltsov, VB
   Kopnin, NB
   Krusius, M
   Skrbek, L
   Tsubota, M
   Volovik, GE
TI An intrinsic velocity-independent criterion for superfluid turbulence
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quantum turbulence; vortex formation; mutual friction; he-3-b; dynamics; flow; he-4
AB Hydrodynamic flow in classical and quantum fluids can be either laminar or turbulent. Vorticity in turbulent flow is often modelled with vortex filaments. While this represents an idealization in classical fluids, vortices are topologically stable quantized objects in superfluids. Superfluid turbulence(1) is therefore thought to be important for the understanding of turbulence more generally. The fermionic He-3 superfluids are attractive systems to study because their characteristics vary widely over the experimentally accessible temperature regime. Here we report nuclear magnetic resonance measurements and numerical simulations indicating the existence of sharp transition to turbulence in the B phase of superfluid He-3. Above 0.60T(c) (where T-c is the transition temperature for superfluidity) the hydrodynamics are regular, while below this temperature we see turbulent behaviour. The transition is insensitive to the fluid velocity, in striking contrast to current textbook knowledge of turbulence(2). Rather, it is controlled by an intrinsic parameter of the superfluid: the mutual friction between the normal and superfluid components of the flow, which causes damping of the vortex motion.
C1 Aalto Univ, Low Temp Lab, FIN-02015 Helsinki, Finland.
   Osaka City Univ, Dept Phys, Sumiyoshi Ku, Osaka 5588585, Japan.
   Leiden Univ, Kamerlingh Onnes Lab, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands.
   PL Kapitza Phys Problems Inst, Moscow 119334, Russia.
   LD Landau Theoret Phys Inst, Moscow 119334, Russia.
   Acad Sci Czech Republic, Inst Phys, Joint Low Temp Lab, Prague 18000, Czech Republic.
   Charles Univ Prague, CR-18000 Prague, Czech Republic.
C3 Aalto University; Osaka Metropolitan University; Leiden University; Leiden University - Excl LUMC; PL Kapitza Institute for Physical Problems of Russian Academy of Sciences; Russian Academy of Sciences; Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics; Czech Academy of Sciences; Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Charles University Prague
RP Volovik, GE (corresponding author), Aalto Univ, Low Temp Lab, POB 2200, FIN-02015 Helsinki, Finland.
EM ve@boojum.hut.fi
NR 15
TC 178
Z9 189
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 28
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6952
BP 1022
EP 1025
DI 10.1038/nature01880
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 715QR
UT WOS:000184984200034
PM 12944960
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tong, LM
   Gattass, RR
   Ashcom, JB
   He, SL
   Lou, JY
   Shen, MY
   Maxwell, I
   Mazur, E
AF Tong, LM
   Gattass, RR
   Ashcom, JB
   He, SL
   Lou, JY
   Shen, MY
   Maxwell, I
   Mazur, E
TI Subwavelength-diameter silica wires for low-loss optical wave guiding
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tapered fibers; fabrication; guides; laser; roughness; nanowires; nanotubes; growth
AB Silica waveguides with diameters larger than the wavelength of transmitted light are widely used in optical communications, sensors and other applications(1-3). Minimizing the width of the waveguides is desirable for photonic device applications, but the fabrication of low-loss optical waveguides with subwavelength diameters remains challenging because of strict requirements on surface roughness and diameter uniformity(4-7). Here we report the fabrication of subwavelength-diameter silica 'wires' for use as low-loss optical waveguides within the visible to near-infrared spectral range. We use a two-step drawing process to fabricate long free-standing silicawires with diameters down to 50 nm that show surface smoothness at the atomic level together with uniformity of diameter. Light can be launched into these wires by optical evanescent coupling. The wires allow single-mode operation, and have an optical loss of less than 0.1 dB mm(-1). We believe that these wires provide promising building blocks for future microphotonic devices with subwavelength-width structures.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Zhejiang Univ, Ctr Opt & Electromagnet Res, Hangzhou 310027, Peoples R China.
   Zhejiang Univ, Dept Phys, Hangzhou 310027, Peoples R China.
   Tohoku Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Phys, Sendai, Miyagi 9808578, Japan.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University; Zhejiang University; Zhejiang University; Tohoku University
RP Mazur, E (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
NR 30
TC 1481
Z9 1663
U1 14
U2 988
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 18
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6968
BP 816
EP 819
DI 10.1038/nature02193
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 754QM
UT WOS:000187342000051
PM 14685232
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Seo, HS
   Yang, JY
   Ishikawa, M
   Bolle, C
   Ballesteros, ML
   Chua, NH
AF Seo, HS
   Yang, JY
   Ishikawa, M
   Bolle, C
   Ballesteros, ML
   Chua, NH
TI LAF1 ubiquitination by COP1 controls photomorphogenesis and is stimulated by SPA1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ring finger motif; phytochrome-a; signal-transduction; arabidopsis-thaliana; gene-expression; light control; protein; repressor; interacts; defines
AB Far-red light regulates many aspects of seedling development, such as inhibition of hypocotyl elongation and the promotion of greening(1), acting in part through phytochrome A ( phyA). The RING motif protein COP1 is also important because cop1 mutants exhibit constitutive photomorphogenesis in darkness(2,3). COP1 is present in the nucleus in darkness but is gradually relocated to the cytoplasm upon illumination(4). Here we show that COP1 functions as an E3 ligase ubiquitinating both itself and the myb transcription activator LAF1, which is required for complete phyA responses(5). In transgenic plants, inducible COP1 overexpression leads to a decrease in LAF1 concentrations, but is blocked by the proteasome inhibitor MG132. The coiled-coil domain of SPA1, a negative regulator of phyA signalling(6), has no effect on COP1 auto-ubiquitination but facilitates LAF1 ubiquitination at low COP1 concentrations. These results indicate that, in darkness, COP1 functions as a repressor of photomorphogenesis by promoting the ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis of a subset of positive regulators, including LAF1. After the activation of phyA, SPA1 stimulates the E3 activity of residual nuclear COP1 to ubiquitinate LAF1, thereby desensitizing phyA signals.
C1 Rockefeller Univ, Plant Mol Biol Lab, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Rockefeller University
RP Chua, NH (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, Plant Mol Biol Lab, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
NR 30
TC 415
Z9 481
U1 6
U2 90
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 26
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6943
BP 995
EP 999
DI 10.1038/nature01696
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 694BL
UT WOS:000183753900052
PM 12827204
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sage, J
   Miller, AL
   Pérez-Mancera, PA
   Wysocki, JM
   Jacks, T
AF Sage, J
   Miller, AL
   Pérez-Mancera, PA
   Wysocki, JM
   Jacks, T
TI Acute mutation of retinoblastoma gene function is sufficient for cell cycle re-entry
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tumor-suppressor; g(1) control; rb; senescence; growth; inactivation; fibroblasts; expression; apoptosis; system
AB Cancer cells arise from normal cells through the acquisition of a series of mutations in oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes(1). Mouse models of human cancer often rely on germline alterations that activate or inactivate genes of interest. One limitation of this approach is that germline mutations might have effects other than somatic mutations, owing to developmental compensation(2,3). To model sporadic cancers associated with inactivation of the retinoblastoma (RB) tumour suppressor gene in humans, we have produced a conditional allele of the mouse Rb gene. We show here that acute loss of Rb in primary quiescent cells is sufficient for cell cycle entry and has phenotypic consequences different from germline loss of Rb function. This difference is explained in part by functional compensation by the Rb-related gene p107. We also show that acute loss of Rb in senescent cells leads to reversal of the cellular senescence programme. Thus, the use of conditional knockout strategies might refine our understanding of gene function and help to model human cancer more accurately.
C1 MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Ctr Canc Res, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Univ Salamanca, CSIC, Inst Biol Mol & Celular Canc, Salamanca 37007, Spain.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Salamanca; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC-USAL - Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular del Cancer de Salamanca (IBMCC)
RP Jacks, T (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Biol, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM tjacks@mit.edu
NR 24
TC 445
Z9 542
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 10
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6945
BP 223
EP 228
DI 10.1038/nature01764
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 699AA
UT WOS:000184032700049
PM 12853964
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Macilwain, C
AF Macilwain, C
TI Chinese agribiotech: Against the grain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 6
Z9 8
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 13
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6928
BP 111
EP 112
DI 10.1038/422111a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 654HG
UT WOS:000181488900014
PM 12634752
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jiang, H
   Stein, BE
   McHaffie, JG
AF Jiang, H
   Stein, BE
   McHaffie, JG
TI Opposing basal ganglia processes shape midbrain visuomotor activity bilaterally
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nigra pars reticulata; superior colliculus; substantia-nigra; horseradish-peroxidase; tectospinal neurons; nigrotectal pathway; subthalamic nucleus; striatal functions; basic process; cat
AB The manner in which the nervous system allocates limited motor resources when confronted with conflicting behavioural demands is a crucial issue in understanding how sensory information is transformed into adaptive motor responses. Understanding this selection process is of particular concern in current models of functions of the basal ganglia(1). Here we report that the basal ganglia use simultaneous enhancing and suppressing processes synergistically to modulate sensory activity in the superior colliculi, which are bilaterally paired midbrain structures involved in the control of visual orientation behaviours(2). These complementary processes presumably ensure accurate gaze shifts mediated by the superior colliculi despite the presence of potential distractors.
C1 Wake Forest Univ, Bowman Gray Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol & Anat, Winston Salem, NC 27157 USA.
C3 Wake Forest University; Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center
RP McHaffie, JG (corresponding author), Wake Forest Univ, Bowman Gray Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol & Anat, 300 S Hawthorne Rd, Winston Salem, NC 27157 USA.
NR 30
TC 100
Z9 129
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 26
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6943
BP 982
EP 986
DI 10.1038/nature01698
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 694BL
UT WOS:000183753900049
PM 12827201
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schaak, RE
   Klimczuk, T
   Foo, ML
   Cava, RJ
AF Schaak, RE
   Klimczuk, T
   Foo, ML
   Cava, RJ
TI Superconductivity phase diagram of NaxCoO2•1.3H2O
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID naco2o4
AB The microscopic origin of superconductivity in the high-transition-temperature (high-T-c) copper oxides remains the subject of active inquiry; several of their electronic characteristics are well established as universal to all the known materials, forming the experimental foundation that all theories must address. The most fundamental of those characteristics, for both the copper oxides and other superconductors, is the dependence of the superconducting T-c on the degree of electronic band filling. The recent report of superconductivity 1 near 4 K in the layered sodium cobalt oxyhydrate, Na0.35CoO2.1.3H(2)O, is of interest owing to both its triangular cobalt-oxygen lattice and its generally analogous chemical and structural relationships to the copper oxide superconductors. Here we show that the superconducting T-c of this compound displays the same kind of behaviour on chemical doping that is observed in the high-T-c copper oxides. Specifically, the optimal superconducting Tc occurs in a narrow range of sodium concentrations (and therefore electron concentrations) and decreases for both underdoped and overdoped materials, as observed in the phase diagram of the copper oxide superconductors. The analogy is not perfect, however, suggesting that NaxCoO2.1.3H(2)O, with its triangular lattice geometry and special magnetic characteristics, may provide insights into systems where coupled charge and spin dynamics play an essential role in leading to superconductivity.
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Gdansk Univ Technol, Fac Appl Phys & Math, PL-80952 Gdansk, Poland.
   Princeton Univ, Princeton Mat Inst, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
C3 Princeton University; Fahrenheit Universities; Gdansk University of Technology; Princeton University
RP Cava, RJ (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
NR 13
TC 311
Z9 324
U1 2
U2 125
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 31
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6948
BP 527
EP 529
DI 10.1038/nature01877
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 706LG
UT WOS:000184454700035
PM 12891350
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU de Joussineau, C
   Soulé, J
   Martin, M
   Anguille, C
   Montcourrier, P
   Alexandre, D
AF de Joussineau, C
   Soulé, J
   Martin, M
   Anguille, C
   Montcourrier, P
   Alexandre, D
TI Delta-promoted filopodia mediate long-range lateral inhibition in Drosophila
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell extension activity; notch; expression; protein; ezrin; morphogenesis; genes; determinants; emergence; enhancer
AB Drosophila thoracic mechanosensory bristles originate from cells that are singled out from 'proneural' groups of competent epithelial cells. Neural competence is restricted to individual sensory organ precursors (SOPs) by Delta/Notch-mediated 'lateral inhibition', whereas other cells in the proneural field adopt an epidermal fate. The precursors of the large macrochaetes differentiate separately from individual proneural clusters that comprise about 20 - 30 cells or as heterochronic pairs from groups of more than 100 cells(1), whereas the precursors of the small regularly spaced microchaetes emerge from even larger proneural fields(2). This indicates that lateral inhibition might act over several cell diameters; it was difficult to reconcile with the fact that the inhibitory ligand Delta is membrane-bound until the observation that SOPs frequently extend thin processes(3,4) offered an attractive hypothesis. Here we show that the extension of these planar filopodia - a common attribute of wing imaginal disc cells - is promoted by Delta and that their experimental suppression reduces Notch signalling in distant cells and increases bristle density in large proneural groups, showing that these membrane specializations mediate long- range lateral inhibition.
C1 Univ Montpellier 2, UMR 5539, Lab Dynam Mol Interact Membranaires, F-34095 Montpellier 5, France.
C3 Universite de Montpellier
RP Alexandre, D (corresponding author), Univ Montpellier 2, UMR 5539, Lab Dynam Mol Interact Membranaires, CC 107,Pl Eugene Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier 5, France.
NR 30
TC 155
Z9 171
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 4
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6966
BP 555
EP 559
DI 10.1038/nature02157
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 749TE
UT WOS:000186944300038
PM 14654840
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hirotsune, S
   Yoshida, N
   Chen, A
   Garrett, L
   Sugiyama, F
   Takahashi, S
   Yagami, K
   Wynshaw-Boris, A
   Yoshiki, A
AF Hirotsune, S
   Yoshida, N
   Chen, A
   Garrett, L
   Sugiyama, F
   Takahashi, S
   Yagami, K
   Wynshaw-Boris, A
   Yoshiki, A
TI An expressed pseudogene regulates the messenger-RNA stability of its homologous coding gene
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB A pseudogene is a gene copy that does not produce a functional, full-length protein(1). The human genome is estimated to contain up to 20,000 pseudogenes(2,3). Although much effort has been devoted to understanding the function of pseudogenes, their biological roles remain largely unknown. Here we report the role of an expressed pseudogene-regulation of messenger-RNA stability-in a transgene-insertion mouse mutant exhibiting polycystic kidneys and bone deformity. The transgene was integrated into the vicinity of the expressing pseudogene of Makorin1, called Makorin1-p1. This insertion reduced transcription of Makorin1-p1, resulting in destabilization of Makorin1 mRNA in trans by way of a cis-acting RNA decay element within the 5' region of Makorin1 that is homologous between Makorin1 and Makorin1-p1. Either Makorin1 or Makorin1-p1 transgenes could rescue these phenotypes. Our findings demonstrate a specific regulatory role of an expressed pseudogene, and point to the functional significance of non-coding RNAs.
C1 Saitama Med Sch, Res Ctr Genom Med, Div Neurosci, Hidaka, Saitama 3501241, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan.
   NHGRI, Genet Dis Res Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Univ Tsukuba, Inst Basic Med Sci, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058575, Japan.
   Univ Tsukuba, Lab Anim Resource Ctr, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058575, Japan.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Sch Med, Ctr Canc, Dept Pediat, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Sch Med, Ctr Canc, Dept Med, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   RIKEN Tsukuba Inst, Bioresource Ctr, Dept Biol Syst, Expt Anim Div, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050074, Japan.
C3 Saitama Medical University; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); University of Tsukuba; University of Tsukuba; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; RIKEN
RP Hirotsune, S (corresponding author), Saitama Med Sch, Res Ctr Genom Med, Div Neurosci, Yamane 1397-1, Hidaka, Saitama 3501241, Japan.
NR 8
TC 327
Z9 385
U1 0
U2 34
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 1
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6935
BP 91
EP 96
DI 10.1038/nature01535
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 673CG
UT WOS:000182561600045
PM 12721631
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Alvarez-Dolado, M
   Pardal, R
   Garcia-Vardugo, JM
   Fike, JR
   Lee, HO
   Pfeffer, K
   Lois, C
   Morrison, SJ
   Alvarez-Buylla, A
AF Alvarez-Dolado, M
   Pardal, R
   Garcia-Vardugo, JM
   Fike, JR
   Lee, HO
   Pfeffer, K
   Lois, C
   Morrison, SJ
   Alvarez-Buylla, A
TI Fusion of bone-marrow-derived cells with Purkinje neurons, cardiomyocytes and hepatocytes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stem-cells; monoclonal-antibody; in-vivo; mice; dna; differentiation; plasticity; microglia; antigens; brain
AB Recent studies have suggested that bone marrow cells possess a broad differentiation potential, being able to form new liver cells, cardiomyocytes and neurons(1,2). Several groups have attributed this apparent plasticity to 'transdifferentiation'(3-5). Others, however, have suggested that cell fusion could explain these results(6-9). Using a simple method based on Cre/lox recombination to detect cell fusion events, we demonstrate that bone-marrow-derived cells (BMDCs) fuse spontaneously with neural progenitors in vitro. Furthermore, bone marrow transplantation demonstrates that BMDCs fuse in vivo with hepatocytes in liver, Purkinje neurons in the brain and cardiac muscle in the heart, resulting in the formation of multinucleated cells. No evidence of transdifferentiation without fusion was observed in these tissues. These observations provide the first in vivo evidence for cell fusion of BMDCs with neurons and cardiomyocytes, raising the possibility that cell fusion may contribute to the development or maintenance of these key cell types.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Neurol Surg, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Dept Internal Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Valencia, Inst Cavanilles, E-46100 Valencia, Spain.
   Univ Dusseldorf, Inst Med Microbiol, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany.
   MIT, Picower Ctr Learning & Memory, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Valencia; Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Alvarez-Buylla, A (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Neurol Surg, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
NR 30
TC 1296
Z9 1473
U1 0
U2 55
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 30
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6961
BP 968
EP 973
DI 10.1038/nature02069
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 737KY
UT WOS:000186230600043
PM 14555960
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kelley, SP
   Dunlop, JI
   Kirkness, EF
   Lambert, JJ
   Peters, JA
AF Kelley, SP
   Dunlop, JI
   Kirkness, EF
   Lambert, JJ
   Peters, JA
TI A cytoplasmic region determines single-channel conductance in 5-HT3 receptors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nicotinic acetylcholine-receptor; structural basis; gating kinetics; ion permeation; subunit; selectivity; expression; pore
AB 5-Hydroxytryptamine type 3 (5-HT3) receptors are cation-selective transmitter-gated ion channels of the Cys-loop superfamily(1-9). The single-channel conductance of human recombinant 5-HT3 receptors assembled as homomers of 5-HT3A subunits, or heteromers of 5-HT3A and 5-HT3B subunits, are markedly different, being 0.4 pS (refs 6, 9) and 16 pS (ref. 7), respectively. Paradoxically, the channel-lining M2 domain of the 5-HT3A subunit would be predicted to promote cation conduction, whereas that of the 5-HT3B subunit would not(7). Here we describe a determinant of single-channel conductance that can explain these observations. By constructing chimaeric 5-HT3A and 5-HT3B subunits we identified a region (the 'HA-stretch')(10) within the large cytoplasmic loop of the receptor that markedly influences channel conductance. Replacement of three arginine residues unique to the HA-stretch of the 5-HT3A subunit by their 5-HT3B subunit counterparts increased single-channel conductance 28-fold. Significantly, ultrastructural studies of the Torpedo nicotinic acetylcholine receptor(11) indicate that the key residues might frame narrow openings that contribute to the permeation pathway. Our findings solve the conundrum of the anomalously low conductance of homomeric 5-HT3A receptors and indicate an important function for the HA-stretch in Cys-loop transmitter-gated ion channels.
C1 Univ Dundee, Ninewells Hosp & Med Sch, Inst Neurosci, Dept Pharmacol & Neurosci, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland.
   Inst Genom Res, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
C3 University of Dundee; J. Craig Venter Institute
RP Peters, JA (corresponding author), Univ Dundee, Ninewells Hosp & Med Sch, Inst Neurosci, Dept Pharmacol & Neurosci, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland.
EM j.a.peters@dundee.ac.uk
NR 29
TC 235
Z9 264
U1 1
U2 18
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 17
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6946
BP 321
EP 324
DI 10.1038/nature01788
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 701RZ
UT WOS:000184183900044
PM 12867984
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mietto, P
   Avanzini, M
   Rolandi, G
AF Mietto, P
   Avanzini, M
   Rolandi, G
TI Palaeontology: Human footprints in Pleistocene volcanic ash
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Padua, Dipartimento Geol Paleontol & Geofis, I-35137 Padua, Italy.
   Museo Tridentino Sci Nat, I-38100 Trent, Italy.
   Univ Naples, Dipartimento Geofis & Vulcanol, I-80138 Naples, Italy.
C3 University of Padua; University of Naples Federico II
RP Mietto, P (corresponding author), Univ Padua, Dipartimento Geol Paleontol & Geofis, I-35137 Padua, Italy.
NR 3
TC 60
Z9 72
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 13
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6928
BP 133
EP 133
DI 10.1038/422133a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 654HG
UT WOS:000181488900032
PM 12634773
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ghosh, S
   Rosenbaum, TF
   Aeppli, G
   Coppersmith, SN
AF Ghosh, S
   Rosenbaum, TF
   Aeppli, G
   Coppersmith, SN
TI Entangled quantum state of magnetic dipoles
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID anti-ferromagnetic chain; ising spin chains; critical-behavior; relaxation; transition; lierf4; lihof4
AB Free magnetic moments usually manifest themselves in Curie laws, where weak external magnetic fields produce magnetizations that vary as the reciprocal of the temperature (1/T). For a variety of materials that do not display static magnetism, including doped semiconductors(1) and certain rare-earth intermetallics(2), the 1/T law is replaced by a power law T(-alpha) with alpha < 1. Here we show that a much simpler material system-namely, the insulating magnetic salt LiHo(x)Y(1-x)F(4)-can also display such a power law. Moreover, by comparing the results of numerical simulations of this system with susceptibility and specific-heat data(3), we show that both energy-level splitting and quantum entanglement are crucial to describing its behaviour. The second of these quantum mechanical effects-entanglement, where the wavefunction of a system with several degrees of freedom cannot be written as a product of wavefunctions for each degree of freedom-becomes visible for remarkably small tunnelling terms, and is activated well before tunnelling has visible effects on the spectrum. This finding is significant because it shows that entanglement, rather than energy-level redistribution, can underlie the magnetic behaviour of a simple insulating quantum spin system.
C1 Univ Chicago, James Franck Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Phys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   UCL, London Ctr Nanotechnol, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   UCL, Dept Phys & Astron, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   NEC Labs, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Phys, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
C3 University of Chicago; University of Chicago; University of London; University College London; University of London; University College London; NEC Corporation; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
RP Rosenbaum, TF (corresponding author), Univ Chicago, James Franck Inst, 5640 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
EM t-rosenbaum@uchicago.edu
NR 22
TC 296
Z9 315
U1 1
U2 59
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 4
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6953
BP 48
EP 51
DI 10.1038/nature01888
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 717LD
UT WOS:000185089200032
PM 12955135
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bond, HE
   Henden, A
   Levay, ZG
   Panagia, N
   Sparks, WB
   Starrfield, S
   Wagner, RM
   Corradi, RLM
   Munari, U
AF Bond, HE
   Henden, A
   Levay, ZG
   Panagia, N
   Sparks, WB
   Starrfield, S
   Wagner, RM
   Corradi, RLM
   Munari, U
TI An energetic stellar outburst accompanied by circumstellar light echoes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID v838 mon; evolution; discovery; eruption; m31
AB Some classes of stars, including novae and supernovae, undergo explosive outbursts that eject stellar material into space. In 2002, the previously unknown variable star V838 Monocerotis brightened suddenly by a factor of similar to10(4). Unlike a supernova or nova, it did not explosively eject its outer layers; rather, it simply expanded to become a cool supergiant with a moderate-velocity stellar wind. Superluminal light echoes were discovered(1,2) as light from the outburst propagated into the surrounding, pre-existing circumstellar dust. Here we report high-resolution imaging and polarimetry of those light echoes, which allow us to set direct geometric distance limits to the object. At a distance of >6 kpc, V838 Mon at its maximum brightness was temporarily the brightest star in the Milky Way. The presence of the circumstellar dust implies that previous eruptions have occurred, and spectra show it to be a binary system. When combined with the high luminosity and unusual outburst behaviour, these characteristics indicate that V838 Mon represents a hitherto unknown type of stellar outburst, for which we have no completely satisfactory physical explanation.
C1 Space Telescope Sci Inst, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
   Univ Space Res Assoc, Flagstaff, AZ 86002 USA.
   USN Observ, Flagstaff Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86002 USA.
   Arizona State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
   Univ Arizona, Large Binocular Telescope Observ, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Isaac Newton Grp Telescopes, Santa Cruz De La Palma 38700, Canarias, Spain.
   Osserv Astron Padova, INAF, I-36012 Asiago, VI, Italy.
C3 Space Telescope Science Institute; Universities Space Research Association (USRA); United States Department of Defense; United States Navy; Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe; University of Arizona; Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes; University of Padua; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF)
RP Bond, HE (corresponding author), Space Telescope Sci Inst, 3700 San Martin Dr, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
EM bond@stsci.edu
NR 29
TC 186
Z9 206
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 27
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6930
BP 405
EP 408
DI 10.1038/nature01508
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 659WV
UT WOS:000181801200037
PM 12660776
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gonnermann, HM
   Manga, M
AF Gonnermann, HM
   Manga, M
TI Explosive volcanism may not be an inevitable consequence of magma fragmentation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID non-newtonian rheology; vesiculating magmas; climactic eruption; silicate melts; lava flow; viscosity; ascent; transition; dynamics; rhyolite
AB The fragmentation of magma, containing abundant gas bubbles, is thought to be the defining characteristic of explosive eruptions(1-3). When viscous stresses associated with the growth of bubbles and the flow of the ascending magma exceed the strength of the melt(2,4-6), the magma breaks into disconnected fragments suspended within an expanding gas phase. Although repeated effusive and explosive eruptions for individual volcanoes are common(7,8), the dynamics governing the transition between explosive and effusive eruptions remain unclear. Magmas for both types of eruptions originate from sources with similar volatile content, yet effusive lavas erupt considerably more degassed than their explosive counterparts(7,8). One mechanism for degassing during magma ascent, consistent with observations, is the generation of intermittent permeable fracture networks generated by non-explosive fragmentation near the conduit walls(9-11). Here we show that such fragmentation can occur by viscous shear in both effusive and explosive eruptions. Moreover, we suggest that such fragmentation may be important for magma degassing and the inhibition of explosive behaviour. This implies that, contrary to conventional views, explosive volcanism is not an inevitable consequence of magma fragmentation.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Gonnermann, HM (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 30
TC 299
Z9 343
U1 2
U2 60
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 27
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6965
BP 432
EP 435
DI 10.1038/nature02138
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 747JE
UT WOS:000186800800035
PM 14647379
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jokat, W
   Ritzmann, O
   Schmidt-Aursch, MC
   Drachev, S
   Gauger, S
   Snow, J
AF Jokat, W
   Ritzmann, O
   Schmidt-Aursch, MC
   Drachev, S
   Gauger, S
   Snow, J
TI Geophysical evidence for reduced melt production on the Arctic ultraslow Gakkel mid-ocean ridge
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crustal thickness; spreading rate; refraction; inversion; basin
AB Most models of melt generation beneath mid-ocean ridges(1-3) predict significant reduction of melt production at ultraslow spreading rates ( full spreading rates < 20 mm yr(-1)) and consequently they predict thinned oceanic crust. The 1,800-km-long Arctic Gakkel mid-ocean ridge is an ideal location to test such models, as it is by far the slowest portion of the global mid-ocean-ridge spreading system, with a full spreading rate ranging from 6 to 13 mm yr(-1) ( refs 4, 5). Furthermore, in contrast to some other ridge systems, the spreading direction on the Gakkel ridge is not oblique and the rift valley is not offset by major transform faults. Here we present seismic evidence for the presence of exceptionally thin crust along the Gakkel ridge rift valley with crustal thicknesses varying between 1.9 and 3.3km ( compared to the more usual value of 7 km found on medium- to fast-spreading mid-ocean ridges). Almost 8,300 km of closely spaced aeromagnetic profiles across the rift valley show the presence of discrete volcanic centres along the ridge, which we interpret as evidence for strongly focused, three-dimensional magma supply. The traces of these eruptive centres can be followed to crustal ages of ∼25 Myr off-axis, implying that these magma production and transport systems have been stable over this timescale.
C1 Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, D-27568 Bremerhaven, Germany.
   VNIIOkeangeol, St Petersburg 190121, Russia.
   Max Planck Inst Chem, D-55020 Mainz, Germany.
C3 Helmholtz Association; Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar & Marine Research; Max Planck Society
RP Jokat, W (corresponding author), Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, Columbusstr, D-27568 Bremerhaven, Germany.
NR 19
TC 158
Z9 181
U1 0
U2 36
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 26
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6943
BP 962
EP 965
DI 10.1038/nature01706
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 694BL
UT WOS:000183753900042
PM 12827194
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gray, RD
   Atkinson, QD
AF Gray, RD
   Atkinson, QD
TI Language-tree divergence times support the Anatolian theory of Indo-European origin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bayesian-inference; classification; phylogeny
AB Languages, like genes, provide vital clues about human history(1,2). The origin of the Indo-European language family is "the most intensively studied, yet still most recalcitrant, problem of historical linguistics"(3). Numerous genetic studies of Indo-European origins have also produced inconclusive results(4,5,6). Here we analyse linguistic data using computational methods derived from evolutionary biology. We test two theories of Indo-European origin: the 'Kurgan expansion' and the 'Anatolian farming' hypotheses. The Kurgan theory centres on possible archaeological evidence for an expansion into Europe and the Near East by Kurgan horsemen beginning in the sixth millennium BP7,8. In contrast, the Anatolian theory claims that Indo-European languages expanded with the spread of agriculture from Anatolia around 8,000-9,500 years BP9. In striking agreement with the Anatolian hypothesis, our analysis of a matrix of 87 languages with 2,449 lexical items produced an estimated age range for the initial Indo-European divergence of between 7,800 and 9,800 years BP. These results were robust to changes in coding procedures, calibration points, rooting of the trees and priors in the bayesian analysis.
C1 Univ Auckland, Dept Psychol, Auckland 1020, New Zealand.
C3 University of Auckland
RP Gray, RD (corresponding author), Univ Auckland, Dept Psychol, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1020, New Zealand.
NR 30
TC 540
Z9 601
U1 1
U2 110
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 27
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6965
BP 435
EP 439
DI 10.1038/nature02029
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 747JE
UT WOS:000186800800036
PM 14647380
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pickart, RS
   Spall, MA
   Ribergaard, MH
   Moore, GWK
   Milliff, RF
AF Pickart, RS
   Spall, MA
   Ribergaard, MH
   Moore, GWK
   Milliff, RF
TI Deep convection in the Irminger Sea forced by the Greenland tip jet
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID labrador sea; water; ocean
AB Open-ocean deep convection, one of the processes by which deep waters of the world's oceans are formed, is restricted to a small number of locations ( for example, the Mediterranean and Labrador seas). Recently, the southwest Irminger Sea has been suggested as an additional location for open-ocean deep convection. The deep water formed in the Irminger Sea has the characteristic temperature and salinity of the water mass that fills the mid-depth North Atlantic Ocean, which had been believed to be formed entirely in the Labrador basin. Here we show that the most likely cause of the convection in the Irminger Sea is a low-level atmospheric jet known as the Greenland tip jet, which forms periodically in the lee of Cape Farewell, Greenland, and is associated with elevated heat flux and strong wind stress curl. Using a history of tip-jet events derived from meteorological land station data and a regional oceanic numerical model, we demonstrate that deep convection can occur in this region when the North Atlantic Oscillation Index is high, which is consistent with observations. This mechanism of convection in the Irminger Sea differs significantly from those known to operate in the Labrador and Mediterranean seas.
C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
   Danish Meterol Inst, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
   Univ Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada.
   NWRA, Colorado Res Associates Div, Boulder, CO 80301 USA.
C3 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Danish Meteorological Institute DMI; University of Toronto; NorthWest Research Associates
RP Pickart, RS (corresponding author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
EM rpickart@whoi.edu
NR 24
TC 216
Z9 235
U1 0
U2 45
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 10
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6945
BP 152
EP 156
DI 10.1038/nature01729
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 699AA
UT WOS:000184032700032
PM 12853947
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Clark, JS
   McLachlan, JS
AF Clark, JS
   McLachlan, JS
TI Stability of forest biodiversity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID eastern north-america; southern ontario; competition; history; pollen; diversity; disturbance; dynamics
AB Two hypotheses to explain potentially high forest biodiversity have different implications for the number and kinds of species that can coexist and the potential loss of biodiversity in the absence of speciation. The first hypothesis involves stabilizing mechanisms, which include tradeoffs between species in terms of their capacities to disperse to sites where competition is weak(1-4), to exploit abundant resources effectively(5,6) and to compete for scarce resources(7). Stabilization results because competitors thrive at different times and places. An alternative, 'neutral model' suggests that stabilizing mechanisms may be superfluous. This explanation emphasizes 'equalizing' mechanisms(8), because competitive exclusion of similar species is slow. Lack of ecologically relevant differences means that abundances experience random 'neutral drift', with slow extinction(9-11). The relative importance of these two mechanisms is unknown, because assumptions and predictions involve broad temporal and spatial scales. Here we demonstrate that predictions of neutral drift are testable using palaeodata. The results demonstrate strong stabilizing forces. By contrast with the neutral prediction of increasing variance among sites over time, we show that variances in post-Glacial tree abundances among sites stabilize rapidly, and abundances remain coherent over broad geographical scales.
C1 Duke Univ, Ctr Global Change, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
   Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
C3 Duke University; Duke University
RP Clark, JS (corresponding author), Duke Univ, Ctr Global Change, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
EM jimclark@duke.edu
NR 29
TC 155
Z9 181
U1 1
U2 93
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 5
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6940
BP 635
EP 638
DI 10.1038/nature01632
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 686BT
UT WOS:000183301200039
PM 12789337
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stevenson, DJ
AF Stevenson, DJ
TI Mission to Earth's core - a modest proposal
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology
RP Stevenson, DJ (corresponding author), CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
NR 5
TC 26
Z9 29
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 15
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6937
BP 239
EP 240
DI 10.1038/423239a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 678EX
UT WOS:000182853100031
PM 12748631
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rümpker, G
   Ryberg, T
   Bock, G
AF Rümpker, G
   Ryberg, T
   Bock, G
TI Boundary-layer mantle flow under the Dead Sea transform fault inferred from seismic anisotropy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID shear; beneath; deformation; tectonics
AB Lithospheric-scale transform faults play an important role in the dynamics of global plate motion. Near-surface deformation fields for such faults are relatively well documented by satellite geodesy, strain measurements and earthquake source studies(1,2), and deeper crustal structure has been imaged by seismic profiling(3). Relatively little is known, however, about deformation taking place in the subcrustal lithosphere-that is, the width and depth of the region associated with the deformation, the transition between deformed and undeformed lithosphere and the interaction between lithospheric and asthenospheric mantle flow at the plate boundary. Here we present evidence for a narrow, approximately 20-km-wide, subcrustal anisotropic zone of fault-parallel mineral alignment beneath the Dead Sea transform, obtained from an inversion of shear-wave splitting observations along a dense receiver profile. The geometry of this zone and the contrast between distinct anisotropic domains suggest subhorizontal mantle flow within a vertical boundary layer that extends through the entire lithosphere and accommodates the transform motion between the African and Arabian plates within this relatively narrow zone.
C1 Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, Telegrafenberg, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany.
   Univ Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.
   Nat Resources Author, Amman, Jordan.
   Tel Aviv Univ, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.
   Ah Najah Natl Univ, Nablus, Palestine Autho, Israel.
   Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
   Geophys Inst Israel, Lod, Israel.
C3 Helmholtz Association; GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences; University of Potsdam; Tel Aviv University; Hebrew University of Jerusalem
RP Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, Telegrafenberg, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany.
EM rumpker@gfz-potsdam.de
NR 28
TC 68
Z9 74
U1 1
U2 21
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 2
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6957
BP 497
EP 501
DI 10.1038/nature01982
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 727FN
UT WOS:000185648100041
PM 14523443
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Baker, PJ
   Wilson, JS
AF Baker, PJ
   Wilson, JS
TI Coexistence of tropical tree species
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID forest
C1 US Forest Serv, Inst Pacific Isl Forestry, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, Hilo, HI 96720 USA.
   Univ Maine, Dept Forest Management, Orono, ME 04469 USA.
C3 United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); United States Forest Service; University of Maine System; University of Maine Orono
RP Baker, PJ (corresponding author), US Forest Serv, Inst Pacific Isl Forestry, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, Hilo, HI 96720 USA.
NR 6
TC 7
Z9 8
U1 1
U2 17
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 10
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6932
BP 581
EP 582
DI 10.1038/422581a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 665GN
UT WOS:000182111400031
PM 12686991
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Morris, DG
   Huang, XZ
   Kaminski, N
   Wang, YN
   Shapiro, SD
   Dolganov, G
   Glick, A
   Sheppard, D
AF Morris, DG
   Huang, XZ
   Kaminski, N
   Wang, YN
   Shapiro, SD
   Dolganov, G
   Glick, A
   Sheppard, D
TI Loss of integrin αvβ6-mediated TGF-β activation causes Mmp12-dependent emphysema
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID macrophage metalloelastase; cytoplasmic domain; lung inflammation; focal contacts; expression; mice; subunit; reveals; localization; inhibition
AB Integrins are heterodimeric cell-surface proteins that regulate cell growth, migration and survival. We have shown previously that the epithelial-restricted integrin alphavbeta6 has another critical function; that is, it binds and activates latent transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta)(1,2). Through a global analysis of pulmonary gene expression in the lungs of mice lacking this integrin (Itgb6 null mice) we have identified a marked induction of macrophage metalloelastase (Mmp12)-a metalloproteinase that preferentially degrades elastin and has been implicated in the chronic lung disease emphysema(3). Here we report that Itgb6-null mice develop age-related emphysema that is completely abrogated either by transgenic expression of versions of the beta6 integrin subunit that support TGF-beta activation, or by the loss of Mmp12. Furthermore, we show that the effects of Itgb6 deletion are overcome by simultaneous transgenic expression of active TGF-beta1. We have uncovered a pathway in which the loss of integrin-mediated activation of latent TGF-beta causes age-dependent pulmonary emphysema through alterations of macrophage Mmp12 expression. Furthermore, we show that a functional alteration in the TGF-beta activation pathway affects susceptibility to this disease.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, San Francisco Gen Hosp, Lung Biol Ctr, Dept Med, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Med, Div Pulm & Crit Care Med, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Med, Div Pulm & Crit Care Med, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA.
   Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Med, Pulm & Crit Care Med Sect, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   NCI, Cellular Carcinogenesis & Tumor Promot Lab, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); University of Pittsburgh; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; US Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans Health Administration (VHA); VA Boston Healthcare System; Brigham & Women's Hospital; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI)
RP Sheppard, D (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, San Francisco Gen Hosp, Lung Biol Ctr, Dept Med, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
NR 27
TC 401
Z9 456
U1 1
U2 32
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 13
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6928
BP 169
EP 173
DI 10.1038/nature01413
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 654HG
UT WOS:000181488900046
PM 12634787
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kominis, IK
   Kornack, TW
   Allred, JC
   Romalis, MV
AF Kominis, IK
   Kornack, TW
   Allred, JC
   Romalis, MV
TI A subfemtotesla multichannel atomic magnetometer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID read-out electronics; biomagnetic measurements; human brain; magnetoencephalography; resolution; resonance; devices; noise
AB The magnetic field is one of the most fundamental and ubiquitous physical observables, carrying information about all electromagnetic phenomena. For the past 30 years, superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) operating at 4 K have been unchallenged as ultrahigh-sensitivity magnetic field detectors(1), with a sensitivity reaching down to 1 fT Hz(-1/2) (1 fT = 10(-15) T). They have enabled, for example, mapping of the magnetic fields produced by the brain, and localization of the underlying electrical activity (magnetoencephalography). Atomic magnetometers, based on detection of Larmor spin precession of optically pumped atoms, have approached similar levels of sensitivity using large measurement volumes(2,3), but have much lower sensitivity in the more compact designs required for magnetic imaging applications(4). Higher sensitivity and spatial resolution combined with non-cryogenic operation of atomic magnetometers would enable new applications, including the possibility of mapping non-invasively the cortical modules in the brain. Here we describe a new spin-exchange relaxation-free ( SERF) atomic magnetometer, and demonstrate magnetic field sensitivity of 0.54 fT Hz(-1/2) with a measurement volume of only 0.3 cm(3). Theoretical analysis shows that fundamental sensitivity limits of this device are below 0.01 fT Hz(-1/2). We also demonstrate simple multichannel operation of the magnetometer, and localization of magnetic field sources with a resolution of 2 mm.
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Phys, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Phys, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 Princeton University; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Romalis, MV (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Dept Phys, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
NR 27
TC 1335
Z9 1599
U1 23
U2 504
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 10
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6932
BP 596
EP 599
DI 10.1038/nature01484
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 665GN
UT WOS:000182111400036
PM 12686995
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Presgraves, DC
   Balagopalan, L
   Abmayr, SM
   Orr, HA
AF Presgraves, DC
   Balagopalan, L
   Abmayr, SM
   Orr, HA
TI Adaptive evolution drives divergence of a hybrid inviability gene between two species of Drosophila
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nuclear-pore complex; population-genetics; nucleoporin; protein; nup98; melanogaster; hitchhiking; site; architecture; speciation
AB Speciation-the splitting of one species into two-occurs by the evolution of any of several forms of reproductive isolation between taxa, including the intrinsic sterility and inviability of hybrids. Abundant evidence shows that these hybrid fitness problems are caused by incompatible interactions between loci: new alleles that become established in one species are sometimes functionally incompatible with alleles at interacting loci from another species. However, almost nothing is known about the genes involved in such hybrid incompatibilities or the evolutionary forces that drive their divergence. Here we identify a gene that causes epistatic inviability in hybrids between two fruitfly species, Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans. Our population genetic analysis reveals that this gene-which encodes a nuclear pore protein-evolved by positive natural selection in both species' lineages. These results show that a lethal hybrid incompatibility has evolved as a by-product of adaptive protein evolution.
C1 Univ Rochester, Dept Biol, Rochester, NY 14627 USA.
   Penn State Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
C3 University of Rochester; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park
RP Presgraves, DC (corresponding author), Univ Rochester, Dept Biol, Rochester, NY 14627 USA.
EM dvnp@mail.rochester.edu
NR 48
TC 328
Z9 397
U1 0
U2 66
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 12
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6941
BP 715
EP 719
DI 10.1038/nature01679
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 688PA
UT WOS:000183443400034
PM 12802326
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ose, T
   Watanabe, K
   Mie, T
   Honma, M
   Watanabe, H
   Yao, M
   Oikawa, H
   Tanaka, I
AF Ose, T
   Watanabe, K
   Mie, T
   Honma, M
   Watanabe, H
   Yao, M
   Oikawa, H
   Tanaka, I
TI Insight into a natural Diels-Alder reaction from the structure of macrophomate synthase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID unusual multistep transformation; shape complementarity; enzymatic-activity; reaction-mechanism; 2-pyrones; catalysis; binding
AB The Diels-Alder reaction, which forms a six-membered ring from an alkene (dienophile) and a 1,3-diene, is synthetically very useful for construction of cyclic products with high regio- and stereoselectivity under mild conditions(1). It has been applied to the synthesis of complex pharmaceutical and biologically active compounds(2). Although evidence(3-7) on natural Diels-Alderases has been accumulated in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites(8), there has been no report on the structural details of the natural Diels-Alderases. The function and catalytic mechanism of the natural Diels-Alderase are of great interest owing to the diversity of molecular skeletons in natural Diels-Alder adducts(8). Here we present the 1.70 Angstrom resolution crystal structure of the natural Diels-Alderase, fungal macrophomate synthase (MPS)(3), in complex with pyruvate. The active site of the enzyme is large and hydrophobic, contributing amino acid residues that can hydrogen-bond to the substrate 2-pyrone. These data provide information on the catalytic mechanism of MPS, and suggest that the reaction proceeds via a large-scale structural reorganization of the product.
C1 Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Div Biol Sci, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600810, Japan.
   Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Agr, Div Appl Biosci, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0608589, Japan.
C3 Hokkaido University; Hokkaido University
RP Oikawa, H (corresponding author), Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Div Biol Sci, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600810, Japan.
EM hoik@chem.agr.hokudai.ac.jp; tmaka@castor.sci.hokudai.ac.jp
NR 29
TC 176
Z9 199
U1 3
U2 91
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 13
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6928
BP 185
EP 189
DI 10.1038/nature01454
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 654HG
UT WOS:000181488900050
PM 12634789
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dick, HJB
   Lin, J
   Schouten, H
AF Dick, HJB
   Lin, J
   Schouten, H
TI An ultraslow-spreading class of ocean ridge
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID southwest indian ridge; gravity-anomaly; crustal thickness; melt generation; gakkel ridge; basalt; mantle; atlantic; morb
AB New investigations of the Southwest Indian and Arctic ridges reveal an ultraslow-spreading class of ocean ridge that is characterized by intermittent volcanism and a lack of transform faults. We find that the mantle beneath such ridges is emplaced continuously to the seafloor over large regions. The differences between ultraslow- and slow-spreading ridges are as great as those between slow- and fast-spreading ridges. The ultraslow- spreading ridges usually form at full spreading rates less than about 12 mm yr(-1), though their characteristics are commonly found at rates up to approximately 20 mm yr(-1). The ultraslow-spreading ridges consist of linked magmatic and amagmatic accretionary ridge segments. The amagmatic segments are a previously unrecognized class of accretionary plate boundary structure and can assume any orientation, with angles relative to the spreading direction ranging from orthogonal to acute. These amagmatic segments sometimes coexist with magmatic ridge segments for millions of years to form stable plate boundaries, or may displace or be displaced by transforms and magmatic ridge segments as spreading rate, mantle thermal structure and ridge geometry change.
C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
C3 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
RP Dick, HJB (corresponding author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
EM hdick@whoi.edu
NR 51
TC 861
Z9 1011
U1 7
U2 188
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 27
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6965
BP 405
EP 412
DI 10.1038/nature02128
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 747JE
UT WOS:000186800800029
PM 14647373
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Modi, A
   Koratkar, N
   Lass, E
   Wei, BQ
   Ajayan, PM
AF Modi, A
   Koratkar, N
   Lass, E
   Wei, BQ
   Ajayan, PM
TI Miniaturized gas ionization sensors using carbon nanotubes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID co2; sensitivity; no2
AB Gas sensors operate by a variety of fundamentally different mechanisms(1-14). Ionization sensors(13-14) work by fingerprinting the ionization characteristics of distinct gases, but they are limited by their huge, bulky architecture, high power consumption and risky high-voltage operation. Here we report the fabrication and successful testing of ionization microsensors featuring the electrical breakdown of a range of gases and gas mixtures at carbon nanotube tips. The sharp tips of nanotubes generate very high electric fields at relatively low voltages, lowering breakdown voltages several-fold in comparison to traditional electrodes, and thereby enabling compact, battery-powered and safe operation of such sensors. The sensors show good sensitivity and selectivity, and are unaffected by extraneous factors such as temperature, humidity, and gas flow. As such, the devices offer several practical advantages over previously reported nanotube sensor systems(15-17). The simple, low-cost, sensors described here could be deployed for a variety of applications, such as environmental monitoring, sensing in chemical processing plants, and gas detection for counter-terrorism.
C1 Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Dept Mech Aerosp & Nucl Engn, Troy, NY 12180 USA.
   Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Troy, NY 12180 USA.
C3 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
RP Koratkar, N (corresponding author), Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Dept Mech Aerosp & Nucl Engn, Troy, NY 12180 USA.
EM koratn@rpi.edu; ajayan@rpi.edu
NR 26
TC 830
Z9 935
U1 5
U2 475
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 10
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6945
BP 171
EP 174
DI 10.1038/nature01777
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 699AA
UT WOS:000184032700036
PM 12853951
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Liu, XN
   Duncan, JH
AF Liu, XN
   Duncan, JH
TI The effects of surfactants on spilling breaking waves
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dynamic property; breakers; systems; water
AB Breaking waves markedly increase the rates of air-sea transfer of momentum, energy and mass(1-4). In light to moderate wind conditions, spilling breakers with short wavelengths are observed frequently. Theory and laboratory experiments have shown that, as these waves approach breaking in clean water, a ripple pattern that is dominated by surface tension forms at the crest(5-14). Under laboratory conditions and in theory, the transition to turbulent flow is triggered by flow separation under the ripples, typically without leading to overturning of the free surface(15). Water surfaces in nature, however, are typically contaminated by surfactant films that alter the surface tension and produce surface elasticity and viscosity(16,17). Here we present the results of laboratory experiments in which spilling breaking waves were generated mechanically in water with a range of surfactant concentrations. We find significant changes in the breaking process owing to surfactants. At the highest concentration of surfactants, a small plunging jet issues from the front face of the wave at a point below the wave crest and entraps a pocket of air on impact with the front face of the wave. The bubbles and turbulence created during this process are likely to increase air-sea transfer.
C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Mech Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
C3 University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park
RP Duncan, JH (corresponding author), Univ Maryland, Dept Mech Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
EM duncan@eng.umd.edu
NR 30
TC 48
Z9 54
U1 0
U2 31
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 30
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6922
BP 520
EP 523
DI 10.1038/nature01357
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 640DB
UT WOS:000180670600041
PM 12556889
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Straume, T
   Rugel, G
   Marchetti, AA
   Rühm, W
   Korschinek, G
   McAninch, JE
   Carroll, K
   Egbert, S
   Faestermann, T
   Knie, K
   Martinelli, R
   Wallner, A
   Wallner, C
AF Straume, T
   Rugel, G
   Marchetti, AA
   Rühm, W
   Korschinek, G
   McAninch, JE
   Carroll, K
   Egbert, S
   Faestermann, T
   Knie, K
   Martinelli, R
   Wallner, A
   Wallner, C
TI Measuring fast neutrons in Hiroshima at distances relevant to atomic-bomb survivors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID accelerator mass-spectrometry; dosimetry system 1986; ni-63; nagasaki; eu-152; co-60; cl-36; magnet; ca-41; ions
AB Data from the survivors of the atomic bombs serve as the major basis for risk calculations of radiation-induced cancer in humans(1). A controversy has existed for almost two decades, however, concerning the possibility that neutron doses in Hiroshima may have been much larger than estimated. This controversy was based on measurements of radioisotopes activated by thermal neutrons that suggested much higher fluences at larger distances than expected(2-6). For fast neutrons, which contributed almost all the neutron dose, clear measurement validation has so far proved impossible at the large distances (900 to 1,500 m) most relevant to survivor locations(6). Here, the first results are reported for the detection of Ni-63 produced predominantly by fast neutrons (above about 1 MeV) in copper samples from Hiroshima. This breakthrough was made possible by the development of chemical extraction methods(7,8) and major improvements in the sensitivity of accelerator mass spectrometry for detection of Ni-63 atoms (refs 8-11). When results are compared with Ni-63 activation predicted by neutron doses for Hiroshima survivors(6), good agreement is observed at the distances most relevant to survivor data. These findings provide, for the first time, clear measurement validation of the neutron doses to survivors in Hiroshima.
C1 Univ Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108 USA.
   Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA.
   Tech Univ Munich, D-85747 Garching, Germany.
   Univ Munich, D-80336 Munich, Germany.
   Sci Applicat Int Corp, San Diego, CA 92121 USA.
C3 Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Technical University of Munich; University of Munich; Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC)
RP Straume, T (corresponding author), Univ Utah, 729 Arapeen Dr,Suite 2334, Salt Lake City, UT 84108 USA.
NR 30
TC 50
Z9 55
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 31
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6948
BP 539
EP 542
DI 10.1038/nature01815
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 706LG
UT WOS:000184454700039
PM 12891354
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Duft, D
   Achtzehn, T
   Müller, R
   Huber, BA
   Leisner, T
AF Duft, D
   Achtzehn, T
   Müller, R
   Huber, BA
   Leisner, T
TI Coulomb fission - Rayleigh jets from levitated microdroplets
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dynamics
C1 Tech Univ Ilmenau, Inst Phys, D-98684 Ilmenau, Germany.
   Ctr Interdisciplinaire Rech Ions Lourds, F-14070 Caen 5, France.
C3 Technische Universitat Ilmenau; Universite de Caen Normandie
RP Huber, BA (corresponding author), Tech Univ Ilmenau, Inst Phys, Postfach 100565, D-98684 Ilmenau, Germany.
EM thomas.leisner@TU-Ilmenau.de
NR 9
TC 373
Z9 433
U1 2
U2 141
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 9
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6919
BP 128
EP 128
DI 10.1038/421128a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 633DR
UT WOS:000180267200028
PM 12520291
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gregg, JW
   Jones, CG
   Dawson, TE
AF Gregg, JW
   Jones, CG
   Dawson, TE
TI Urbanization effects on tree growth in the vicinity of New York City
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atmospheric deposition; rural gradient; urban; ozone; populus; forests; areas; co2
AB Plants in urban ecosystems are exposed to many pollutants and higher temperatures, CO2 and nitrogen deposition than plants in rural areas(1-5). Although each factor has a detrimental or beneficial influence on plant growth(6), the net effect of all factors and the key driving variables are unknown. We grew the same cottonwood clone in urban and rural sites and found that urban plant biomass was double that of rural sites. Using soil transplants, nutrient budgets, chamber experiments and multiple regression analyses, we show that soils, temperature, CO2, nutrient deposition, urban air pollutants and microclimatic variables could not account for increased growth in the city. Rather, higher rural ozone (O-3) exposures reduced growth at rural sites. Urban precursors fuel the reactions of O-3 formation, but NOx scavenging reactions(7) resulted in lower cumulative urban O-3 exposures compared to agricultural and forested sites throughout the northeastern USA. Our study shows the overriding effect of O-3 despite a diversity of altered environmental factors, reveals 'footprints' of lower cumulative urban O-3 exposures amidst a background of higher regional exposures, and shows a greater adverse effect of urban pollutant emissions beyond the urban core.
C1 Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA.
C3 Cornell University; Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies
RP Gregg, JW (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
NR 29
TC 352
Z9 446
U1 7
U2 333
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 10
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6945
BP 183
EP 187
DI 10.1038/nature01728
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 699AA
UT WOS:000184032700039
PM 12853954
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Green, CS
   Bavelier, D
AF Green, CS
   Bavelier, D
TI Action video game modifies visual selective attention
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID useful field; search; task; orientation; capacity; blink; discrimination; identification; enumeration; view
AB As video-game playing has become a ubiquitous activity in today's society, it is worth considering its potential consequences on perceptual and motor skills. It is well known that exposing an organism to an altered visual environment often results in modification of the visual system of the organism. The field of perceptual learning provides many examples of training-induced increases in performance. But perceptual learning, when it occurs, tends to be specific to the trained task; that is, generalization to new tasks is rarely found(1-10). Here we show, by contrast, that action-video-game playing is capable of altering a range of visual skills. Four experiments establish changes in different aspects of visual attention in habitual video-game players as compared with non-video-game players. In a fifth experiment, non-players trained on an action video game show marked improvement from their pre-training abilities, thereby establishing the role of playing in this effect.
C1 Univ Rochester, Ctr Visual Sci, Dept Brain & Cognit Sci, Rochester, NY 14627 USA.
C3 University of Rochester
RP Bavelier, D (corresponding author), Univ Rochester, Ctr Visual Sci, Dept Brain & Cognit Sci, Rochester, NY 14627 USA.
EM daphne@cvs.rochester.edu
NR 25
TC 1622
Z9 2044
U1 24
U2 778
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 29
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6939
BP 534
EP 537
DI 10.1038/nature01647
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 683RH
UT WOS:000183162900042
PM 12774121
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Niven, JE
   Vähäsöyrinki, M
   Kauranen, M
   Hardie, RC
   Juusola, M
   Weckström, M
AF Niven, JE
   Vähäsöyrinki, M
   Kauranen, M
   Hardie, RC
   Juusola, M
   Weckström, M
TI The contribution of Shaker K+ channels to the information capacity of Drosophila photoreceptors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hippocampal pyramidal neurons; potassium channels; conductance; propagation; dendrites; diversity; membrane; mutants
AB An array of rapidly inactivating voltage-gated K+ channels is distributed throughout the nervous systems of vertebrates and invertebrates(1-5). Although these channels are thought to regulate the excitability of neurons by attenuating voltage signals, their specific functions are often poorly understood. We studied the role of the prototypical inactivating K+ conductance, Shaker(6,7), in Drosophila photoreceptors(8,9) by recording intracellularly from wild-type and Shaker mutant photoreceptors. Here we show that loss of the Shaker K+ conductance produces a marked reductionin the signal-to-noise ratio of photoreceptors, generating a 50% decrease in the information capacity of these cells in fully light-adapted conditions. By combining experiments with modelling, we show that the inactivation of Shaker K+ channels amplifies voltage signals and enables photoreceptors to use their voltage range more effectively. Loss of the Shaker conductance attenuated the voltage signal and induced a compensatory decrease in impedance. Our results demonstrate the importance of the Shaker K+ conductance for neural coding precision and as a mechanism for selectively amplifying graded signals in neurons, and highlight the effect of compensatory mechanisms on neuronal information processing.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Physiol Lab, Cambridge CB2 3EG, England.
   Univ Oulu, Dept Phys Sci, Div Biophys, Oulu, Finland.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Anat, Cambridge CB2 3DY, England.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of Oulu; University of Cambridge
RP Juusola, M (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Physiol Lab, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EG, England.
EM mj216@cus.cam.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 73
Z9 86
U1 2
U2 16
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 6
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6923
BP 630
EP 634
DI 10.1038/nature01384
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 642KH
UT WOS:000180803200042
PM 12571596
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mohler, PJ
   Schott, JJ
   Gramolini, AO
   Dilly, KW
   Guatimosim, S
   duBell, WH
   Haurogné, K
   Kyndt, F
   Ali, ME
   Rogers, TB
   Lederer, WJ
   Escande, D
   Le Marec, H
   Bennett, V
AF Mohler, PJ
   Schott, JJ
   Gramolini, AO
   Dilly, KW
   Guatimosim, S
   duBell, WH
   Haurogné, K
   Kyndt, F
   Ali, ME
   Rogers, TB
   Lederer, WJ
   Escande, D
   Le Marec, H
   Bennett, V
TI Ankyrin-B mutation causes type 4 long-QT cardiac arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sodium-calcium exchange; ventricular myocytes; spectrin; channels; gene
AB Mutations in ion channels involved in the generation and termination of action potentials constitute a family of molecular defects that underlie fatal cardiac arrhythmias in inherited long-QT syndrome(1). We report here that a loss-of-function (E1425G) mutation in ankyrin-B (also known as ankyrin(2)), a member of a family of versatile membrane adapters(2),causes dominantly inherited type 4 long-QT cardiac arrhythmia in humans. Mice heterozygous for a null mutation in ankyrin-B are haploinsufficient and display arrhythmia similar to humans. Mutation of ankyrin-B results in disruption in the cellular organization of the sodium pump, the sodium/calcium exchanger, and inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (all ankyrin-B-binding proteins), which reduces the targeting of these proteins to the transverse tubules as well as reducing overall protein level. Ankyrin-B mutation also leads to altered Ca2+ signalling in adult cardiomyocytes that results in extrasystoles, and provides a rationale for the arrhythmia. Thus, we identify a new mechanism for cardiac arrhythmia due to abnormal coordination of multiple functionally related ion channels and transporters.
C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Cell Biol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Biochem, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Neurosci, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Hop Hotel Dieu, INSERM, U533, Lab Physiopathol & Pharmacol Cellulaires & Mol, Paris, France.
   Hosp G&R Laennec, Dept Cardiol, Nantes, France.
   Univ Maryland, Inst Biotechnol, Ctr Med Biotechnol, Baltimore, MD 21021 USA.
   Univ Maryland, Inst Biotechnol, Dept Physiol, Baltimore, MD 21021 USA.
   Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Baltimore, MD 21021 USA.
C3 Duke University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Duke University; Duke University; Duke University; Assistance Publique Hopitaux Paris (APHP); Universite Paris Cite; Hopital Universitaire Hotel-Dieu - APHP; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Nantes Universite; CHU de Nantes; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland Baltimore; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland Baltimore; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland Baltimore
RP Bennett, V (corresponding author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
NR 19
TC 746
Z9 868
U1 0
U2 31
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 6
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6923
BP 634
EP 639
DI 10.1038/nature01335
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 642KH
UT WOS:000180803200043
PM 12571597
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tomeoka, K
   Kiriyama, K
   Nakamura, K
   Yamahana, Y
   Sekine, T
AF Tomeoka, K
   Kiriyama, K
   Nakamura, K
   Yamahana, Y
   Sekine, T
TI Interplanetary dust from the explosive dispersal of hydratedasteroids by impacts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID shock metamorphism; atmospheric entry; carbonaceous chondrites; accretion rate; micrometeorites; mineralogy; origin
AB The Earth accretes about 30,000 tons of dust particles per year, with sizes in the range of 20-400 mum (refs 1, 2). Those particles collected at the Earth's surface-termed micrometeorites-are similar in chemistry and mineralogy to hydrated, porous meteorites (3-7), but such meteorites comprise only 2.8% of recovered falls(8). This large difference in relative abundances has been attributed to 'filtering' by the Earth's atmosphere(9), that is, the porous meteorites are considered to be so friable that they do not survive the impact with the atmosphere. Here we report shock-recovery experiments on two porous meteorites, one of which is hydrated and the other is anhydrous. The application of shock to the hydrated meteorite reduces it to minute particles and explosive expansion results upon release of the pressure, through a much broader range of pressures than for the anhydrous meteorite. Our results indicate that hydrated asteroids will produce dust particles during collisions at a much higher rate than anhydrous asteroids, which explains the different relative abundances of the hydrated material in micrometeorites and meteorites: the abundances are established before contact with the Earth's atmosphere.
C1 Kobe Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Nada Ku, Kobe, Hyogo 6578501, Japan.
   Natl Inst Mat Sci, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050044, Japan.
C3 Kobe University; National Institute for Materials Science
RP Tomeoka, K (corresponding author), Kobe Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Nada Ku, Kobe, Hyogo 6578501, Japan.
EM tomeoka@kobe-u.ac.jp
NR 30
TC 57
Z9 58
U1 1
U2 10
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 1
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6935
BP 60
EP 62
DI 10.1038/nature01567
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 673CG
UT WOS:000182561600036
PM 12721622
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Leigh, DA
   Wong, JKY
   Dehez, F
   Zerbetto, F
AF Leigh, DA
   Wong, JKY
   Dehez, F
   Zerbetto, F
TI Unidirectional rotation in a mechanically interlocked molecular rotor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rotary motion; motor; acceleration; system
AB Molecular motor proteins are ubiquitous in nature(1) and have inspired attempts to create artificial machines(2) that mimic their ability to produce controlled motion on the molecular level. A recent example of an artificial molecular rotor is a molecule undergoing a unidirectional 120degrees intramolecular rotation around a single bond(3,4); another is a molecule capable of repetitive unimolecular rotation driven by multiple and successive isomerization of its central double bond(5-8). Here we show that sequential and unidirectional rotation can also be induced in mechanically interlocked assemblies comprised of one or two small rings moving around one larger ring. The small rings in these [2]- and [3] catenanes(9) move in discrete steps between different binding sites located on the larger ring, with the movement driven by light, heat or chemical stimuli that change the relative affinity of the small rings for the different binding sites(10-12). We find that the small ring in the [2] catenane moves with high positional integrity but without control over its direction of motion, while the two rings in the [3] catenane mutually block each other's movement to ensure an overall stimuli-induced unidirectional motion around the larger ring.
C1 Univ Edinburgh, Sch Chem, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Univ Bologna, Dipartimento Chim G Ciamician, I-40126 Bologna, Italy.
C3 University of Edinburgh; University of Bologna
RP Leigh, DA (corresponding author), Univ Edinburgh, Sch Chem, Kings Bldg,W Mains Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, Midlothian, Scotland.
NR 19
TC 817
Z9 891
U1 2
U2 262
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 10
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6945
BP 174
EP 179
DI 10.1038/nature01758
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 699AA
UT WOS:000184032700037
PM 12853952
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Thayer, SP
   di Magliano, MP
   Heiser, PW
   Nielsen, CM
   Roberts, DJ
   Lauwers, GY
   Qi, YP
   Gysin, S
   Fernández-del Castillo, CF
   Yajnik, V
   Antoniu, B
   McMahon, M
   Warshaw, AL
   Hebrok, M
AF Thayer, SP
   di Magliano, MP
   Heiser, PW
   Nielsen, CM
   Roberts, DJ
   Lauwers, GY
   Qi, YP
   Gysin, S
   Fernández-del Castillo, CF
   Yajnik, V
   Antoniu, B
   McMahon, M
   Warshaw, AL
   Hebrok, M
TI Hedgehog is an early and late mediator of pancreatic cancer tumorigenesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sonic-hedgehog; intraepithelial neoplasia; signaling pathway; duct lesions; neural-tube; expression; gene; adenocarcinoma; inactivation; cyclopamine
AB Hedgehog signalling-an essential pathway during embryonic pancreatic development, the misregulation of which has been implicated in several forms of cancer-may also be an important mediator in human pancreatic carcinoma(1-8). Here we report that sonic hedgehog, a secreted hedgehog ligand, is abnormally expressed in pancreatic adenocarcinoma and its precursor lesions: pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN). Pancreata of Pdx-Shh mice (in which Shh is misexpressed in the pancreatic endoderm) develop abnormal tubular structures, a phenocopy of human PanIN-1 and -2. Moreover, these PanIN-like lesions also contain mutations in K-ras and overexpress HER-2/neu, which are genetic mutations found early in the progression of human pancreatic cancer. Furthermore, hedgehog signalling remains active in cell lines established from primary and metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinomas. Notably, inhibition of hedgehog signalling by cyclopamine induced apoptosis and blocked proliferation in a subset of the pancreatic cancer cell lines both in vitro and in vivo. These data suggest that this pathway may have an early and critical role in the genesis of this cancer, and that maintenance of hedgehog signalling is important for aberrant proliferation and tumorigenesis.
C1 Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Surg, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Gastroenterol Unit, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Med, Ctr Diabet, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Canc Res Inst, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Hebrok, M (corresponding author), Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Surg, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
FU NICHD NIH HHS [R29 HD034448] Funding Source: Medline; NIDDK NIH HHS [R01 DK060533] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 1236
Z9 1534
U1 0
U2 117
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 23
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6960
BP 851
EP 856
DI 10.1038/nature02009
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 735ME
UT WOS:000186118500048
PM 14520413
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Thomson, KS
   Sutton, M
   Thomas, B
AF Thomson, KS
   Sutton, M
   Thomas, B
TI A larval Devonian lungfish
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Perhaps the most enduring of puzzles in palaeontology has been the identity of Palaeospondylus gunni Traquair, a tiny (5-60-mm) vertebrate fossil from the Middle Devonian period (similar to385 Myr ago) of Scotland, first discovered in 1890 (refs 1 - 3). It is known principally from a single site (Achanarras Quarry, Caithness) where, paradoxically, it is extremely abundant, preserved in varved lacustrine deposits along with 13 other genera of fishes(4). Here we show that Palaeospondylus is the larval stage of a lungfish, most probably Dipterus valenciennesi Sedgwick and Murchison 1828 (ref. 5), and that development of the adult form requires a distinct metamorphosis. Palaeospondylus is the oldest known true larva of a vertebrate.
C1 Univ Oxford, Museum Nat Hist, Oxford OX1 3PW, England.
C3 University of Oxford
RP Thomson, KS (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Museum Nat Hist, Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PW, England.
NR 15
TC 20
Z9 24
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 18
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6968
BP 833
EP 834
DI 10.1038/nature02175
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 754QM
UT WOS:000187342000056
PM 14685237
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Liu, YF
   Hong, X
   Kappler, J
   Jiang, L
   Zhang, RG
   Xu, LG
   Pan, CH
   Martin, WE
   Murphy, RC
   Shu, HB
   Dai, SD
   Zhang, GY
AF Liu, YF
   Hong, X
   Kappler, J
   Jiang, L
   Zhang, RG
   Xu, LG
   Pan, CH
   Martin, WE
   Murphy, RC
   Shu, HB
   Dai, SD
   Zhang, GY
TI Ligand-receptor binding revealed by the TNF family member TALL-1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tumor-necrosis-factor; b-cell maturation; crystal-structure; autoimmune-disease; lymphocyte stimulator; baff; taci; blys; april; bcma
AB The tumour necrosis factor (TNF) ligand TALL-1 and its cognate receptors, BCMA, TACI and BAFF-R, were recently identified as members of the TNF superfamily, which are essential factors contributing to B-cell maturation. The functional, soluble fragment of TALL-1 (sTALL-1) forms a virus-like assembly for its proper function. Here we determine the crystal structures of sTALL-1 complexed with the extracellular domains of BCMA and BAFF-R at 2.6 and 2.5 Angstrom, respectively. The single cysteine-rich domain of BCMA and BAFF-R both have saddle-like architectures, which sit on the horseback-like surface formed by four coil regions on each individual sTALL-1 monomer. Three novel structural modules, D2, X2 and N, were revealed from the current structures. Sequence alignments, structural modelling and mutagenesis revealed that one disulphide bridge in BAFF-R is critical for determining the binding specificity of the extracellular domain eBAFF-R to TALL-1 instead of APRIL, a closely related ligand of TALL-1, which was confirmed by binding experiments in vitro.
C1 Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Sch Med, Natl Jewish Med & Res Ctr,Integrated Dept Immunol, Denver, CO 80206 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Denver, CO 80206 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol,Biomol Struct Program, Denver, CO 80206 USA.
   Peking Univ, Coll Life Sci, Dept Cell Biol & Genet, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China.
   Argonne Natl Lab, Struct Biol Sect, Argonne, IL 60439 USA.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; National Jewish Health; University of Colorado Denver; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Denver; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; University of Colorado Denver; Peking University; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Argonne National Laboratory
RP Zhang, GY (corresponding author), Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Sch Med, Natl Jewish Med & Res Ctr,Integrated Dept Immunol, 1400 Jackson St, Denver, CO 80206 USA.
EM zhangg@njc.org
NR 45
TC 111
Z9 146
U1 1
U2 30
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 1
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6935
BP 49
EP 56
DI 10.1038/nature01543
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 673CG
UT WOS:000182561600034
PM 12721620
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Meyzen, CM
   Toplis, MJ
   Humler, E
   Ludden, JN
   Mével, C
AF Meyzen, CM
   Toplis, MJ
   Humler, E
   Ludden, JN
   Mével, C
TI A discontinuity in mantle composition beneath the southwest Indian ridge
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID global correlations; basalt chemistry; ocean; geochemistry; segmentation
AB The composition of mid-ocean-ridge basalt is known to correlate with attributes such as ridge topography(1,2) and seismic velocity in the underlying mantle(3), and these correlations have been interpreted to reflect variations in the average extent and mean pressures of melting during mantle upwelling. In this respect, the eastern extremity of the southwest Indian ridge is of special interest, as its mean depth of 4.7 km (ref. 4), high upper-mantle seismic wave velocities(5) and thin oceanic crust of 4-5 km (ref. 6) suggest the presence of unusually cold mantle beneath the region. Here we show that basaltic glasses dredged in this zone, when compared to other sections of the global mid-ocean-ridge system, have higher Na-8.0, Sr and Al2O3 compositions, very low CaO/Al2O3 ratios relative to TiO2 and depleted heavy rare-earth element distributions. This signature cannot simply be ascribed to low-degree melting of a typical mid-ocean-ridge source mantle, as different geochemical indicators of the extent of melting(1) are mutually inconsistent. Instead, we propose that the mantle beneath similar to1,000 km of the southwest Indian ridge axis has a complex history involving extensive earlier melting events and interaction with partial melts of a more fertile source.
C1 Ctr Rech Petrog & Geochim, UPR 2300, F-54501 Vandoeuvre Les Nancy, France.
   Inst Phys Globe, Lab Geosci Marines, F-75251 Paris 05, France.
C3 Universite de Lorraine; Universite Paris Cite
RP Mével, C (corresponding author), Danish Lithosphere Ctr, Oster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark.
NR 23
TC 99
Z9 112
U1 1
U2 32
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 13
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6924
BP 731
EP 733
DI 10.1038/nature01424
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 644UP
UT WOS:000180938000040
PM 12610622
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Asimow, PD
   Langmuir, CH
AF Asimow, PD
   Langmuir, CH
TI The importance of water to oceanic mantle melting regimes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thermodynamic models; ridge; temperature; constraints; extraction; anomaly; minerals; beneath; magma
AB The formation of basaltic crust at mid-ocean ridges and ocean islands provides a window into the compositional and thermal state of the Earth's upper mantle. But the interpretation of geochemical and crustal-thickness data in terms of magma source parameters depends on our understanding of the melting, melt-extraction and differentiation processes that intervene between the magma source and the crust. Much of the quantitative theory developed to model these processes has neglected the role of water in the mantle and in magma, despite the observed presence of water in ocean-floor basalts. Here we extend two quantitative models of ridge melting, mixing and fractionation to show that the addition of water can cause an increase in total melt production and crustal thickness while causing a decrease in mean extent of melting. This may help to resolve several enigmatic observations in the major- and trace-element chemistry of both normal and hotspot-affected ridge basalts.
C1 CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology; Harvard University
RP Asimow, PD (corresponding author), CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM asimow@gps.caltech.edu
NR 32
TC 346
Z9 401
U1 3
U2 95
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 20
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6925
BP 815
EP 820
DI 10.1038/nature01429
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 646QA
UT WOS:000181044700040
PM 12594505
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bignami, GF
   Caraveo, PA
   De Luca, A
   Mereghetti, S
AF Bignami, GF
   Caraveo, PA
   De Luca, A
   Mereghetti, S
TI The magnetic field of an isolated neutron star from X-ray cyclotron absorption lines
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID supernova remnant pks-1209-51/52; photon imaging camera; xmm-newton; features; spectrum; pulsar; 1e-1207.4-5209; scattering; discovery
AB Isolated neutron stars are highly magnetized, fast-rotating objects that form as an end point of stellar evolution. They are directly observable in X-ray emission, because of their high surface temperatures. Features in their X-ray spectra could in principle reveal the presence of atmospheres(1), or be used to estimate the strength of their magnetic fields through the cyclotron process(2), as is done for X-ray binaries(3,4). Almost all isolated neutron star spectra observed so far appear as featureless thermal continua(5,6). The only exception is 1E1207.4-5209 (refs 7-9), where two deep absorption features have been detected(10,11), but with insufficient definition to permit unambiguous interpretation. Here we report a long X-ray observation of the same object in which the star's spectrum shows three distinct features, regularly spaced at 0.7, 1.4 and 2.1 keV, plus a fourth feature of lower significance, at 2.8 keV. These features vary in phase with the star's rotation. The logical interpretation is that they are features from resonant cyclotron absorption, which allows us to calculate a magnetic field strength of 8 X 10(10) G, assuming the absorption arises from electrons.
C1 Ctr Etud Spatiale Rayonnements, CNRS, UPS, F-31028 Toulouse 4, France.
   Univ Pavia, Dipartimento Fis Nucl & Teor, I-27100 Pavia, Italy.
   Ist Astrofis Spaziale & Fis Cosm, Sez Milano G Occhialini, I-20133 Milan, Italy.
   Univ Milano Bicocca, Dipartimento Fis, I-20126 Milan, Italy.
C3 Universite de Toulouse; Universite Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); University of Pavia; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); University of Milano-Bicocca
RP Bignami, GF (corresponding author), Ctr Etud Spatiale Rayonnements, CNRS, UPS, 9 Ave Colonel Roche, F-31028 Toulouse 4, France.
NR 30
TC 150
Z9 164
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 12
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6941
BP 725
EP 727
DI 10.1038/nature01703
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 688PA
UT WOS:000183443400036
PM 12802327
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lu, D
   Searles, MA
   Klug, A
AF Lu, D
   Searles, MA
   Klug, A
TI Crystal structure of a zinc-finger - RNA complex reveals two modes of molecular recognition
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transcription factor iiia; 5s rna; dna recognition; binding; protein; oocytes; tfiiia
AB Zinc-finger proteins of the classical Cys(2)His(2) type are the most frequently used class of transcription factor and account for about 3% of genes in the human genome(1,2). The zinc-finger motif was discovered(3) during biochemical studies on the transcription factor TFIIIA, which regulates the 5S ribosomal RNA genes of Xenopus laevis(4,5). Zinc-fingers mostly interact with DNA, but TFIIIA binds not only specifically to the promoter DNA, but also to 5S RNA itself(6-9). Increasing evidence indicates that zinc-fingers are more widely used to recognize RNA(10-13). There have been numerous structural studies on DNA binding(14), but none on RNA binding by zinc-finger proteins. Here we report the crystal structure of a three-finger complex with 61 bases of RNA, derived(15) from the central regions of the complete nine-finger TFIIIA - 5S RNA complex. The structure reveals two modes of zinc-finger binding, both of which differ from that in common use for DNA: first, the zinc-fingers interact with the backbone of a double helix; and second, the zinc-fingers specifically recognize individual bases positioned for access in otherwise intricately folded 'loop' regions of the RNA.
C1 MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
C3 MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology
RP Klug, A (corresponding author), MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
EM akl@mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 163
Z9 213
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 6
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6962
BP 96
EP 100
DI 10.1038/nature02088
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 739WY
UT WOS:000186370800049
PM 14603324
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Detavernier, C
   Özcan, AS
   Jordan-Sweet, J
   Stach, EA
   Tersoff, J
   Ross, FM
   Lavoie, C
AF Detavernier, C
   Özcan, AS
   Jordan-Sweet, J
   Stach, EA
   Tersoff, J
   Ross, FM
   Lavoie, C
TI An off-normal fibre-like texture in thin films on single-crystal substrates
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID beam-assisted deposition; epitaxial-growth; inplane texture; metallization; inheritance
AB In the context of materials science, texture describes the statistical distribution of grain orientations. It is an important characteristic of the microstructure of polycrystalline films(1 - 5), determining various electrical, magnetic and mechanical properties. Three types of texture component are usually distinguished in thin films: random texture, when grains have no preferred orientation; fibre texture(6 - 10), for which one crystallographic axis of the film is parallel to the substrate normal, while there is a rotational degree of freedom around the fibre axis; and epitaxial alignment ( or in- plane texture) on single- crystal substrates(11 - 15), where an in- plane alignment fixes all three axes of the grain with respect to the substrate. Here we report a fourth type of texture - which we call axiotaxy - identified from complex but symmetrical patterns of lines on diffraction pole figures for thin films formed by solid- state reactions. The texture is characterized by the alignment of planes in the film and substrate that share the same d- spacing. This preferred alignment of planes across the interface manifests itself as a fibre texture lying off- normal to the sample surface, with the fibre axis perpendicular to certain planes in the substrate. This texture forms because it results in an interface, which is periodic in one dimension, preserved independently of interfacial curvature. This new type of preferred orientation may be the dominant type of texture for a wide class of materials and crystal structures.
C1 IBM Corp, Thomas J Watson Res Ctr, Yorktown Hts, NY 10598 USA.
   State Univ Ghent, Dept Solid State Phys, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
   Boston Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Natl Ctr Electron Microscopy, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 International Business Machines (IBM); IBM USA; Ghent University; Boston University; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
RP Detavernier, C (corresponding author), IBM Corp, Thomas J Watson Res Ctr, Yorktown Hts, NY 10598 USA.
NR 20
TC 183
Z9 202
U1 0
U2 77
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 11
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6967
BP 641
EP 645
DI 10.1038/nature02198
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 752DY
UT WOS:000187132800035
PM 14668858
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Puigserver, P
   Rhee, J
   Donovan, J
   Walkey, CJ
   Yoon, JC
   Oriente, F
   Kitamura, Y
   Altomonte, J
   Dong, HJ
   Accili, D
   Spiegelman, BM
AF Puigserver, P
   Rhee, J
   Donovan, J
   Walkey, CJ
   Yoon, JC
   Oriente, F
   Kitamura, Y
   Altomonte, J
   Dong, HJ
   Accili, D
   Spiegelman, BM
TI Insulin-regulated hepatic gluconeogenesis through FOXO1-PGC-1α interaction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID forkhead transcription factor; carboxykinase gtp gene; protein-kinase-b; phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase; coactivator pgc-1; factor foxo1; factor fkhr; expression; beta; phosphorylation
AB Hepatic gluconeogenesis is absolutely required for survival during prolonged fasting or starvation, but is inappropriately activated in diabetes mellitus. Glucocorticoids and glucagon have strong gluconeogenic actions on the liver. In contrast, insulin suppresses hepatic gluconeogenesis(1-3). Two components known to have important physiological roles in this process are the forkhead transcription factor FOXO1 (also known as FKHR) and peroxisome proliferative activated receptor-gamma co-activator 1 (PGC-1alpha; also known as PPARGC1), a transcriptional co-activator; whether and how these factors collaborate has not been clear. Using wild-type and mutant alleles of FOXO1, here we show that PGC-1alpha binds and co-activates FOXO1 in a manner inhibited by Akt-mediated phosphorylation. Furthermore, FOXO1 function is required for the robust activation of gluconeogenic gene expression in hepatic cells and in mouse liver by PGC-1alpha. Insulin suppresses gluconeogenesis stimulated by PGC-1alpha but co-expression of a mutant allele of FOXO1 insensitive to insulin completely reverses this suppression in hepatocytes or transgenic mice. We conclude that FOXO1 and PGC-1alpha interact in the execution of a programme of powerful, insulin-regulated gluconeogenesis.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dana Farber Canc Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Coll Phys & Surg, Naomi Berrie Diabet Ctr, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Med, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Mt Sinai Sch Med, Inst Human Gene Therapy & Mol Med, New York, NY 10029 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Columbia University; Columbia University; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
RP Spiegelman, BM (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dana Farber Canc Inst, 44 Binney St, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
NR 22
TC 1246
Z9 1524
U1 2
U2 138
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 29
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6939
BP 550
EP 555
DI 10.1038/nature01667
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 683RH
UT WOS:000183162900046
PM 12754525
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Siddall, M
   Rohling, EJ
   Almogi-Labin, A
   Hemleben, C
   Meischner, D
   Schmelzer, I
   Smeed, DA
AF Siddall, M
   Rohling, EJ
   Almogi-Labin, A
   Hemleben, C
   Meischner, D
   Schmelzer, I
   Smeed, DA
TI Sea-level fluctuations during the last glacial cycle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bah al mandab; red-sea; climate-change; greenland; isotope; records; corals; ages; foraminifera; temperature
AB The last glacial cycle was characterized by substantial millennial-scale climate fluctuations(1-5), but the extent of any associated changes in global sea level (or, equivalently, ice volume) remains elusive. Highstands of sea level can be reconstructed from dated fossil coral reef terraces(6,7), and these data are complemented by a compilation of global sea-level estimates based on deep-sea oxygen isotope ratios at millennial-scale resolution(8) or higher(1). Records based on oxygen isotopes, however, contain uncertainties in the range of +/-30 m, or +/-1degreesC in deep sea temperature(9,10). Here we analyse oxygen isotope records from Red Sea sediment cores to reconstruct the history of water residence times in the Red Sea. We then use a hydraulic model of the water exchange between the Red Sea and the world ocean to derive the sill depth and hence global sea level-over the past 470,000 years (470 kyr). Our reconstruction is accurate to within +/-12 m, and gives a centennial-scale resolution from 70 to 25 kyr before present. We find that sea-level changes of up to 35 m, at rates of up to 2 cm yr(-1), occurred, coincident with abrupt changes in climate.
C1 Southampton Oceanog Ctr, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England.
   Geol Survey Israel, IL-95501 Jerusalem, Israel.
   Univ Tubingen, Dept Geol & Paleontol, D-7400 Tubingen, Germany.
   Univ Gottingen, Inst Geol & Palaeontol, Dept Sedimentary Geol, D-37073 Gottingen, Germany.
C3 University of Southampton; NERC National Oceanography Centre; Geological Survey Israel; Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen; University of Gottingen
RP Siddall, M (corresponding author), Southampton Oceanog Ctr, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England.
NR 29
TC 1304
Z9 1451
U1 4
U2 360
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 19
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6942
BP 853
EP 858
DI 10.1038/nature01690
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 691BQ
UT WOS:000183585300041
PM 12815427
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fleischer, JW
   Segev, M
   Efremidis, NK
   Christodoulides, DN
AF Fleischer, JW
   Segev, M
   Efremidis, NK
   Christodoulides, DN
TI Observation of two-dimensional discrete solitons in optically induced nonlinear photonic lattices
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID localized modes; breathers; arrays; bright
AB Nonlinear periodic lattices occur in a large variety of systems, such as biological molecules(1), nonlinear optical waveguides(2), solid-state systems(3) and Bose-Einstein condensates'. The underlying dynamics in these systems is dominated by the interplay between tunnelling between adjacent potential wells and non-linearity(1-15). A balance between these two effects can result in a self-localized state: a lattice or 'discrete' soliton(1,2). Direct observation of lattice solitons has so far been limited to one-dimensional systems, namely in arrays of nonlinear optical waveguides(2,9-17). However, many fundamental features are expected to occur in higher dimensions, such as vortex lattice solitons(18), bright lattice solitons that carry angular momentum, and three-dimensional collisions between lattice solitons. Here, we report the experimental observation of two-dimensional (2D) lattice solitons. We use optical induction, the interference of two or more plane waves in a photosensitive material, to create a 2D photonic lattice in which the solitons form(11,12). Our results pave the way for the realization of a variety of nonlinear localization phenomena in photonic lattices and crystals(19-23). Finally, our observation directly relates to the proposed lattice solitons in Bose-Einstein condensates', which can be observed in optically induced periodic potentials(24,25).
C1 Technion Israel Inst Technol, Dept Phys, IL-32000 Haifa, Israel.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Univ Cent Florida, CREOL, Sch Opt, Orlando, FL 32816 USA.
C3 Technion Israel Institute of Technology; Princeton University; State University System of Florida; University of Central Florida
RP Segev, M (corresponding author), Technion Israel Inst Technol, Dept Phys, IL-32000 Haifa, Israel.
EM msegev@tx.technion.ac.il
NR 30
TC 1219
Z9 1287
U1 5
U2 276
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 13
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6928
BP 147
EP 150
DI 10.1038/nature01452
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 654HG
UT WOS:000181488900040
PM 12634781
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jiang, N
   Bao, ZR
   Zhang, XY
   Hirochika, H
   Eddy, SR
   McCouch, SR
   Wessler, SR
AF Jiang, N
   Bao, ZR
   Zhang, XY
   Hirochika, H
   Eddy, SR
   McCouch, SR
   Wessler, SR
TI An active DNA transposon family in rice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID elements; maize; insertion; heartbreaker; sequences; reveals
AB The publication of draft sequences for the two subspecies of Oryza sativa (rice), japonica (cv. Nipponbare) and indica (cv. 93-11)(1,2), provides a unique opportunity to study the dynamics of transposable elements in this important crop plant. Here we report the use of these sequences in a computational approach to identify the first active DNA transposons from rice and the first active miniature inverted-repeat transposable element (MITE) from any organism. A sequence classified as a Tourist-like MITE of 430 base pairs, called miniature Ping (mPing), was present in about 70 copies in Nipponbare and in about 14 copies in 93-11. These mPing elements, which are all nearly identical, transpose actively in an indica cell-culture line. Database searches identified a family of related transposase-encoding elements (called Pong), which also transpose actively in the same cells. Virtually all new insertions of mPing and Pong elements were into low-copy regions of the rice genome. Since the domestication of rice mPing MITEs have been amplified preferentially in cultivars adapted to environmental extremes-a situation that is reminiscent of the genomic shock theory for transposon activation(3).
C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Plant Biol, Athens, GA 30602 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Natl Inst Agrobiol Resources, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan.
   Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Breeding, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
C3 University System of Georgia; University of Georgia; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL); National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences - Japan; Cornell University
RP Wessler, SR (corresponding author), Univ Georgia, Dept Plant Biol, Athens, GA 30602 USA.
NR 30
TC 364
Z9 429
U1 1
U2 79
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 9
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6919
BP 163
EP 167
DI 10.1038/nature01214
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 633DR
UT WOS:000180267200040
PM 12520302
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Treiner, E
   Duban, L
   Bahram, S
   Radosavljevic, M
   Wanner, V
   Tilloy, F
   Affaticati, P
   Gilfillan, S
   Lantz, O
AF Treiner, E
   Duban, L
   Bahram, S
   Radosavljevic, M
   Wanner, V
   Tilloy, F
   Affaticati, P
   Gilfillan, S
   Lantz, O
TI Selection of evolutionarily conserved mucosal-associated invariant T cells by MR1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mhc class-i; positive selection; hematopoietic-cells; mutant mice; mu-chain; gene; mouse; generation; expression; binding
AB The evolutionary conservation of T lymphocyte subsets bearing T-cell receptors (TCRs) using invariant alpha-chains is indicative of unique functions. CD1d-restricted natural killer T (NK-T) cells that express an invariant Valpha14 TCRalpha chain have been implicated in microbial and tumour responses, as well as in auto-immunity(1,2) Here we show that T cells that express the canonical hValpha7.2-Jalpha33 or mValpha19-Jalpha33 TCR rearrangement' are preferentially located in the gut lamina propria of humans and mice, respectively, and are therefore genuine mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. Selection and/or expansion of this population requires B lymphocytes, as MAIT cells are absent in B-cell-deficient patients and mice. In addition, we show that MAIT cells are selected and/or restricted by MR1, a monomorphic major histocompatibility complex class I-related molecule that is markedly conserved in diverse mammalian species'. MAIT cells are not present in germfree mice, indicating that commensal flora is required for their expansion in the gut lamina propria. This indicates that MAIT cells are probably involved in the host response at the site of pathogen entry, and may regulate intestinal B-cell activity.
C1 Inst Curie, Immunol Lab, F-75005 Paris, France.
   Inst Curie, INSERM, U520, F-75005 Paris, France.
   Ctr Rech Immunol & Hematol, CReS, INSERM, F-67085 Strasbourg, France.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol & Immunol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
C3 UNICANCER; Universite PSL; Institut Curie; UNICANCER; Universite PSL; Institut Curie; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Washington University (WUSTL)
RP Lantz, O (corresponding author), Inst Curie, Immunol Lab, F-75005 Paris, France.
NR 30
TC 937
Z9 1071
U1 1
U2 50
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 13
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6928
BP 164
EP 169
DI 10.1038/nature01433
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 654HG
UT WOS:000181488900045
PM 12634786
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Arnold, DH
   Johnston, A
AF Arnold, DH
   Johnston, A
TI Motion-induced spatial conflict
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID perceived position; contrast; pattern; jitter; speed
AB Borders defined by small changes in brightness (luminance contrast) or by differences in colour (chromatic contrast) appear to move more slowly than those defined by strong luminance contrast(1-4). As spatial coding is influenced by motion(5-7), if placed in close proximity, the different types of moving border might appear to drift apart(8). Using this configuration, we show here that observers instead report a clear illusory spatial jitter of the low-luminance-contrast boundary. This visible interaction between motion and spatial-position coding occurred at a characteristic rate (similar to22.3 Hz), although the stimulus motion was continuous and invariant. The jitter rate did not vary with the speed of movement. The jitter was not due to small involuntary movements of the eyes, because it only occurred at a specific point within the stimulus, the low-luminance-contrast boundary. These findings show that the human visual system contains a neural mechanism that periodically resolves the spatial conflict created by adjacent moving borders that have the same physical but different perceptual speeds.
C1 UCL, Dept Psychol, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   UCL, Inst Cognit Neurosci, London WC1E 6BT, England.
C3 University of London; University College London; University of London; University College London
RP Arnold, DH (corresponding author), UCL, Dept Psychol, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, England.
EM derek.arnold@ucl.ac.uk
NR 20
TC 25
Z9 26
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 11
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6954
BP 181
EP 184
DI 10.1038/nature01955
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 719ZT
UT WOS:000185236000043
PM 12968181
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dufour, SC
   Felbeck, H
AF Dufour, SC
   Felbeck, H
TI Sulphide mining by the superextensile foot of symbiotic thyasirid bivalves
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mollusks; adaptations; transport; habitat
AB In a symbiotic association between an invertebrate host and chemoautotrophic bacteria, each partner has different metabolic requirements, and the host typically supplies the bacteria with necessary reduced chemicals ( sulphide or methane). Some combination of anatomical, physiological and behavioural adaptations in the host often facilitates uptake and transport of reduced chemicals to the symbionts(1-4). We have studied five species of bivalve molluscs of the family Thyasiridae ( that is, thyasirids) three of which harbour chemoautotrophic bacteria. Here we show that the symbiotic bivalves extend their feet to form elongated and ramifying burrows in the sediment, most probably to gain access to reduced sulphur. Closely related bivalves ( including some thyasirid species) without bacterial symbionts show no comparable foot extension behaviour. The length and number of burrows formed by chemosymbiotic thyasirids are related to the concentration of hydrogen sulphide in the sediment. The burrows are formed by the foot of each bivalve, which can extend up to 30 times the length of the shell, and may be the most extreme case of animal structure elongation documented to date.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Div Marine Biol Res, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; Scripps Institution of Oceanography
RP Dufour, SC (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Div Marine Biol Res, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
NR 19
TC 65
Z9 73
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 6
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6962
BP 65
EP 67
DI 10.1038/nature02095
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 739WY
UT WOS:000186370800041
PM 14603317
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kalnay, E
   Cai, M
AF Kalnay, E
   Cai, M
TI Impact of urbanization and land-use change on climate
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID temperature trends; heat-island
AB The most important anthropogenic influences on climate are the emission of greenhouse gases(1) and changes in land use, such as urbanization and agriculture(2). But it has been difficult to separate these two influences because both tend to increase the daily mean surface temperature(3,4). The impact of urbanization has been estimated by comparing observations in cities with those in surrounding rural areas, but the results differ significantly depending on whether population data(5) or satellite measurements of night light(6-8) are used to classify urban and rural areas(7,8). Here we use the difference between trends in observed surface temperatures in the continental United States and the corresponding trends in a reconstruction of surface temperatures determined from a reanalysis of global weather over the past 50 years, which is insensitive to surface observations, to estimate the impact of land-use changes on surface warming. Our results suggest that half of the observed decrease in diurnal temperature range is due to urban and other land-use changes. Moreover, our estimate of 0.27degreesC mean surface warming per century due to land-use changes is at least twice as high as previous estimates based on urbanization alone(7,8).
C1 Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20770 USA.
C3 University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park
RP Kalnay, E (corresponding author), Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20770 USA.
EM ekalnay@atmos.umd.edu
NR 13
TC 1870
Z9 2313
U1 22
U2 1641
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 29
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6939
BP 528
EP 531
DI 10.1038/nature01675
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 683RH
UT WOS:000183162900040
PM 12774119
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pelli, DG
   Farell, B
   Moore, DC
AF Pelli, DG
   Farell, B
   Moore, DC
TI The remarkable inefficiency of word recognition
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID perception; model; identification; expertise; vision
AB Do we recognize common objects by parts, or as wholes? Holistic recognition would be efficient, yet people detect a grating of light and dark stripes by parts. Thus efficiency falls as the number of stripes increases, in inverse proportion, as explained by probability summation among independent feature detectors(1). It is inefficient to detect correlated components independently. But gratings are uncommon artificial stimuli that may fail to tap the full power of visual object recognition. Familiar objects become special as people become expert at judging them(2,3), possibly because the processing becomes more holistic. Letters and words were designed to be easily recognized, and, through a lifetime of reading, our visual system presumably has adapted to do this as well as it possibly can. Here we show that in identifying familiar English words, even the five most common three-letter words, observers have the handicap predicted by recognition by parts: a word is unreadable unless its letters are separately identifiable. Efficiency is inversely proportional to word length, independent of how many possible words (5, 26 or thousands) the test word is drawn from. Human performance never exceeds that attainable by strictly letter-or feature-based models. Thus, everything seen is a pattern of features. Despite our virtuosity at recognizing patterns and our expertise from reading a billion letters, we never learn to see a word as a feature; our efficiency is limited by the bottleneck of having to rigorously and independently detect simple features.
C1 NYU, New York, NY 10003 USA.
   Syracuse Univ, Inst Sensory Res, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA.
C3 New York University; Syracuse University
RP Pelli, DG (corresponding author), NYU, New York, NY 10003 USA.
NR 30
TC 220
Z9 241
U1 0
U2 34
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 12
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6941
BP 752
EP 756
DI 10.1038/nature01516
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 688PA
UT WOS:000183443400043
PM 12802334
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Scholtz, G
   Braband, A
   Tolley, L
   Reimann, A
   Mittmann, B
   Lukhaup, C
   Steuerwald, F
   Vogt, G
AF Scholtz, G
   Braband, A
   Tolley, L
   Reimann, A
   Mittmann, B
   Lukhaup, C
   Steuerwald, F
   Vogt, G
TI Ecology - Parthenogenesis in an outsider crayfish
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fish
C1 Humboldt Univ, Inst Biol Vergleichende Zool, D-10115 Berlin, Germany.
   Heidelberg Univ, Inst Zool, INF 230, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
C3 Humboldt University of Berlin; Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg
RP Scholtz, G (corresponding author), Humboldt Univ, Inst Biol Vergleichende Zool, D-10115 Berlin, Germany.
EM gerhard.scholtz@rz.hu-berlin.de
NR 10
TC 174
Z9 190
U1 2
U2 31
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 20
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6925
BP 806
EP 806
DI 10.1038/421806a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 646QA
UT WOS:000181044700037
PM 12594502
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kanemaki, M
   Sanchez-Diaz, A
   Gambus, A
   Labib, K
AF Kanemaki, M
   Sanchez-Diaz, A
   Gambus, A
   Labib, K
TI Functional proteomic identification of DNA replication proteins by induced proteolysis in vivo
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; yeast proteome; firing origins; budding yeast; s-phase; purification; complexes; cdc7
AB Evolutionarily diverse eukaryotic cells share many conserved proteins of unknown function. Some are essential for cell viability(1,2), emphasising their importance for fundamental processes of cell biology but complicating their analysis. We have developed an approach to the large-scale characterization of such proteins, based on conditional and rapid degradation of the target protein in vivo, so that the immediate consequences of bulk protein depletion can be examined(3). Budding yeast strains have been constructed in which essential proteins of unknown function have been fused to a 'heat-inducible-degron' cassette that targets the protein for proteolysis at 37 degreesC (ref. 4). By screening the collection for defects in cell-cycle progression, here we identify three DNA replication factors that interact with each other and that have uncharacterized homologues in human cells. We have used the degron strains to show that these proteins are required for the establishment and normal progression of DNA replication forks. The degron collection could also be used to identify other, essential, proteins with roles in many other processes of eukaryotic cell biology.
C1 Christie Hosp NHS Trust, Paterson Inst Canc Res, Canc Res UK, Manchester M20 4BX, Lancs, England.
C3 Paterson Institute for Cancer Research; Cancer Research UK; Christie NHS Foundation Trust; Christie Hospital; University of Manchester
RP Labib, K (corresponding author), Christie Hosp NHS Trust, Paterson Inst Canc Res, Canc Res UK, Wilmslow Rd, Manchester M20 4BX, Lancs, England.
NR 29
TC 212
Z9 260
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 12
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6941
BP 720
EP 724
DI 10.1038/nature01692
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 688PA
UT WOS:000183443400035
PM 12768207
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Missler, M
   Zhang, WQ
   Rohlmann, A
   Kattenstroth, G
   Hammer, RE
   Gottmann, K
   Südhof, TC
AF Missler, M
   Zhang, WQ
   Rohlmann, A
   Kattenstroth, G
   Hammer, RE
   Gottmann, K
   Südhof, TC
TI α-neurexins couple Ca2+ channels to synaptic vesicle exocytosis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID calcium channels; transmitter release; mice lacking; neocortical neurons; latrotoxin receptor; gabaergic synapses; nerve-terminals; pyramidal cells; rat neocortex; brain
AB Synapses are specialized intercellular junctions in which cell adhesion molecules connect the presynaptic machinery for neurotransmitter release to the postsynaptic machinery for receptor signalling. Neurotransmitter release requires the presynaptic co-assembly of Ca2+ channels with the secretory apparatus, but little is known about how synaptic components are organized. alpha-Neurexins, a family of > 1,000 presynaptic cell-surface proteins encoded by three genes, link the pre- and postsynaptic compartments of synapses by binding extracellularly to postsynaptic cell adhesion molecules and intracellularly to presynaptic PDZ domain proteins. Using triple-knockout mice, we show that alpha-neurexins are not required for synapse formation, but are essential for Ca2+-triggered neurotransmitter release. Neurotransmitter release is impaired because synaptic Ca2+ channel function is markedly reduced, although the number of cell-surface Ca2+ channels appears normal. These data suggest that alpha-neurexins organize presynaptic terminals by functionally coupling Ca2+ channels to the presynaptic machinery.
C1 Ctr Basic Neurosci, Dept Mol Genet, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Ctr Basic Neurosci, Dept Biochem, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Univ Gottingen, Zentrum Physiol & Pathophysiol, D-37073 Gottingen, Germany.
   Ruhr Univ Bochum, Lehrstuhl Zellphysiol, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Gottingen; Ruhr University Bochum
RP Missler, M (corresponding author), Ctr Basic Neurosci, Dept Mol Genet, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
NR 50
TC 553
Z9 691
U1 0
U2 32
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 26
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6943
BP 939
EP 948
DI 10.1038/nature01755
PG 10
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 694BL
UT WOS:000183753900039
PM 12827191
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Foley, SF
   Buhre, S
   Jacob, DE
AF Foley, SF
   Buhre, S
   Jacob, DE
TI Evolution of the Archaean crust by delamination and shallow subduction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID depleted mantle; eclogite; stability; beneath; origin; phases; slabs; arc
AB The Archaean oceanic crust was probably thicker than present-day oceanic crust owing to higher heat flow and thus higher degrees of melting at mid-ocean ridges(1). These conditions would also have led to a different bulk composition of oceanic crust in the early Archaean, that would probably have consisted of magnesium-rich picrite (with variably differentiated portions made up of basalt, gabbro, ultramafic cumulates and picrite). It is unclear whether these differences would have influenced crustal subduction and recycling processes, as experiments that have investigated the metamorphic reactions that take place during subduction have to date considered only modern mid-ocean-ridge basalts(2,3). Here we present data from high-pressure experiments that show that metamorphism of ultramafic cumulates and picrites produces pyroxenites, which we infer would have delaminated and melted to produce basaltic rocks, rather than continental crust as has previously been thought. Instead, the formation of continental crust requires subduction and melting of garnet-amphibolite(4)-formed only in the upper regions of oceanic crust-which is thought to have first occurred on a large scale during subduction in the late Archaean(5). We deduce from this that shallow subduction and recycling of oceanic crust took place in the early Archaean, and that this would have resulted in strong depletion of only a thin layer of the uppermost mantle. The misfit between geochemical depletion models and geophysical models for mantle convection (which include deep subduction) might therefore be explained by continuous deepening of this depleted layer through geological time(5,6).
C1 Ernst Moritz Arndt Univ Greifswald, Inst Geol Wissensch, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany.
   Goethe Univ Frankfurt, Inst Mineral, D-60054 Frankfurt, Germany.
C3 Universitat Greifswald; Goethe University Frankfurt
RP Foley, SF (corresponding author), Ernst Moritz Arndt Univ Greifswald, Inst Geol Wissensch, FL Jahnstr 17A, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany.
EM sfoley@uni-greifswald.de
NR 30
TC 204
Z9 232
U1 0
U2 72
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 16
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6920
BP 249
EP 252
DI 10.1038/nature01319
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 635KG
UT WOS:000180397600042
PM 12529633
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Huang, XMH
   Zorman, CA
   Mehregany, M
   Roukes, ML
AF Huang, XMH
   Zorman, CA
   Mehregany, M
   Roukes, ML
TI Nanodevice motion at microwave frequencies
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nanoelectromechanical systems; resonance
C1 CALTECH 114 36, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Case Western Reserve Univ, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology; University System of Ohio; Case Western Reserve University
RP Huang, XMH (corresponding author), CALTECH 114 36, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
NR 13
TC 561
Z9 615
U1 0
U2 78
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 30
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6922
BP 496
EP 496
DI 10.1038/421496a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 640DB
UT WOS:000180670600032
PM 12556880
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Agrawal, A
   Lingappa, J
   Leppla, SH
   Agrawal, S
   Jabbar, A
   Quinn, C
   Pulendran, B
AF Agrawal, A
   Lingappa, J
   Leppla, SH
   Agrawal, S
   Jabbar, A
   Quinn, C
   Pulendran, B
TI Impairment of dendritic cells and adaptive immunity by anthrax lethal toxin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Anthrax poses a clear and present danger as an agent of biological terrorism(1-3). Infection with Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, if untreated can result in rampant bacteraemia, multisystem dysfunction and death(4-8). Anthrax lethal toxin (LT) is a critical virulence factor of B. anthracis, which occurs as a complex of protective antigen and lethal factor. Here we demonstrate that LT severely impairs the function of dendritic cells-which are pivotal to the establishment of immunity against pathogens- and host immune responses by disrupting the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase intracellular signalling network. Dendritic cells exposed to LT and then stimulated with lipopolysaccharide do not upregulate co-stimulatory molecules, secrete greatly diminished amounts of proinflammatory cytokines, and do not effectively stimulate antigen-specific T cells in vivo. Furthermore, injections of LT induce a profound impairment of antigen-specific T- and B-cell immunity. These data suggest a role for LT in suppressing host immunity during B. anthracis infections, and represent an immune evasion strategy, where a microbe targets MAP kinases in dendritic cells to disarm the immune response.
C1 Emory Vaccine Res Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA.
   CDCP, Meningitis & Special Pathogens Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA.
   NIAID, Microbial Pathogenesis Sect, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 Centers for Disease Control & Prevention - USA; National Center for Infectious Diseases (NCID); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
RP Pulendran, B (corresponding author), Emory Vaccine Res Ctr, 954 Gatewood Rd, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA.
FU National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [ZIAAI000929] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 30
TC 242
Z9 292
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 17
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6946
BP 329
EP 334
DI 10.1038/nature01794
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 701RZ
UT WOS:000184183900046
PM 12867985
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vidal-Madjar, A
   des Etangs, AL
   Désert, JM
   Ballester, GE
   Ferlet, R
   Hébrand, G
   Mayor, M
AF Vidal-Madjar, A
   des Etangs, AL
   Désert, JM
   Ballester, GE
   Ferlet, R
   Hébrand, G
   Mayor, M
TI An extended upper atmosphere around the extrasolar planet HD209458b
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lyman-alpha; 51 pegasi; search; transits
AB The planet in the system HD209458 is the first one for which repeated transits across the stellar disk have been observed(1,2). Together with radial velocity measurements', this has led to a determination of the planet's radius and mass, confirming it to be a gas giant. But despite numerous searches for an atmospheric signature(4-6), only the dense lower atmosphere of HD209458b has been observed, through the detection of neutral sodium absorption(7). Here we report the detection of atomic hydrogen absorption in the stellar Lyman alpha line during three transits of HD209458b. An absorption of 15 +/- 4% (1sigma) is observed. Comparison with models shows that this absorption should take place beyond the Roche limit and therefore can be understood in terms of escaping hydrogen atoms.
C1 UPMC, CNRS, Inst Astrophys Paris, F-75014 Paris, France.
   Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Observ Geneva, CH-1290 Sauverny, Switzerland.
C3 Sorbonne Universite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); University of Arizona; University of Geneva
RP Vidal-Madjar, A (corresponding author), UPMC, CNRS, Inst Astrophys Paris, 98bis Blvd Arago, F-75014 Paris, France.
EM alfred@iap.fr
NR 13
TC 976
Z9 1072
U1 1
U2 29
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 13
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6928
BP 143
EP 146
DI 10.1038/nature01448
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 654HG
UT WOS:000181488900039
PM 12634780
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bobrowski, N
   Hönninger, G
   Galle, B
   Platt, U
AF Bobrowski, N
   Hönninger, G
   Galle, B
   Platt, U
TI Detection of bromine monoxide in a volcanic plume
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ozone; chlorine; destruction; eruption; fluxes; ratios; gases; oxide; bro
AB The emission of volcanic gases usually precedes eruptive activity(1), providing both a warning signal and an indication of the nature of the lava soon to be erupted. Additionally, volcanic emissions are a significant source of gases and particles to the atmosphere, influencing tropospheric and stratospheric trace-gas budgets(2). Despite some halogen species having been measured in volcanic plumes(3) (mainly HCl and HF), little is known about bromine compounds(4) and, in particular, gas-phase reactive bromine species. Such species are especially important in the stratosphere(5), as reactive bromine - despite being two orders of magnitude less abundant than chlorine - accounts for about one-third of halogen-catalysed ozone depletion(6). In the troposphere, bromine-catalysed complete ozone destruction has been observed to occur regularly during spring in the polar boundary layers(7-11) as well as in the troposphere above the Dead Sea basin(12). Here we report observations of BrO and SO2 abundances in the plume of the Soufriere Hills volcano ( Montserrat) in May 2002 by ground-based multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy. Our estimate of BrO emission leads us to conclude that local ozone depletion and small ozone 'holes' may occur in the vicinity of active volcanoes, and that the amount of bromine emitted from volcanoes might be sufficiently large to play a role not only in the stratosphere, but also in tropospheric chemistry.
C1 Heidelberg Univ, Inst Umweltphys, INF 229, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Chalmers Univ Technol, S-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden.
C3 Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg; Chalmers University of Technology
RP Bobrowski, N (corresponding author), Heidelberg Univ, Inst Umweltphys, INF 229, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
EM Nicole.Bobrowski@iup.uni-heidelberg.de
NR 30
TC 279
Z9 299
U1 2
U2 58
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 15
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6937
BP 273
EP 276
DI 10.1038/nature01625
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 678EX
UT WOS:000182853100039
PM 12748638
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Aebischer, NJ
   Baker, SE
   Johnson, PJ
   Macdonald, DW
   Reynolds, JC
AF Aebischer, NJ
   Baker, SE
   Johnson, PJ
   Macdonald, DW
   Reynolds, JC
TI Hunting and fox numbers in the United Kingdom
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Game Conservancy Trust, Fordingbridge SP6 1EF, Hants, England.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Wildlife Conservat Res Unit, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
C3 University of Oxford
RP Aebischer, NJ (corresponding author), Game Conservancy Trust, Fordingbridge SP6 1EF, Hants, England.
NR 3
TC 9
Z9 9
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 22
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6938
BP 400
EP 400
DI 10.1038/423400a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 681AJ
UT WOS:000183012000030
PM 12761539
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Aalto, R
   Maurice-Bourgoin, L
   Dunne, T
   Montgomery, DR
   Nittrouer, CA
   Guyot, JL
AF Aalto, R
   Maurice-Bourgoin, L
   Dunne, T
   Montgomery, DR
   Nittrouer, CA
   Guyot, JL
TI Episodic sediment accumulation on Amazonian flood plains influenced by El Nino/Southern Oscillation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID river sediment; central andes; floodplains; patterns; pb-210; basin; avulsion; insights; climate; rates
AB Continental-scale rivers with a sandy bed sequester a significant proportion of their sediment load in flood plains. The spatial extent and depths of such deposits have been described(1,2), and flood-plain accumulation has been determined at decadal time-scales(3-5), but it has not been possible to identify discrete events or to resolve deposition on near-annual timescales. Here we analyse Pb-210 activity profiles from sediment cores taken in the pristine Beni and Mamore river basins, which together comprise 720,000 km(2) of the Amazon basin, to investigate sediment accumulation patterns in the Andean-Amazonian foreland. We find that in most locations, sediment stratigraphy is dominated by discrete packages of sediments of uniform age, which are typically 20-80 cm thick, with system-wide recurrence intervals of about 8 yr, indicating relatively rare episodic deposition events. Ocean temperature and stream flow records link these episodic events to rapidly rising floods associated with La Nina events, which debouch extraordinary volumes of sediments from the Andes. We conclude that transient processes driven by the El Nino/Southern Oscillation cycle control the formation of the Bolivian flood plains and modulate downstream delivery of sediments as well as associated carbon, nutrients and pollutants to the Amazon main stem.
C1 Univ Washington, Quaternary Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Inst Rech Dev, UMR Lab Mecan Transfert Geol, BR-71619970 Brasilia, DF, Brazil.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Geol Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Donald Bren Sch Environm Sci & Management, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Univ Toulouse 3, IRD, CNRS, UMR LMTG, F-31400 Toulouse, France.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD); University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; Universite de Toulouse; Universite Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD)
RP Aalto, R (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Quaternary Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
NR 30
TC 249
Z9 276
U1 3
U2 75
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 2
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6957
BP 493
EP 497
DI 10.1038/nature02002
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 727FN
UT WOS:000185648100040
PM 14523442
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kang, HJ
   Dai, PC
   Lynn, JW
   Matsuura, M
   Thompson, JR
   Zhang, SC
   Argyriou, DN
   Onose, Y
   Tokura, Y
AF Kang, HJ
   Dai, PC
   Lynn, JW
   Matsuura, M
   Thompson, JR
   Zhang, SC
   Argyriou, DN
   Onose, Y
   Tokura, Y
TI Antiferromagnetic order as the competing ground state in electron-doped Nd1.85Ce0.15CuO4
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-temperature superconductor; t-c superconductivity; magnetic-field; single-crystals; vortex cores; nd2-xcexcuo4; enhancement; dependence; symmetry; spins
AB Superconductivity in the high-transition-temperature (high-T-c) copper oxides competes with other possible ground states(1),(2). The physical explanation for superconductivity can be constrained by determining the nature of the closest competing ground state, and establishing if that state is universal among the high-T-c materials. Antiferromagnetism has been theoretically predicted(3,4) to be the competing ground state. A competing ground state is revealed when superconductivity is destroyed by the application of a magnetic field, and antiferromagnetism has been observed in hole-doped materials under the influence of modest fields(5-12). None of the previous experiments have revealed the quantum phase transition from the superconducting state to the antiferromagnetic state, because they failed to reach the upper critical field B-c2. Here we report the results of transport and neutron-scattering experiments on electron-doped Nd1.85Ce0.15CuO4 (refs 13, 14), where B-c2 can be reached(15). The applied field reveals a static, commensurate, anomalously conducting long-range ordered antiferromagnetic state, in which the induced moment scales approximately linearly with the field strength until it saturates at B-c2. This and previous experiments on the hole-doped materials therefore establishes antiferromagnetic order as a competing ground state in the high-T-c copper oxide materials, irrespective of electron or hole doping.
C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Phys & Astron, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA.
   Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Condensed Matter Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA.
   Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Hahn Meitner Inst Berlin GmbH, D-14109 Berlin, Germany.
   Japan Sci & Technol, ERATO, Spin Superstruct Project, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058562, Japan.
   Correlated Electron Res Ctr, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058562, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Dept Appl Phys, Tokyo 138656, Japan.
C3 University of Tennessee System; University of Tennessee Knoxville; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Oak Ridge National Laboratory; National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) - USA; Stanford University; Helmholtz Association; Helmholtz-Zentrum fuer Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB); Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST); University of Tokyo
RP Dai, PC (corresponding author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Phys & Astron, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA.
NR 25
TC 108
Z9 111
U1 0
U2 35
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 29
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6939
BP 522
EP 525
DI 10.1038/nature01641
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 683RH
UT WOS:000183162900038
PM 12774117
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Taylor, GK
   Nudds, RL
   Thomas, ALR
AF Taylor, GK
   Nudds, RL
   Thomas, ALR
TI Flying and swimming animals cruise at a Strouhal number tuned for high power efficiency
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID locusta-migratoria l; oscillating foils; intermittent flight; wingbeat frequency; neuromuscular control; flapping flight; natural flight; wide-range; kinematics; propulsion
AB Dimensionless numbers are important in biomechanics because their constancy can imply dynamic similarity between systems, despite possible differences in medium or scale(1). A dimensionless parameter that describes the tail or wing kinematics of swimming and flying animals is the Strouhal number(1), St = fA/U, which divides stroke frequency (f) and amplitude (A) by forward speed (U)(2-8). St is known to govern a well-defined series of vortex growth and shedding regimes for airfoils undergoing pitching and heaving motions(6,8). Propulsive efficiency is high over a narrow range of St and usually peaks within the interval 0.2 < St < 0.4 (refs 3-8). Because natural selection is likely to tune animals for high propulsive efficiency, we expect it to constrain the range of St that animals use. This seems to be true for dolphins(2-5), sharks(3-5) and bony fish(3-5), which swim at 0.2 < St < 0.4. Here we show that birds, bats and insects also converge on the same narrow range of St, but only when cruising. Tuning cruise kinematics to optimize St therefore seems to be a general principle of oscillatory lift-based propulsion.
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
C3 University of Oxford
RP Taylor, GK (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Tinbergen Bldg,S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
NR 30
TC 737
Z9 871
U1 6
U2 279
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 16
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6959
BP 707
EP 711
DI 10.1038/nature02000
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 732DA
UT WOS:000185924500039
PM 14562101
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hase, M
   Kitajima, M
   Constantinescu, AM
   Petek, H
AF Hase, M
   Kitajima, M
   Constantinescu, AM
   Petek, H
TI The birth of a quasiparticle in silicon observed in time-frequency space
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID raman-scattering; temperature-dependence; light-scattering; critical-points; free-carriers; si; semiconductors; interference; electron; band
AB The concept of quasiparticles in solid-state physics is an extremely powerful tool for describing complex many-body phenomena in terms of single-particle excitations(1). Introducing a simple particle, such as an electron, hole or phonon, deforms a manybody system through its interactions with other particles. In this way, the added particle is 'dressed' or 'renormalized' by a self-energy cloud that describes the response of the many-body system, so forming a new entity - the quasiparticle. Using ultrafast laser techniques, it is possible to impulsively generate bare particles and observe their subsequent dressing by the many-body interactions ( that is, quasiparticle formation) on the time and energy scales governed by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle(2). Here we describe the coherent response of silicon to excitation with a 10-femtosecond (10(-14) s) laser pulse. The optical pulse interacts with the sample by way of the complex second-order nonlinear susceptibility to generate a force on the lattice driving coherent phonon excitation. Transforming the transient reflectivity signal into frequency - time space reveals interference effects leading to the coherent phonon generation and subsequent dressing of the phonon by electron - hole pair excitations.
C1 Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Phys & Astron, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA.
   Natl Inst Mat Sci, Mat Engn Lab, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050047, Japan.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); University of Pittsburgh; National Institute for Materials Science
RP Petek, H (corresponding author), Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Phys & Astron, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA.
NR 29
TC 199
Z9 210
U1 0
U2 79
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 6
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6962
BP 51
EP 54
DI 10.1038/nature02044
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 739WY
UT WOS:000186370800037
PM 14603313
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kellis, M
   Patterson, N
   Endrizzi, M
   Birren, B
   Lander, ES
AF Kellis, M
   Patterson, N
   Endrizzi, M
   Birren, B
   Lander, ES
TI Sequencing and comparison of yeast species to identify genes and regulatory elements
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transcription factor; hemiascomycetous yeasts; genomic exploration; binding sites; dna-sequence; saccharomyces; evolution; database; identification; adaptation
AB Identifying the functional elements encoded in a genome is one of the principal challenges in modern biology. Comparative genomics should offer a powerful, general approach. Here, we present a comparative analysis of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae based on high-quality draft sequences of three related species (S. paradoxus, S. mikatae and S. bayanus). We first aligned the genomes and characterized their evolution, defining the regions and mechanisms of change. We then developed methods for direct identification of genes and regulatory motifs. The gene analysis yielded a major revision to the yeast gene catalogue, affecting approximately 15% of all genes and reducing the total count by about 500 genes. The motif analysis automatically identified 72 genome-wide elements, including most known regulatory motifs and numerous new motifs. We inferred a putative function for most of these motifs, and provided insights into their combinatorial interactions. The results have implications for genome analysis of diverse organisms, including the human.
C1 Whitehead MIT Ctr Genome Res, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   MIT, Dept Comp Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Kellis, M (corresponding author), Whitehead MIT Ctr Genome Res, 9 Cambridge Ctr, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
EM manoli@mit.edu; lander@wi.mit.edu
FU NHGRI NIH HHS [R01 HG004037] Funding Source: Medline
NR 50
TC 1409
Z9 1833
U1 2
U2 99
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 15
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6937
BP 241
EP 254
DI 10.1038/nature01644
PG 14
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 678EX
UT WOS:000182853100033
PM 12748633
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Takeda, S
   Yamashita, A
   Maeda, K
   Maéda, Y
AF Takeda, S
   Yamashita, A
   Maeda, K
   Maéda, Y
TI Structure of the core domain of human cardiac troponin in the Ca2+-saturated form
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID skeletal-muscle troponin; subfragment 1 atpase; thin filament; actin-tropomyosin; biological-activity; crystal-structure; central helix; t fragments; 3 states; rabbit
AB Troponin is essential in Ca2+ regulation of skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction. It consists of three subunits (TnT, TnC and TnI) and, together with tropomyosin, is located on the actin filament. Here we present crystal structures of the core domains (relative molecular mass of 46,000 and 52,000) of human cardiac troponin in the Ca2+-saturated form. Analysis of the four-molecule structures reveals that the core domain is further divided into structurally distinct subdomains that are connected by flexible linkers, making the entire molecule highly flexible. The alpha-helical coiled-coil formed between TnT and TnI is integrated in a rigid and asymmetric structure (about 80 Angstrom long), the IT arm, which bridges putative tropomyosin-anchoring regions. The structures of the troponin ternary complex imply that Ca2+ binding to the regulatory site of TnC removes the carboxy-terminal portion of TnI from actin, thereby altering the mobility and/or flexibility of troponin and tropomyosin on the actin filament.
C1 SPring 8, RIKEN Harima Inst, Lab Struct Biochem, Sayo, Hyogo 6795148, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Saitama 3320012, Japan.
C3 RIKEN; Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Takeda, S (corresponding author), Natl Cardiovasc Ctr, Res Inst, Dept Cardiac Physiol, 5-7-1 Fujishiro Dai, Osaka 5658565, Japan.
NR 50
TC 673
Z9 803
U1 1
U2 56
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 3
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6944
BP 35
EP 41
DI 10.1038/nature01780
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 696XL
UT WOS:000183912800031
PM 12840750
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ceci, M
   Gaviraghi, C
   Gorrini, C
   Sala, LA
   Offenhäuser, N
   Marchisio, PC
   Biffo, S
AF Ceci, M
   Gaviraghi, C
   Gorrini, C
   Sala, LA
   Offenhäuser, N
   Marchisio, PC
   Biffo, S
TI Release of eIF6 (p27BBP) from the 60S subunit allows 80S ribosome assembly
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID translation initiation-factor; protein-kinase-c; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; gene-expression; cloning; rack1; receptor; homolog; binding; cells
AB The assembly of 80S ribosomes requires joining of the 40S and 60S subunits, which is triggered by the formation of an initiation complex on the 40S subunit(1). This event is rate-limiting for translation(2), and depends on external stimuli(3) and the status of the cell(4). Here we show that 60S subunits are activated by release of eIF6 (also termed p27(BBP))(5,6). In the cytoplasm, eIF6 is bound to free 60S but not to 80S. Furthermore, eIF6 interacts in the cytoplasm with RACK1(7), a receptor for activated protein kinase C (PKC). RACK1 is a major component of translating ribosomes, which harbour significant amounts of PKC. Loading 60S subunits with eIF6 caused a dose-dependent translational block and impairment of 80S formation, which were reversed by expression of RACK1 and stimulation of PKC in vivo and in vitro. PKC stimulation led to eIF6 phosphorylation, and mutation of a serine residue in the carboxy terminus of eIF6 impaired RACK1/PKC-mediated translational rescue. We propose that eIF6 release regulates subunit joining, and that RACK1 provides a physical and functional link between PKC signalling and ribosome activation.
C1 DIBIT HSR, Mol Histol Unit, I-20132 Milan, Italy.
   Univ Vita Salute San Raffaele, Sch Med, I-20132 Milan, Italy.
   Firc Inst Mol Oncol, I-20100 Milan, Italy.
   Univ Eastern Piedmont Amedeo Avogadro, Dept Sci & Adv Technol, I-15100 Alessandria, Italy.
C3 Vita-Salute San Raffaele University; IFOM - FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology; University of Eastern Piedmont Amedeo Avogadro
RP Biffo, S (corresponding author), DIBIT HSR, Mol Histol Unit, I-20132 Milan, Italy.
EM biffo.stefano@hsr.it
NR 27
TC 358
Z9 410
U1 1
U2 38
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 4
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6966
BP 579
EP 584
DI 10.1038/nature02160
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 749TE
UT WOS:000186944300044
PM 14654845
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wang, ZL
   Benoit, G
   Liu, JS
   Prasad, S
   Aarnisalo, P
   Liu, XH
   Xu, HD
   Walker, NPC
   Perlmann, T
AF Wang, ZL
   Benoit, G
   Liu, JS
   Prasad, S
   Aarnisalo, P
   Liu, XH
   Xu, HD
   Walker, NPC
   Perlmann, T
TI Structure and function of Nurr1 identifies a class of ligand-independent nuclear receptors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID binding domain; transcription factor; crystal-structure; superfamily; activation; evolution
AB Members of the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily of transcription factors modulate gene transcription in response to small lipophilic molecules(1). Transcriptional activity is regulated by ligands binding to the carboxy-terminal ligand-binding domains (LBDs) of cognate NRs. A subgroup of NRs referred to as 'orphan receptors' lack identified ligands, however, raising issues about the function of their LBDs(2). Here we report the crystal structure of the LBD of the orphan receptor Nurr1 at 2.2 Angstrom resolution. The Nurr1 LBD adopts a canonical protein fold resembling that of agonist-bound, transcriptionally active LBDs in NRs(3), but the structure has two distinctive features. First, the Nurr1 LBD contains no cavity as a result of the tight packing of side chains from several bulky hydrophobic residues in the region normally occupied by ligands. Second, Nurr1 lacks a 'classical' binding site for coactivators. Despite these differences, the Nurr1 LBD can be regulated in mammalian cells. Notably, transcriptional activity is correlated with the Nurr1 LBD adopting a more stable conformation. Our findings highlight a unique structural class of NRs and define a model for ligand-independent NR function.
C1 Tularik Inc, Dept Biol Struct, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
   Karolinska Inst, Dept Cell Biol, Ludwig Inst Canc Res, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Karolinska Inst, Dept Mol Biol, Ludwig Inst Canc Res, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
C3 Tularik, Inc.; Karolinska Institutet; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research; Karolinska Institutet; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research
RP Walker, NPC (corresponding author), Tularik Inc, Dept Biol Struct, 1120 Vet Blvd, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
EM walker@tularik.com; thomas.perlmann@licr.ki.se
NR 30
TC 489
Z9 577
U1 0
U2 38
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 29
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6939
BP 555
EP 560
DI 10.1038/nature01645
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 683RH
UT WOS:000183162900047
PM 12774125
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Carpenter, SJ
   Erickson, JM
   Holland, FD Jr
AF Carpenter, SJ
   Erickson, JM
   Holland, FD Jr
TI Migration of a Late Cretaceous fish
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID united-states; otoliths; climate
AB Late Cretaceous sediments from the Western Interior of North America yield exceptionally well preserved fossils(1,2) that serve as proxies for the rapidly changing climate preceding the Cretaceous/ Tertiary boundary (about 67-65 Myr ago)(3,4). Here we reconstruct the ontogenetic history of a Maastrichtian-age fish, Vorhisia vulpes(5), by using the carbon, oxygen and strontium isotope ratios of four aragonite otoliths collected from the Fox Hills Formation of South Dakota. Individuals of V. vulpes spawned in brackish water (about 70-80% seawater) and during their first year migrated to open marine waters of the Western Interior Seaway, where they remained for 3 years before returning to the estuary, presumably to spawn and die. The mean delta(18)O from the marine growth phase of V. vulpes yields a seawater temperature of 18 degreesC, which is consistent with leaf physiognomy and general-circulation-model temperature estimates for the Western Interior during the latest Maastrichtian(4,6,7).
C1 Univ Iowa, Dept Geosci, Paul H Nelson Stable Isotope Lab, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
   Univ Iowa, Ctr Global & Reg Environm Res, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
   St Lawrence Univ, Dept Geol, Canton, NY 13617 USA.
   Univ N Dakota, Dept Geol & Geol Engn, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA.
C3 University of Iowa; University of Iowa; Saint Lawrence University; University of North Dakota Grand Forks
RP Carpenter, SJ (corresponding author), Univ Iowa, Dept Geosci, Paul H Nelson Stable Isotope Lab, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
EM scott-j-carpenter@uiowa.edu
NR 29
TC 58
Z9 70
U1 0
U2 28
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 1
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6935
BP 70
EP 74
DI 10.1038/nature01575
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 673CG
UT WOS:000182561600040
PM 12721626
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kawai, H
   Kanegae, T
   Christensen, S
   Kiyosue, T
   Sato, Y
   Imaizumi, T
   Kadota, A
   Wada, M
AF Kawai, H
   Kanegae, T
   Christensen, S
   Kiyosue, T
   Sato, Y
   Imaizumi, T
   Kadota, A
   Wada, M
TI Responses of ferns to red light are mediated by an unconventional photoreceptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID adiantum-capillus-veneris; oriented chloroplast movement; blue-light; arabidopsis nph1; phytochrome; phototropism; protonemata; relocation; plants; npl1
AB Efficient photosynthesis is essential for plant survival. To optimize photosynthesis, plants have developed several photo-responses. Stems bend towards a light source (phototropism), chloroplasts move to a place of appropriate light intensity (chloroplast photorelocation) and stomata open to absorb carbon dioxide. These responses are mediated by the blue-light receptors phototropin 1 (phot1) and phototropin 2 (phot2) in Arabidopsis (refs 1-5). In some ferns, phototropism and chloroplast photorelocation are controlled by red light as well as blue light(6). However, until now, the photoreceptor mediating these red-light responses has not been identified. The fern Adiantum capillus-veneris has an unconventional photoreceptor, phytochrome 3 (phy3), which is a chimaera of the red/far-red light receptor phytochrome and phototropin(7). We identify here a function of phy3 for red-light-induced phototropism and for red-light-induced chloroplast photorelocation, by using mutational analysis and complementation. Because phy3 greatly enhances the sensitivity to white light in orienting leaves and chloroplasts, and PHY3 homologues exist among various fern species, this chimaeric photoreceptor may have had a central role in the divergence and proliferation of fern species under low-light canopy conditions.
C1 Tokyo Metropolitan Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Biol Sci, Tokyo 1920397, Japan.
   Natl Inst Basic Biol, Div Biol Regulat & Photobiol, Aichi 4448585, Japan.
C3 Tokyo Metropolitan University; National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB)
RP Wada, M (corresponding author), Tokyo Metropolitan Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Biol Sci, Tokyo 1920397, Japan.
NR 29
TC 192
Z9 219
U1 1
U2 77
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 16
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6920
BP 287
EP 290
DI 10.1038/nature01310
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 635KG
UT WOS:000180397600052
PM 12529647
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Molina-Heredia, FP
   Wastl, J
   Navarro, JA
   Bendall, DS
   Hervás, M
   Howe, CJ
   De la Rosa, MA
AF Molina-Heredia, FP
   Wastl, J
   Navarro, JA
   Bendall, DS
   Hervás, M
   Howe, CJ
   De la Rosa, MA
TI A new function for an old cytochrome?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID photosystem-i; plastocyanin; c(6); mechanisms
C1 Univ Sevilla, Inst Bioquim Vegetal & Fotosintesis, Seville 41092, Spain.
   CSIC, Ctr Isla Cartuja, Seville 41092, Spain.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Biochem, Cambridge CB2 1QW, England.
C3 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); University of Sevilla; CSIC - Instituto de Bioquimica Vegetal y Fotosintesis (IBVF); Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); University of Cambridge
RP Molina-Heredia, FP (corresponding author), Univ Sevilla, Inst Bioquim Vegetal & Fotosintesis, Americo Vespucio S-N, Seville 41092, Spain.
NR 7
TC 63
Z9 74
U1 1
U2 18
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 3
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6944
BP 33
EP 34
DI 10.1038/424033b
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 696XL
UT WOS:000183912800030
PM 12840749
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sheppard, SS
   Jewitt, DC
AF Sheppard, SS
   Jewitt, DC
TI An abundant population of small irregular satellites around Jupiter
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID jovian satellites; size distribution; giant planets; asteroids; discovery; capture; uranus; saturn; gas
AB Irregular satellites have eccentric orbits that can be highly inclined or even retrograde relative to the equatorial planes of their planets. These objects cannot have formed by circumplanetary accretion, unlike the regular satellites that follow uninclined, nearly circular and prograde orbits(1). Rather, they are probably products of early capture from heliocentric orbits(2-5). Although the capture mechanism remains uncertain, the study of irregular satellites provides a window on processes operating in the young Solar System. Families of irregular satellites recently have been discovered around Saturn ( thirteen members, refs 6, 7), Uranus ( six, ref. 8) and Neptune ( three, ref. 9). Because Jupiter is closer than the other giant planets, searches for smaller and fainter irregular satellites can be made. Here we report the discovery of 23 new irregular satellites of Jupiter, so increasing the total known population to 32. There are five distinct satellite groups, each dominated by one relatively large body. The groups were most probably produced by collisional shattering of precursor objects after capture by Jupiter.
C1 Univ Hawaii, Inst Astron, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
C3 University of Hawaii System
RP Sheppard, SS (corresponding author), Univ Hawaii, Inst Astron, 2680 Woodlawn Dr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
NR 28
TC 80
Z9 87
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 15
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6937
BP 261
EP 263
DI 10.1038/nature01584
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 678EX
UT WOS:000182853100035
PM 12748634
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kasthuri, N
   Lichtman, JW
AF Kasthuri, N
   Lichtman, JW
TI The role of neuronal identity in synaptic competition
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID skeletal-muscle; elimination; reorganization; innervation
AB In developing mammalian muscle, axon branches of several motor neurons co-innervate the same muscle fibre. Competition among them results in the strengthening of one and the withdrawal of the rest(1,2). It is not known why one particular axon branch survives or why some competitions resolve sooner than others(3). Here we show that the fate of axonal branches is strictly related to the identity of the axons with which they compete. When two neurons co-innervate multiple target cells, the losing axon branches in each contest belong to the same neuron and are at nearly the same stage of withdrawal. The axonal arbor of one neuron engages in multiple sets of competitions simultaneously. Each set proceeds at a different rate and heads towards a common outcome based on the identity of the competitor. Competitive vigour at each of these sets of local competitions depends on a globally distributed resource: neurons with larger arborizations are at a competitive disadvantage when confronting neurons with smaller arborizations. An accompanying paper tests the idea that the amount of neurotransmitter released is this global resource(4).
C1 Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Anat & Neurobiol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL)
RP Lichtman, JW (corresponding author), Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Anat & Neurobiol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
EM jeff@pcg.wustl.edu
NR 18
TC 106
Z9 140
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 24
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6947
BP 426
EP 430
DI 10.1038/nature01836
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 704BT
UT WOS:000184318400043
PM 12879070
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kamal, A
   Thao, L
   Sensintaffar, J
   Zhang, L
   Boehm, MF
   Fritz, LC
   Burrows, FJ
AF Kamal, A
   Thao, L
   Sensintaffar, J
   Zhang, L
   Boehm, MF
   Fritz, LC
   Burrows, FJ
TI A high-affinity conformation of Hsp90 confers tumour selectivity on Hsp90 inhibitors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID heat-shock proteins; atp binding; geldanamycin; chaperone; degradation; expression; destabilization; hydrolysis; capacitor; receptor
AB Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a molecular chaperone that plays a key role in the conformational maturation of oncogenic signalling proteins, including HER-2/ErbB2, Akt, Raf-1, Bcr-Abl and mutated p53(1-7). Hsp90 inhibitors bind to Hsp90, and induce the proteasomal degradation of Hsp90 client proteins(6,8-11). Although Hsp90 is highly expressed in most cells, Hsp90 inhibitors selectively kill cancer cells compared to normal cells, and the Hsp90 inhibitor 17-allylaminogeldanamycin (17-AAG) is currently in phase I clinical trials(12,13). However, the molecular basis of the tumour selectivity of Hsp90 inhibitors is unknown. Here we report that Hsp90 derived from tumour cells has a 100-fold higher binding affinity for 17-AAG than does Hsp90 from normal cells. Tumour Hsp90 is present entirely in multi-chaperone complexes with high ATPase activity, whereas Hsp90 from normal tissues is in a latent, uncomplexed state. In vitro reconstitution of chaperone complexes with Hsp90 resulted in increased binding affinity to 17-AAG, and increased ATPase activity. These results suggest that tumour cells contain Hsp90 complexes in an activated, high-affinity conformation that facilitates malignant progression, and that may represent a unique target for cancer therapeutics.
C1 Conforma Therapeut Corp, San Diego, CA 92121 USA.
RP Burrows, FJ (corresponding author), Conforma Therapeut Corp, 9393 Towne Ctr dr,Suite 240, San Diego, CA 92121 USA.
EM fburrows@conformacorp.com
NR 32
TC 1221
Z9 1433
U1 1
U2 154
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 25
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6956
BP 407
EP 410
DI 10.1038/nature01913
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 724TG
UT WOS:000185502300043
PM 14508491
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Xiong, W
   Ferrell, JE
AF Xiong, W
   Ferrell, JE
TI A positive-feedback-based bistable 'memory module' that governs a cell fate decision
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID xenopus oocyte maturation; rana pipiens oocytes; map kinase; inhibitory kinase; cyclin-b; activation; protein; mos; differentiation; initiation
AB The maturation of Xenopus oocytes can be thought of as a process of cell fate induction, with the immature oocyte representing the default fate and the mature oocyte representing the induced fate(1,2). Crucial mediators of Xenopus oocyte maturation, including the p42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and the cell-division cycle protein kinase Cdc2, are known to be organized into positive feedback loops(3). In principle, such positive feedback loops could produce an actively maintained 'memory' of a transient inductive stimulus and could explain the irreversibility of maturation(3-6). Here we show that the p42 MAPK and Cdc2 system normally generates an irreversible biochemical response from a transient stimulus, but the response becomes transient when positive feedback is blocked. Our results explain how a group of intrinsically reversible signal transducers can generate an irreversible response at a systems level, and show how a cell fate can be maintained by a self-sustaining pattern of protein kinase activation.
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Mol Pharmacol, Sch Med, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University
RP Ferrell, JE (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Mol Pharmacol, Sch Med, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
NR 30
TC 607
Z9 732
U1 0
U2 54
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 27
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6965
BP 460
EP 465
DI 10.1038/nature02089
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 747JE
UT WOS:000186800800042
PM 14647386
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wasan, DT
   Nikolov, AD
AF Wasan, DT
   Nikolov, AD
TI Spreading of nanofluids on solids
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID colloidal crystals; wetting films; dynamics; surface; forces; fluid
AB Suspensions of nanometre-sized particles (nanofluids) are used in a variety of technological contexts. For example, their spreading and adhesion behaviour on solid surfaces can yield materials with desirable structural and optical properties(1). Similarly, the spreading behaviour of nanofluids containing surfactant micelles has implications for soil remediation, oily soil removal, lubrication and enhanced oil recovery. But the well-established concepts of spreading and adhesion of simple liquids do not apply to nanofluids(2-7). Theoretical investigations have suggested that a solid-like ordering of suspended spheres will occur in the confined three-phase contact region at the edge of the spreading fluid, becoming more disordered and fluid-like towards the bulk phase(8,9). Calculations have also suggested that the pressure arising from such colloidal ordering in the confined region will enhance the spreading behaviour of nanofluids(10,11). Here we use video microscopy to demonstrate both the two-dimensional crystal-like ordering of charged nanometre-sized polystyrene spheres in water, and the enhanced spreading dynamics of a micellar fluid, at the three-phase contact region. Our findings suggest a new mechanism for oily soil removal-detergency.
C1 IIT, Dept Environm Chem & Engn, Chicago, IL 60616 USA.
C3 Illinois Institute of Technology
RP Wasan, DT (corresponding author), IIT, Dept Environm Chem & Engn, Chicago, IL 60616 USA.
NR 22
TC 759
Z9 893
U1 13
U2 396
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 8
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6936
BP 156
EP 159
DI 10.1038/nature01591
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 675MR
UT WOS:000182699600042
PM 12736681
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McElroy, K
   Simmonds, RW
   Hoffman, JE
   Lee, DH
   Orenstein, J
   Eisaki, H
   Uchida, S
   Davis, JC
AF McElroy, K
   Simmonds, RW
   Hoffman, JE
   Lee, DH
   Orenstein, J
   Eisaki, H
   Uchida, S
   Davis, JC
TI Relating atomic-scale electronic phenomena to wave-like quasiparticle states in superconducting Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gap anisotropy; density
AB The electronic structure of simple crystalline solids can be completely described in terms either of local quantum states in real space (r-space), or of wave-like states defined in momentum-space (k-space). However, in the copper oxide superconductors, neither of these descriptions alone may be sufficient. Indeed, comparisons between r-space(1-5) and k-space(6-13) studies of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta (Bi-2212) reveal numerous unexplained phenomena and apparent contradictions. Here, to explore these issues, we report Fourier transform studies of atomic-scale spatial modulations in the Bi-2212 density of states. When analysed as arising from quasiparticle interference(14-16), the modulations yield elements of the Fermi-surface and energy gap in agreement with photoemission experiments(12,13). The consistency of numerous sets of dispersing modulations with the quasiparticle interference model shows that no additional order parameter is required. We also explore the momentum-space structure of the unoccupied states that are inaccessible to photoemission, and find strong similarities to the structure of the occupied states. The copper oxide quasiparticles therefore apparently exhibit particle-hole mixing similar to that of conventional superconductors. Near the energy gap maximum, the modulations become intense, commensurate with the crystal, and bounded by nanometre-scale domains(4). Scattering of the antinodal quasiparticles is therefore strongly influenced by nanometre-scale disorder.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Tsinghua Univ, Ctr Adv Study, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China.
   AIST, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058568, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Dept Phys, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138656, Japan.
   Cornell Univ, Dept Phys, LASSP, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Tsinghua University; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST); University of Tokyo; Cornell University
RP Davis, JC (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM jcdavis@ccmr.cornell.edu
NR 30
TC 421
Z9 468
U1 2
U2 203
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 10
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6932
BP 592
EP 596
DI 10.1038/nature01496
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 665GN
UT WOS:000182111400035
PM 12686994
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pebay-Peyroula, E
   Dahout-Gonzalez, C
   Kahn, R
   Trézéguet, V
   Lauquin, GJM
   Brandolin, R
AF Pebay-Peyroula, E
   Dahout-Gonzalez, C
   Kahn, R
   Trézéguet, V
   Lauquin, GJM
   Brandolin, R
TI Structure of mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier in complex with carboxyatractyloside
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID adenine-nucleotide carrier; beef-heart mitochondria; electron-density maps; adp atp carrier; oxidative-phosphorylation; liver mitochondria; triton x-100; protein; yeast; atractyloside
AB ATP, the principal energy currency of the cell, fuels most biosynthetic reactions in the cytoplasm by its hydrolysis into ADP and inorganic phosphate. Because resynthesis of ATP occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, ATP is exported into the cytoplasm while ADP is imported into the matrix. The exchange is accomplished by a single protein, the ADP/ATP carrier. Here we have solved the bovine carrier structure at a resolution of 2.2 Angstrom by X-ray crystallography in complex with an inhibitor, carboxyatractyloside. Six alpha-helices form a compact transmembrane domain, which, at the surface towards the space between inner and outer mitochondrial membranes, reveals a deep depression. At its bottom, a hexapeptide carrying the signature of nucleotide carriers ( RRRMMM) is located. Our structure, together with earlier biochemical results, suggests that transport substrates bind to the bottom of the cavity and that translocation results from a transient transition from a 'pit' to a 'channel' conformation.
C1 Univ Grenoble 1, CNRS, CEA, Inst Biol Struct,UMR 5075, F-38027 Grenoble 1, France.
   Univ Grenoble 1, CNRS,CEA,UMR 5092, Dept Reponse & Dynam Cellulaires, Lab Biochim & Biophys Syst Integres, F-38054 Grenoble, France.
   CNRS, Inst Biochim & Genet Cellulaires, Lab Physiol Mol & Cellulaire, UMR 5095, F-33077 Bordeaux, France.
C3 Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA); CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Biology (INSB); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA); CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Biology (INSB); Universite de Bordeaux
RP Pebay-Peyroula, E (corresponding author), Univ Grenoble 1, CNRS, CEA, Inst Biol Struct,UMR 5075, 41 Rue Jules Horowitz, F-38027 Grenoble 1, France.
NR 50
TC 842
Z9 906
U1 4
U2 91
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 6
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6962
BP 39
EP 44
DI 10.1038/nature02056
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 739WY
UT WOS:000186370800034
PM 14603310
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Johansson, LC
   Norberg, RÅ
AF Johansson, LC
   Norberg, RÅ
TI Delta-wing function of webbed feet gives hydrodynamic lift for swimming propulsion in birds
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID leading-edge; flight
AB Most foot-propelled swimming birds sweep their webbed feet backwards in a curved path that lies in a plane aligned with the swimming direction. When the foot passes the most outward position, near the beginning of the power stroke, a tangent to the foot trajectory is parallel with the line of swimming and the foot web is perpendicular to it. But later in the stroke the foot takes an increasingly transverse direction, swinging towards the longitudinal axis of the body. Here we show that, early in the power stroke, propulsion is achieved mostly by hydrodynamic drag on the foot, whereas there is a gradual transition into lift-based propulsion later in the stroke. At the shift to lift mode, the attached vortices of the drag-based phase turn into a starting vortex, shed at the trailing edge, and into spiralling leading-edge vortices along the sides of the foot. Because of their delta shape, webbed feet can generate propulsive forces continuously through two successive modes, from drag at the beginning of the stroke, all the way through the transition to predominantly lift later in the stroke.
C1 Univ Gothenburg, Dept Zool, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Organism & Evolutionary Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 University of Gothenburg; Harvard University
RP Norberg, RÅ (corresponding author), Univ Gothenburg, Dept Zool, Box 463, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.
NR 10
TC 55
Z9 70
U1 2
U2 36
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 3
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6944
BP 65
EP 68
DI 10.1038/nature01695
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 696XL
UT WOS:000183912800040
PM 12840759
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Alley, RB
   Lawson, DE
   Larson, GJ
   Evenson, EB
   Baker, GS
AF Alley, RB
   Lawson, DE
   Larson, GJ
   Evenson, EB
   Baker, GS
TI Stabilizing feedbacks in glacier-bed erosion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID freeze-on mechanism; rich basal ice; sediment; alaska
AB Glaciers often erode, transport and deposit sediment much more rapidly than nonglacial environments(1), with implications for the evolution of glaciated mountain belts and their associated sedimentary basins. But modelling such glacial processes is difficult, partly because stabilizing feedbacks similar to those operating in rivers(2,3) have not been identified for glacial landscapes. Here we combine new and existing data of glacier morphology and the processes governing glacier evolution from diverse settings to reveal such stabilizing feedbacks. We find that the long profiles of beds of highly erosive glaciers tend towards steady-state angles opposed to and slightly more than 50 per cent steeper than the overlying ice-air surface slopes, and that additional subglacial deepening must be enabled by non-glacial processes. Climatic or glaciological perturbations of the ice-air surface slope can have large transient effects on glaciofluvial sediment flux and apparent glacial erosion rate.
C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Penn State Univ, EMS Environm Inst, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Cold Reg Res & Engn Lab, Hanover, NH 03755 USA.
   Michigan State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
   Lehigh Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA.
   SUNY Buffalo, Dept Geol, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; United States Department of Defense; United States Army; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; U.S. Army Engineer Research & Development Center (ERDC); Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory (CRREL); Michigan State University; Lehigh University; State University of New York (SUNY) System; University at Buffalo, SUNY
RP Alley, RB (corresponding author), Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
EM ralley@essc.psu.edu
NR 30
TC 146
Z9 155
U1 1
U2 41
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 14
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6950
BP 758
EP 760
DI 10.1038/nature01839
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 711HQ
UT WOS:000184733900034
PM 12917679
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Beaugrand, G
   Brander, KM
   Lindley, JA
   Souissi, S
   Reid, PC
AF Beaugrand, G
   Brander, KM
   Lindley, JA
   Souissi, S
   Reid, PC
TI Plankton effect on cod recruitment in the North Sea
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID match mismatch hypothesis; larval fish; gadus-morhua; atlantic cod; dependent mortality; growth; variability; zooplankton; abundance; survival
AB The Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua L.) has been overexploited in the North Sea since the late 1960s and great concern has been expressed about the decline in cod biomass and recruitment(1). Here we show that, in addition to the effects of overfishing(1), fluctuations in plankton have resulted in long- term changes in cod recruitment in the North Sea ( bottom- up control). Survival of larval cod is shown to depend on three key biological parameters of their prey: the mean size of prey, seasonal timing and abundance. We suggest a mechanism, involving the match/ mismatch hypothesis(2), by which variability in temperature affects larval cod survival and conclude that rising temperature since the mid- 1980s has modified the plankton ecosystem in a way that reduces the survival of young cod.
C1 Univ Sci & Technol Lille, Stn Marine, CNRS, UMR ELICO 8013, F-62930 Wimereux, France.
   Sir Alister Hardy Fdn Ocean Sci, The Lab, Plymouth PL1 2PB, Devon, England.
   ICES, DK-1261 Copenhagen, Denmark.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite de Lille
RP Beaugrand, G (corresponding author), Univ Sci & Technol Lille, Stn Marine, CNRS, UMR ELICO 8013, BP 80, F-62930 Wimereux, France.
NR 30
TC 1015
Z9 1147
U1 7
U2 403
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 11
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6967
BP 661
EP 664
DI 10.1038/nature02164
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 752DY
UT WOS:000187132800041
PM 14668864
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yamauchi, T
   Kamon, J
   Ito, Y
   Tsuchida, A
   Yokomizo, T
   Kita, S
   Sugiyama, T
   Miyagishi, M
   Hara, K
   Tsunoda, M
   Murakami, K
   Ohteki, T
   Uchida, S
   Takekawa, S
   Waki, H
   Tsuno, NH
   Shibata, Y
   Terauchi, Y
   Froguel, P
   Tobe, K
   Koyasu, S
   Taira, K
   Kitamura, T
   Shimizu, T
   Nagai, R
   Kadowaki, T
AF Yamauchi, T
   Kamon, J
   Ito, Y
   Tsuchida, A
   Yokomizo, T
   Kita, S
   Sugiyama, T
   Miyagishi, M
   Hara, K
   Tsunoda, M
   Murakami, K
   Ohteki, T
   Uchida, S
   Takekawa, S
   Waki, H
   Tsuno, NH
   Shibata, Y
   Terauchi, Y
   Froguel, P
   Tobe, K
   Koyasu, S
   Taira, K
   Kitamura, T
   Shimizu, T
   Nagai, R
   Kadowaki, T
TI Cloning of adiponectin receptors that mediate antidiabetic metabolic effects
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID activated protein-kinase; fatty-acid oxidation; insulin-resistance; expression; efficient; adipose; obesity; mice
AB Adiponectin (also known as 30-kDa adipocyte complement-related protein; Acrp30)(1-4) is a hormone secreted by adipocytes that acts as an antidiabetic(5-12) and anti-atherogenic(8,12,13) adipokine. Levels of adiponectin in the blood are decreased under conditions of obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes(2). Administration of adiponectin causes glucose-lowering effects and ameliorates insulin resistance in mice(5-7). Conversely, adiponectin-deficient mice exhibit insulin resistance and diabetes(8,9). This insulin-sensitizing effect of adiponectin seems to be mediated by an increase in fatty-acid oxidation through activation of AMP kinase(10,11) and PPAR-alpha(5,6,12). Here we report the cloning of complementary DNAs encoding adiponectin receptors 1 and 2 (AdipoR1 and AdipoR2) by expression cloning(14-16). AdipoR1 is abundantly expressed in skeletal muscle, whereas AdipoR2 is predominantly expressed in the liver. These two adiponectin receptors are predicted to contain seven transmembrane domains, but to be structurally and functionally distinct from G-protein-coupled receptors(17-19). Expression of AdipoR1/R2 or suppression of AdipoR1/R2 expression by small-interfering RNA 20 supports our conclusion that they serve as receptors for globular and full-length adiponectin, and that they mediate increased AMP kinase(10,11) and PPAR-alpha ligand activities(12), as well as fatty-acid oxidation and glucose uptake by adiponectin.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Med, Dept Internal Med, Tokyo 1138655, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, CREST, Kawaguchi 3320012, Japan.
   Nissan Chem Ind Co Ltd, Biol Res Labs, Saitama 3490294, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Fac Med, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   JST, PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Inst Med Sci, Div Hematopoiet Factors, Tokyo 1088639, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Sch English, Dept Chem & Biotechnol, Tokyo 1138656, Japan.
   Natl Inst AIST, Gene Funct Res Ctr, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058562, Japan.
   Keio Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Tokyo 1608582, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Med, Dept Transfus Med, Tokyo 1138655, Japan.
   Inst Pasteur, CNRS, Inst Biol, UPRES A8090, F-59000 Lille, France.
C3 University of Tokyo; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Nissan Chemical Corporation; University of Tokyo; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); University of Tokyo; University of Tokyo; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST); Keio University; University of Tokyo; Pasteur Network; Universite de Lille; Institut Pasteur Lille; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Kadowaki, T (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Med, Dept Internal Med, Tokyo 1138655, Japan.
FU MRC [G0000477] Funding Source: UKRI; Medical Research Council [G0000477] Funding Source: researchfish; Medical Research Council [G0000477] Funding Source: Medline
NR 27
TC 2651
Z9 3164
U1 0
U2 205
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 12
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6941
BP 762
EP 769
DI 10.1038/nature01705
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 688PA
UT WOS:000183443400046
PM 12802337
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schneider, R
   Ferrara, A
   Salvaterra, R
   Omukai, K
   Bromm, V
AF Schneider, R
   Ferrara, A
   Salvaterra, R
   Omukai, K
   Bromm, V
TI Low-mass relics of early star formation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nucleosynthesis
AB The earliest stars to form in the Universe were the first sources of light, heat and metals after the Big Bang. The products of their evolution will have had a profound impact on subsequent generations of stars. Recent studies(1-7) of primordial star formation have shown that, in the absence of metals (elements heavier than helium), the formation of stars with masses 100 times that of the Sun would have been strongly favoured, and that low-mass stars could not have formed before a minimum level of metal enrichment had been reached. The value of this minimum level is very uncertain, but is likely to be between 10(-6) and 10(-4) that of the Sun(6,8). Here we show that the recent discovery(9) of the most iron-poor star known indicates the presence of dust in extremely low-metallicity gas, and that this dust is crucial for the formation of lower-mass second-generation stars that could survive until today. The dust provides a pathway for cooling the gas that leads to fragmentation of the precursor molecular cloud into smaller clumps, which become the lower-mass stars.
C1 Osserv Astrofis Arcetri, I-50125 Florence, Italy.
   Enrico Fermi Ctr, I-00184 Rome, Italy.
   Scuola Int Super Studi Avanzati, SSISA, I-34100 Trieste, Italy.
   Natl Astron Observ, Div Theoret Astrophys, Tokyo 1818588, Japan.
   Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA); National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ); Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; Smithsonian Institution; Harvard University
RP Schneider, R (corresponding author), Osserv Astrofis Arcetri, Largo Enrico Fermi 5, I-50125 Florence, Italy.
EM raffa@arcetri.astro.it
NR 14
TC 220
Z9 225
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 24
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6934
BP 869
EP 871
DI 10.1038/nature01579
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 670WR
UT WOS:000182432600047
PM 12712198
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hanada, K
   Kumagai, K
   Yasuda, S
   Miura, Y
   Kawano, M
   Fukasawa, M
   Nishijima, M
AF Hanada, K
   Kumagai, K
   Yasuda, S
   Miura, Y
   Kawano, M
   Fukasawa, M
   Nishijima, M
TI Molecular machinery for non-vesicular trafficking of ceramide
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID endoplasmic-reticulum; golgi-apparatus; sphingomyelin synthesis; binding protein; transport; star; identification; phosphorylates; accumulation; resistant
AB Synthesis and sorting of lipids are essential for membrane biogenesis; however, the mechanisms underlying the transport of membrane lipids remain little understood. Ceramide is synthesized at the endoplasmic reticulum and translocated to the Golgi compartment for conversion to sphingomyelin. The main pathway of ceramide transport to the Golgi is genetically impaired in a mammalian mutant cell line, LY-A. Here we identify CERT as the factor defective in LY-A cells. CERT, which is identical to a splicing variant of Goodpasture antigen-binding protein, is a cytoplasmic protein with a phosphatidylinositol-4-monophosphate- binding (PtdIns4P) domain and a putative domain for catalysing lipid transfer. In vitro assays show that this lipid-transfer-catalysing domain specifically extracts ceramide from phospholipid bilayers. CERT expressed in LY-A cells has an amino acid substitution that destroys its PtdIns4P-binding activity, thereby impairing its Golgi-targeting function. We conclude that CERT mediates the intracellular trafficking of ceramide in a non-vesicular manner.
C1 Natl Inst Infect Dis, Dept Biochem & Cell Biol, Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo 1628640, Japan.
C3 Japan Institute for Health Security (JIHS); National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID)
RP Hanada, K (corresponding author), Natl Inst Infect Dis, Dept Biochem & Cell Biol, Shinjuku Ku, 1-23-1 Toyama, Tokyo 1628640, Japan.
EM hanak@nih.go.jp
NR 40
TC 881
Z9 1034
U1 3
U2 60
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 18
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6968
BP 803
EP 809
DI 10.1038/nature02188
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 754QM
UT WOS:000187342000048
PM 14685229
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Loya, WM
   Pregitzer, KS
   Karberg, NJ
   King, JS
   Giardina, CP
AF Loya, WM
   Pregitzer, KS
   Karberg, NJ
   King, JS
   Giardina, CP
TI Reduction of soil carbon formation by tropospheric ozone under increased carbon dioxide levels
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID growth; trees; allocation; plants; aspen
AB In the Northern Hemisphere, ozone levels in the troposphere have increased by 35 per cent over the past century(1), with detrimental impacts on forest(2,3) and agricultural(4) productivity, even when forest productivity has been stimulated by increased carbon dioxide levels'. In addition to reducing productivity, increased tropospheric ozone levels could alter terrestrial carbon cycling by lowering the quantity and quality of carbon inputs to soils. However, the influence of elevated ozone levels on soil carbon formation and decomposition are unknown. Here we examine the effects of elevated ozone levels on the formation rates of total and decay-resistant acid-insoluble soil carbon under conditions of elevated carbon dioxide levels in experimental aspen (Populus tremuloides) stands and mixed aspen-birch (Betula papyrifera) stands. With ambient concentrations of ozone and carbon dioxide both raised by 50 per cent, we find that the formation rates of total and acid-insoluble soil carbon are reduced by 50 per cent relative to the amounts entering the soil when the forests were exposed to increased carbon dioxide alone. Our results suggest that, in a world with elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, global-scale reductions in plant productivity due to elevated ozone levels will also lower soil carbon formation rates significantly.
C1 Michigan Technol Univ, Sch Forest Resources & Environm Sci, Houghton, MI 49931 USA.
   US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Res Stn, Houghton, MI 49931 USA.
C3 Michigan Technological University; United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); United States Forest Service
RP Loya, WM (corresponding author), Michigan Technol Univ, Sch Forest Resources & Environm Sci, Houghton, MI 49931 USA.
NR 15
TC 109
Z9 124
U1 1
U2 75
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 16
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6959
BP 705
EP 707
DI 10.1038/nature02047
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 732DA
UT WOS:000185924500038
PM 14562100
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Berger, E
   Kulkarni, SR
   Pooley, G
   Frail, DA
   McIntyre, V
   Wark, RM
   Sari, R
   Soderberg, AM
   Fox, DW
   Yost, S
   Price, PA
AF Berger, E
   Kulkarni, SR
   Pooley, G
   Frail, DA
   McIntyre, V
   Wark, RM
   Sari, R
   Soderberg, AM
   Fox, DW
   Yost, S
   Price, PA
TI A common origin for cosmic explosions inferred from calorimetry of GRB030329
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gamma-ray burst; 29 march 2003; energy reservoir; afterglows; supernova; jets; emission
AB Past studies(1-3) have suggested that long-duration gamma-ray bursts have a 'standard' energy of E(gamma)approximate to10(51) erg in the ultra-relativistic ejecta, after correcting for asymmetries in the explosion ('jets'). But a group of sub-energetic bursts, including the peculiar GRB980425 associated(4) with the supernova SN1998bw (E(gamma)approximate to10(48) erg), has recently been identified(2,3). Here we report radio observations of GRB030329 that allow us to undertake calorimetry of the explosion. Our data require a two-component explosion: a narrow (5degrees opening angle) ultra-relativistic component responsible for the gamma-rays and early afterglow, and a wide, mildly relativistic component that produces the radio and optical afterglow more than 1.5 days after the explosion. The total energy release, which is dominated by the wide component, is similar(1-3,5) to that of other gamma-ray bursts, but the contribution of the gamma-rays is energetically minor. Given the firm link(6,7) of GRB030329 with SN2003dh, our result indicates a common origin for cosmic explosions in which, for reasons not yet understood, the energy in the highest-velocity ejecta is extremely variable.
C1 CALTECH, Caltech Opt Observ 105 24, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   CALTECH, Space Radiat Lab 220 47, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Mullard Radio Astron Observ, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England.
   Natl Radio Astron Observ, Socorro, NM 87801 USA.
   CSIRO, Australia Telescope Natl Facil, Epping, NSW 1710, Australia.
   CSRIO, Australia Telescope Natl Facil, Narrabri, NSW 2390, Australia.
   Australian Natl Univ, RSAA, Mt Stromlo Observ, Weston, ACT 2611, Australia.
C3 California Institute of Technology; California Institute of Technology; University of Cambridge; National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO); Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO); Australia Telescope National Facility; Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO); Australia Telescope National Facility; Australian National University
RP Berger, E (corresponding author), CALTECH, Caltech Opt Observ 105 24, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
NR 26
TC 321
Z9 347
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 13
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6963
BP 154
EP 157
DI 10.1038/nature01998
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 742LA
UT WOS:000186517200035
PM 14614498
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Edmonds, HN
   Michael, PJ
   Baker, ET
   Connelly, DP
   Snow, JE
   Langmuir, CH
   Dick, HJB
   Mühe, R
   German, CR
   Graham, DW
AF Edmonds, HN
   Michael, PJ
   Baker, ET
   Connelly, DP
   Snow, JE
   Langmuir, CH
   Dick, HJB
   Mühe, R
   German, CR
   Graham, DW
TI Discovery of abundant hydrothermal venting on the ultraslow-spreading Gakkel ridge in the Arctic
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mid-atlantic ridge; volcanic activity; indian ridge; plumes; field; ocean
AB Submarine hydrothermal venting along mid-ocean ridges is an important contributor to ridge thermal structure(1), and the global distribution of such vents has implications for heat and mass fluxes(2) from the Earth's crust and mantle and for the biogeography of vent-endemic organisms.(3) Previous studies have predicted that the incidence of hydrothermal venting would be extremely low on ultraslow-spreading ridges (ridges with full spreading rates <2 cm yr(-1)-which make up 25 per cent of the global ridge length), and that such vent systems would be hosted in ultramafic in addition to volcanic rocks(4,5). Here we present evidence for active hydrothermal venting on the Gakkel ridge, which is the slowest spreading (0.6-1.3 cm yr(-1)) and least explored mid-ocean ridge. On the basis of water column profiles of light scattering, temperature and manganese concentration along 1,100 km of the rift valley, we identify hydrothermal plumes dispersing from at least nine to twelve discrete vent sites. Our discovery of such abundant venting, and its apparent localization near volcanic centres, requires a reassessment of the geologic conditions that control hydrothermal circulation on ultraslow-spreading ridges.
C1 Univ Texas, Inst Marine Sci, Port Aransas, TX 78373 USA.
   Univ Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104 USA.
   NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA.
   Southampton Oceanog Ctr, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England.
   Max Planck Inst Chem, D-55020 Mainz, Germany.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Marine Geol & Geophys, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
   Univ Kiel, Inst Geosci, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.
   Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Tulsa; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; NERC National Oceanography Centre; University of Southampton; Max Planck Society; Harvard University; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; University of Kiel; Oregon State University
RP Edmonds, HN (corresponding author), Univ Texas, Inst Marine Sci, 750 Channel View Dr, Port Aransas, TX 78373 USA.
EM edmonds@utmsi.utexas.edu
NR 30
TC 196
Z9 219
U1 0
U2 69
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 16
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6920
BP 252
EP 256
DI 10.1038/nature01351
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 635KG
UT WOS:000180397600043
PM 12529639
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Okada, Y
   Higuchi, H
   Hirokawa, N
AF Okada, Y
   Higuchi, H
   Hirokawa, N
TI Processivity of the single-headed kinesin KIF1A through biased binding to tubulin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID superfamily protein kif1a; motor protein; mechanism; molecules; microtubules; transport; movement; atpase; mutant; steps
AB Conventional isoforms of the motor protein kinesin behave functionally not as 'single molecules' but as 'two molecules' paired. This dimeric structure poses a barrier to solving its mechanism(1-4). To overcome this problem, we used an unconventional kinesin KIF1A (refs 5, 6) as a model molecule. KIF1A moves processively as an independent monomer(7,8), and can also work synergistically as a functional dimer(9). Here we show, by measuring its movement with an optical trapping system(10), that a single ATP hydrolysis triggers a single stepping movement of a single KIF1A monomer. The step size is distributed stochastically around multiples of 8 nm with a gaussian-like envelope and a standard deviation of 15 nm. On average, the step is directional to the microtubule's plus-end against a load force of up to 0.15 pN. As the source for this directional movement, we show that KIF1A moves to the microtubule's plus-end by similar to3 nm on average on binding to the microtubule, presumably by preferential binding to tubulin on the plus-end side. We propose a simple physical formulation to explain the movement of KIF1A.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Dept Cell Biol & Anat, Grad Sch Med, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Tohoku Univ, Grad Sch Engn, Dept Met, Sendai, Miyagi 9808579, Japan.
   Tohoku Univ, Interdisciplinary Res Ctr, Sendai, Miyagi 9808579, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo; Tohoku University; Tohoku University
RP Hirokawa, N (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Dept Cell Biol & Anat, Grad Sch Med, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
NR 25
TC 144
Z9 159
U1 1
U2 19
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 31
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6948
BP 574
EP 577
DI 10.1038/nature01804
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 706LG
UT WOS:000184454700048
PM 12891363
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Krasilnikov, AS
   Yang, XJ
   Pan, T
   Mondragón, A
AF Krasilnikov, AS
   Yang, XJ
   Pan, T
   Mondragón, A
TI Crystal structure of the specificity domain of ribonuclease P
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID subtilis rnase-p; in-vitro selection; pre-transfer-rna; macromolecular structures; tertiary interactions; ribozyme; recognition; evolution; substrate; subunit
AB RNase P is the only endonuclease responsible for processing the 5' end of transfer RNA by cleaving a precursor and leading to tRNA maturation(1,2). It contains an RNA component and a protein component and has been identified in all organisms. It was one of the first catalytic RNAs identified(3) nd the first that acts as a multiple-turnover enzyme in vivo. RNase P and the ribosome are so far the only two ribozymes known to be conserved in all kingdoms of life. The RNA component of bacterial RNase P can catalyse pre-tRNA cleavage in the absence of the RNase P protein in vitro and consists of two domains: a specificity domain and a catalytic domain(4,5). Here we report a 3.15-Angstrom resolution crystal structure of the 154-nucleotide specificity domain of Bacillus subtilis RNase P. The structure reveals the architecture of this domain, the interactions that maintain the overall fold of the molecule, a large non-helical but well-structured module that is conserved in all RNase P RNA, and the regions that are involved in interactions with the substrate.
C1 Northwestern Univ, Dept Biochem Mol Biol & Cell Biol, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
C3 Northwestern University; University of Chicago
RP Mondragón, A (corresponding author), Northwestern Univ, Dept Biochem Mol Biol & Cell Biol, 2153 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
EM a-mondragon@northwestern.edu
NR 29
TC 196
Z9 252
U1 1
U2 22
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 13
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6924
BP 760
EP 764
DI 10.1038/nature01386
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 644UP
UT WOS:000180938000048
PM 12610630
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chaudhuri, J
   Tian, M
   Khuong, C
   Chua, K
   Pinaud, E
   Alt, FW
AF Chaudhuri, J
   Tian, M
   Khuong, C
   Chua, K
   Pinaud, E
   Alt, FW
TI Transcription-targeted DNA deamination by the AID antibody diversification enzyme
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID immunoglobulin switch regions; somatic hypermutation; mechanism; recombination; sequences; complex; repair
AB Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), which is specific to B lymphocytes, is required for class switch recombination (CSR)-a process mediating isotype switching of immunoglobulin-and somatic hypermutation-the introduction of many point mutations into the immunoglobulin variable region genes(1,2). It has been suggested that AID may function as an RNA-editing enzyme(3) or as a cytidine deaminase on DNA(4),(5). However, the precise enzymatic activity of AID has not been assessed in previous studies. Similarly, although transcription of the target immunoglobulin locus sequences is required for both CSR and somatic hypermutation, the precise role of transcription has remained speculative(6-9). Here we use two different assays to demonstrate that AID can deaminate specifically cytidines on single-stranded (ss) DNA but not double-stranded (ds) DNA substrates in vitro. However, dsDNA can be deaminated by AID in vitro when the reaction is coupled to transcription. Moreover, a synthetic dsDNA sequence, which targets CSR in vivo in a manner dependent on transcriptional orientation(10), was deaminated by AID in vitro with the same transcriptional-orientation-dependence as observed for endogenous CSR. We conclude that transcription targets the DNA deamination activity of AID to dsDNA by generating secondary structures that provide ssDNA substrates.
C1 Childrens Hosp, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Ctr Blood Res, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Program in Cellular & Molecular Medicine (PCMM); Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Alt, FW (corresponding author), Childrens Hosp, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Ctr Blood Res, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM alt@enders.tch.harvard.edu
NR 31
TC 619
Z9 743
U1 1
U2 25
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 17
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6933
BP 726
EP 730
DI 10.1038/nature01574
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 668CG
UT WOS:000182272300043
PM 12692563
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Salmeen, A
   Andersen, JN
   Myers, MP
   Meng, TC
   Hinks, JA
   Tonks, NK
   Barford, D
AF Salmeen, A
   Andersen, JN
   Myers, MP
   Meng, TC
   Hinks, JA
   Tonks, NK
   Barford, D
TI Redox regulation of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B involves a sulphenyl-amide intermediate
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hydrogen-peroxide; reversible inactivation; insulin sensitivity; generation; mechanism; kinases
AB The second messenger hydrogen peroxide is required for optimal activation of numerous signal transduction pathways, particularly those mediated by protein tyrosine kinases(1-6). One mechanism by which hydrogen peroxide regulates cellular processes is the transient inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatases through the reversible oxidization of their catalytic cysteine, which suppresses protein dephosphorylation(7-9). Here we describe a structural analysis of the redox-dependent regulation of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), which is reversibly inhibited by oxidation after cells are stimulated with insulin(8) and epidermal growth factor(9). The sulphenic acid intermediate produced in response to PTP1B oxidation is rapidly converted into a previously unknown sulphenyl-amide species, in which the sulphur atom of the catalytic cysteine is covalently linked to the main chain nitrogen of an adjacent residue. Oxidation of PTP1B to the sulphenyl-amide form is accompanied by large conformational changes in the catalytic site that inhibit substrate binding. We propose that this unusual protein modification both protects the active-site cysteine residue of PTP1B from irreversible oxidation to sulphonic acid and permits redox regulation of the enzyme by promoting its reversible reduction by thiols.
C1 Inst Canc Res, Chester Beatty Labs, Sect Struct Biol, London SW3 6JB, England.
   Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
C3 University of London; Institute of Cancer Research - UK; Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
RP Barford, D (corresponding author), Inst Canc Res, Chester Beatty Labs, Sect Struct Biol, 237 Fulham Rd, London SW3 6JB, England.
EM david.barford@icr.ac.uk
NR 26
TC 796
Z9 940
U1 0
U2 60
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 12
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6941
BP 769
EP 773
DI 10.1038/nature01680
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 688PA
UT WOS:000183443400047
PM 12802338
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yonekura, K
   Maki-Yonekura, S
   Namba, K
AF Yonekura, K
   Maki-Yonekura, S
   Namba, K
TI Complete atomic model of the bacterial flagellar filament by electron cryomicroscopy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID salmonella-typhimurium; membrane-proteins; tubular crystals; angstrom resolution; molecular-dynamics; fiber diffraction; export apparatus; escherichia-coli; terminal regions; crystallography
AB The bacterial flagellar filament is a helical propeller for bacterial locomotion. It is a helical assembly of a single protein, flagellin, and its tubular structure is formed by 11 protofilaments in two distinct conformations, L- and R- type, for supercoiling. The X-ray crystal structure of a flagellin fragment lacking about 100 terminal residues revealed the protofilament structure, but the full filament structure is still essential for understanding the mechanism of supercoiling and polymerization. Here we report a complete atomic model of the R-type filament by electron cryomicroscopy. A density map obtained from image data up to 4Angstrom resolution shows the feature of alpha-helical backbone and some large side chains. The atomic model built on the map reveals intricate molecular packing and an alpha-helical coiled coil formed by the terminal chains in the inner core of the filament, with its intersubunit hydrophobic interactions having an important role in stabilizing the filament.
C1 ERATO, JST, Proton NanoMachine Project, Tokyo, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Frontier Biosci, Suita, Osaka 565, Japan.
   ICORP, JST, Dynam NanoMachine Project, Kyoto 6190237, Japan.
C3 Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); University of Osaka; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Namba, K (corresponding author), ERATO, JST, Proton NanoMachine Project, Tokyo, Japan.
NR 47
TC 599
Z9 707
U1 2
U2 75
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 7
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6949
BP 643
EP 650
DI 10.1038/nature01830
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 708QE
UT WOS:000184578800037
PM 12904785
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jamora, C
   DasGupta, R
   Kocieniewski, P
   Fuchs, E
AF Jamora, C
   DasGupta, R
   Kocieniewski, P
   Fuchs, E
TI Links between signal transduction, transcription and adhesion in epithelial bud development
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hair follicle morphogenesis; e-cadherin; beta-catenin; gene-expression; sonic hedgehog; factor snail; differentiation
AB The morphogenesis of organs as diverse as lungs, teeth and hair follicles is initiated by a downgrowth from a layer of epithelial stem cells(1,2). During follicular morphogenesis, stem cells form this bud structure by changing their polarity and cell-cell contacts. Here we show that this process is achieved through simultaneous receipt of two external signals: a Writ protein to stabilize beta-catenin, and a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) inhibitor to produce Lef1. beta-Catenin then binds to, and activates, Lef1 transcription complexes that appear to act uncharacteristically by downregulating the gene encoding E-cadherin, an important component of polarity and intercellular adhesion. When either signal is missing, functional Lef1 complexes are not made, and E-cadherin downregulation and follicle morphogenesis are impaired. In Drosophila, E-cadherin can influence the plane of cell division and cytoskeletal dynamics(3). Consistent with this notion, we show that forced elevation of E-cadherin levels block invagination and follicle production. Our findings reveal an intricate molecular programme that links two extracellular signalling pathways to the formation of a nuclear transcription factor that acts on target genes to remodel cellular junctions and permit follicle formation.
C1 Rockefeller Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Lab Mammalian Cell Biol & Dev, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Rockefeller University
RP Fuchs, E (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Lab Mammalian Cell Biol & Dev, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM fuchs@rockefeller.edu
FU NIAMS NIH HHS [R01 AR031737] Funding Source: Medline; National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases [R01AR031737] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 29
TC 472
Z9 584
U1 0
U2 37
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 20
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6929
BP 317
EP 322
DI 10.1038/nature01458
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 656XX
UT WOS:000181637300041
PM 12646922
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Curry, R
   Dickson, B
   Yashayaev, I
AF Curry, R
   Dickson, B
   Yashayaev, I
TI A change in the freshwater balance of the Atlantic Ocean over the past four decades
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID arctic-ocean; north; variability; pacific; oscillation; salinity; layer
AB The oceans are a global reservoir and redistribution agent for several important constituents of the Earth's climate system, among them heat, fresh water and carbon dioxide. Whereas these constituents are actively exchanged with the atmosphere, salt is a component that is approximately conserved in the ocean. The distribution of salinity in the ocean is widely measured, and can therefore be used to diagnose rates of surface freshwater fluxes(1), freshwater transport(2) and local ocean mixing(3) - important components of climate dynamics. Here we present a comparison of salinities on a long transect (50degrees S to 60degrees N) through the western basins of the Atlantic Ocean between the 1950s and the 1990s. We find systematic freshening at both poleward ends contrasted with large increases of salinity pervading the upper water column at low latitudes. Our results extend a growing body of evidence indicating that shifts in the oceanic distribution of fresh and saline waters are occurring worldwide in ways that suggest links to global warming and possible changes in the hydrologic cycle of the Earth.
C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
   Ctr Environm Fisheries & Aquaculture Sci, Lowestoft NR33 OHT, Suffolk, England.
   Bedford Inst Oceanog, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada.
C3 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Centre for Environment Fisheries & Aquaculture Science; Bedford Institute of Oceanography
RP Curry, R (corresponding author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
NR 30
TC 446
Z9 490
U1 2
U2 125
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 18
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6968
BP 826
EP 829
DI 10.1038/nature02206
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 754QM
UT WOS:000187342000054
PM 14685235
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wolfe, JT
   Wang, HG
   Howard, J
   Garrison, JC
   Barrett, PQ
AF Wolfe, JT
   Wang, HG
   Howard, J
   Garrison, JC
   Barrett, PQ
TI T-type calcium channel regulation by specific G-protein βγ subunits
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ca2+ channel; dopamine-receptors; inhibition; currents; modulation; expression; binding; cells; k+
AB Low-voltage-activated (LVA) T-type calcium channels have a wide tissue distribution and have well-documented roles in the control of action potential burst generation and hormone secretion(1). In neurons of the central nervous system and secretory cells of the adrenal and pituitary, LVA channels are inhibited by activation of G-protein-coupled receptors that generate membrane-delimited signals(2-5), yet these signals have not been identified. Here we show that the inhibition of alpha(1H) (Ca(v)3.2), but not alpha(1G) (Ca(v)3.1) LVA Ca2+ channels is mediated selectively by beta(2)gamma(2) subunits that bind to the intracellular loop connecting channel transmembrane domains II and III. This region of the alpha(1H) channel is crucial for inhibition, because its replacement abrogates inhibition and its transfer to non-modulated alpha(1G) channels confers beta(2)gamma(2)-dependent inhibition. betagamma reduces channel activity independent of voltage, a mechanism distinct from the established betagamma-dependent inhibition of non-L-type high-voltage-activated channels of the Ca(v)2 family(6,7). These studies identify the alpha(1H) channel as a new effector for G-protein betagamma subunits, and highlight the selective signalling roles available for particular betagamma combinations.
C1 Univ Virginia, Dept Pharmacol, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA.
C3 University of Virginia
RP Barrett, PQ (corresponding author), Univ Virginia, Dept Pharmacol, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA.
EM pqb4b@virginia.edu
FU NHLBI NIH HHS [T32 HL007572] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 122
Z9 147
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 10
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6945
BP 209
EP 213
DI 10.1038/nature01772
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 699AA
UT WOS:000184032700046
PM 12853961
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Krimigis, SM
   Decker, RB
   Hill, ME
   Armstrong, TP
   Gloeckler, G
   Hamilton, DC
   Lanzerotti, LJ
   Roelof, EC
AF Krimigis, SM
   Decker, RB
   Hill, ME
   Armstrong, TP
   Gloeckler, G
   Hamilton, DC
   Lanzerotti, LJ
   Roelof, EC
TI Voyager 1 exited the solar wind at a distance of ∼85 AU from the Sun
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID energetic particle events; outer heliosphere; cosmic-rays; termination shock; pickup ions; acceleration; propagation; spacecraft; oxygen
AB The outer limit of the Solar System is often considered to be at the distance from the Sun where the solar wind changes from supersonic to subsonic flow(1). Theory predicts that a termination shock marks this boundary, with locations ranging(2) from a few to over 100 AU (1 AU approximate to 1.5 x 10(8) km, the distance from Earth to the Sun). 'Pick-up ions' that originate(3,4) as interstellar neutral atoms should be accelerated to tens of MeV at the termination shock, generating anomalous cosmic rays(5-7). Here we report a large increase in the intensity of energetic particles in the outer heliosphere, as measured by an instrument on the Voyager 1 spacecraft. We argue that the spacecraft exited the supersonic solar wind and passed into the subsonic region ( possibly beyond the termination shock) on about 1 August 2002 at a distance of similar to85 AU (heliolatitude similar to34degrees N), then re-entered the supersonic solar wind about 200 days later at, 87 AU from the Sun. We show that the composition of the ions accelerated at the putative termination shock is that of anomalous cosmic rays and of interstellar pick-up ions.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA.
   Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
   Fundamental Technol, Lawrence, KS 66046 USA.
   Bell Labs, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
   New Jersey Inst Technol, Ctr Solar Terr Res, Newark, NJ 07102 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; AT&T; New Jersey Institute of Technology
RP Krimigis, SM (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Johns Hopkins Rd, Laurel, MD 20723 USA.
EM tom.krimigis@jhuapl.edu
NR 30
TC 170
Z9 175
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 6
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6962
BP 45
EP 48
DI 10.1038/nature02068
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 739WY
UT WOS:000186370800035
PM 14603311
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gewin, V
AF Gewin, V
TI In search of the elite
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 1
Z9 1
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 11
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6967
BP 713
EP 717
DI 10.1038/426713
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 752DY
UT WOS:000187132800056
PM 14668879
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Novoselov, KS
   Geim, AK
   Dubonos, SV
   Hill, EW
   Grigorieva, IV
AF Novoselov, KS
   Geim, AK
   Dubonos, SV
   Hill, EW
   Grigorieva, IV
TI Subatomic movements of a domain wall in the Peierls potential
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID intrinsic coercive field; hall-magnetometry; propagation
AB The discrete nature of crystal lattices plays a role in virtually every material property. But it is only when the size of entities hosted by a crystal becomes comparable to the lattice period - as occurs for dislocations(1-3), vortices in superconductors(4-6) and domain walls(7-9) - that this discreteness is manifest explicitly. The associated phenomena are usually described in terms of a background Peierls 'atomic washboard' energy potential, which was first introduced for the case of dislocation motion(1,2) in the 1940s. This concept has subsequently been invoked in many situations to describe certain features in the bulk behaviour of materials, but has to date eluded direct detection and experimental scrutiny at a microscopic level. Here we report observations of the motion of a single magnetic domain wall at the scale of the individual peaks and troughs of the atomic energy landscape. Our experiments reveal that domain walls can become trapped between crystalline planes, and that they propagate by distinct jumps that match the lattice periodicity. The jumps between valleys are found to involve unusual dynamics that shed light on the microscopic processes underlying domain-wall propagation. Such observations offer a means for probing experimentally the physics of topological defects in discrete lattices - a field rich in phenomena that have been subject to extensive theoretical study(10-12).
C1 Univ Manchester, Dept Phys, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England.
   Univ Manchester, Dept Comp Sci, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England.
   Russian Acad Sci, Inst Microelect Technol, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia.
C3 University of Manchester; University of Manchester; Russian Academy of Sciences
RP Geim, AK (corresponding author), Univ Manchester, Dept Phys, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England.
EM geim@man.ac.uk
FU Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [GR/R73621/01] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 31
TC 82
Z9 93
U1 0
U2 72
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 18
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6968
BP 812
EP 816
DI 10.1038/nature02180
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 754QM
UT WOS:000187342000050
PM 14685231
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Loayza, D
   de Lange, T
AF Loayza, D
   de Lange, T
TI POT1 as a terminal transducer of TRF1 telomere length control
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mammalian telomeres; human-cells; protein; cancer; end; chromosm; protection; tankyrase; binding; yeast
AB Human telomere maintenance is essential for the protection of chromosome ends, and changes in telomere length have been implicated in ageing and cancer(1-4). Human telomere length is regulated by the TTAGGG-repeat-binding protein TRF1 and its interacting partners tankyrase 1, TIN2 and PINX1 ( refs 5-9). As the TRF1 complex binds to the duplex DNA of the telomere, it is unclear how it can affect telomerase, which acts on the single-stranded 30 telomeric overhang. Here we show that the TRF1 complex interacts with a single-stranded telomeric DNA-binding protein - protection of telomeres 1 (POT1) - and that human POT1 controls telomerase-mediated telomere elongation. The presence of POT1 on telomeres was diminished when the amount of single-stranded DNA was reduced. Furthermore, POT1 binding was regulated by the TRF1 complex in response to telomere length. A mutant form of POT1 lacking the DNA-binding domain abrogated TRF1-mediated control of telomere length, and induced rapid and extensive telomere elongation. We propose that the interaction between the TRF1 complex and POT1 affects the loading of POT1 on the single-stranded telomeric DNA, thus transmitting information about telomere length to the telomere terminus, where telomerase is regulated.
C1 Rockefeller Univ, Cell Biol & Genet Lab, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Rockefeller University
RP de Lange, T (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, Cell Biol & Genet Lab, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
NR 29
TC 564
Z9 723
U1 0
U2 31
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 26
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6943
BP 1013
EP 1018
DI 10.1038/nature01688
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 694BL
UT WOS:000183753900056
PM 12768206
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kilpatrick, AM
   Ives, AR
AF Kilpatrick, AM
   Ives, AR
TI Species interactions can explain Taylor's power law for ecological time series
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID synoptic dynamics; variability; population; stability; competition; models; community; diversity; migration; behavior
AB One of the few generalities in ecology, Taylor's power law(1-3), describes the species-specific relationship between the temporal or spatial variance of populations and their mean abundances. For populations experiencing constant per capita environmental variability, the regression of log variance versus log mean abundance gives a line with a slope of 2. Despite this expectation, most species have slopes of less than 2 (refs 2-4), indicating that more abundant populations of a species are relatively less variable than expected on the basis of simple statistical grounds. What causes abundant populations to be less variable has received considerable attention(5-12), but an explanation for the generality of this pattern is still lacking. Here we suggest a novel explanation for the scaling of temporal variability in population abundances. Using stochastic simulation and analytical models, we demonstrate how negative interactions among species in a community can produce slopes of Taylor's power law of less than 2, like those observed in real data sets. This result provides an example in which the population dynamics of single species can be understood only in the context of interactions within an ecological community.
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Zool, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
RP Kilpatrick, AM (corresponding author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Zool, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
NR 29
TC 170
Z9 190
U1 2
U2 68
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 6
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6927
BP 65
EP 68
DI 10.1038/nature01471
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 651VP
UT WOS:000181343100037
PM 12621433
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Arnqvist, G
   Jones, TM
   Elgar, MA
AF Arnqvist, G
   Jones, TM
   Elgar, MA
TI Insect behaviour: Reversal of sex roles in nuptial feeding
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID males
C1 Uppsala Univ, Evolutionary Biol Ctr, Dept Anim Ecol, S-75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
   Univ Melbourne, Dept Zool, Parkville, Vic 3010, Australia.
C3 Uppsala University; University of Melbourne
RP Arnqvist, G (corresponding author), Uppsala Univ, Evolutionary Biol Ctr, Dept Anim Ecol, S-75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
EM goran.arnqvist@ebc.uu.se
NR 10
TC 25
Z9 26
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 24
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6947
BP 387
EP 387
DI 10.1038/424387a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 704BT
UT WOS:000184318400029
PM 12879056
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jin, RC
   Cao, YC
   Hao, EC
   Métraux, GS
   Schatz, GC
   Mirkin, CA
AF Jin, RC
   Cao, YC
   Hao, EC
   Métraux, GS
   Schatz, GC
   Mirkin, CA
TI Controlling anisotropic nanoparticle growth through plasmon excitation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID discrete-dipole approximation; silver nanodisks; semiconductor nanocrystals; metal nanoparticles; optical-property; gold nanorods; ii-vi; particles; shape; size
AB Inorganic nanoparticles exhibit size-dependent properties that are of interest for applications ranging from biosensing(1-5) and catalysis(6) to optics(7) and data storage(8). They are readily available in a wide variety of discrete compositions and sizes(9-14). Shape-selective synthesis strategies now also yield shapes other than nanospheres, such as anisotropic metal nanostructures with interesting optical properties(15-23). Here we demonstrate that the previously described photoinduced method(23) for converting silver nanospheres into triangular silver nanocrystals-so-called nanoprisms-can be extended to synthesize relatively mono-disperse nanoprisms with desired edge lengths in the 30-120 nm range. The particle growth process is controlled using dual-beam illumination of the nanoparticles, and appears to be driven by surface plasmon excitations. We find that, depending on the illumination wavelengths chosen, the plasmon excitations lead either to fusion of nanoprisms in an edge-selective manner or to the growth of the nanoprisms until they reach their light-controlled final size.
C1 Northwestern Univ, Dept Chem, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
   Northwestern Univ, Inst Nanotechnol, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
C3 Northwestern University; Northwestern University
RP Schatz, GC (corresponding author), Northwestern Univ, Dept Chem, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
NR 30
TC 1591
Z9 1803
U1 3
U2 995
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 2
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6957
BP 487
EP 490
DI 10.1038/nature02020
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 727FN
UT WOS:000185648100038
PM 14523440
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kuypers, MMM
   Sliekers, AO
   Lavik, G
   Schmid, M
   Jorgensen, BB
   Kuenen, JG
   Damsté, JSS
   Strous, M
   Jetten, MSM
AF Kuypers, MMM
   Sliekers, AO
   Lavik, G
   Schmid, M
   Jorgensen, BB
   Kuenen, JG
   Damsté, JSS
   Strous, M
   Jetten, MSM
TI Anaerobic ammonium oxidation by anammox bacteria in the Black Sea
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID targeted oligonucleotide probes; in-situ detection; oxidizing bacteria; marine-sediments; diversity; nitrogen; ocean
AB The availability of fixed inorganic nitrogen (nitrate, nitrite and ammonium) limits primary productivity in many oceanic regions(1). The conversion of nitrate to N(2) by heterotrophic bacteria (denitrification) is believed to be the only important sink for fixed inorganic nitrogen in the ocean(2). Here we provide evidence for bacteria that anaerobically oxidize ammonium with nitrite to N(2) in the world's largest anoxic basin, the Black Sea. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences shows that these bacteria are related to members of the order Planctomycetales performing the anammox (anaerobic ammonium oxidation) process in ammonium-removing bioreactors(3). Nutrient profiles, fluorescently labelled RNA probes, (15)N tracer experiments and the distribution of specific 'ladderane' membrane lipids(4) indicate that ammonium diffusing upwards from the anoxic deep water is consumed by anammox bacteria below the oxic zone. This is the first time that anammox bacteria have been identified and directly linked to the removal of fixed inorganic nitrogen in the environment. The widespread occurrence of ammonium consumption in suboxic marine settings(5-7) indicates that anammox might be important in the oceanic nitrogen cycle.
C1 Max Planck Inst Marine Microbiol, Dept Biogeochem, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
   Delft Univ Technol, Dept Microbiol, NL-2628 BC Delft, Netherlands.
   Royal Netherlands Inst Sea Res NIOZ, Dept Marine Biogeochem & Toxicol, NL-1790 AB Den Burg, Netherlands.
   Univ Nijmegen, Dept Microbiol, NL-6526 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands.
C3 Max Planck Society; Delft University of Technology; Utrecht University; Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ); Radboud University Nijmegen
RP Kuypers, MMM (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Marine Microbiol, Dept Biogeochem, Celsiusstr 1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
EM mkuypers@mpi-bremen.de
NR 26
TC 975
Z9 1231
U1 24
U2 983
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 10
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6932
BP 608
EP 611
DI 10.1038/nature01472
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 665GN
UT WOS:000182111400040
PM 12686999
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brown, BR
AF Brown, BR
TI Sensing temperature without ion channels
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neurons
C1 Univ San Francisco, Dept Phys, San Francisco, CA 94117 USA.
C3 University of San Francisco
RP Brown, BR (corresponding author), Univ San Francisco, Dept Phys, San Francisco, CA 94117 USA.
NR 13
TC 45
Z9 47
U1 0
U2 61
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 30
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6922
BP 495
EP 495
DI 10.1038/421495a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 640DB
UT WOS:000180670600031
PM 12556879
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Donnelly, CA
   Woodroffe, R
   Cox, DR
   Bourne, J
   Gettinby, G
   Le Fevre, AM
   McInerney, JP
   Morrison, WI
AF Donnelly, CA
   Woodroffe, R
   Cox, DR
   Bourne, J
   Gettinby, G
   Le Fevre, AM
   McInerney, JP
   Morrison, WI
TI Impact of localized badger culling on tuberculosis incidence in British cattle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID meles-meles; population; movement
AB Pathogens that are transmitted between wildlife, livestock and humans present major challenges for the protection of human and animal health, the economic sustainability of agriculture, and the conservation of wildlife. Mycobacterium bovis, the aetiological agent of bovine tuberculosis ( TB), is one such pathogen. The incidence of TB in cattle has increased substantially in parts of Great Britain in the past two decades, adversely affecting the livelihoods of cattle farmers and potentially increasing the risks of human exposure. The control of bovine TB in Great Britain is complicated by the involvement of wildlife, particularly badgers (Meles meles), which appear to sustain endemic infection and can transmit TB to cattle(1). Between 1975 and 1997 over 20,000 badgers were culled as part of British TB control policy, generating conflict between conservation and farming interest groups(2). Here we present results from a large-scale field trial(3-5) that indicate that localized badger culling not only fails to control but also seems to increase TB incidence in cattle.
C1 Independent Sci Grp Cattle TB, Dept Environm, Food & Rural Affairs, London SW1P 4PQ, England.
   Univ London Imperial Coll Sci & Technol, Fac Med, Dept Infect Dis Epidemiol, London W2 1PG, England.
   Univ Calif Davis, Dept Wildlife Fish & Conservat Biol, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
   Univ Oxford Nuffield Coll, Oxford OX1 1NF, England.
   Univ Strathclyde, Dept Stat & Modelling Sci, Glasgow G1 1XH, Lanark, Scotland.
   Univ Exeter, Ctr Rural Res, Exeter EX4 6TL, Devon, England.
   Univ Edinburgh, Royal Dick Sch Vet Studies, Ctr Trop Vet Med, Roslin EH25 9RG, Midlothian, Scotland.
C3 Imperial College London; University of California System; University of California Davis; University of Oxford; University of Strathclyde; University of Exeter; University of Edinburgh
RP Donnelly, CA (corresponding author), Independent Sci Grp Cattle TB, Dept Environm, Food & Rural Affairs, 1A Page St, London SW1P 4PQ, England.
NR 21
TC 237
Z9 264
U1 1
U2 226
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 18
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6968
BP 834
EP 837
DI 10.1038/nature02192
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 754QM
UT WOS:000187342000057
PM 14634671
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Willert, K
   Brown, JD
   Danenberg, E
   Duncan, AW
   Weissman, IL
   Reya, T
   Yates, JR
   Nusse, R
AF Willert, K
   Brown, JD
   Danenberg, E
   Duncan, AW
   Weissman, IL
   Reya, T
   Yates, JR
   Nusse, R
TI Wnt proteins are lipid-modified and can act as stem cell growth factors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID signaling pathway; c-elegans; drosophila; wingless; identification; expression; cancer; form
AB Wnt signalling is involved in numerous events in animal development(1), including the proliferation of stem cells(2) and the specification of the neural crest(3). Wnt proteins are potentially important reagents in expanding specific cell types, but in contrast to other developmental signalling molecules such as hedgehog proteins and the bone morphogenetic proteins, Wnt proteins have never been isolated in an active form. Although Wnt proteins are secreted from cells(4-7), secretion is usually inefficient(8) and previous attempts to characterize Wnt proteins have been hampered by their high degree of insolubility. Here we have isolated active Wnt molecules, including the product of the mouse Wnt3a gene. By mass spectrometry, we found the proteins to be palmitoylated on a conserved cysteine. Enzymatic removal of the palmitate or site-directed and natural mutations of the modified cysteine result in loss of activity, and indicate that the lipid is important for signalling. The purified Wnt3a protein induces self-renewal of haematopoietic stem cells, signifying its potential use in tissue engineering.
C1 Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Dev Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pharmacol & Canc Biol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, Dept Cell Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Stanford University; Duke University; Stanford University; Scripps Research Institute
RP Nusse, R (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
NR 30
TC 1796
Z9 2334
U1 1
U2 231
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 22
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6938
BP 448
EP 452
DI 10.1038/nature01611
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 681AJ
UT WOS:000183012000044
PM 12717451
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rayapureddi, JP
   Kattamuri, C
   Steinmetz, BD
   Frankfort, BJ
   Ostrin, EJ
   Mardon, G
   Hegde, RS
AF Rayapureddi, JP
   Kattamuri, C
   Steinmetz, BD
   Frankfort, BJ
   Ostrin, EJ
   Mardon, G
   Hegde, RS
TI Eyes absent represents a class of protein tyrosine phosphatases
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID p-type atpase; drosophila eye; gene; dehalogenase; substrate; mutations; eya1; superfamily; activation; complex
AB The Eyes absent proteins are members of a conserved regulatory network implicated in the development of the eye, muscle, kidney and ear(1-7). Mutations in the Eyes absent genes have been associated with several congenital disorders including the multi-organ disease bronchio-oto-renal syndrome(8), congenital cataracts(9) and late-onset deafness(10). On the basis of previous analyses it has been shown that Eyes absent is a nuclear transcription factor, acting through interaction with homeodomain-containing Sine oculis (also known as Six) proteins(11). Here we show that Eyes absent is also a protein tyrosine phosphatase. It does not resemble the classical tyrosine phosphatases that use cysteine as a nucleophile and proceed by means of a thiol-phosphate intermediate(12). Rather, Eyes absent is the prototype for a class of protein tyrosine phosphatases that use a nucleophilic aspartic acid in a metal-dependent reaction. Furthermore, the phosphatase activity of Eyes absent contributes to its ability to induce eye formation in Drosophila.
C1 Cincinnati Childrens Hosp Res Fdn, Div Dev Biol, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol & Human Genet, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pathol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Ophthalmol, Neurosci & Program Dev Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
C3 Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation; Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine
RP Hegde, RS (corresponding author), Cincinnati Childrens Hosp Res Fdn, Div Dev Biol, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA.
FU NEI NIH HHS [R01 EY014648] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 202
Z9 265
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 20
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6964
BP 295
EP 298
DI 10.1038/nature02093
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 744YQ
UT WOS:000186660800045
PM 14628052
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ohtake, F
   Takeyama, K
   Matsumoto, T
   Kitagawa, H
   Yamamoto, Y
   Nohara, K
   Tohyama, C
   Krust, A
   Mimura, J
   Chambon, P
   Yanagisawa, J
   Fujii-Kuriyama, Y
   Kato, S
AF Ohtake, F
   Takeyama, K
   Matsumoto, T
   Kitagawa, H
   Yamamoto, Y
   Nohara, K
   Tohyama, C
   Krust, A
   Mimura, J
   Chambon, P
   Yanagisawa, J
   Fujii-Kuriyama, Y
   Kato, S
TI Modulation of oestrogen receptor signalling by association with the activated dioxin receptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID estrogen-receptor; 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin tcdd; transcription factor; gene-expression; c-fos; nuclear receptors; ah receptor; endometriosis; alpha; inhibition
AB Environmental contaminants affect a wide variety of biological events in many species. Dioxins are typical environmental contaminants that exert adverse oestrogen-related effects(1). Although their anti-oestrogenic actions(2,3) are well described, dioxins can also induce endometriosis(4-7) and oestrogen-dependent tumours(8,9), implying possible oestrogenic effects. However, the molecular mechanism underlying oestrogen-related actions of dioxins remains largely unknown. A heterodimer of the dioxin receptor (AhR) and Arnt, which are basic helix-loop-helix/PAS-family transcription factors, mediates most of the toxic effects of dioxins(10,11). Here we show that the agonist-activated AhR/Arnt heterodimer directly associates with oestrogen receptors ER-alpha and ER-beta. This association results in the recruitment of unliganded ER and the co-activator p300 to oestrogen-responsive gene promoters, leading to activation of transcription and oestrogenic effects. The function of liganded ER is attenuated. Oestrogenic actions of AhR agonists were detected in wild-type ovariectomized mouse uteri, but were absent in AhR(-/-) or ER-alpha(-/-) ovariectomized mice. Our findings suggest a novel mechanism by which ER-mediated oestrogen signalling is modulated by a co-regulatory-like function of activated AhR/Arnt, giving rise to adverse oestrogen-related actions of dioxin-type environmental contaminants.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Inst Mol & Cellular Biosci, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130032, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol, SORST, Kawaguchi, Saitama 3320012, Japan.
   Taiho Pharmaceut Co Ltd, Canc Res Lab, Hanno Res Ctr, Hanno, Saitama 3578527, Japan.
   Natl Inst Environm Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058506, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol, CREST, Kawaguchi, Saitama 3320012, Japan.
   Univ Strasbourg 1, Coll France, CNRS,INSERM, Inst Genet & Biol Mol & Cellulaire, F-67404 Strasbourg, France.
   Univ Tsukuba, TARA Ctr, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058577, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Taiho Pharmaceutical; National Institute for Environmental Studies - Japan; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Universite PSL; College de France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); University of Tsukuba
RP Kato, S (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Inst Mol & Cellular Biosci, Bunkyo Ku, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Tokyo 1130032, Japan.
NR 30
TC 643
Z9 758
U1 1
U2 106
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 29
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6939
BP 545
EP 550
DI 10.1038/nature01606
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 683RH
UT WOS:000183162900045
PM 12774124
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Huynh, KD
   Lee, JT
AF Huynh, KD
   Lee, JT
TI Inheritance of a pre-inactivated paternal X chromosome in early mouse embryos
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID xist rna accumulation; gene-expression; stage
AB In mammals, dosage compensation ensures equal X-chromosome expression between males (XY) and females (XX) by transcriptionally silencing one X chromosome in XX embryos(1). In the prevailing view, the XX zygote inherits two active X chromosomes, one each from the mother and father, and X inactivation does not occur until after implantation(2-6). Here, we report evidence to the contrary in mice. We find that one X chromosome is already silent at zygotic gene activation (2-cell stage). This X chromosome is paternal in origin and exhibits a gradient of silencing. Genes close to the X-inactivation centre show the greatest degree of inactivation, whereas more distal genes show variable inactivation and can partially escape silencing. After implantation, imprinted silencing in extraembryonic tissues becomes globalized and more complete on a gene-by-gene basis. These results argue that the XX embryo is in fact dosage compensated at conception along much of the X chromosome. We propose that imprinted X inactivation results from inheritance of a pre-inactivated X chromosome from the paternal germ line.
C1 Harvard Univ, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Mol Biol,Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard Medical School
RP Lee, JT (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Mol Biol,Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
EM lee@frodo.mgh.harvard.edu
NR 30
TC 308
Z9 361
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 18
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6968
BP 857
EP 862
DI 10.1038/nature02222
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 754QM
UT WOS:000187342000063
PM 14661031
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Aungst, JL
   Heyward, PM
   Puche, AC
   Karnup, SV
   Hayar, A
   Szabo, G
   Shipley, MT
AF Aungst, JL
   Heyward, PM
   Puche, AC
   Karnup, SV
   Hayar, A
   Szabo, G
   Shipley, MT
TI Centre-surround inhibition among olfactory bulb glomeruli
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID presynaptic inhibition; mitral cells; rat; layer; representations; localization; organization; propagation; responses; neuropil
AB Centre - surround inhibition - the suppression of activity of neighbouring cells by a central group of neurons - is a fundamental mechanism that increases contrast in patterned sensory processing. The initial stage of neural processing in olfaction occurs in olfactory bulb glomeruli, but evidence for functional interactions between glomeruli is fragmentary. Here we show that the so- called ' short axon' cells, contrary to their name, send interglomerular axons over long distances to form excitatory synapses with inhibitory periglomerular neurons up to 20 - 30 glomeruli away. Interglomerular excitation of these periglomerular cells potently inhibits mitral cells and forms an on- centre, off- surround circuit. This interglomerular centre - surround inhibitory network, along with the well- established mitral - granule - mitral inhibitory circuit, forms a serial, two- stage inhibitory circuit that could enhance spatiotemporal responses to odours.
C1 Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Dept Anat & Neurobiol, Program Neurosci, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA.
   Hungarian Acad Sci, Inst Expt Med, Dept Gene Technol & Dev Neurobiol, Budapest, Hungary.
C3 University System of Maryland; University of Maryland Baltimore; HUN-REN; HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine; Hungarian Academy of Sciences
RP Shipley, MT (corresponding author), Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Dept Anat & Neurobiol, Program Neurosci, Room 222,685 W Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA.
EM mshipley@umaryland.edu
NR 47
TC 326
Z9 400
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 11
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6967
BP 623
EP 629
DI 10.1038/nature02185
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 752DY
UT WOS:000187132800031
PM 14668854
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Houde, M
   Bertholet, S
   Gagnon, E
   Brunet, S
   Goyette, G
   Laplante, A
   Princiotta, MF
   Thibault, P
   Sacks, D
   Desjardins, M
AF Houde, M
   Bertholet, S
   Gagnon, E
   Brunet, S
   Goyette, G
   Laplante, A
   Princiotta, MF
   Thibault, P
   Sacks, D
   Desjardins, M
TI Phagosomes are competent organelles for antigen cross-presentation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mhc class-i; cd8(+) t-cells; endoplasmic-reticulum; membrane-protein; complex; phagocytosis; activation; pathway; cytosol; localization
AB The ability to process microbial antigens and present them at the surface of cells is an important aspect of our innate ability to clear infections. It is generally accepted that antigens in the cytoplasm are loaded in the endoplasmic reticulum and presented at the cell surface on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules, whereas peptides present in endo/phagocytic compartments are presented on MHC class II molecules(1,2). Despite the apparent segregation of the class I and class II pathways, antigens from intracellular pathogens including mycobacteria, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Brucella abortus and Leishmania, have been shown to elicit an MHCclass-I-dependent CD8(+) T-cell response(3-7), a process referred to as cross-presentation(2). The cellular mechanisms allowing the cross-presentation pathway are poorly understood. Here we show that phagosomes display the elements and properties needed to be self-sufficient for the cross-presentation of exogenous antigens, a newly ascribed function linked to phagocytosis mediated by the endoplasmic reticulum.
C1 Univ Montreal, Dept Pathol & Biol Cellulaire, Montreal, PQ H3C 3J7, Canada.
   NIAID, Parasit Dis Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   NIAID, Viral Dis Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Caprion Pharmaceut Inc, Montreal, PQ H45 2C8, Canada.
C3 Universite de Montreal; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
RP Desjardins, M (corresponding author), Univ Montreal, Dept Pathol & Biol Cellulaire, CP6128,Succ Ctr Ville, Montreal, PQ H3C 3J7, Canada.
FU National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [ZIAAI000494] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 27
TC 585
Z9 700
U1 0
U2 36
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 25
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6956
BP 402
EP 406
DI 10.1038/nature01912
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 724TG
UT WOS:000185502300042
PM 14508490
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pham, P
   Bransteitter, R
   Petruska, J
   Goodman, MF
AF Pham, P
   Bransteitter, R
   Petruska, J
   Goodman, MF
TI Processive AID-catalysed cytosine deamination on single-stranded DNA simulates somatic hypermutation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID immunoglobulin genes; polymerase-eta; recombination; mechanisms; mutations; fidelity; sequence; region; repair
AB Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is a protein required for B cells to undergo class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation (SHM)-two processes essential for producing high-affinity antibodies(1). Purified AID catalyses the deamination of C to U on single-stranded (ss) DNA(2-4). Here, we show in vitro that AID-catalysed C deaminations occur preferentially on 5' WRC sequences in accord with SHM spectra observed in vivo. Although about 98% of DNA clones suffer no mutations, most of the remaining mutated clones have 10-70 C to T transitions per clone. Therefore, AID carries out multiple C deaminations on individual DNA strands, rather than jumping from one strand to another. The avid binding of AID to ssDNA could result from its large net positive charge (+11) at pH 7.0, owing to a basic amino-terminal domain enriched in arginine and lysine. Furthermore, AID exhibits a 15-fold preference for C deamination on the non-transcribed DNA strand exposed by RNA polymerase than the transcribed strand protected as a RNA-DNA hybrid. These deamination results on ssDNA bear relevance to three characteristic features of SHM: preferential mutation at C sites within WRC hotspot sequences, the broad clonal mutagenic heterogeneity of antibody variable regions targeted for mutation(5,6), and the requirement for active transcription to obtain mutagenesis(7),(8).
C1 Univ So Calif, Dept Biol Sci, Hedco Mol Biol Labs, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA.
   Univ So Calif, Dept Chem, Hedco Mol Biol Labs, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA.
C3 University of Southern California; University of Southern California
RP Goodman, MF (corresponding author), Univ So Calif, Dept Biol Sci, Hedco Mol Biol Labs, Univ Pk, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA.
EM mgoodman@usc.edu
NR 27
TC 547
Z9 671
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 3
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6944
BP 103
EP 107
DI 10.1038/nature01760
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 696XL
UT WOS:000183912800049
PM 12819663
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Garg, V
   Kathiriyra, IS
   Barnes, R
   Schluterman, MK
   King, IN
   Butler, CA
   Rothrock, CR
   Eapen, RS
   Hirayama-Yamada, K
   Joo, K
   Matsuoka, R
   Cohen, JC
   Srivastava, D
AF Garg, V
   Kathiriyra, IS
   Barnes, R
   Schluterman, MK
   King, IN
   Butler, CA
   Rothrock, CR
   Eapen, RS
   Hirayama-Yamada, K
   Joo, K
   Matsuoka, R
   Cohen, JC
   Srivastava, D
TI GATA4 mutations cause human congenital heart defects and reveal an interaction with TBX5
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are the most common developmental anomaly and are the leading non-infectious cause of mortality in newborns(1). Only one causative gene, NKX2-5, has been identified through genetic linkage analysis of pedigrees with non-syndromic CHDs(2,3). Here, we show that isolated cardiac septal defects in a large pedigree were linked to chromosome 8p22-23. A heterozygous G296S missense mutation of GATA4, a transcription factor essential for heart formation(4-7), was found in all available affected family members but not in any control individuals. This mutation resulted in diminished DNA-binding affinity and transcriptional activity of Gata4. Furthermore, the Gata4 mutation abrogated a physical interaction between Gata4 and TBX5, a T-box protein responsible for a subset of syndromic cardiac septal defects(8,9). Conversely, interaction of Gata4 and TBX5 was disrupted by specific human TBX5 missense mutations that cause similar cardiac septal defects. In a second family, we identified a frame-shift mutation of GATA4 (E359del) that was transcriptionally inactive and segregated with cardiac septal defects. These results implicate GATA4 as a genetic cause of human cardiac septal defects, perhaps through its interaction with TBX5.
C1 Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Mol Biol, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Internal Med, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, McDermott Ctr Human Growth & Dev, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Tokyo Womens Med Univ, Grad Sch Med, Inst Adv Biomed Engn & Sci, Div Genom Med, Tokyo 1628666, Japan.
   Tokyo Womens Med Univ, Heart Inst Japan, Tokyo 1628666, Japan.
   Kyusyu Kosei Nenkin Hosp, Dept Pediat, Fukuoka 8068501, Japan.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas; Tokyo Women's Medical University; Tokyo Women's Medical University
RP Garg, V (corresponding author), Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd,Rm NA8-124, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
EM Vidu.Garg@UTSouthwestern.edu; Deepak.Srivastava@UTSouthwestern.edu
FU NHLBI NIH HHS [L40 HL078465] Funding Source: Medline; NICHD NIH HHS [K08 HD001382] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 964
Z9 1164
U1 1
U2 66
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 24
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6947
BP 443
EP 447
DI 10.1038/nature01827
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 704BT
UT WOS:000184318400047
PM 12845333
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kile, BT
   Hentges, KE
   Clark, AT
   Nakamura, H
   Salinger, AP
   Liu, B
   Box, N
   Stockton, DW
   Johnson, RL
   Behringer, RR
   Bradley, A
   Justice, MJ
AF Kile, BT
   Hentges, KE
   Clark, AT
   Nakamura, H
   Salinger, AP
   Liu, B
   Box, N
   Stockton, DW
   Johnson, RL
   Behringer, RR
   Bradley, A
   Justice, MJ
TI Functional genetic analysis of mouse chromosome 11
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID renal tubular-acidosis; ethyl-n-nitrosourea; targeted disruption; membrane skeleton; mouse; mutations; band-3; mutagenesis; genome; mice
AB Now that the mouse and human genome sequences are complete, biologists need systematic approaches to determine the function of each gene(1,2). A powerful way to discover gene function is to determine the consequence of mutations in living organisms. Large-scale production of mouse mutations with the point mutagen N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) is a key strategy for analysing the human genome because mouse mutants will reveal functions unique to mammals, and many may model human diseases(3). To examine genes conserved between human and mouse, we performed a recessive ENU mutagenesis screen that uses a balancer chromosome, inversion chromosome 11 (refs 4, 5). Initially identified in the fruitfly, balancer chromosomes are valuable genetic tools that allow the easy isolation of mutations on selected chromosomes(6). Here we show the isolation of 230 new recessive mouse mutations, 88 of which are on chromosome 11. This genetic strategy efficiently generates and maps mutations on a single chromosome, even as mutations throughout the genome are discovered. The mutations reveal new defects in haematopoiesis, craniofacial and cardiovascular development, and fertility.
C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol & Human Genet, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Univ Texas, MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Univ Texas, MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Dept Mol Genet, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
C3 Baylor College of Medicine; University of Texas System; UTMD Anderson Cancer Center; University of Texas System; UTMD Anderson Cancer Center
RP Justice, MJ (corresponding author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol & Human Genet, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
EM mjustice@bcm.tmc.edu
NR 30
TC 163
Z9 187
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 4
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6953
BP 81
EP 86
DI 10.1038/nature01865
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 717LD
UT WOS:000185089200042
PM 12955145
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gordon, AL
   Susanto, RD
   Vranes, K
AF Gordon, AL
   Susanto, RD
   Vranes, K
TI Cool Indonesian throughflow as a consequence of restricted surface layer flow
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID indian-ocean; makassar strait; heat-transport; climate system; pacific; circulation; budget; water; fluxes; seas
AB Approximately 10 million m(3) s(-1) of water flow from the Pacific Ocean into the Indian Ocean through the Indonesian seas(1). Within the Makassar Strait, the primary pathway of the flow(2), the Indonesian throughflow is far cooler than estimated earlier, as pointed out recently on the basis of ocean current and temperature measurements(3,4). Here we analyse ocean current and stratification data along with satellite-derived wind measurements, and find that during the boreal winter monsoon, the wind drives buoyant, low-salinity Java Sea surface water into the southern Makassar Strait, creating a northward pressure gradient in the surface layer of the strait. This surface layer 'freshwater plug' inhibits the warm surface water from the Pacific Ocean from flowing southward into the Indian Ocean, leading to a cooler Indian Ocean sea surface(5-7), which in turnmay weaken the Asian monsoon(8). The summer wind reversal eliminates the obstructing pressure gradient, by transferring more- saline Banda Sea surface water into the southern Makassar Strait. The coupling of the southeast Asian freshwater budget to the Pacific and Indian Ocean surface temperatures by the proposed mechanism may represent an important negative feedback within the climate system.
C1 Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
C3 Columbia University
RP Gordon, AL (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
NR 29
TC 234
Z9 293
U1 2
U2 57
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 23
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6960
BP 824
EP 828
DI 10.1038/nature02038
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 735ME
UT WOS:000186118500042
PM 14574409
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU van der Marel, D
   Molegraaf, HJA
   Zaanen, J
   Nussinov, Z
   Carbone, F
   Damascelli, A
   Eisaki, H
   Greven, M
   Kes, PH
   Li, M
AF van der Marel, D
   Molegraaf, HJA
   Zaanen, J
   Nussinov, Z
   Carbone, F
   Damascelli, A
   Eisaki, H
   Greven, M
   Kes, PH
   Li, M
TI Quantum critical behaviour in a high-Tc superconductor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID optical conductivity; pseudogap state; anisotropy; transport; yba2cu3o7; crystals
AB Quantum criticality is associated with a system composed of a nearly infinite number of interacting quantum degrees of freedom at zero temperature, and it implies that the system looks on average the same regardless of the time- and length scale on which it is observed. Electrons on the atomic scale do not exhibit such symmetry, which can only be generated as a collective phenomenon through the interactions between a large number of electrons. In materials with strong electron correlations a quantum phase transition at zero temperature can occur, and a quantum critical state has been predicted(1,2), which manifests itself through universal power-law behaviours of the response functions. Candidates have been found both in heavy-fermion systems(3) and in the high-transition temperature (high-Tc) copper oxide superconductors(4), but the reality and the physical nature of such a phase transition are still debated(5-7). Here we report a universal behaviour that is characteristic of the quantum critical region. We demonstrate that the experimentally measured phase angle agrees precisely with the exponent of the optical conductivity. This points towards a quantum phase transition of an unconventional kind in the high-Tc superconductors.
C1 Univ Groningen, Ctr Mat Sci, NL-9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands.
   Leiden Univ, Leiden Inst Phys, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Appl Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 University of Groningen; Leiden University; Leiden University - Excl LUMC; Stanford University; Stanford University; United States Department of Energy (DOE); SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
RP van der Marel, D (corresponding author), Univ Geneva, Dept Phys Mat Condensee, 24 Quai E Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
EM dirk.vandermarel@physics.unige.ch
NR 25
TC 298
Z9 331
U1 1
U2 72
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 18
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6955
BP 271
EP 274
DI 10.1038/nature01978
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 722JA
UT WOS:000185370900038
PM 13679910
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ye, KQ
   Malinina, L
   Patel, DJ
AF Ye, KQ
   Malinina, L
   Patel, DJ
TI Recognition of small interfering RNA by a viral suppressor of RNA silencing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID double-stranded-rna; gene; system; pcr
AB RNA silencing (also known as RNA interference) is a conserved biological response to double-stranded RNA that regulates gene expression, and has evolved in plants as a defence against viruses(1-3). The response is mediated by small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), which guide the sequence-specific degradation of cognate messenger RNAs. As a counter-defence, many viruses encode proteins that specifically inhibit the silencing machinery(3,4). The p19 protein from the tombusvirus is such a viral suppressor of RNA silencing(5) and has been shown to bind specifically to siRNA(6). Here, we report the 1.85-Angstrom crystal structure of p19 bound to a 21-nucleotide siRNA, where the 19-basepair RNA duplex is cradled within the concave face of a continuous eight-stranded beta-sheet, formed across the p19 homodimer interface. Direct and water-mediated intermolecular contacts are restricted to the backbone phosphates and sugar 20-OH groups, consistent with sequence-independent p19-siRNA recognition. Two alpha-helical 'reading heads' project from opposite ends of the p19 homodimer and position pairs of tryptophans for stacking over the terminal base pairs, thereby measuring and bracketing both ends of the siRNA duplex. Our structure provides an illustration of siRNA sequestering by a viral protein.
C1 Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Struct Biol Program, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
RP Patel, DJ (corresponding author), Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Struct Biol Program, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM pateld@mskcc.org
FU NCI NIH HHS [P30 CA008748] Funding Source: Medline; NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI068776] Funding Source: Medline; National Cancer Institute [P30CA008748] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 24
TC 345
Z9 395
U1 0
U2 37
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 18
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6968
BP 874
EP 878
DI 10.1038/nature02213
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 754QM
UT WOS:000187342000067
PM 14661029
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhou, XJ
   Yoshida, T
   Lanzara, A
   Bogdanov, PV
   Kellar, SA
   Shen, KM
   Yang, WL
   Ronning, F
   Sasagawa, T
   Kakeshita, T
   Noda, T
   Eisaki, H
   Uchida, S
   Lin, CT
   Zhou, F
   Xiong, JW
   Ti, WX
   Zhao, ZX
   Fujimori, A
   Hussain, Z
   Shen, ZX
AF Zhou, XJ
   Yoshida, T
   Lanzara, A
   Bogdanov, PV
   Kellar, SA
   Shen, KM
   Yang, WL
   Ronning, F
   Sasagawa, T
   Kakeshita, T
   Noda, T
   Eisaki, H
   Uchida, S
   Lin, CT
   Zhou, F
   Xiong, JW
   Ti, WX
   Zhao, ZX
   Fujimori, A
   Hussain, Z
   Shen, ZX
TI Universal nodal Fermi velocity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electronic-structure; normal-state; superconductors; bi2sr2cacu2o8+delta; la2-xsrxcuo4; temperature; pseudogap; plane; gap; tc
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Phys Appl Phys & SSRL, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Adv Light Source, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Tokyo, Dept Phys, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 113, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Dept Superconduct, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 113, Japan.
   Max Planck Inst Festkorperforsch, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
   Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Phys, Natl Lab Superconduct, Beijing 100080, Peoples R China.
C3 Stanford University; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of Tokyo; University of Tokyo; Max Planck Society; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Physics, CAS
RP Zhou, XJ (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Phys Appl Phys & SSRL, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM xjzhou@lbl.gov
NR 13
TC 306
Z9 329
U1 1
U2 93
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 22
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6938
BP 398
EP 398
DI 10.1038/423398a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 681AJ
UT WOS:000183012000028
PM 12761537
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kovalenko, A
   Chable-Bessia, C
   Cantarella, G
   Israël, A
   Wallach, D
   Courtois, G
AF Kovalenko, A
   Chable-Bessia, C
   Cantarella, G
   Israël, A
   Wallach, D
   Courtois, G
TI The tumour suppressor CYLD negatively regulates NF-κB signalling by deubiquitination
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID kinase complex; interfering rnas; activation; ikk; pathways; enzymes; system; gamma; traf2; gene
AB NF-kappaB transcription factors have key roles in inflammation, immune response, oncogenesis and protection against apoptosis (1,2). In most cells, these factors are kept inactive in the cytoplasm through association with IkappaB inhibitors. After stimulation by various reagents, IkappaB is phosphorylated by the IkappaB kinase (IKK) complex(3) and degraded by the proteasome, allowing NF-kappaB to translocate to the nucleus and activate its target genes. Here we report that CYLD, a tumour suppressor that is mutated in familial cylindromatosis(4), interacts with NEMO, the regulatory subunit of IKK5,6. CYLD also interacts directly with tumour-necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-associated factor 2 (TRAF2), an adaptor molecule involved in signalling by members of the family of TNF/ nerve growth factor receptors. CYLD has deubiquitinating activity that is directed towards non-K48-linked polyubiquitin chains, and negatively modulates TRAF-mediated activation of IKK, strengthening the notion that ubiquitination is involved in IKK activation by TRAFs and suggesting that CYLD functions in this process. Truncations of CYLD found in cylindromatosis result in reduced enzymatic activity, indicating a link between impaired deubiquitination of CYLD substrates and human pathophysiology.
C1 Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Biol Chem, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
   Inst Pasteur, CNRS, URA 2582, Unite Biol Mol Express Gen, F-75015 Paris, France.
   Univ Catania, Dept Expt & Clin Pharmacol, Sch Med, I-95125 Catania, Italy.
C3 Weizmann Institute of Science; Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); University of Catania
RP Wallach, D (corresponding author), Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Biol Chem, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
NR 22
TC 879
Z9 1011
U1 0
U2 60
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 14
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6950
BP 801
EP 805
DI 10.1038/nature01802
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 711HQ
UT WOS:000184733900046
PM 12917691
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Akahane, Y
   Asano, T
   Song, BS
   Noda, S
AF Akahane, Y
   Asano, T
   Song, BS
   Noda, S
TI High-Q photonic nanocavity in a two-dimensional photonic crystal
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID band-gap; cavity; laser; mode; microcavity; emission; defect
AB Photonic cavities that strongly confine light are finding applications in many areas of physics and engineering, including coherent electron - photon interactions(1), ultra-small filters(2,3), low-threshold lasers(4), photonic chips(5), nonlinear optics(6) and quantum information processing(7). Critical for these applications is the realization of a cavity with both high quality factor, Q, and small modal volume, V. The ratio Q/V determines the strength of the various cavity interactions, and an ultra-small cavity enables large-scale integration and single-mode operation for a broad range of wavelengths. However, a high-Q cavity of optical wavelength size is difficult to fabricate, as radiation loss increases in inverse proportion to cavity size. With the exception of a few recent theoretical studies(8-10), definitive theories and experiments for creating high-Q nanocavities have not been extensively investigated. Here we use a silicon-based two-dimensional photonic-crystal slab to fabricate a nanocavity with Q = 45,000 and V = 7.0 x 10(-14) cm(3); the value of Q/V is 10-100 times larger than in previous studies(4,11 - 14). Underlying this development is the realization that light should be confined gently in order to be confined strongly. Integration with other photonic elements is straightforward, and a large free spectral range of 100 nm has been demonstrated.
C1 Kyoto Univ, Dept Elect Sci & Engn, Nishikyo Ku, Kyoto 6158510, Japan.
   Sumitomo Elect Ind Ltd, Adv Mat R&D Labs, Itami, Hyogo 6640016, Japan.
C3 Kyoto University; Sumitomo Electric Industries
RP Noda, S (corresponding author), Kyoto Univ, Dept Elect Sci & Engn, Nishikyo Ku, Kyoto 6158510, Japan.
EM snoda@kuee.kyoto-u.ac.jp
NR 17
TC 2411
Z9 2709
U1 33
U2 1058
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 30
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6961
BP 944
EP 947
DI 10.1038/nature02063
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 737KY
UT WOS:000186230600037
PM 14586465
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jumaa, H
   Bossaller, L
   Portugal, K
   Storch, B
   Lotz, M
   Flemming, A
   Schrappe, M
   Postila, V
   Riikonen, P
   Pelkonen, J
   Niemeyer, CM
   Reth, M
AF Jumaa, H
   Bossaller, L
   Portugal, K
   Storch, B
   Lotz, M
   Flemming, A
   Schrappe, M
   Postila, V
   Riikonen, P
   Pelkonen, J
   Niemeyer, CM
   Reth, M
TI Deficiency of the adaptor SLP-65 in pre-B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID drosophila-trithorax; antigen receptor; acute leukemias; linker protein; expression; childhood; translocations; activation; gene; mice
AB Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is the commonest form of childhood malignancy, and most cases arise from B-cell clones arrested at the pre-B-cell stage of differentiation(1,2). The molecular events that arrest pre-B-cell differentiation in the leukaemic pre-B cells have not been well characterized. Here we show that the differentiation regulator SLP-65 (an adaptor protein also called BLNK or BASH(3-6)) inhibits pre-B-cell leukaemia in mice. Reconstitution of SLP-65 expression in a SLP-65(-/-) pre-B-cell line led to enhanced differentiation in vitro and prevented the development of pre-B-cell leukaemia in immune-deficient mice. Tyrosine 96 of SLP-65 was required for this activity. The murine SLP-65(-/-) pre-B-cell leukaemia resembles human childhood pre-B ALL. Indeed, 16 of the 34 childhood pre-B ALL samples that were tested showed a complete loss or drastic reduction of SLP-65 expression. This loss is probably due to the incorporation of alternative exons into SLP-65 transcripts, leading to premature stop codons. Thus, the somatic loss of SLP-65 and the accompanying block in pre-B-cell differentiation might be one of the primary causes of childhood pre-B ALL.
C1 Univ Freiburg, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Immunobiol, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany.
   Med Sch Hanover, Childrens Hosp, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
   Univ Kuopio, Dept Clin Microbiol, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
   Kuopio Univ Hosp, Dept Clin Microbiol, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
   Kuopio Univ Hosp, Dept Pediat, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
   Freiburg Univ Hosp, Dept Pediat & Adolescent Med, Div Pediat Hematol & Oncol, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany.
C3 University of Freiburg; Max Planck Society; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio University Hospital; Kuopio University Hospital; University of Freiburg
RP Reth, M (corresponding author), Univ Freiburg, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany.
NR 28
TC 115
Z9 136
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 22
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6938
BP 452
EP 456
DI 10.1038/nature01608
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 681AJ
UT WOS:000183012000045
PM 12761551
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stevens, JA
   Ivison, RJ
   Dunlop, JS
   Smail, IR
   Percival, WJ
   Hughes, DH
   Röttgering, HJA
   van Breugel, WJM
   Reuland, M
AF Stevens, JA
   Ivison, RJ
   Dunlop, JS
   Smail, IR
   Percival, WJ
   Hughes, DH
   Röttgering, HJA
   van Breugel, WJM
   Reuland, M
TI The formation of cluster elliptical galaxies as revealed by extensive star formation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID redshift radio galaxy; black-holes; dust; emission; mergers; quasars; protocluster; absorption; alignment; bulges
AB The most massive galaxies in the present-day Universe are found to lie in the centres of rich clusters. They have old, coeval stellar populations suggesting that the bulk of their stars must have formed at early epochs in spectacular starbursts(1), which should be luminous phenomena when observed at submillimetre wavelengths(2). The most popular model of galaxy formation predicts that these galaxies formin proto-clusters at high-density peaks in the early Universe(3). Such peaks are indicated by massive high-redshift radio galaxies(4). Here we report deep submillimetre mapping of seven high-redshift radio galaxies and their environments. These data confirm not only the presence of spatially extended regions of massive star-formation activity in the radio galaxies themselves, but also in companion objects previously undetected at any wavelength. The prevalence, orientation, and inferred masses of these submillimetre companion galaxies suggest that we are witnessing the synchronous formation of the most luminous elliptical galaxies found today at the centres of rich clusters of galaxies.
C1 Royal Observ, Astron Technol Ctr, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Univ Edinburgh, Inst Astron, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Univ Durham, Inst Computat Cosmol, Durham DH1 3LE, England.
   Inst Nacl Astrofis Opt & Elect, Puebla 72000, Mexico.
   Leiden Observ, NL-2300 Leiden, Netherlands.
   Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Livermore, CA 94459 USA.
C3 University of Edinburgh; University of Edinburgh; Durham University; Instituto Nacional de Astrofisica, Optica y Electronica; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
RP Stevens, JA (corresponding author), Royal Observ, Astron Technol Ctr, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, Midlothian, Scotland.
NR 30
TC 167
Z9 176
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 18
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6955
BP 264
EP 267
DI 10.1038/nature01976
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 722JA
UT WOS:000185370900036
PM 13679908
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Johnston, RJ Jr
   Hobert, O
AF Johnston, RJ Jr
   Hobert, O
TI A microRNA controlling left/right neuronal asymmetry in Caenorhabditis elegans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chemosensory neurons; nervous-system; expression; rnas; lim-6
AB How left/right functional asymmetry is layered on top of an anatomically symmetrical nervous system is poorly understood. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, two morphologically bilateral taste receptor neurons, ASE left (ASEL) and ASE right (ASER), display a left/right asymmetrical expression pattern of putative chemoreceptor genes that correlates with a diversification of chemosensory specificities(1,2). Here we show that a previously undefined microRNA termed lsy-6 controls this neuronal left/right asymmetry of chemosensory receptor expression. lsy-6 mutants that we retrieved from a genetic screen for defects in neuronal left/right asymmetry display a loss of the ASEL-specific chemoreceptor expression profile with a concomitant gain of the ASER-specific profile. Alsy-6 reporter gene construct is expressed in less than ten neurons including ASEL, but not ASER. lsy-6 exerts its effects on ASEL through repression of cog-1, an Nkx-type homeobox gene, which contains a lsy-6 complementary site in its 30 untranslated region and that has been shown to control ASE-specific chemoreceptor expression profiles(3). lsy-6 is the first microRNA to our knowledge with a role in neuronal patterning, providing new insights into left/right axis formation.
C1 Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Biochem & Mol Biophys, Ctr Neurobiol & Behav, New York, NY 10032 USA.
C3 Columbia University
RP Hobert, O (corresponding author), Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Biochem & Mol Biophys, Ctr Neurobiol & Behav, 701 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032 USA.
EM or38@columbia.edu
NR 22
TC 603
Z9 788
U1 0
U2 30
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 18
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6968
BP 845
EP 849
DI 10.1038/nature02255
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 754QM
UT WOS:000187342000060
PM 14685240
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yoshimura, T
   Yasuo, S
   Watanabe, M
   Iigo, M
   Yamamura, T
   Hirunagi, K
   Ebihara, S
AF Yoshimura, T
   Yasuo, S
   Watanabe, M
   Iigo, M
   Yamamura, T
   Hirunagi, K
   Ebihara, S
TI Light-induced hormone conversion of T4 to T3 regulates photoperiodic response of gonads in birds
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID circadian clock genes; japanese-quail; electrical-stimulation; gonadotrophin release; tuberal hypothalamus; testicular growth; thyroidectomy; expression; thyroxine; rhythmicity
AB Reproduction of many temperate zone birds is under photoperiodic control. The Japanese quail is an excellent model for studying the mechanism of photoperiodic time measurement because of its distinct and marked response to changing photoperiods. Studies on this animal have suggested that the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) is an important centre controlling photoperiodic time measurement(1-8). Here we report that expression in the MBH of the gene encoding type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (Dio2), which catalyses the intracellular deiodination of thyroxine (T-4) prohormone to the active 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T-3), is induced by light in Japanese quail. Intracerebroventricular administration of T-3 mimics the photoperiodic response, whereas the Dio2 inhibitor iopanoic acid prevents gonadal growth. These findings demonstrate that light-induced Dio2 expression in the MBH may be involved in the photoperiodic response of gonads in Japanese quail.
C1 Nagoya Univ, Grad Sch Bioagr Sci, Div Biomodeling, Chikusa Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 4648601, Japan.
   Nagoya Univ Museum, Chikusa Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 4648601, Japan.
   Utsunomiya Univ, Fac Agr, Dept Appl Biol Chem, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 3218505, Japan.
C3 Nagoya University; Nagoya University; Utsunomiya University
RP Yoshimura, T (corresponding author), Nagoya Univ, Grad Sch Bioagr Sci, Div Biomodeling, Chikusa Ku, Furo Cho, Nagoya, Aichi 4648601, Japan.
NR 28
TC 433
Z9 485
U1 3
U2 68
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 13
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6963
BP 178
EP 181
DI 10.1038/nature02117
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 742LA
UT WOS:000186517200043
PM 14614506
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lee, PN
   Callaerts, P
   de Couet, HG
   Martindale, MQ
AF Lee, PN
   Callaerts, P
   de Couet, HG
   Martindale, MQ
TI Cephalopod Hox genes and the origin of morphological novelties
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID squid euprymna-scolopes; b-like gene; expression; evolution; shell; brain; organ
AB Cephalopods are a diverse group of highly derived molluscs, including nautiluses, squids, octopuses and cuttlefish. Evolution of the cephalopod body plan from a monoplacophoran-like ancestor(1) entailed the origin of several key morphological innovations contributing to their impressive evolutionary success(2). Recruitment of regulatory genes(3), or even pre-existing regulatory networks(4), may be a common genetic mechanism for generating new structures. Hox genes encode a family of transcriptional regulatory proteins with a highly conserved role in axial patterning in bilaterians(5); however, examples highlighting the importance of Hox gene recruitment for new developmental functions are also known(6,7). Here we examined developmental expression patterns for eight out of nine Hox genes(8) in the Hawaiian bobtail squid Euprymna scolopes, by whole-mount in situ hybridization. Our data show that Hox orthologues have been recruited multiple times and in many ways in the origin of new cephalopod structures. The manner in which these genes have been co-opted during cephalopod evolution provides insight to the nature of the molecular mechanisms driving morphological change in the Lophotrochozoa, a clade exhibiting the greatest diversity of body plans in the Metazoa.
C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Zool, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   Univ Hawaii, Kewalo Marine Lab, Pacific Biomed Res Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA.
   Univ Houston, Dept Biol & Biochem, Houston, TX 77204 USA.
C3 University of Hawaii System; University of Hawaii Manoa; University of Hawaii System; University of Houston System; University of Houston
RP de Couet, HG (corresponding author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Zool, 2538 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
NR 30
TC 156
Z9 173
U1 0
U2 58
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 28
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6952
BP 1061
EP 1065
DI 10.1038/nature01872
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 715QR
UT WOS:000184984200045
PM 12944969
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Theobald, JA
   Oxtoby, NS
   Phillips, MA
   Champness, NR
   Beton, PH
AF Theobald, JA
   Oxtoby, NS
   Phillips, MA
   Champness, NR
   Beton, PH
TI Controlling molecular deposition and layer structure with supramolecular surface assemblies
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID scanning-tunneling-microscopy; terminated si(111); organic-molecules; trimesic acid; nanostructures; adsorption; monolayer; system; model; c-60
AB Selective non-covalent interactions have been widely exploited in solution-based chemistry to direct the assembly of molecules into nanometre-sized functional structures such as capsules, switches and prototype machines(1-5). More recently, the concepts of supramolecular organization have also been applied to two-dimensional assemblies on surfaces(6,7) stabilized by hydrogen bonding(8-14), dipolar coupling(15-17) or metal co-ordination(18). Structures realized to date include isolated rows(8,13-15), clusters(9,10,18) and extended networks(10-12,17), as well as more complex multicomponent arrangements(16). Another approach to controlling surface structures uses adsorbed molecular monolayers to create preferential binding sites that accommodate individual target molecules(19,20). Here we combine these approaches, by using hydrogen bonding to guide the assembly of two types of molecules into a two-dimensional open honeycomb network that then controls and templates new surface phases formed by subsequently deposited fullerene molecules. We find that the open network acts as a two-dimensional array of large pores of sufficient capacity to accommodate several large guest molecules, with the network itself also serving as a template for the formation of a fullerene layer.
C1 Univ Nottingham, Sch Chem, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England.
   Univ Nottingham, Sch Phys & Astron, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England.
C3 University of Nottingham; University of Nottingham
RP Champness, NR (corresponding author), Univ Nottingham, Sch Chem, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England.
EM Neil.Champness@nottingham.ac.uk; Peter.Beton@nottingham.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 1013
Z9 1083
U1 5
U2 421
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 28
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6952
BP 1029
EP 1031
DI 10.1038/nature01915
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 715QR
UT WOS:000184984200036
PM 12944962
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Giles, J
AF Giles, J
TI Crime prevention - The lab arm of the law
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 5
TC 1
Z9 2
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 6
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6927
BP 13
EP 14
DI 10.1038/422013a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 651VP
UT WOS:000181343100012
PM 12621406
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fenn, KM
   Nusbaum, HC
   Margoliash, D
AF Fenn, KM
   Nusbaum, HC
   Margoliash, D
TI Consolidation during sleep of perceptual learning of spoken language
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID synthetic speech; motor cortex; memory; skill; improvement; performance; plasticity
AB Memory consolidation resulting from sleep has been seen broadly: in verbal list learning(1), spatial learning(2,3), and skill acquisition in visual(4-8) and motor(9-11) tasks. These tasks do not generalize across spatial locations or motor sequences, or to different stimuli in the same location(5,11,12). Although episodic rote learning constitutes a large part of any organism's learning, generalization is a hallmark of adaptive behaviour(13). In speech, the same phoneme often has different acoustic patterns depending on context. Training on a small set of words improves performance on novel words using the same phonemes but with different acoustic patterns, demonstrating perceptual generalization(14). Here we show a role of sleep in the consolidation of a naturalistic spoken-language learning task that produces generalization of phonological categories across different acoustic patterns. Recognition performance immediately after training showed a significant improvement that subsequently degraded over the span of a day's retention interval, but completely recovered following sleep. Thus, sleep facilitates the recovery and subsequent retention of material learned opportunistically at any time throughout the day. Performance recovery indicates that representations and mappings associated with generalization are refined and stabilized during sleep.
C1 Univ Chicago, Dept Psychol, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Organismal Biol & Anat, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
C3 University of Chicago; University of Chicago
RP Fenn, KM (corresponding author), Univ Chicago, Dept Psychol, 5848 S Univ Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
NR 24
TC 313
Z9 370
U1 0
U2 47
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 9
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6958
BP 614
EP 616
DI 10.1038/nature01951
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 729XU
UT WOS:000185801000036
PM 14534586
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Poskanzer, KE
   Marek, KW
   Sweeney, ST
   Davis, GW
AF Poskanzer, KE
   Marek, KW
   Sweeney, ST
   Davis, GW
TI Synaptotagmin I is necessary for compensatory synaptic vesicle endocytosis in vivo
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neurotransmitter release; c2b domain; drosophila; mutants; synapses; regulator; binding; sensor
AB Neurotransmission requires a balance of synaptic vesicle exocytosis and endocytosis(1). Synaptotagmin I (Syt I) is widely regarded as the primary calcium sensor for synaptic vesicle exocytosis(2-6). Previous biochemical data suggest that Syt I may also function during synaptic vesicle endocytosis(7-16); however, ultrastructural analyses at synapses with impaired Syt I function have provided an indirect and conflicting view of the role of Syt I during synaptic vesicle endocytosis(3,8-10,14). Until now it has not been possible experimentally to separate the exocytic and endocytic functions of Syt I in vivo. Here, we test directly the role of Syt I during endocytosis in vivo. We use quantitative live imaging of a pH-sensitive green fluorescent protein fused to a synaptic vesicle protein (synapto-pHluorin) to measure the kinetics of endocytosis in sytI-null Drosophila. We then combine live imaging of the synapto-pHluorins with photoinactivation of Syt I, through fluorescein-assisted light inactivation, after normal Syt I-mediated vesicle exocytosis. By inactivating Syt I only during endocytosis, we demonstrate that Syt I is necessary for the endocytosis of synaptic vesicles that have undergone exocytosis using a functional Syt I protein.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Biochem & Biophys, Program Neurosci, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Davis, GW (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Biochem & Biophys, Program Neurosci, 513 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
NR 30
TC 214
Z9 258
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 4
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6966
BP 559
EP 563
DI 10.1038/nature02184
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 749TE
UT WOS:000186944300039
PM 14634669
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hemmi, JM
   Zeil, J
AF Hemmi, JM
   Zeil, J
TI Robust judgement of inter-object distance by an arthropod
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID uca lactea annulipes; fiddler-crabs; resolution; ocypodidae; horizon; models; world; eyes
AB Animals use several strategies for depth vision, reflecting the constraints imposed by body size, the structure of the visual system and the visual geometry of the environment(1). Arthropods in particular have restricted depth perception, because they are small and possess closely set, low-resolution compound eyes. Yet, here we show that fiddler crabs defending their burrows from conspecifics can judge how close other crabs are to their burrow. When confronted with small dummy crabs, the burrow owners assess the dummy's position and motion relative to their burrow and not relative to themselves-in other words, by using an allocentric rather than an egocentric frame of reference. Irrespective of their own distance from the dummy, the likelihood that the crabs rush back to defend their burrow increases strongly as the dummy approaches the burrow. In addition, the mean dummy-burrow distance at which the crabs respond is constant and independent of the dummy's direction of approach. We propose that to solve this sophisticated task of relative distance judgement, the crabs combine visual information on dummy position and direction with information on burrow location acquired during path integration(2). In doing so, the crabs, like humans(3), make clever use of the visual geometry of their environment.
C1 Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Biol Sci, Ctr Visual Sci, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
C3 Australian National University
RP Hemmi, JM (corresponding author), Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Biol Sci, Ctr Visual Sci, POB 475, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
NR 14
TC 46
Z9 48
U1 1
U2 13
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 9
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6919
BP 160
EP 163
DI 10.1038/nature01247
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 633DR
UT WOS:000180267200039
PM 12520301
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Clack, JA
   Ahlberg, PE
   Finney, SM
   Alonso, PD
   Robinson, J
   Ketcham, RA
AF Clack, JA
   Ahlberg, PE
   Finney, SM
   Alonso, PD
   Robinson, J
   Ketcham, RA
TI A uniquely specialized ear in a very early tetrapod
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pholiderpeton-scutigerum huxley; early evolution; coal measures; acanthostega; amphibians; stapes; fossil
AB The Late Devonian genus Ichthyostega was for many decades the earliest known tetrapod, and the sole representative of a transitional form between a fish and a land vertebrate. However, despite being known since 1932 (ref. 1) from a large collection of specimens, its morphology remained enigmatic and not what was expected of a very primitive tetrapod(2). Its apparent specializations led it to be considered as a "blind offshoot"(3) or "side-branch"(4) off the tetrapod family tree, and recent cladistic analyses have disagreed about its exact phylogenetic position(5-8) within the tetrapod stem group. In particular, its braincase and ear region defied interpretation, such that conventional anatomical terms seemed inapplicable(4). Using new material collected in 1998 (ref. 9), preparation of earlier-collected material, and high-resolution computed tomography scanning, here we identify and interpret these problematic anatomical structures. They can now be seen to form part of a highly specialized ear, probably a hearing device for use in water. This represents a structurally and functionally unique modification of the tetrapod otic region, unlike anything seen in subsequent tetrapod evolution. The presence of deeply grooved gill bars as in its contemporary Acanthostega(10) suggest that Ichthyostega may have been more aquatically adapted than previously believed.
C1 Univ Museum Zool, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England.
   Nat Hist Museum, Dept Palaeontol, London SW7 5BD, England.
   Univ Texas, Dept Geol Sci, High Resolut Xray CT Facil, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
C3 University of Cambridge; Natural History Museum London; University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin
RP Clack, JA (corresponding author), Univ Museum Zool, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England.
EM j.a.clack@zoo.cam.ac.uk
NR 22
TC 89
Z9 98
U1 0
U2 41
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 4
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6953
BP 65
EP 69
DI 10.1038/nature01904
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 717LD
UT WOS:000185089200037
PM 12955140
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tibi, R
   Wiens, DA
   Inoue, H
AF Tibi, R
   Wiens, DA
   Inoue, H
TI Remote triggering of deep earthquakes in the 2002 Tonga sequences
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fault interaction; dynamic stress; march 9; m-w; aftershocks; landers; japan; kobe
AB It is well established that an earthquake in the Earth's crust can trigger subsequent earthquakes, but such triggering has not been documented for deeper earthquakes. Models for shallow fault interactions suggest that static (permanent) stress changes can trigger nearby earthquakes, within a few fault lengths from the causative earthquake(1-3), whereas dynamic (transient) stresses carried by seismic waves may trigger earthquakes both nearby and at remote distances(4-8). Here we present a detailed analysis of the 19 August 2002 Tonga deep earthquake sequences and show evidence for both static and dynamic triggering. Seven minutes after a magnitude 7.6 earthquake occurred at a depth of 598 km, a magnitude 7.7 earthquake (664 km depth) occurred 300 km away, in a previously aseismic region. We found that nearby aftershocks of the first mainshock are preferentially located in regions where static stresses are predicted to have been enhanced by the mainshock. But the second mainshock and other triggered events are located at larger distances where static stress increases should be negligible, thus suggesting dynamic triggering. The origin times of the triggered events do not correspond to arrival times of the main seismic waves from the mainshocks and the dynamically triggered earthquakes frequently occur in aseismic regions below or adjacent to the seismic zone. We propose that these events are triggered by transient effects in regions near criticality, but where earthquakes have difficulty nucleating without external influences.
C1 Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA.
   Natl Res Inst Earth Sci & Disaster Prevent, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050006, Japan.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL); National Research Institute for Earth Science & Disaster Resilience
RP Tibi, R (corresponding author), Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA.
EM tibi@seismo.wustl.edu
NR 35
TC 64
Z9 77
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 21
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6951
BP 921
EP 925
DI 10.1038/nature01903
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 713EH
UT WOS:000184843600036
PM 12931183
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Liu, TB
   Diemann, E
   Li, HL
   Dress, AWM
   Müller, A
AF Liu, TB
   Diemann, E
   Li, HL
   Dress, AWM
   Müller, A
TI Self-assembly in aqueous solution of wheel-shaped Mo154 oxide clusters into vesicles
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID colloidal organization; keplerate; symmetry; ions
AB Surfactants and membrane lipids readily assemble into complex structures(1) such as micelles, liposomes or hollow vesicles owing to their amphiphilic character - the fact that part of their structure is attracted to polar environments while another part is attracted to non-polar environments. The self-assembly of complex structures also occurs in polyoxometallate chemistry, as exemplified by the molybdenum blue solutions known for centuries. But while the presence of nanometre-sized metal oxide aggregates in these solutions has long been recognized, unravelling the composition and formation process of these aggregates proved difficult. Recent work has indicated that discrete, wheel-shaped mixed-valence polyoxomolybdate clusters of the type {Mo-154} (refs 2 - 4) assemble into well-defined nanometre-sized aggregates, including spherical structures(5). Here we report light-scattering data and transmission electron microscopy images of hollow spherical structures with an average, almost monodisperse radius of about 45 nm and composed of approximately 1,165 {Mo-154} wheel-shaped clusters. The clusters appear to lie flat and homogeneously distributed on the vesicle surface. Unlike conventional lipid vesicles, the structures we observe are not stabilized by hydrophobic interactions. Instead, we believe the polyoxomolybdate- based vesicles form owing to a subtle interplay between short-range van der Waals attraction and long-range electrostatic repulsion, with important further stabilization arising from hydrogen bonding involving water molecules encapsulated between the wheel-shaped clusters and in the vesicles' interior.
C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA.
   Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Biol, Upton, NY 11973 USA.
   Univ Bielefeld, Fac Chem, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany.
   Univ Bielefeld, Fac Math, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Brookhaven National Laboratory; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Brookhaven National Laboratory; University of Bielefeld; University of Bielefeld
RP Liu, TB (corresponding author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA.
EM liu@bnl.gov; a.mueller@uni-bielefeld.de
NR 22
TC 467
Z9 515
U1 4
U2 279
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 6
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6962
BP 59
EP 62
DI 10.1038/nature02036
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 739WY
UT WOS:000186370800039
PM 14603315
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rocap, G
   Larimer, FW
   Lamerdin, J
   Malfatti, S
   Chain, P
   Ahlgren, NA
   Arellano, A
   Coleman, M
   Hauser, L
   Hess, WR
   Johnson, ZI
   Land, M
   Lindell, D
   Post, AF
   Regala, W
   Shah, M
   Shaw, SL
   Steglich, C
   Sullivan, MB
   Ting, CS
   Tolonen, A
   Webb, EA
   Zinser, ER
   Chisholm, SW
AF Rocap, G
   Larimer, FW
   Lamerdin, J
   Malfatti, S
   Chain, P
   Ahlgren, NA
   Arellano, A
   Coleman, M
   Hauser, L
   Hess, WR
   Johnson, ZI
   Land, M
   Lindell, D
   Post, AF
   Regala, W
   Shah, M
   Shaw, SL
   Steglich, C
   Sullivan, MB
   Ting, CS
   Tolonen, A
   Webb, EA
   Zinser, ER
   Chisholm, SW
TI Genome divergence in two Prochlorococcus ecotypes reflects oceanic niche differentiation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cyanobacterium prochlorococcus; photosynthetic prokaryote; ribosomal dna; pacific-ocean; sargasso sea; synechococcus; evolution; growth; light; prochlorophyte
AB The marine unicellular cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus is the smallest-known oxygen-evolving autotroph(1). It numerically dominates the phytoplankton in the tropical and subtropical oceans(2,3), and is responsible for a significant fraction of global photosynthesis. Here we compare the genomes of two Prochlorococcus strains that span the largest evolutionary distance within the Prochlorococcus lineage(4) and that have different minimum, maximum and optimal light intensities for growth(5). The high-light-adapted ecotype has the smallest genome (1,657,990 base pairs, 1,716 genes) of any known oxygenic phototroph, whereas the genome of its low-light-adapted counterpart is significantly larger, at 2,410,873 base pairs (2,275 genes). The comparative architectures of these two strains reveal dynamic genomes that are constantly changing in response to myriad selection pressures. Although the two strains have 1,350 genes in common, a significant number are not shared, and these have been differentially retained from the common ancestor, or acquired through duplication or lateral transfer. Some of these genes have obvious roles in determining the relative fitness of the ecotypes in response to key environmental variables, and hence in regulating their distribution and abundance in the oceans.
C1 MIT, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA.
   Joint Genome Inst, Walnut Creek, CA 94598 USA.
   MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Joint Program Biol Oceanog, Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Lawrence Livermore Natl lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA.
   MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Humboldt Univ, Inst Biol, D-10115 Berlin, Germany.
   Interuniv Inst Marine Sci, IL-88103 Elat, Israel.
   Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Biol, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Oak Ridge National Laboratory; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Joint Genome Institute - JGI; Joint BioEnergy Institute - JBEI; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Humboldt University of Berlin; The Inter-University Institute for Marine Sciences; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
RP Chisholm, SW (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM chisholm@mit.edu
NR 30
TC 913
Z9 1838
U1 9
U2 247
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 28
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6952
BP 1042
EP 1047
DI 10.1038/nature01947
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 715QR
UT WOS:000184984200040
PM 12917642
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Seki, K
   Hirahara, M
   Hoshino, M
   Terasawa, T
   Elphic, RC
   Saito, Y
   Mukai, T
   Hayakawa, H
   Kojima, H
   Matsumoto, H
AF Seki, K
   Hirahara, M
   Hoshino, M
   Terasawa, T
   Elphic, RC
   Saito, Y
   Mukai, T
   Hayakawa, H
   Kojima, H
   Matsumoto, H
TI Cold ions in the hot plasma sheet of Earth's magnetotail
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID magnetic reconnection; geotail
AB Most visible matter in the Universe exists as plasma. How this plasma is heated, and especially how the initial non-equilibrium plasma distributions relax to thermal equilibrium (as predicted by Maxwell-Boltzman statistics), is a fundamental question in studies of astrophysical(1-3) and laboratory plasmas(4,5). Astrophysical plasmas are often so tenuous that binary collisions(2,3) can be ignored, and it is not clear how thermal equilibrium develops for these 'collisionless' plasmas. One example of a collisionless plasma is the Earth's plasma sheet(6), where thermalized hot plasma with ion temperatures of about 5 x 10(7) K has been observed(7). Here we report direct observations of a plasma distribution function during a solar eclipse, revealing cold ions in the Earth's plasma sheet in coexistence with thermalized hot ions. This cold component cannot be detected by plasma sensors on satellites that are positively charged in sunlight, but our observations in the Earth's shadow show that the density of the cold ions is comparable to that of hot ions. This high density is difficult to explain within existing theories(8-10), as it requires a mechanism that permits half of the source plasma to remain cold upon entry into the hot turbulent plasma sheet.
C1 Nagoya Univ, Solar Terr Environm Lab, Aichi 4428507, Japan.
   Rikkyo Univ, Dept Phys, Tokyo 1718501, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, Kanagawa 2298510, Japan.
   Kyoto Univ, Radio Sci Ctr Space & Atmosphere, Kyoto 6110011, Japan.
C3 Nagoya University; Rikkyo University; University of Tokyo; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA); Institute of Space & Astronautical Science (ISAS); Kyoto University
RP Seki, K (corresponding author), Nagoya Univ, Solar Terr Environm Lab, Honohara 3-13, Aichi 4428507, Japan.
EM seki@stelab.nagoya-u.ac.jp
NR 16
TC 76
Z9 78
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 10
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6932
BP 589
EP 592
DI 10.1038/nature01502
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 665GN
UT WOS:000182111400034
PM 12686993
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Buehler, MJ
   Abraham, FF
   Gao, HJ
AF Buehler, MJ
   Abraham, FF
   Gao, HJ
TI Hyperelasticity governs dynamic fracture at a critical length scale
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID instability dynamics; crack-propagation; brittle-fracture; computer; velocity; speed
AB The elasticity of a solid can vary depending on its state of deformation. For example, metals will soften and polymers may stiffen as they are deformed to levels approaching failure. It is only when the deformation is infinitesimally small that elastic moduli can be considered constant, and hence the elasticity linear. Yet, many existing theories model fracture using linear elasticity, despite the fact that materials will experience extreme deformations at crack tips. Here we show by large-scale atomistic simulations that the elastic behaviour observed at large strains-hyperelasticity-can play a governing role in the dynamics of fracture, and that linear theory is incapable of fully capturing all fracture phenomena. We introduce the concept of a characteristic length scale for the energy flux near the crack tip, and demonstrate that the local hyperelastic wave speed governs the crack speed when the hyperelastic zone approaches this energy length scale.
C1 Max Planck Inst Met Res, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
   IBM Corp, Almaden Res Ctr, Div Res, San Jose, CA 95120 USA.
C3 Max Planck Society; International Business Machines (IBM); IBM USA
RP Gao, HJ (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Met Res, Heisenbergstr 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
EM hjgao@mf.mpg.de
NR 32
TC 272
Z9 304
U1 1
U2 162
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 13
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6963
BP 141
EP 146
DI 10.1038/nature02096
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 742LA
UT WOS:000186517200033
PM 14614496
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Caro, G
   Bourdon, B
   Birck, JL
   Moorbath, S
AF Caro, G
   Bourdon, B
   Birck, JL
   Moorbath, S
TI 146Sm-142Nd evidence from Isua metamorphosed sediments for early differentiation of the Earth's mantle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nd-isotope heterogeneity; rapid accretion; northern canada; west greenland; case-history; sm-nd; systematics; crust; evolution; neodymium
AB Application of the Sm-147-Nd-143 chronometer (half-life of 106 Gyr) suggests that large-scale differentiation of the Earth's mantle may have occurred during the first few hundred million years of its history(1). However, the signature of mantle depletion found in early Archaean rocks is often obscured by uncertainties resulting from open-system behaviour of the rocks during later high-grade metamorphic events(2). Hence, although strong hints exist regarding the presence of differentiated silicate reservoirs before 4.0 Gyr ago, both the nature and age of early mantle differentiation processes remain largely speculative(3-5). Here we apply short-lived Sm-146-Nd-142 chronometry (half-life of 103 Myr) to early Archaean rocks using ultraprecise measurement of Nd isotope ratios. The analysed samples are well-preserved metamorphosed sedimentary rocks from the 3.7-3.8-Gyr Isua greenstone belt of West Greenland. All display well-resolved Nd-142 anomalies averaging 15 +/- 4 p.p.m. (2sigma). Using the initial epsilon(143)Nd value from ref. 6 coupled Sm-146-Sm-147 chronometry constrains the mean age of mantle differentiation to 4,460 +/- 115 Myr. This early Sm/Nd fractionation probably reflects differentiation of the Earth's mantle during the final stage of terrestrial accretion.
C1 Univ Paris 07, Inst Phys Globe Paris, Lab Geochim & Cosmochim, CNRS,UMR 7579, F-75252 Paris 05, France.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Earth Sci, Oxford OX1 3PR, England.
C3 Universite Paris Cite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); University of Oxford
RP Caro, G (corresponding author), Univ Paris 07, Inst Phys Globe Paris, Lab Geochim & Cosmochim, CNRS,UMR 7579, 4 Pl Jussieu, F-75252 Paris 05, France.
EM caro@jpgp.jussieu.fr
NR 31
TC 252
Z9 274
U1 1
U2 41
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 22
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6938
BP 428
EP 432
DI 10.1038/nature01668
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 681AJ
UT WOS:000183012000039
PM 12761546
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rapp, RP
   Shimizu, N
   Norman, MD
AF Rapp, RP
   Shimizu, N
   Norman, MD
TI Growth of early continental crust by partial melting of eclogite
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-field strength; experimental constraints; partition-coefficients; greenstone-belt; volcanic-rocks; west greenland; new-caledonia; new-zealand; mantle; evolution
AB The tectonic setting in which the first continental crust formed, and the extent to which modern processes of arc magmatism at convergent plate margins were operative on the early Earth, are matters of debate(1,2). Geochemical studies have shown that felsic rocks in both Archaean high-grade metamorphic ('grey gneiss') and low-grade granite-greenstone terranes are comprised dominantly of sodium-rich granitoids of the tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) suite of rocks(3-7). Here we present direct experimental evidence showing that partial melting of hydrous basalt in the eclogite facies produces granitoid liquids with major- and trace-element compositions equivalent to Archaean TTG, including the low Nb/Ta and high Zr/Sm ratios of 'average' Archaean TTG(8), but from a source with initially subchondritic Nb/Ta. In modern environments, basalts with low Nb/Ta form by partial melting of subduction-modified depleted mantle(9,10), notably in intraoceanic arc settings in the forearc(11,12) and backarc(13,14) regimes. These observations suggest that TTG magmatism may have taken place beneath granite-greenstone complexes developing along Archaean intraoceanic island arcs by imbricate thrust-stacking(15) and tectonic accretion(16) of a diversity of subduction-related terranes. Partial melting accompanying dehydration of these generally basaltic source materials at the base of thickened, 'arc-like' crust would produce compositionally appropriate TTG granitoids in equilibrium with eclogite residues.
C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Inst Mineral Phys, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
   SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Geosci, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
   Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Geol & Geophys, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
   Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Earth Sci, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University; State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Australian National University
RP Rapp, RP (corresponding author), Ehime Univ, Geodynam Res Ctr, 2-5 Bunkyo Cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 7908577, Japan.
EM rrapp@notes.cc.sunysb.edu
NR 31
TC 709
Z9 812
U1 6
U2 154
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 9
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6958
BP 605
EP 609
DI 10.1038/nature02031
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 729XU
UT WOS:000185801000033
PM 14534583
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Felsenfeld, G
   Groudine, M
AF Felsenfeld, G
   Groudine, M
TI Controlling the double helix
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nuclear architecture; ordered recruitment; nucleosome core; histone h3; lysine 9; chromatin; transcription; methylation; expression; proteins
AB Chromatin is the complex of DNA and proteins in which the genetic material is packaged inside the cells of organisms with nuclei. Chromatin structure is dynamic and exerts profound control over gene expression and other fundamental cellular processes. Changes in its structure can be inherited by the next generation, independent of the DNA sequence itself.
C1 NIDDKD, Mol Biol Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Div Basic Sci, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
   Univ Washington, Sch Med, Dept Radiat Oncol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Felsenfeld, G (corresponding author), NIDDKD, Mol Biol Lab, NIH, Bldg 5,Room 212, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM gary.felsenfeld@nih.gov; markg@fhcrc.org
NR 51
TC 850
Z9 1172
U1 1
U2 105
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6921
BP 448
EP 453
DI 10.1038/nature01411
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 637UW
UT WOS:000180533000062
PM 12540921
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lorenz, K
   Lohse, MJ
   Quitterer, U
AF Lorenz, K
   Lohse, MJ
   Quitterer, U
TI Protein kinase C switches the Raf kinase inhibitor from Raf-1 to GRK-2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID adrenergic-receptor kinase; beta-gamma-subunits; phosphorylation; desensitization; heterodimers; suppression; activation; terminus; binding
AB Feedback inhibition is a fundamental principle in signal transduction allowing rapid adaptation to different stimuli. In mammalian cells, the major feedback inhibitor for G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) is G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK-2), which phosphorylates activated receptors, uncouples them from G proteins and initiates their internalization(1,2). The functions of GRK-2 are indispensable and need to be tightly controlled(3). Dysregulation promotes disorders such as hypertension(4) or heart failure(5). In our search for a control mechanism for this vital kinase, here we show that the Raf kinase inhibitor protein(6-8) (RKIP) is a physiological inhibitor of GRK-2. After stimulation of GPCR, RKIP dissociates from its known target, Raf-1 (refs 6 - 8), to associate with GRK-2 and block its activity. This switch is triggered by protein kinase C (PKC)- dependent phosphorylation of the RKIP on serine 153. The data delineate a new principle in signal transduction: by activating PKC, the incoming receptor signal is enhanced both by removing an inhibitor from Raf-1 and by blocking receptor internalization. A physiological role for this mechanism is shown in cardiomyocytes in which the downregulation of RKIP restrains beta-adrenergic signalling and contractile activity.
C1 Inst Pharmakol & Toxikol, D-97078 Wurzburg, Germany.
C3 University of Wurzburg
RP Quitterer, U (corresponding author), Inst Pharmakol & Toxikol, Versbacher Str 9, D-97078 Wurzburg, Germany.
EM toph029@rzbox.uni-wuerzburg.de
NR 27
TC 308
Z9 390
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 4
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6966
BP 574
EP 579
DI 10.1038/nature02158
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 749TE
UT WOS:000186944300043
PM 14654844
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McCall, BJ
   Huneycutt, AJ
   Saykally, RJ
   Geballe, TR
   Djuric, N
   Dunn, GH
   Semaniak, J
   Novotny, O
   Al-Khalili, A
   Ehlerding, A
   Hellberg, F
   Kalhori, S
   Neau, A
   Thomas, R
   Österdahl, F
   Larsson, M
AF McCall, BJ
   Huneycutt, AJ
   Saykally, RJ
   Geballe, TR
   Djuric, N
   Dunn, GH
   Semaniak, J
   Novotny, O
   Al-Khalili, A
   Ehlerding, A
   Hellberg, F
   Kalhori, S
   Neau, A
   Thomas, R
   Österdahl, F
   Larsson, M
TI An enhanced cosmic-ray flux towards ζ Persei inferred from a laboratory study of the H+3-e- recombination rate
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID diffuse interstellar-medium; dissociative recombination; electrons; clouds; spectroscopy; destruction; molecules; ions
AB The H-3(+) molecular ion plays a fundamental role in interstellar chemistry, as it initiates a network of chemical reactions that produce many molecules(1,2). In dense interstellar clouds, the H-3(+) abundance is understood using a simple chemical model, from which observations of H-3(+) yield valuable estimates of cloud path length, density and temperature(3,4). But observations of diffuse clouds have suggested that H-3(+) is considerably more abundant than expected from the chemical models(5-7). Models of diffuse clouds have, however, been hampered by the uncertain values of three key parameters: the rate of H-3(+) destruction by electrons (e(-)), the electron fraction, and the cosmic-ray ionization rate. Here we report a direct experimental measurement of the H-3(+) destruction rate under nearly interstellar conditions. We also report the observation of H-3(+) in a diffuse cloud ( towards zeta Persei) where the electron fraction is already known. From these, we find that the cosmic-ray ionization rate along this line of sight is 40 times faster than previously assumed. If such a high cosmic-ray flux is ubiquitous in diffuse clouds, the discrepancy between chemical models and the previous observations(5-7) of H-3(+) can be resolved.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Astron, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Gemini Observ, Hilo, HI 96720 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Jan Kochanowski Univ Humanities & Sci, Inst Phys, PL-25406 Kielce, Poland.
   Charles Univ Prague, Fac Math & Phys, Dept Elect & Vacuum Phys, Prague 8, Czech Republic.
   Stockholm Univ, SCFAB, Dept Phys, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Stockholm Univ, Manne Siegbahn Lab, S-10405 Stockholm, Sweden.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) - USA; Jan Kochanowski University; Charles University Prague; Stockholm University; Stockholm University
RP McCall, BJ (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM bjmccall@astro.berkeley.edu
NR 30
TC 322
Z9 333
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 3
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6931
BP 500
EP 502
DI 10.1038/nature01498
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 662TW
UT WOS:000181965400031
PM 12673244
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tedford, RH
   Harington, CR
AF Tedford, RH
   Harington, CR
TI An Arctic mammal fauna from the Early Pliocene of North America
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB A peat deposit on Ellesmere Island(1), Nunavut, Canada, allows a unique glimpse of the Early Pliocene terrestrial biota north of the Arctic Circle. The peat accumulated in a beaver pond surrounded by boreal larch forest near regional tree line(2) in coastal hills close to the Arctic Ocean. The ecological affinities of the plant and beetle remains(3) contained in the peat indicate that winter temperatures on Ellesmere Island were nearly 15degreesC higher and summer temperatures 10degreesC higher than they are today. Here we show that the mammalian remains buried in the peat represent mainly taxa of Eurasiatic zoogeographic and phyletic affinities, including the first North American occurrence of a meline badger (Arctomeles). This deposit contains direct evidence of the composition of an Early Pliocene (4-5 million years ago) arctic mammalian fauna during an active period of interchange between Asia and North America.
C1 Amer Museum Nat Hist, Div Paleontol, New York, NY 10024 USA.
   Canadian Museum Nat Paleobiol, Ottawa, ON K1P 6P4, Canada.
C3 American Museum of Natural History (AMNH)
RP Tedford, RH (corresponding author), Amer Museum Nat Hist, Div Paleontol, New York, NY 10024 USA.
EM tedford@amnh.org
NR 20
TC 71
Z9 79
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 25
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6956
BP 388
EP 390
DI 10.1038/nature01892
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 724TG
UT WOS:000185502300038
PM 14508486
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bivona, TG
   Perez de Castro, I
   Ahearn, IM
   Grana, TM
   Chiu, VK
   Lockyer, PJ
   Cullen, PJ
   Pellicer, A
   Cox, AD
   Philips, MR
AF Bivona, TG
   Perez de Castro, I
   Ahearn, IM
   Grana, TM
   Chiu, VK
   Lockyer, PJ
   Cullen, PJ
   Pellicer, A
   Cox, AD
   Philips, MR
TI Phospholipase Cγ activates Ras on the Golgi apparatus by means of RasGRP1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID calcium; diacylglycerol; recruitment; protein
AB Ras proteins regulate cellular growth and differentiation, and are mutated in 30% of cancers. We have shown recently that Ras is activated on and transmits signals from the Golgi apparatus as well as the plasma membrane(1,2) but the mechanism of compartmentalized signalling was not determined. Here we show that, in response to Src-dependent activation of phospholipase Cgamma1, the Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factor RasGRP1 translocated to the Golgi where it activated Ras. Whereas Ca2+ positively regulated Ras on the Golgi apparatus through RasGRP1, the same second messenger negatively regulated Ras on the plasma membrane by means of the Ras GTPase-activating protein CAPRI(3). Ras activation after T-cell receptor stimulation in Jurkat cells, rich in RasGRP1, was limited to the Golgi apparatus through the action of CAPRI, demonstrating unambiguously a physiological role for Ras on Golgi. Activation of Ras on Golgi also induced differentiation of PC12 cells, transformed fibroblasts and mediated radioresistance. Thus, activation of Ras on Golgi has important biological consequences and proceeds through a pathway distinct from the one that activates Ras on the plasma membrane.
C1 NYU, Sch Med, Dept Med, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   NYU, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   NYU, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   NYU, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Dept Radiat Oncol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Babraham Inst, Cambridge CB2 4AT, England.
   Univ Bristol, Sch Med Sci, Dept Biochem, Bristol BS8 1TD, Avon, England.
C3 New York University; New York University; New York University; New York University; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina School of Medicine; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina School of Medicine; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); Babraham Institute; University of Bristol
RP Philips, MR (corresponding author), NYU, Sch Med, Dept Med, 550 1st Ave, New York, NY 10016 USA.
EM philim01@med.nyu.edu
NR 19
TC 358
Z9 440
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 7
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6949
BP 694
EP 698
DI 10.1038/nature01806
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 708QE
UT WOS:000184578800050
PM 12845332
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Takagi, J
   Yang, YT
   Liu, JH
   Wang, JH
   Springer, TA
AF Takagi, J
   Yang, YT
   Liu, JH
   Wang, JH
   Springer, TA
TI Complex between nidogen and laminin fragments reveals a paradigmatic β-propeller interface
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID basement-membrane formation; receptor-related protein-5; egf-like motif; gamma-1 chain; binding-site; bone-density; module; gene; proteoglycan; lipoprotein
AB Basement membranes are fundamental to tissue organization and physiology in all metazoans. The interaction between laminin and nidogen is crucial to the assembly of basement membranes(1-4). The structure of the interacting domains reveals a six-bladed Tyr-Trp-Thr-Asp (YWTD) beta-propeller domain in nidogen bound to laminin epidermal-growth-factor-like (LE) modules III3-5 in laminin (LE3-5). Laminin LE module 4 binds to an amphitheatre-shaped surface on the pseudo-6-fold axis of the beta-propeller, and LE module 3 binds over its rim. A Phe residue that shutters the water-filled central aperture of the beta-propeller, the rigidity of the amphitheatre, and high shape complementarity enable the construction of an evolutionarily conserved binding surface for LE4 of unprecedentedly high affinity for its small size(5). Hypermorphic mutations in the Wnt co-receptor LRP5 (refs 6-9) suggest that a similar YWTD beta-propeller interface is used to bind ligands that function in developmental pathways. A related interface, but shifted off-centre from the pseudo-6-fold axis and lacking the shutter over the central aperture, is used in the low-density lipoprotein receptor for an intramolecular interaction that is regulated by pH in receptor recycling(10).
C1 Ctr Blood Res, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Dana Farber Canc Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Program in Cellular & Molecular Medicine (PCMM); Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Wang, JH (corresponding author), Ctr Blood Res, 800 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
NR 30
TC 124
Z9 141
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 21
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6951
BP 969
EP 974
DI 10.1038/nature01873
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 713EH
UT WOS:000184843600048
PM 12931195
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Palazzo, A
   Ackerman, B
   Gundersen, GG
AF Palazzo, A
   Ackerman, B
   Gundersen, GG
TI Cell biology - Tubulin acetylation and cell motility
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID intermediate filaments; alpha-tubulin; microtubules; detyrosination; stabilization; kinesin
C1 Columbia Univ, Dept Anat & Cell Biol, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Dept Pathol, New York, NY 10032 USA.
C3 Columbia University; Columbia University
RP Palazzo, A (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Dept Anat & Cell Biol, New York, NY 10032 USA.
NR 14
TC 213
Z9 268
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 16
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6920
BP 230
EP 230
DI 10.1038/421230a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 635KG
UT WOS:000180397600035
PM 12529632
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Canman, JC
   Cameron, LA
   Maddox, PS
   Straight, A
   Tirnauer, JS
   Mitchison, TJ
   Fang, GW
   Kapoor, TM
   Salmon, ED
AF Canman, JC
   Cameron, LA
   Maddox, PS
   Straight, A
   Tirnauer, JS
   Mitchison, TJ
   Fang, GW
   Kapoor, TM
   Salmon, ED
TI Determining the position of the cell division plane
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID small-molecule inhibitor; mammalian-cells; cleavage furrow; microtubules; cytokinesis; spindle; anaphase; mechanisms; protein; mad2
AB Proper positioning of the cell division plane during mitosis is essential for determining the size and position of the two daughter cells-a critical step during development and cell differentiation(1). A bipolar microtubule array has been proposed to be a minimum requirement for furrow positioning in mammalian cells, with furrows forming at the site of microtubule plus-end overlap between the spindle poles(2-4). Observations in other species have suggested, however, that this may not be true(5,6). Here we show, by inducing mammalian tissue cells with monopolar spindles to enter anaphase(7,8), that furrow formation in cultured mammalian cells does not require a bipolar spindle. Unexpectedly, cytokinesis occurs at high frequency in monopolar cells. Division always occurs at a cortical position distal to the chromosomes. Analysis of microtubules during cytokinesis in cells with monopolar and bipolar spindles shows that a subpopulation of stable microtubules extends past chromosomes and binds to the cell cortex at the site of furrow formation. Our data are consistent with a model in which chromosomes supply microtubules with factors that promote microtubule stability and furrowing.
C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27699 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Rockefeller Univ, Lab Chem & Cell Biol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Stanford University; Rockefeller University
RP Salmon, ED (corresponding author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Biol, 607 Fordham Hall,CB 3280, Chapel Hill, NC 27699 USA.
NR 25
TC 184
Z9 229
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 28
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6952
BP 1074
EP 1078
DI 10.1038/nature01860
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 715QR
UT WOS:000184984200048
PM 12904818
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cerdán, PD
   Chory, J
AF Cerdán, PD
   Chory, J
TI Regulation of flowering time by light quality
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phytochrome-b; arabidopsis-thaliana; constans; gene; domain; roles
AB The transition to flowering in plants is regulated by environmental factors such as temperature and light(1). Plants grown under dense canopies or at high density perceive a decrease in the ratio of red to far-red incoming light. This change in light quality serves as a warning of competition, triggering a series of responses known collectively as the 'shade-avoidance syndrome'. During shade avoidance, stems elongate at the expense of leaf expansion, and flowering is accelerated(2,3). Of the five phytochromes-a family of red/far-red light photoreceptors-in Arabidopsis, phytochrome B (phyB) has the most significant role in shade-avoidance responses(4,5), but the mechanisms by which phyB regulates flowering in response to altered ratios of red to far-red light are largely unknown. Here we identify PFT1(PHYTOCHROME AND FLOWERING TIME 1), a nuclear protein that acts in a phyB pathway and induces flowering in response to suboptimal light conditions. PFT1 functions downstream of phyB to regulate the expression of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), providing evidence for the existence of a light-quality pathway that regulates flowering time in plants.
C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, Howard Hughes Med Inst, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Salk Inst Biol Studies, Plant Biol Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Salk Institute; Salk Institute
RP Chory, J (corresponding author), Salk Inst Biol Studies, Howard Hughes Med Inst, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM52413] Funding Source: Medline
NR 27
TC 421
Z9 505
U1 4
U2 155
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 19
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6942
BP 881
EP 885
DI 10.1038/nature01636
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 691BQ
UT WOS:000183585300049
PM 12815435
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU DeCoursey, TE
   Morgan, D
   Cherny, VV
AF DeCoursey, TE
   Morgan, D
   Cherny, VV
TI The voltage dependence of NADPH oxidase reveals why phagocytes need proton channels
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hydrogen-ion currents; human-neutrophils; electron currents; human eosinophils; snail neurons; human blood; h+ channel; activation; ph; membrane
AB The enzyme NADPH oxidase in phagocytes is important in the body's defence against microbes: it produces superoxide anions (O-2(-), precursors to bactericidal reactive oxygen species(1)). Electrons move from intracellular NADPH, across a chain comprising FAD ( flavin adenine dinucleotide) and two haems, to reduce extracellular O-2 to O-2(-). NADPH oxidase is electrogenic(2), generating electron current (I-e) that is measurable under voltage-clamp conditions(3,4). Here we report the complete current-voltage relationship of NADPH oxidase, the first such measurement of a plasma membrane electron transporter. We find that Ie is voltage-independent from -100 mV to >0 mV, but is steeply inhibited by further depolarization, and is abolished at about +190 mV. It was proposed that H+ efflux(2) mediated by voltage-gated proton channels(5,6) compensates I-e, because Zn2+ and Cd2+ inhibit both H+ currents(7-9) and O-2(-) production(10). Here we show that COS-7 cells transfected with four NADPH oxidase components(11), but lacking H+ channels(12), produce O-2(-) in the presence of Zn2+ concentrations that inhibit O-2(-) production in neutrophils and eosinophils. Zn2+ does not inhibit NADPH oxidase directly, but through effects on H+ channels. H+ channels optimize NADPH oxidase function by preventing membrane depolarization to inhibitory voltages.
C1 Rush Presbyterian St Lukes Med Ctr, Dept Mol Biophys & Physiol, Chicago, IL 60612 USA.
C3 Rush University
RP DeCoursey, TE (corresponding author), Rush Presbyterian St Lukes Med Ctr, Dept Mol Biophys & Physiol, 1750 W Harrison, Chicago, IL 60612 USA.
EM tdecours@rush.edu
FU NHLBI NIH HHS [R01 HL061437] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 276
Z9 307
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 3
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6931
BP 531
EP 534
DI 10.1038/nature01523
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 662TW
UT WOS:000181965400040
PM 12673252
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rüegg, C
   Cavadini, N
   Furrer, A
   Güdel, HU
   Krämer, K
   Mutka, H
   Habicht, AK
   Vorderwisch, P
   Wildes, A
AF Rüegg, C
   Cavadini, N
   Furrer, A
   Güdel, HU
   Krämer, K
   Mutka, H
   Habicht, AK
   Vorderwisch, P
   Wildes, A
TI Bose-Einstein condensation of the triplet states in the magnetic insulator TlCuCl3
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gap system tlcucl3; quantum spin liquid; field; excitations; kcucl3; chains; antiferromagnets; dimensions; dynamics; ladders
AB Bose-Einstein condensation denotes the formation of a collective quantum ground state of identical particles with integer spin or intrinsic angular momentum. In magnetic insulators, the magnetic properties are due to the unpaired shell electrons that have half-integer spin. However, in some such compounds (KCuCl3 and TlCuCl3), two Cu2+ ions are antiferromagnetically coupled(1) to form a dimer in a crystalline network: the dimer ground state is a spin singlet (total spin zero), separated by an energy gap from the excited triplet state (total spin one). In these dimer compounds, Bose-Einstein condensation becomes theoretically possible(2). At a critical external magnetic field, the energy of one of the Zeeman split triplet components (a type of boson) intersects the ground-state singlet, resulting in long-range magnetic order; this transition represents a quantum critical point at which Bose-Einstein condensation occurs. Here we report an experimental investigation of the excitation spectrum in such a field-induced magnetically ordered state, using inelastic neutron scattering measurements of TlCuCl3 single crystals. We verify unambiguously the theoretically predicted(3) gapless Goldstone mode characteristic of the Bose-Einstein condensation of the triplet states.
C1 Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Neutron Scattering Lab, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
   Paul Scherrer Inst, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
   Univ Bern, Dept Chem & Biochem, CH-3000 Bern 9, Switzerland.
   Inst Max Von Laue Paul Langevin, F-38042 Grenoble 9, France.
   Hahn Meitner Inst Berlin GmbH, BENSC, D-14109 Berlin, Germany.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; Paul Scherrer Institute; University of Bern; Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL); Helmholtz Association; Helmholtz-Zentrum fuer Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB)
EM christian.rueegg@psi.ch
NR 30
TC 455
Z9 483
U1 1
U2 100
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 1
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6935
BP 62
EP 65
DI 10.1038/nature01617
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 673CG
UT WOS:000182561600037
PM 12721623
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nossal, GJV
AF Nossal, GJV
TI The double helix and immunology
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID antibody; sequences; regions; genes; myc; dna
AB The immune system can recognize and produce antibodies to virtually any molecule in the Universe. This enormous diversity arises from the ingenious reshuffling of DNA sequences encoding components of the immune system. Immunology is an example of a field completely transformed during the past 50 years by the discovery of the structure of DNA and the emergence of DNA technologies that followed.
C1 Univ Melbourne, Dept Pathol, Parkville, Vic 3010, Australia.
C3 University of Melbourne
RP Nossal, GJV (corresponding author), Univ Melbourne, Dept Pathol, Parkville, Vic 3010, Australia.
NR 22
TC 23
Z9 34
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6921
BP 440
EP 444
DI 10.1038/nature01409
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 637UW
UT WOS:000180533000060
PM 12540919
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brumfiel, G
AF Brumfiel, G
TI Cosmology gets real
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID supernova; universe
NR 9
TC 3
Z9 3
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 13
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6928
BP 108
EP 110
DI 10.1038/422108a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 654HG
UT WOS:000181488900013
PM 12634751
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Diebold, SS
   Montoya, M
   Unger, H
   Alexopoulou, L
   Roy, P
   Haswell, LE
   Al-Shamkhani, A
   Flavell, R
   Borrow, P
   Sousa, CRE
AF Diebold, SS
   Montoya, M
   Unger, H
   Alexopoulou, L
   Roy, P
   Haswell, LE
   Al-Shamkhani, A
   Flavell, R
   Borrow, P
   Sousa, CRE
TI Viral infection switches non-plasmacytoid dendritic cells into high interferon producers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Type I interferons (IFN-I) are important cytokines linking innate and adaptive immunity(1). Plasmacytoid dendritic cells make high levels of IFN-I in response to viral infection and are thought to be the major source of the cytokines in vivo(2). Here, we show that conventional non-plasmacytoid dendritic cells taken from mice infected with a dendritic-cell-tropic strain of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus make similarly high levels of IFN-I on subsequent culture. Similarly, non-plasmacytoid dendritic cells secrete high levels of IFN-I in response to double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), a major viral signature(3), when the latter is introduced into the cytoplasm to mimic direct viral infection. This response is partially dependent on the cytosolic dsRNA-binding enzyme protein kinase R-4 and does not require signalling through toll-like receptor (TLR) 3, a surface receptor for dsRNA(5). Furthermore, we show that sequestration of dsRNA by viral NS1 (refs 6,7) explains the inability of conventional dendritic cells to produce IFN-I on infection with influenza. Our results suggest that multiple dendritic cell types, not just plasmacytoid cells, can act as specialized interferon-producing cells in certain viral infections, and reveal the existence of a TLR-independent pathway for dendritic cell activation that can be the target of viral interference.
C1 Canc Res UK, London Res Inst, Immunobiol Lab, London WC2A 3PX, England.
   Edward Jenner Inst Vaccine Res, Compton RG20 7NN, Berks, England.
   Univ Vet Med, Inst Virol, A-1210 Vienna, Austria.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Immunobiol Sect, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Howard Hughes Med Inst, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, London WC1A 7HT, England.
   Southampton Gen Hosp, Sch Med, Canc Sci Div, Tenovus Res Lab, Southampton SO16 6YD, Hants, England.
C3 Cancer Research UK; University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna; Yale University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of London; London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine; University of Southampton
RP Sousa, CRE (corresponding author), Canc Res UK, London Res Inst, Immunobiol Lab, London WC2A 3PX, England.
NR 30
TC 483
Z9 579
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 17
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6946
BP 324
EP 328
DI 10.1038/nature01783
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 701RZ
UT WOS:000184183900045
PM 12819664
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Katou, Y
   Kanoh, Y
   Bando, M
   Noguchi, H
   Tanaka, H
   Ashikari, T
   Sugimoto, K
   Shirahige, K
AF Katou, Y
   Kanoh, Y
   Bando, M
   Noguchi, H
   Tanaka, H
   Ashikari, T
   Sugimoto, K
   Shirahige, K
TI S-phase checkpoint proteins Tof1 and Mrc1 form a stable replication-pausing complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; dna-damage; chromosome-vi; progression; genome; yeast; transcription; location; origins; kinase
AB The checkpoint regulatory mechanism has an important role in maintaining the integrity of the genome(1-5). This is particularly important in S phase of the cell cycle, when genomic DNA is most susceptible to various environmental hazards(3,6,7). When chemical agents damage DNA, activation of checkpoint signalling pathways results in a temporary cessation of DNA replication. A replication-pausing complex is believed to be created at the arrested forks to activate further checkpoint cascades, leading to repair of the damaged DNA. Thus, checkpoint factors are thought to act not only to arrest replication but also to maintain a stable replication complex at replication forks(6-9). However, the molecular mechanism coupling checkpoint regulation and replication arrest is unknown. Here we demonstrate that the checkpoint regulatory proteins Tof1 and Mrc1 interact directly with the DNA replication machinery in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. When hydroxyurea blocks chromosomal replication, this assembly forms a stable pausing structure that serves to anchor subsequent DNA repair events.
C1 Yokohama City Univ, RIKEN, Genom Sci Ctr,Human Genome Res Grp, Genome Struct & Funct Team, Kanagawa 2300045, Japan.
   Yokohama City Univ, Grad Sch Integrated Sci, Tsurumi Ku, Kanagawa 2300045, Japan.
   Yokohama City Univ, Kihara Inst Biol Res, Div Biochem, Totsuka Ku, Kanagawa 2440813, Japan.
   Yokohama City Univ, Grad Sch Integrated Sci, Totsuka Ku, Kanagawa 2440813, Japan.
   Suntory Ltd, Inst Adv Technol, Shimamoto, Osaka 6188503, Japan.
   Nagoya Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Div Biol Sci, Nagoya, Aichi 4640814, Japan.
C3 RIKEN; Yokohama City University; Yokohama City University; Yokohama City University; Yokohama City University; Suntory Holdings Ltd; Nagoya University
RP Shirahige, K (corresponding author), Yokohama City Univ, RIKEN, Genom Sci Ctr,Human Genome Res Grp, Genome Struct & Funct Team, 1-7-22 Suehiro Cho, Kanagawa 2300045, Japan.
NR 26
TC 563
Z9 695
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 28
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6952
BP 1078
EP 1083
DI 10.1038/nature01900
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 715QR
UT WOS:000184984200049
PM 12944972
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jiang, YX
   Lee, A
   Chen, JY
   Ruta, V
   Cadene, M
   Chait, BT
   MacKinnon, R
AF Jiang, YX
   Lee, A
   Chen, JY
   Ruta, V
   Cadene, M
   Chait, BT
   MacKinnon, R
TI X-ray structure of a voltage-dependent K+ channel
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID potassium channel; gating charge; transmembrane movement; s4 segment; perspective; sequence; protein; activation; conduction; hanatoxin
AB Voltage-dependent K+ channels are members of the family of voltage-dependent cation (K+, Na+ and Ca2+) channels that open and allow ion conduction in response to changes in cell membrane voltage. This form of gating underlies the generation of nerve and muscle action potentials, among other processes. Here we present the structure of KvAP, a voltage-dependent K+ channel from Aeropyrum pernix. We have determined a crystal structure of the full-length channel at a resolution of 3.2 Angstrom, and of the isolated voltage-sensor domain at 1.9 Angstrom, both in complex with monoclonal Fab fragments. The channel contains a central ion-conduction pore surrounded by voltage sensors, which form what we call 'voltage-sensor paddles'-hydrophobic, cationic, helix-turn-helix structures on the channel's outer perimeter. Flexible hinges suggest that the voltage-sensor paddles move in response to membrane voltage changes, carrying their positive charge across the membrane.
C1 Rockefeller Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Lab Mol Neurobiol & Biophys, Lab Mass Spectrometry & Gaseous Ion Chem, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Rockefeller University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP MacKinnon, R (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Lab Mol Neurobiol & Biophys, Lab Mass Spectrometry & Gaseous Ion Chem, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM mackinn@rockvax.rockefeller.edu
NR 43
TC 1579
Z9 1875
U1 2
U2 254
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 1
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6935
BP 33
EP 41
DI 10.1038/nature01580
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 673CG
UT WOS:000182561600032
PM 12721618
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fox, DW
   Yost, S
   Kulkarni, SR
   Torii, K
   Kato, T
   Yamaoka, H
   Sako, M
   Harrison, FA
   Sari, R
   Price, PA
   Berger, E
   Soderberg, AM
   Djorgovski, SG
   Barth, AJ
   Pravdo, SH
   Frail, DA
   Gal-Yam, A
   Lipkin, Y
   Mauch, T
   Harrison, C
   Buttery, H
AF Fox, DW
   Yost, S
   Kulkarni, SR
   Torii, K
   Kato, T
   Yamaoka, H
   Sako, M
   Harrison, FA
   Sari, R
   Price, PA
   Berger, E
   Soderberg, AM
   Djorgovski, SG
   Barth, AJ
   Pravdo, SH
   Frail, DA
   Gal-Yam, A
   Lipkin, Y
   Mauch, T
   Harrison, C
   Buttery, H
TI Early optical emission from the γ-ray burst of 4 October 2002
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID afterglows; search
AB Observations of the long-lived emission-or 'afterglow'-of long-duration gamma-ray bursts place them at cosmological distances, but the origin of these energetic explosions remains a mystery. Observations of optical emission contemporaneous with the burst of gamma-rays should provide insight into the details of the explosion, as well as into the structure of the surrounding environment. One bright optical flash was detected during a burst(1) but other efforts(2,3) have produced negative results. Here we report the discovery of the optical counterpart of GRB021004 only 193 seconds after the event. The initial decline is unexpectedly slow and requires varying energy content in the gamma-ray burst blastwave over the course of the first hour. Further analysis of the X-ray and optical afterglow suggests additional energy variations over the first few days.
C1 CALTECH, CALTECH Opt Observ 105 24, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   CALTECH, Space Radiat Lab 220 47, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   CALTECH, Theoret Astrophys 130 33, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   RIKEN, Cosmic Radiat Lab, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan.
   Kyoto Univ, Dept Astron, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068502, Japan.
   Kyushu Univ, Dept Phys, Chuo Ku, Fukuoka 8108560, Japan.
   Mt Stromlo & Siding Spring Observ, RSAA, Weston, ACT 2611, Australia.
   CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
   Natl Radio Astron Observ, Socorro, NM 87801 USA.
   Tel Aviv Univ, Sch Phys & Astron, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.
   Univ Sydney, Sch Phys, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
   Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Astrophys Grp, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England.
C3 California Institute of Technology; California Institute of Technology; California Institute of Technology; RIKEN; Kyoto University; Kyushu University; Australian National University; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); California Institute of Technology; National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO); Tel Aviv University; University of Sydney; University of Cambridge
RP Fox, DW (corresponding author), CALTECH, CALTECH Opt Observ 105 24, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
NR 28
TC 109
Z9 116
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 20
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6929
BP 284
EP 286
DI 10.1038/nature01504
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 656XX
UT WOS:000181637300032
PM 12646914
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Billas, IML
   Iwema, T
   Garnier, JM
   Mitschler, A
   Rochel, N
   Moras, D
AF Billas, IML
   Iwema, T
   Garnier, JM
   Mitschler, A
   Rochel, N
   Moras, D
TI Structural adaptability in the ligand-binding pocket of the ecdysone hormone receptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crystal-structure; nuclear receptor; heterodimeric complex; domain; alpha; activation; reveals; insect; beta; ecr
AB The ecdysteroid hormones coordinate the major stages of insect development, notably moulting and metamorphosis, by binding to the ecdysone receptor (EcR); a ligand-inducible nuclear transcription factor(1,2). To bind either ligand or DNA, EcR must form a heterodimer with ultraspiracle (USP), the homologue of retinoid-X receptor(3-5). Here we report the crystal structures of the ligand-binding domains of the moth Heliothis virescens EcR - USP heterodimer in complex with the ecdysteroid ponasterone A and with a non-steroidal, lepidopteran-specific agonist BYI06830 used in agrochemical pest control. The two structures of EcR - USP emphasize the universality of heterodimerization as a general mechanism common to both vertebrates and invertebrates. Comparison of the EcR structures in complex with steroidal and non-steroidal ligands reveals radically different and only partially overlapping ligand-binding pockets that could not be predicted by molecular modelling and docking studies(6,7). These findings offer new perspectives for the design of insect-specific, environmentally safe insecticides. The concept of a ligand-dependent binding pocket in EcR provides an insight into the moulding of nuclear receptors to their ligand, and has potential applications for human nuclear receptors.
C1 Univ Strasbourg 1, IGBMC, Dept Biol & Genom Struct, CNRS,INSERM, F-67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm)
RP Moras, D (corresponding author), Univ Strasbourg 1, IGBMC, Dept Biol & Genom Struct, CNRS,INSERM, Parc Innovat BP10142, F-67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France.
EM moras@igbmc.u-strasbg.fr
NR 30
TC 213
Z9 238
U1 2
U2 62
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 6
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6962
BP 91
EP 96
DI 10.1038/nature02112
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 739WY
UT WOS:000186370800048
PM 14595375
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jin, HJ
   Kaplan, DL
AF Jin, HJ
   Kaplan, DL
TI Mechanism of silk processing in insects and spiders
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bombyx-mori silk; fibroin solution; solid-state; fibers; water; biomaterials; organization; spectroscopy; gene; nmr
AB Silk spinning by insects and spiders leads to the formation of fibres that exhibit high strength and toughness(1). The lack of understanding of the protein processing in silk glands has prevented the recapitulation of these properties in vitro from reconstituted or genetically engineered silks. Here we report the identification of emulsion formation and micellar structures from aqueous solutions of reconstituted silkworm silk fibroin as a first step in the process to control water and protein-protein interactions. The sizes (100-200 nm diameter) of these structures could be predicted from hydrophobicity plots of silk protein primary sequence(2). These micelles subsequently aggregated into larger 'globules' and gel-like states as the concentration of silk fibroin increased, while maintaining solubility owing to the hydrophilic regions of the protein interspersed among the larger hydrophobic regions. Upon physical shearing or stretching structural transitions, increased birefringence and morphological alignment were demonstrated, indicating that this process mimics the behaviour of similar native silk proteins in vivo. Final morphological features of these silk materials are similar to those observed in native silkworm fibres.
C1 Tufts Univ, Dept Biol & Chem Engn, Medford, MA 02155 USA.
   Tufts Univ, Dept Biomed Engn, Medford, MA 02155 USA.
C3 Tufts University; Tufts University
RP Kaplan, DL (corresponding author), Tufts Univ, Dept Biol & Chem Engn, Medford, MA 02155 USA.
NR 31
TC 1223
Z9 1437
U1 19
U2 955
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 28
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6952
BP 1057
EP 1061
DI 10.1038/nature01809
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 715QR
UT WOS:000184984200044
PM 12944968
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Neumann, CA
   Krause, DS
   Carman, CV
   Das, S
   Dubey, DP
   Abraham, JL
   Bronson, RT
   Fujiwara, Y
   Orkin, SH
   Van Etten, RA
AF Neumann, CA
   Krause, DS
   Carman, CV
   Das, S
   Dubey, DP
   Abraham, JL
   Bronson, RT
   Fujiwara, Y
   Orkin, SH
   Van Etten, RA
TI Essential role for the peroxiredoxin Prdx1 in erythrocyte antioxidant defence and tumour suppression
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID abl tyrosine kinase; pag gene-product; physiological inhibitor; stress; cloning; resistance; protein; family; cells; mice
AB Reactive oxygen species are involved in many cellular metabolic and signalling processes(1) and are thought to have a role in disease, particularly in carcinogenesis and ageing(2). We have generated mice with targeted inactivation of Prdx1, a member of the peroxiredoxin family of antioxidant enzymes(3). Here we show that mice lacking Prdx1 are viable and fertile but have a shortened lifespan owing to the development beginning at about 9 months of severe haemolytic anaemia and several malignant cancers, both of which are also observed at increased frequency in heterozygotes. The haemolytic anaemia is characterized by an increase in erythrocyte reactive oxygen species, leading to protein oxidation, haemoglobin instability, Heinz body formation and decreased erythrocyte lifespan. The malignancies include lymphomas, sarcomas and carcinomas, and are frequently associated with loss of Prdx1 expression in heterozygotes, which suggests that this protein functions as a tumour suppressor. Prdx1-deficient fibroblasts show decreased proliferation and increased sensitivity to oxidative DNA damage, whereas Prdx1-null mice have abnormalities in numbers, phenotype and function of natural killer cells. Our results implicate Prdx1 as an important defence against oxidants in ageing mice.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Blood Res, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Childrens Hosp, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Tufts Univ, Sch Vet Med, North Grafton, MA 01536 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Program in Cellular & Molecular Medicine (PCMM); Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Tufts University
RP Van Etten, RA (corresponding author), Tufts Univ New England Med Ctr, Mol Oncol Res Inst, Boston, MA 02111 USA.
EM rvanetten@tufts-nemc.org
FU NIEHS NIH HHS [F32 ES011586] Funding Source: Medline
NR 31
TC 677
Z9 771
U1 0
U2 71
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 31
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6948
BP 561
EP 565
DI 10.1038/nature01819
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 706LG
UT WOS:000184454700045
PM 12891360
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gupta, AK
   Anderson, DM
   Overpeck, JT
AF Gupta, AK
   Anderson, DM
   Overpeck, JT
TI Abrupt changes in the Asian southwest monsoon during the Holocene and their links to the North Atlantic Ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID late quaternary; arabian-sea; summer monsoon; climate; variability; record; oman; foraminifera; greenland; surface
AB During the last ice age, the Indian Ocean southwest monsoon exhibited abrupt changes that were closely correlated with millennial-scale climate events in the North Atlantic region(1-3), suggesting a mechanistic link. In the Holocene epoch, which had a more stable climate, the amplitude of abrupt changes in North Atlantic climate was much smaller, and it has been unclear whether these changes are related to monsoon variability. Here we present a continuous record of centennial-scale monsoon variability throughout the Holocene from rapidly accumulating and minimally bioturbated sediments in the anoxic Arabian Sea. Our monsoon proxy record reveals several intervals of weak summer monsoon that coincide with cold periods documented in the North Atlantic region(4)-including the most recent climate changes from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age and then to the present. We therefore suggest that the link between North Atlantic climate and the Asian monsoon is a persistent aspect of global climate.
C1 Indian Inst Technol, Dept Geol & Geophys, Kharagpur 721302, W Bengal, India.
   NOAA, Paleoclimatol Program, Boulder, CO 80305 USA.
   Univ Arizona, Ctr Study Planet Earth, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Univ Arizona, Dept Geosci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
C3 Indian Institute of Technology System (IIT System); Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) - Kharagpur; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; University of Arizona; University of Arizona
RP Gupta, AK (corresponding author), Indian Inst Technol, Dept Geol & Geophys, Kharagpur 721302, W Bengal, India.
NR 30
TC 1009
Z9 1135
U1 3
U2 221
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6921
BP 354
EP 357
DI 10.1038/nature01340
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 637UW
UT WOS:000180533000037
PM 12540924
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Martin, SG
   St Johnston, D
AF Martin, SG
   St Johnston, D
TI A role for Drosophila LKB1 in anterior-posterior axis formation and epithelial polarity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dependent protein-kinase; tumor-suppressor; rna localization; par-1; lkb1/stk11; homolog; encodes; mosaics; pka
AB The PAR-4 and PAR-1 kinases are necessary for the formation of the anterior-posterior (A-P) axis in Caenorhabditis elegans(1-3). PAR-1 is also required for A-P axis determination in Drosophila(4,5). Here we show that the Drosophila par-4 homologue, lkb1, is required for the early A-P polarity of the oocyte, and for the repolarization of the oocyte cytoskeleton that defines the embryonic A-P axis. LKB1 is phosphorylated by PAR-1 in vitro, and overexpression of LKB1 partially rescues the par-1 phenotype. These two kinases therefore function in a conserved pathway for axis formation in flies and worms. lkb1 mutant clones also disrupt apical-basal epithelial polarity, suggesting a general role in cell polarization. The human homologue, LKB1, is mutated in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome(6,7) and is regulated by prenylation and by phosphorylation by protein kinase A(8,9). We show that protein kinase A phosphorylates Drosophila LKB1 on a conserved site that is important for its activity. Thus, Drosophila and human LKB1 may be functional homologues, suggesting that loss of cell polarity may contribute to tumour formation in individuals with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Wellcome Trust Canc Res UK Inst, Cambridge CB2 1QR, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Genet, Cambridge CB2 1QR, England.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of Cambridge
RP St Johnston, D (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Wellcome Trust Canc Res UK Inst, Tennis Court Rd, Cambridge CB2 1QR, England.
EM ds139@mole.bio.cam.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 245
Z9 313
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6921
BP 379
EP 384
DI 10.1038/nature01296
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 637UW
UT WOS:000180533000044
PM 12540903
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hove, JR
   Köster, RW
   Forouhar, AS
   Acevedo-Bolton, G
   Fraser, SE
   Gharib, M
AF Hove, JR
   Köster, RW
   Forouhar, AS
   Acevedo-Bolton, G
   Fraser, SE
   Gharib, M
TI Intracardiac fluid forces are an essential epigenetic factor for embryonic cardiogenesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID shear-stress; blood-flow; cardiac development; endothelial-cells; zebrafish; mechanotransduction; expression; system; heart; gene
AB The pattern of blood flow in the developing heart has long been proposed to play a significant role in cardiac morphogenesis. In response to flow-induced forces, cultured cardiac endothelial cells rearrange their cytoskeletal structure and change their gene expression profiles(1,2). To link such in vitro data to the intact heart, we performed quantitative in vivo analyses of intracardiac flow forces in zebrafish embryos. Using in vivo imaging, here we show the presence of high-shear, vortical flow at two key stages in the developing heart, and predict flow-induced forces much greater than might have been expected for micro-scale structures at low Reynolds numbers. To test the relevance of these shear forces in vivo, flow was occluded at either the cardiac inflow or outflow tracts, resulting in hearts with an abnormal third chamber, diminished looping and impaired valve formation. The similarity of these defects to those observed in some congenital heart diseases argues for the importance of intracardiac haemodynamics as a key epigenetic factor in embryonic cardiogenesis.
C1 CALTECH, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   CALTECH, Beckman Inst, Biol Imaging Ctr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   CALTECH, Div Biol, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology; California Institute of Technology; California Institute of Technology
RP Hove, JR (corresponding author), CALTECH, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM jhove@caltech.edu; rkoeste1@gg.caltech.edu
NR 29
TC 832
Z9 980
U1 1
U2 103
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 9
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6919
BP 172
EP 177
DI 10.1038/nature01282
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 633DR
UT WOS:000180267200043
PM 12520305
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Acevedo-Whitehouse, K
   Gulland, F
   Greig, D
   Amos, W
AF Acevedo-Whitehouse, K
   Gulland, F
   Greig, D
   Amos, W
TI Disease susceptibility in California sea lions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID zalophus-californianus; microsatellites
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England.
   Marine Mammal Ctr, Sausalito, CA 94965 USA.
C3 University of Cambridge
RP Acevedo-Whitehouse, K (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England.
EM w.amos@zoo.cam.ac.uk
NR 13
TC 275
Z9 329
U1 0
U2 100
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 6
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6927
BP 35
EP 35
DI 10.1038/422035a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 651VP
UT WOS:000181343100027
PM 12621424
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hoang, QQ
   Sicheri, F
   Howard, AJ
   Yang, DSC
AF Hoang, QQ
   Sicheri, F
   Howard, AJ
   Yang, DSC
TI Bone recognition mechanism of porcine osteocalcin from crystal structure
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gamma-carboxyglutamic acid; protein
AB Osteocalcin is the most abundant noncollagenous protein in bone(1), and its concentration in serum is closely linked to bone metabolism and serves as a biological marker for the clinical assessment of bone disease(2). Although its precise mechanism of action is unclear, osteocalcin influences bone mineralization(3,4), in part through its ability to bind with high affinity to the mineral component of bone, hydroxyapatite(5). In addition to binding to hydroxyapatite, osteocalcin functions in cell signalling and the recruitment of osteoclasts(6) and osteoblasts(7), which have active roles in bone resorption and deposition, respectively. Here we present the X-ray crystal structure of porcine osteocalcin at 2.0 Angstrom resolution, which reveals a negatively charged protein surface that coordinates five calcium ions in a spatial orientation that is complementary to calcium ions in a hydroxyapatite crystal lattice. On the basis of our findings, we propose a model of osteocalcin binding to hydroxyapatite and draw parallels with other proteins that engage crystal lattices.
C1 McMaster Univ, Fac Hlth Sci, Dept Biochem, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada.
   Microstar Biotech Inc, Flamborough, ON L9H 7H9, Canada.
   Mt Sinai Hosp, Samuel Lunenfeld Res Inst, Program Mol Biol & Canc, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Mol & Med Genet, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
   IIT, Dept Biol Chem & Phys Sci, Chicago, IL 60616 USA.
C3 McMaster University; University of Toronto; Sinai Health System Toronto; Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute; University of Toronto; Illinois Institute of Technology
RP Yang, DSC (corresponding author), McMaster Univ, Fac Hlth Sci, Dept Biochem, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada.
EM yang@mcmaster.ca
NR 30
TC 457
Z9 547
U1 3
U2 125
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 30
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6961
BP 977
EP 980
DI 10.1038/nature02079
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 737KY
UT WOS:000186230600045
PM 14586470
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Semmann, D
   Krambeck, HJR
   Milinski, M
AF Semmann, D
   Krambeck, HJR
   Milinski, M
TI Volunteering leads to rock-paper-scissors dynamics in a public goods game
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sizable groups; evolution; cooperation; commons; reciprocity; punishment; tragedy; humans
AB Collective efforts are a trademark of both insect and human societies(1). They are achieved through relatedness in the former(2) and unknown mechanisms in the latter. The problem of achieving cooperation among non-kin has been described as the 'tragedy of the commons', prophesying the inescapable collapse of many human enterprises(3,4). In public goods experiments, initial cooperation usually drops quickly to almost zero(5). It can be maintained by the opportunity to punish defectors(6) or the need to maintain good reputation(7). Both schemes require that defectors are identified. Theorists propose that a simple but effective mechanism operates under full anonymity. With optional participation in the public goods game, 'loners' (players who do not join the group), defectors and cooperators will coexist through rock-paper-scissors dynamics(8,9). Here we show experimentally that volunteering generates these dynamics in public goods games and that manipulating initial conditions can produce each predicted direction. If, by manipulating displayed decisions, it is pretended that defectors have the highest frequency, loners soon become most frequent, as do cooperators after loners and defectors after cooperators. On average, cooperation is perpetuated at a substantial level.
C1 Max Planck Inst Limnol, Dept Evolutionary Ecol, D-24306 Plon, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Milinski, M (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Limnol, Dept Evolutionary Ecol, D-24306 Plon, Germany.
NR 30
TC 315
Z9 336
U1 2
U2 134
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 25
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6956
BP 390
EP 393
DI 10.1038/nature01986
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 724TG
UT WOS:000185502300039
PM 14508487
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Enquist, BJ
   Economo, EP
   Huxman, TE
   Allen, AP
   Ignace, DD
   Gillooly, JF
AF Enquist, BJ
   Economo, EP
   Huxman, TE
   Allen, AP
   Ignace, DD
   Gillooly, JF
TI Scaling metabolism from organisms to ecosystems
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carbon-dioxide; water-vapor; temperature; respiration; size; exchange; ecology; fluxes; rates; soil
AB Understanding energy and material fluxes through ecosystems is central to many questions in global change biology and ecology(1-11). Ecosystem respiration is a critical component of the carbon cycle(1,5-7) and might be important in regulating biosphere response to global climate change(1-3). Here we derive a general model of ecosystem respiration based on the kinetics of metabolic reactions(11-13) and the scaling of resource use by individual organisms(14,15). The model predicts that fluxes of CO2 and energy are invariant of ecosystem biomass, but are strongly influenced by temperature, variation in cellular metabolism and rates of supply of limiting resources (water and/or nutrients). Variation in ecosystem respiration within sites, as calculated from a network of CO2 flux towers(5,7), provides robust support for the model's predictions. However, data indicate that variation in annual flux between sites is not strongly dependent on average site temperature or latitude. This presents an interesting paradox with regard to the expected temperature dependence. Nevertheless, our model provides a basis for quantitatively understanding energy and material flux between the atmosphere and biosphere.
C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Ctr Appl Biodivers Sci, Washington, DC 20036 USA.
   Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA.
C3 University of Arizona; University of New Mexico
RP Enquist, BJ (corresponding author), Univ Arizona, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
EM benquist@u.arizona.edu
NR 33
TC 319
Z9 373
U1 6
U2 182
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 5
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6940
BP 639
EP 642
DI 10.1038/nature01671
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 686BT
UT WOS:000183301200040
PM 12789338
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bustamante, C
   Bryant, Z
   Smith, SB
AF Bustamante, C
   Bryant, Z
   Smith, SB
TI Ten years of tension: single-molecule DNA mechanics
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID coli rna-polymerase; supercoiled dna; structural transitions; optical tweezers; stranded-dna; force; elasticity; translocation; topoisomerase; transcription
AB The basic features of DNA were elucidated during the half-century following the discovery of the double helix. But it is only during the past decade that researchers have been able to manipulate single molecules of DNA to make direct measurements of its mechanical properties. These studies have illuminated the nature of interactions between DNA and proteins, the constraints within which the cellular machinery operates, and the forces created by DNA-dependent motors.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Bustamante, C (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM carlos@alice.berkeley.edu; zev@alice.berkeley.edu; steve@alice.berkeley.edu
NR 50
TC 1145
Z9 1399
U1 3
U2 329
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6921
BP 423
EP 427
DI 10.1038/nature01405
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 637UW
UT WOS:000180533000056
PM 12540915
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tootle, TL
   Silver, SJ
   Davies, EL
   Newman, V
   Latek, RR
   Mills, IA
   Selengut, JD
   Parlikar, BEW
   Rebay, I
AF Tootle, TL
   Silver, SJ
   Davies, EL
   Newman, V
   Latek, RR
   Mills, IA
   Selengut, JD
   Parlikar, BEW
   Rebay, I
TI The transcription factor Eyes absent is a protein tyrosine phosphatase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID p-type atpase; signaling pathway; drosophila; phosphorylation; superfamily; reveals; complex; domain; eya; pervanadate
AB Post-translational modifications provide sensitive and flexible mechanisms to dynamically modulate protein function in response to specific signalling inputs(1). In the case of transcription factors, changes in phosphorylation state can influence protein stability, conformation, subcellular localization, cofactor interactions, transactivation potential and transcriptional output(1). Here we show that the evolutionarily conserved transcription factor Eyes absent (Eya)(2,3) belongs to the phosphatase subgroup of the haloacid dehalogenase (HAD) superfamily(4,5), and propose a function for it as a non-thiol-based protein tyrosine phosphatase. Experiments performed in cultured Drosophila cells and in vitro indicate that Eyes absent has intrinsic protein tyrosine phosphatase activity and can autocatalytically dephosphorylate itself. Confirming the biological significance of this function, mutations that disrupt the phosphatase active site severely compromise the ability of Eyes absent to promote eye specification and development in Drosophila. Given the functional importance of phosphorylation-dependent modulation of transcription factor activity, this evidence for a nuclear transcriptional coactivator with intrinsic phosphatase activity suggests an unanticipated method of fine-tuning transcriptional regulation.
C1 Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   Inst Genom Res, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); J. Craig Venter Institute
RP Rebay, I (corresponding author), Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, 9 Cambridge Ctr, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
NR 28
TC 211
Z9 272
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 20
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6964
BP 299
EP 302
DI 10.1038/nature02097
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 744YQ
UT WOS:000186660800046
PM 14628053
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Krüger, M
   Meyerdierks, A
   Glöckner, FO
   Amann, R
   Widdel, F
   Kube, M
   Reinhardt, R
   Kahnt, R
   Böcher, R
   Thauer, RK
   Shima, S
AF Krüger, M
   Meyerdierks, A
   Glöckner, FO
   Amann, R
   Widdel, F
   Kube, M
   Reinhardt, R
   Kahnt, R
   Böcher, R
   Thauer, RK
   Shima, S
TI A conspicuous nickel protein in microbial mats that oxidize methane anaerobically
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID coral-like structures; marine-sediments; black-sea; sulfate reduction; mcra genes; oxidation; bacteria; seeps; consortium; archaea
AB Anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) in marine sediments is an important microbial process in the global carbon cycle and in control of greenhouse gas emission. The responsible organisms supposedly reverse the reactions of methanogenesis(1-8), but cultures providing biochemical proof of this have not been isolated. Here we searched for AOM-associated cell components in microbial mats from anoxic methane seeps in the Black Sea(9-11). These mats catalyse AOM rather than carry out methanogenesis. We extracted a prominent nickel compound displaying the same absorption spectrum as the nickel cofactor F(430) of methyl-coenzyme M reductase, the terminal enzyme of methanogenesis(12); however, the nickel compound exhibited a higher molecular mass than F430. The apparent variant of F430 was part of an abundant protein that was purified from the mat and that consists of three different subunits. Determined amino-terminal amino acid sequences matched a gene locus cloned from the mat. Sequence analyses revealed similarities to methyl-coenzyme M reductase from methanogenic archaea. The abundance of the nickel protein (7% of extracted proteins) in the mat suggests an important role in AOM.
C1 Max Planck Inst Marine Microbiol, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Mol Genet, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Terr Microbiol, D-35043 Marburg, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society; Max Planck Society; Max Planck Society
RP Widdel, F (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Marine Microbiol, Celsiusstr 1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
EM fwiddel@mpi-bremen.de; thauer@mailer.uni-marburg.de
NR 30
TC 287
Z9 348
U1 0
U2 126
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 18
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6968
BP 878
EP 881
DI 10.1038/nature02207
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 754QM
UT WOS:000187342000068
PM 14685246
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ghaemmaghami, S
   Huh, W
   Bower, K
   Howson, RW
   Belle, A
   Dephoure, N
   O'Shea, EK
   Weissman, JS
AF Ghaemmaghami, S
   Huh, W
   Bower, K
   Howson, RW
   Belle, A
   Dephoure, N
   O'Shea, EK
   Weissman, JS
TI Global analysis of protein expression in yeast
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; messenger-rna; gene deletion; genome; identification; organization
AB The availability of complete genomic sequences and technologies that allow comprehensive analysis of global expression profiles of messenger RNA(1-3) have greatly expanded our ability to monitor the internal state of a cell. Yet biological systems ultimately need to be explained in terms of the activity, regulation and modification of proteins-and the ubiquitous occurrence of posttranscriptional regulation makes mRNA an imperfect proxy for such information. To facilitate global protein analyses, we have created a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fusion library where each open reading frame is tagged with a high-affinity epitope and expressed from its natural chromosomal location. Through immunodetection of the common tag, we obtain a census of proteins expressed during log-phase growth and measurements of their absolute levels. We find that about 80% of the proteome is expressed during normal growth conditions, and, using additional sequence information, we systematically identify misannotated genes. The abundance of proteins ranges from fewer than 50 to more than 10(6) molecules per cell. Many of these molecules, including essential proteins and most transcription factors, are present at levels that are not readily detectable by other proteomic techniques nor predictable by mRNA levels or codon bias measurements.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Mol & Cellular Pharmacol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Biochem & Biophys, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Weissman, JS (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
EM jsw1@itsa.ucsf.edu
NR 29
TC 3042
Z9 7686
U1 2
U2 640
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 16
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6959
BP 737
EP 741
DI 10.1038/nature02046
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 732DA
UT WOS:000185924500046
PM 14562106
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lusk, C
AF Lusk, C
TI Tree-species competition and coexistence
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neotropical forest; new-zealand; history
C1 Univ Concepcion, Dept Bot, Concepcion, Chile.
C3 Universidad de Concepcion
RP Lusk, C (corresponding author), Univ Concepcion, Dept Bot, Casilla 160-C, Concepcion, Chile.
EM clusk@udec.cl
NR 10
TC 58
Z9 61
U1 3
U2 42
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 10
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6932
BP 580
EP 581
DI 10.1038/422580b
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 665GN
UT WOS:000182111400030
PM 12686990
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ansley, SJ
   Badano, JL
   Blacque, OE
   Hill, J
   Hoskins, BE
   Leitch, CC
   Kim, JC
   Ross, AJ
   Eichers, ER
   Teslovich, TM
   Mah, AK
   Johnsen, RC
   Cavender, JC
   Lewis, RA
   Leroux, MR
   Beales, PL
   Katsanis, N
AF Ansley, SJ
   Badano, JL
   Blacque, OE
   Hill, J
   Hoskins, BE
   Leitch, CC
   Kim, JC
   Ross, AJ
   Eichers, ER
   Teslovich, TM
   Mah, AK
   Johnsen, RC
   Cavender, JC
   Lewis, RA
   Leroux, MR
   Beales, PL
   Katsanis, N
TI Basal body dysfunction is a likely cause of pleiotropic Bardet-Biedl syndrome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human obesity syndrome; c-elegans; intraflagellar transport; triallelic inheritance; kidney-disease; protein; cilia; gene; identification; mutations
AB Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a genetically heterogeneous disorder characterized primarily by retinal dystrophy, obesity, polydactyly, renal malformations and learning disabilities. Although five BBS genes have been cloned(1-6), the molecular basis of this syndrome remains elusive. Here we show that BBS is probably caused by a defect at the basal body of ciliated cells. We have cloned a new BBS gene, BBS8, which encodes a protein with a prokaryotic domain, pilF, involved in pilus formation and twitching mobility. In one family, a homozygous null BBS8 mutation leads to BBS with randomization of left-right body axis symmetry, a known defect of the nodal cilium. We have also found that BBS8 localizes specifically to ciliated structures, such as the connecting cilium of the retina and columnar epithelial cells in the lung. In cells, BBS8 localizes to centrosomes and basal bodies and interacts with PCM1, a protein probably involved in ciliogenesis. Finally, we demonstrate that all available Caenorhabditis elegans BBS homologues are expressed exclusively in ciliated neurons, and contain regulatory elements for RFX, a transcription factor that modulates the expression of genes associated with ciliogenesis and intraflagellar transport.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Inst Med Genet, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Wilmer Eye Inst, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA.
   Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Mol Biol & Biochem, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
   UCL, Inst Child Hlth, Mol Med Unit, London WC1N 1EH, England.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol & Human Genet, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Ophthalmol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Med, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   King Khalid Eye Specialist Hosp, Riyadh 11462, Saudi Arabia.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins Medicine; Simon Fraser University; University of London; University College London; Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital
RP Katsanis, N (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Inst Med Genet, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA.
EM katsanis@jhmi.edu
NR 29
TC 520
Z9 642
U1 0
U2 33
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 9
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6958
BP 628
EP 633
DI 10.1038/nature02030
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 729XU
UT WOS:000185801000040
PM 14520415
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Xu, L
   Wei, Y
   Reboul, J
   Vaglio, P
   Shin, TH
   Vidal, M
   Elledge, SJ
   Harper, JW
AF Xu, L
   Wei, Y
   Reboul, J
   Vaglio, P
   Shin, TH
   Vidal, M
   Elledge, SJ
   Harper, JW
TI BTB proteins are substrate-specific adaptors in an SCF-like modular ubiquitin ligase containing CUL-3
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID caenorhabditis-elegans; c-elegans; cyclin-e; degradation; gene; family; mei-1
AB Programmed destruction of regulatory proteins through the ubiquitin-proteasome system is a widely used mechanism for controlling signalling pathways(1,2). Cullins(3) are proteins that function as scaffolds for modular ubiquitin ligases typified by the SCF (Skp1-Cul1-F-box) complex(4-6). The substrate selectivity of these E3 ligases is dictated by a specificity module that binds cullins. In the SCF complex, this module is composed of Skp1, which binds directly to Cul1, and a member of the F-box family of proteins(4-7). F-box proteins bind Skp1 through the F-box motif(7), and substrates by means of carboxy-terminal protein interaction domains(1,2,5). Similarly, Cul2 and Cul5 interact with BC-box-containing specificity factors through the Skp1-like protein elongin C-2. Cul3 is required for embryonic development in mammals and Caenorhabditis elegans(8-10) but its specificity module is unknown. Here we report the identification of a large family of BTB-domain proteins as substrate-specific adaptors for C. elegans CUL-3. Biochemical studies using the BTB protein MEL-26 and its genetic target MEI-1 (refs 12, 13) indicate that BTB proteins merge the functional properties of Skp1 and F-box proteins into a single polypeptide.
C1 Baylor Coll Med, Verna & Marrs McLean Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol Physiol & Biophys, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Cell & Mol Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Baylor College of Medicine; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard Medical School
RP Harper, JW (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM wade_harper@hms.harvard.edu
FU National Institute on Aging [R01AG011085] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER; NIA NIH HHS [R01 AG011085] Funding Source: Medline
NR 23
TC 422
Z9 533
U1 2
U2 44
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 18
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6955
BP 316
EP 321
DI 10.1038/nature01985
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 722JA
UT WOS:000185370900050
PM 13679922
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Whiting, MF
   Bradler, S
   Maxwell, T
AF Whiting, MF
   Bradler, S
   Maxwell, T
TI Loss and recovery of wings in stick insects
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID character states; dna-sequences; phylogeny; flightlessness
AB The evolution of wings was the central adaptation allowing insects to escape predators, exploit scattered resources, and disperse into new niches, resulting in radiations into vast numbers of species(1). Despite the presumed evolutionary advantages associated with full-sized wings (macroptery), nearly all pterygote (winged) orders have many partially winged (brachypterous) or wingless (apterous) lineages, and some entire orders are secondarily wingless (for example, fleas, lice, grylloblattids and mantophasmatids), with about 5% of extant pterygote species being flightless(2,3). Thousands of independent transitions from a winged form to winglessness have occurred during the course of insect evolution; however, an evolutionary reversal from a flightless to a volant form has never been demonstrated clearly for any pterygote lineage. Such a reversal is considered highly unlikely because complex interactions between nerves, muscles, sclerites and wing foils are required to accommodate flight(4). Here we show that stick insects (order Phasmatodea) diversified as wingless insects and that wings were derived secondarily, perhaps on many occasions. These results suggest that wing developmental pathways are conserved in wingless phasmids, and that 're-evolution' of wings has had an unrecognized role in insect diversification.
C1 Brigham Young Univ, Dept Integrat Biol, Provo, UT 84602 USA.
   Univ Gottingen, Inst Zool & Anthropol, D-3400 Gottingen, Germany.
   Washington Univ, Dept Biol, St Louis, MO 63130 USA.
C3 Brigham Young University; University of Gottingen; Washington University (WUSTL)
RP Whiting, MF (corresponding author), Brigham Young Univ, Dept Integrat Biol, Provo, UT 84602 USA.
EM Michael_Whiting@byu.edu
NR 29
TC 358
Z9 399
U1 4
U2 171
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 16
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6920
BP 264
EP 267
DI 10.1038/nature01313
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 635KG
UT WOS:000180397600046
PM 12529642
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ishii, H
   Kataura, H
   Shiozawa, H
   Yoshioka, H
   Otsubo, H
   Takayama, Y
   Miyahara, T
   Suzuki, S
   Achiba, Y
   Nakatake, M
   Narimura, T
   Higashiguchi, M
   Shimada, K
   Namatame, H
   Taniguchi, M
AF Ishii, H
   Kataura, H
   Shiozawa, H
   Yoshioka, H
   Otsubo, H
   Takayama, Y
   Miyahara, T
   Suzuki, S
   Achiba, Y
   Nakatake, M
   Narimura, T
   Higashiguchi, M
   Shimada, K
   Namatame, H
   Taniguchi, M
TI Direct observation of Tomonaga-Luttinger-liquid state in carbon nanotubes at low temperatures
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electronic-structure; fermi-liquid; behavior; transport
AB The electronic transport properties of conventional three-dimensional metals are successfully described by Fermi-liquid theory. But when the dimensionality of such a system is reduced to one, the Fermi-liquid state becomes unstable to Coulomb interactions, and the conduction electrons should instead behave according to Tomonaga-Luttinger-liquid (TLL) theory. Such a state reveals itself through interaction-dependent anomalous exponents in the correlation functions, density of states and momentum distribution of the electrons(1-3). Metallic single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are considered to be ideal one-dimensional systems for realizing TLL states(4-6). Indeed, the results of transport measurements on metal - SWNT and SWNT - SWNT junctions have been attributed(7-9) to the effects of tunnelling into or between TLLs, although there remains some ambiguity in these interpretations(10). Direct observations of the electronic states in SWNTs are therefore needed to resolve these uncertainties. Here we report angle-integrated photoemission measurements of SWNTs. Our results reveal an oscillation in the pi-electron density of states owing to one-dimensional van Hove singularities, confirming the one-dimensional nature of the valence band. The spectral function and intensities at the Fermi level both exhibit power-law behaviour ( with almost identical exponents) in good agreement with theoretical predictions for the TLL state in SWNTs.
C1 Tokyo Metropolitan Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Tokyo 1920397, Japan.
   Nara Womens Univ, Dept Phys, Nara 6308506, Japan.
   High Energy Accelerator Res Org, Photon Factory, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050801, Japan.
   Hiroshima Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Higashihiroshima 7398526, Japan.
   Hiroshima Univ, Dept Phys Sci, Higashihiroshima 7398526, Japan.
   Hiroshima Univ, Hiroshima Synchrotron Radiat Ctr, Higashihiroshima 7398526, Japan.
C3 Tokyo Metropolitan University; Nara Womens University; High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK); Hiroshima University; Hiroshima University; Hiroshima University
RP Kataura, H (corresponding author), Tokyo Metropolitan Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Minami Ohsawa 1-1, Tokyo 1920397, Japan.
EM kataura@phys.metro-u.ac.jp
NR 32
TC 447
Z9 477
U1 0
U2 139
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 4
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6966
BP 540
EP 544
DI 10.1038/nature02074
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 749TE
UT WOS:000186944300034
PM 14654836
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cook, DL
   Schwindt, PC
   Grande, LA
   Spain, WJ
AF Cook, DL
   Schwindt, PC
   Grande, LA
   Spain, WJ
TI Synaptic depression in the localization of sound
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID interaural time differences; stem auditory nuclei; coincidence detection; brain-stem; phase-locking; laminaris; neurons; magnocellularis; lateralization; organization
AB Short-term synaptic plasticity, which is common in the central nervous system, may contribute to the signal processing functions of both temporal integration and coincidence detection(1-3). For temporal integrators, whose output firng rate depends on a running average of recent synaptic inputs, plasticity modulates input synaptic strength and thus may directly control signalling gain(2) and the function of neural networks(1-4). But the firing probability of an ideal coincidence detector would depend on the temporal coincidence of events rather than on the average frequency of synaptic events. Here we have examined a specific case of how synaptic plasticity can affect temporal coincidence detection, by experimentally characterizing synaptic depression at the synapse between neurons in the nucleus magnocellularis and coincidence detection neurons in the nucleus laminaris in the chick auditory brainstem(5). We combine an empirical description of this depression with a biophysical model of signalling in the nucleus laminaris. The resulting model predicts that synaptic depression provides an adaptive mechanism for preserving interaural time-delay information (a proxy for the location of sound in space) despite the confounding effects of sound-intensity-related information. This mechanism may help nucleus laminaris neurons to pass specific sound localization information to higher processing centres.
C1 Univ Washington, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Seattle, WA 98105 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Neurol, Seattle, WA 98105 USA.
   Univ Washington, Virginia Merrill Bloedel Hearing Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98105 USA.
   VA Puget Sound Hlth Care Syst, Seattle, WA 98108 USA.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; US Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans Health Administration (VHA); Vet Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System
RP Spain, WJ (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Seattle, WA 98105 USA.
EM spain@u.washington.edu
FU BLRD VA [I01 BX000386] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 152
Z9 179
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 2
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6918
BP 66
EP 70
DI 10.1038/nature01248
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 631JY
UT WOS:000180165500038
PM 12511955
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sinclair, ARE
   Mduma, S
   Brashares, JS
AF Sinclair, ARE
   Mduma, S
   Brashares, JS
TI Patterns of predation in a diverse predator-prey system
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID trophic cascades; bottom-up; food webs; top-down; competition; community; heterogeneity; ecosystem
AB There are many cases where animal populations are affected by predators and resources in terrestrial ecosystems(1-3),but the factors that determine when one or the other predominates remain poorly understood(4-5). Here we show, using 40 years of data from the highly diverse mammal community of the Serengeti ecosystem, East Africa, that the primary cause of mortality for adults of a particular species is determined by two factors-the species diversity of both the predators and prey and the body size of that prey species relative to other prey and predators. Small ungulates in Serengeti are exposed to more predators, owing to opportunistic predation, than are larger ungulates; they also suffer greater predation rates, and experience strong predation pressure. A threshold occurs at prey body sizes of similar to150 kg, above which ungulate species have few natural predators and exhibit food limitation. Thus, biodiversity allows both predation (top-down) and resource limitation (bottom-up) to act simultaneously to affect herbivore populations. This result may apply generally in systems where there is a diversity of predators and prey.
C1 Univ British Columbia, Ctr Biodivers Res, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
   Tanzania Wildlife Res Inst, Arusha, Tanzania.
C3 University of British Columbia
RP Sinclair, ARE (corresponding author), Univ British Columbia, Ctr Biodivers Res, 6270 Univ Blvd, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
NR 30
TC 648
Z9 754
U1 4
U2 345
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 18
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6955
BP 288
EP 290
DI 10.1038/nature01934
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 722JA
UT WOS:000185370900043
PM 13679915
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Seiffert, ER
   Simons, EL
   Attia, Y
AF Seiffert, ER
   Simons, EL
   Attia, Y
TI Fossil evidence for an ancient divergence of lorises and galagos
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID oligocene; discovery; evolution; primates; age
AB Morphological, molecular, and biogeographic data bearing on early primate evolution suggest that the clade containing extant (or 'crown') strepsirrhine primates (lemurs, lorises and galagos) arose in Afro-Arabia during the early Palaeogene(1), but over a century of palaeontological exploration on that landmass has failed to uncover any conclusive support for that hypothesis(2). Here we describe the first demonstrable crown strepsirrhines from the Afro-Arabian Palaeogene-a galagid and a possible lorisid from the late middle Eocene of Egypt, the latter of which provides the earliest fossil evidence for the distinctive strepsirrhine toothcomb. These discoveries approximately double the previous temporal range of undoubted lorisiforms and lend the first strong palaeontological support to the hypothesis of an ancient Afro-Arabian origin for crown Strepsirrhini and an Eocene divergence of extant lorisiform families(1,3).
C1 Duke Univ, Dept Biol Anthropol & Anat, Durham, NC 27705 USA.
   Duke Primate Ctr, Div Fossil Primates, Durham, NC 27705 USA.
   Egyptian Geol Museum, Cairo, Egypt.
C3 Duke University; Duke University
RP Seiffert, ER (corresponding author), Duke Univ, Dept Biol Anthropol & Anat, 1013 Broad St, Durham, NC 27705 USA.
EM erik.seiffert@duke.edu
NR 30
TC 144
Z9 162
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 27
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6930
BP 421
EP 424
DI 10.1038/nature01489
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 659WV
UT WOS:000181801200042
PM 12660781
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Parish, MM
   Littlewood, PB
AF Parish, MM
   Littlewood, PB
TI Non-saturating magnetoresistance in heavily disordered semiconductors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inhomogeneity; gap
AB The resistance of a homogeneous semiconductor increases quadratically with magnetic field at low fields and, except in very special cases, saturates at fields much larger than the inverse of the carrier mobility, a number typically of the order of 1 T (refs 1, 2). A surprising exception to this behaviour has recently been observed in doped silver chalcogenides(3-5), which exhibit an anomalously large, quasi-linear magnetoresistive response that extends down to low fields and survives, even at extreme fields of 55 T and beyond. Here we present a simple model of a macroscopically disordered and strongly inhomogeneous semiconductor that exhibits a similar non-saturating magnetoresistance. In addition to providing a possible explanation for the behaviour of doped silver chalcogenides, our model suggests potential routes for the construction of magnetic field sensors with a large, controllable and linear response.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England.
   Los Alamos Natl Lab, Pulsed Field Facil, Natl High Magnet Field Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
C3 University of Cambridge; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory
RP Parish, MM (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England.
NR 21
TC 573
Z9 630
U1 1
U2 180
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 13
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6963
BP 162
EP 165
DI 10.1038/nature02073
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 742LA
UT WOS:000186517200038
PM 14614501
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Prinz, M
   Heikenwalder, M
   Junt, T
   Schwarz, P
   Glatzel, M
   Heppner, FL
   Fu, YX
   Lipp, M
   Aguzzi, A
AF Prinz, M
   Heikenwalder, M
   Junt, T
   Schwarz, P
   Glatzel, M
   Heppner, FL
   Fu, YX
   Lipp, M
   Aguzzi, A
TI Positioning of follicular dendritic cells within the spleen controls prion neuroinvasion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID creutzfeldt-jakob-disease; sympathetic innervation; germinal-centers; mice; scrapie; replication; susceptibility; expression; infection; receptor
AB Peripheral infection is the natural route of transmission in most prion diseases(1). Peripheral prion infection is followed by rapid prion replication in lymphoid organs, neuroinvasion(2) and progressive neurological disease. Both immune cells and nerves are involved in pathogenesis(3,4), but the mechanisms of prion transfer from the immune to the nervous system are unknown. Here we show that ablation of the chemokine receptor CXCR5 juxtaposes follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) to major splenic nerves, and accelerates the transfer of intraperitoneally administered prions into the spinal cord. Neuroinvasion velocity correlated exclusively with the relative locations of FDCs and nerves: transfer of CXCR5(-/-) bone marrow to wild-type mice induced perineural FDCs and enhanced neuroinvasion, whereas reciprocal transfer to CXCR5(-/-) mice abolished them and restored normal efficiency of neuroinvasion. Suppression of lymphotoxin signalling depleted FDCs, abolished splenic infectivity, and suppressed acceleration of pathogenesis in CXCR5(-/-) mice. This suggests that prion neuroimmune transition occurs between FDCs and sympathetic nerves, and relative positioning of FDCs and nerves controls the efficiency of peripheral prion infection.
C1 Univ Zurich Hosp, Inst Neuropathol, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Univ Zurich Hosp, Inst Expt Immunol, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Pathol, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Comm Immunol, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Max Delbruck Ctr Mol Med, Dept Mol Tumor Genet & Immunogenet, D-13092 Berlin, Germany.
C3 University of Zurich; University Zurich Hospital; University of Zurich; University Zurich Hospital; University of Chicago; University of Chicago; Helmholtz Association; Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine
RP Aguzzi, A (corresponding author), Univ Zurich Hosp, Inst Neuropathol, Schmelzbergstr 12, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
NR 29
TC 176
Z9 195
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 30
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6961
BP 957
EP 962
DI 10.1038/nature02072
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 737KY
UT WOS:000186230600041
PM 14562059
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ganesh, L
   Burstein, E
   Guha-Nijogi, A
   Louder, MK
   Mascola, JR
   Klomp, LWJ
   Wijmenga, C
   Duckett, CS
   Nabel, GJ
AF Ganesh, L
   Burstein, E
   Guha-Nijogi, A
   Louder, MK
   Mascola, JR
   Klomp, LWJ
   Wijmenga, C
   Duckett, CS
   Nabel, GJ
TI The gene product Murr1 restricts HIV-1 replication in resting CD4+ lymphocytes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nf-kappa-b; human-immunodeficiency-virus; t-cells; ubiquitination; activation; alpha; transcription; infection; complex; phosphorylation
AB Although human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infects quiescent and proliferating CD4(+) lymphocytes, the virus replicates poorly in resting T cells(1-6). Factors that block viral replication in these cells might help to prolong the asymptomatic phase of HIV infection(7); however, the molecular mechanisms that control this process are not fully understood. Here we show that Murr1, a gene product known previously for its involvement in copper regulation(8,9), inhibits HIV-1 growth in unstimulated CD4(+) T cells. This inhibition was mediated in part through its ability to inhibit basal and cytokine-stimulated nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB activity. Knockdown of Murr1 increased NF-kappaB activity and decreased IkappaB-alpha concentrations by facilitating phospho-IkappaB-alpha degradation by the proteasome. Murr1 was detected in CD4(+) T cells, and RNA-mediated interference of Murr1 in primary resting CD4(+) lymphocytes increased HIV-1 replication. Through its effects on the proteasome, Murr1 acts as a genetic restriction factor that inhibits HIV-1 replication in lymphocytes, which could contribute to the regulation of asymptomatic HIV infection and the progression of AIDS.
C1 NIAID, Vaccine Res Ctr, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Med Ctr Utrecht, NL-3584 EA Utrecht, Netherlands.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID); University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; Utrecht University; Utrecht University Medical Center
RP Nabel, GJ (corresponding author), NIAID, Vaccine Res Ctr, NIH, Bldg 40,Room 4502,MSC-3005,40 Convent Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
NR 31
TC 197
Z9 225
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 18
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6968
BP 853
EP 857
DI 10.1038/nature02171
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 754QM
UT WOS:000187342000062
PM 14685242
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Coursol, S
   Fan, LM
   Le Stunff, H
   Spiegel, S
   Gilroy, S
   Assmann, SM
AF Coursol, S
   Fan, LM
   Le Stunff, H
   Spiegel, S
   Gilroy, S
   Assmann, SM
TI Sphingolipid signalling in Arabidopsis guard cells involves heterotrimeric G proteins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sphingosine 1-phosphate; coupled receptor; kinase; sphingosine-1-phosphate; plants; thaliana; channels; lysophospholipids; proliferation; activation
AB In animals, the sphingolipid metabolite sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) functions as both an intracellular messenger and an extracellular ligand for G-protein-coupled receptors of the S1P receptor family, regulating diverse biological processes ranging from cell proliferation to apoptosis(1-3). Recently, it was discovered in plants that S1P is a signalling molecule involved in abscisic acid (ABA) regulation of guard cell turgor(4). Here we report that the enzyme responsible for S1P production, sphingosine kinase (SphK), is activated by ABA in Arabidopsis thaliana, and is involved in both ABA inhibition of stomatal opening and promotion of stomatal closure. Consistent with this observation, inhibition of SphK attenuates ABA regulation of guard cell inward K+ channels and slow anion channels, which are involved in the regulation of stomatal pore size. Surprisingly, S1P regulates stomatal apertures and guard cell ion channel activities in wild-type plants, but not in knockout lines of the sole prototypical heterotrimeric G-protein alpha-subunit gene, GPA1 (refs 5-8). Our results implicate heterotrimeric G proteins as downstream elements in the S1P signalling pathway that mediates ABA regulation of stomatal function, and suggest that the interplay between S1P and heterotrimeric G proteins represents an evolutionarily conserved signalling mechanism.
C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Biol, Mueller Lab 208, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Med Coll Virginia, Dept Biochem, Richmond, VA 23298 USA.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; Virginia Commonwealth University
RP Assmann, SM (corresponding author), Penn State Univ, Dept Biol, Mueller Lab 208, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
NR 29
TC 293
Z9 336
U1 3
U2 51
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 5
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6940
BP 651
EP 654
DI 10.1038/nature01643
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 686BT
UT WOS:000183301200043
PM 12789341
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Huangfu, DW
   Liu, AM
   Rakeman, AS
   Murcia, NS
   Niswander, L
   Anderson, KV
AF Huangfu, DW
   Liu, AM
   Rakeman, AS
   Murcia, NS
   Niswander, L
   Anderson, KV
TI Hedgehog signalling in the mouse requires intraflagellar transport proteins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID kinesin-ii; gene; disease; gli3; morphogenesis; expression; deletion; pathway; lacking; mutants
AB Intraflagellar transport (IFT) proteins were first identified as essential factors for the growth and maintenance of flagella in the single-celled alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii(1). In a screen for embryonic patterning mutations induced by ethylnitrosourea, here we identify two mouse mutants, wimple (wim) and flexo (fxo), that lack ventral neural cell types and show other phenotypes characteristic of defects in Sonic hedgehog signalling. Both mutations disrupt IFT proteins: the wim mutation is an allele of the previously uncharacterized mouse homologue of IFT172; and fxo is a new hypomorphic allele of polaris, the mouse homologue of IFT88. Genetic analysis shows that Wim, Polaris and the IFT motor protein Kif3a are required for Hedgehog signalling at a step downstream of Patched1 ( the Hedgehog receptor) and upstream of direct targets of Hedgehog signalling. Our data show that IFT machinery has an essential and vertebrate-specific role in Hedgehog signal transduction.
C1 Sloan Kettering Inst, Dev Biol Program, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Weill Grad Sch Med Sci, Mol Cell & Dev Biol Program, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Weill Grad Sch Med Sci, Neurosci Program, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Weill Grad Sch Med Sci, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Case Western Reserve Univ, Rainbow Babies & Childrens Hosp, Dept Pediat, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Cornell University; Cornell University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Cornell University; University Hospitals of Cleveland; Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital; University System of Ohio; Case Western Reserve University; Case Western Reserve University Hospital
RP Anderson, KV (corresponding author), Sloan Kettering Inst, Dev Biol Program, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM k-anderson@ski.mskcc.org
NR 30
TC 1141
Z9 1452
U1 0
U2 67
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 6
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6962
BP 83
EP 87
DI 10.1038/nature02061
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 739WY
UT WOS:000186370800046
PM 14603322
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Meng, Q
   Frankel, GS
   Colijn, HO
   Goss, SH
AF Meng, Q
   Frankel, GS
   Colijn, HO
   Goss, SH
TI Metallurgy - Stainless-steel corrosion and MnS inclusions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Ohio State Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Fontana Corros Ctr, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
   Ohio State Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
C3 University System of Ohio; Ohio State University; University System of Ohio; Ohio State University
RP Meng, Q (corresponding author), Ohio State Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Fontana Corros Ctr, 116 W 19th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
EM frankel.10@osu.edu
NR 5
TC 129
Z9 140
U1 1
U2 131
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 24
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6947
BP 389
EP 390
DI 10.1038/424389b
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 704BT
UT WOS:000184318400032
PM 12879059
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Berman, DM
   Karhadkar, SS
   Maitra, A
   de Oca, RM
   Gerstenblith, MR
   Briggs, K
   Parker, AR
   Shimada, Y
   Eshleman, JR
   Watkins, DN
   Beachy, PA
AF Berman, DM
   Karhadkar, SS
   Maitra, A
   de Oca, RM
   Gerstenblith, MR
   Briggs, K
   Parker, AR
   Shimada, Y
   Eshleman, JR
   Watkins, DN
   Beachy, PA
TI Widespread requirement for Hedgehog ligand stimulation in growth of digestive tract tumours
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inhibition; pathway; cancer; mouse; medulloblastoma; carcinogenesis; cyclopamine; modulation; signals
AB Activation of the Hedgehog (Hh) signalling pathway by sporadic mutations or in familial conditions such as Gorlin's syndrome is associated with tumorigenesis in skin, the cerebellum and skeletal muscle(1,2). Here we show that a wide range of digestive tract tumours, including most of those originating in the oesophagus, stomach, biliary tract and pancreas, but not in the colon, display increased Hh pathway activity, which is suppressible by cyclopamine, a Hh pathway antagonist. Cyclopamine also suppresses cell growth in vitro and causes durable regression of xenograft tumours in vivo. Unlike in Gorlin's syndrome tumours, pathway activity and cell growth in these digestive tract tumours are driven by endogenous expression of Hh ligands, as indicated by the presence of Sonic hedgehog and Indian hedgehog transcripts, by the pathway- and growth-inhibitory activity of a Hh-neutralizing antibody, and by the dramatic growth-stimulatory activity of exogenously added Hh ligand. Our results identify a group of common lethal malignancies in which Hh pathway activity, essential for tumour growth, is activated not by mutation but by ligand expression.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Biol & Genet, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Sidney Kimmel Comprehens Canc Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Kyoto Univ, Dept Surg, Kyoto 6068507, Japan.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins Medicine; Kyoto University
RP Beachy, PA (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Biol & Genet, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
NR 23
TC 1092
Z9 1310
U1 0
U2 45
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 23
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6960
BP 846
EP 851
DI 10.1038/nature01972
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 735ME
UT WOS:000186118500047
PM 14520411
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fotiadis, D
   Liang, Y
   Filipek, S
   Saperstein, DA
   Engel, A
   Palczewski, K
AF Fotiadis, D
   Liang, Y
   Filipek, S
   Saperstein, DA
   Engel, A
   Palczewski, K
TI Atomic-force microscopy: Rhodopsin dimers in native disc membranes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Basel, Biozentrum, ME Muller Inst Microscopy, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
   Univ Washington, Dept Ophthalmol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Pharmacol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Chem, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 University of Basel; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Fotiadis, D (corresponding author), Univ Basel, Biozentrum, ME Muller Inst Microscopy, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
EM palczews@u.washington.edu
NR 6
TC 639
Z9 743
U1 0
U2 76
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 9
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6919
BP 127
EP 128
DI 10.1038/421127a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 633DR
UT WOS:000180267200027
PM 12520290
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jónsson, S
   Segall, P
   Pedersen, R
   Björnsson, G
AF Jónsson, S
   Segall, P
   Pedersen, R
   Björnsson, G
TI Post-earthquake ground movements correlated to pore-pressure transients
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hector-mine-earthquake; iceland seismic zone; june 2000/; deformation; viscosity; beneath; rupture; flow
AB Large earthquakes alter the stress in the surrounding crust, leading to triggered earthquakes and aftershocks(1-3). A number of time-dependent processes, including afterslip, pore-fluid flow and viscous relaxation of the lower crust and upper mantle, further modify the stress and pore pressure near the fault, and hence the tendency for triggered earthquakes(4,5). It has proved difficult, however, to distinguish between these processes on the basis of direct field observations, despite considerable effort(6). Here we present a unique combination of measurements consisting of satellite radar interferograms(7) and water-level changes in geothermal wells following two magnitude-6.5 earthquakes in the south Iceland seismic zone. The deformation recorded in the interferograms cannot be explained by either afterslip or viscoelastic relaxation, but is consistent with rebound of a porous elastic material in the first 1-2 months following the earthquakes. This interpretation is confirmed by direct measurements which show rapid (1-2-month) recovery of the earthquake-induced water-level changes. In contrast, the duration of the aftershock sequence is projected to be similar to3.5 years, suggesting that pore-fluid flow does not control aftershock duration. But because the surface strains are dominated by pore-pressure changes in the shallow crust, we cannot rule out a longer pore-pressure transient at the depth of the aftershocks. The aftershock duration is consistent with models of seismicity rate variations based on rate- and state-dependent friction laws.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Nord Volcanol Inst, IS-108 Reykjavik, Iceland.
   Natl Energy Author, IS-108 Reykjavik, Iceland.
C3 Harvard University; Stanford University; University of Iceland
RP Jónsson, S (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, 20 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
NR 28
TC 468
Z9 543
U1 4
U2 78
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 10
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6945
BP 179
EP 183
DI 10.1038/nature01776
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 699AA
UT WOS:000184032700038
PM 12853953
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Michel, P
   Benz, W
   Richardson, DC
AF Michel, P
   Benz, W
   Richardson, DC
TI Disruption of fragmented parent bodies as the origin of asteroid families
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID collisions; density
AB Asteroid families are groups of small bodies that share certain orbit(1) and spectral properties(2). More than 20 families have now been identified, each believed to have resulted from the collisional break-up of a large parent body(3) in a regime where gravity controls the outcome of the collision more than the material strength of the rock. The size and velocity distributions of the family members provide important constraints for testing our understanding of the break-up process, but erosion and dynamical diffusion of the orbits over time can erase the original signature of the collision(4,5). The recently identified young Karin family(6) provides a unique opportunity to study a collisional outcome almost unaffected by orbit evolution. Here we report numerical simulations modelling classes of collisions that reproduce the main characteristics of the Karin family. The sensitivity of the outcome of the collision to the internal structure of the parent body allows us to show that the family must have originated from the break-up of a pre-fragmented parent body, and that all large family members formed by the gravitational reaccumulation of smaller bodies. We argue that most of the identified asteroid families are likely to have had a similar history.
C1 Observ Cote Azur, F-06304 Nice 4, France.
   Univ Bern, Inst Phys, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
   Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
C3 Universite Cote d'Azur; Observatoire de la Cote d'Azur; University of Bern; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park
RP Michel, P (corresponding author), Observ Cote Azur, BP 4229, F-06304 Nice 4, France.
NR 18
TC 112
Z9 120
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 6
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6923
BP 608
EP 611
DI 10.1038/nature01364
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 642KH
UT WOS:000180803200035
PM 12571589
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rabani, E
   Reichman, DR
   Geissler, PL
   Brus, LE
AF Rabani, E
   Reichman, DR
   Geissler, PL
   Brus, LE
TI Drying-mediated self-assembly of nanoparticles
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID diffusion; nanocrystals
AB Systems far from equilibrium can exhibit complex transitory structures, even when equilibrium fluctuations are mundane(1,2). A dramatic example of this phenomenon has recently been demonstrated for thin-film solutions of passivated nanocrystals during the irreversible evaporation of the solvent(3-14). The relatively weak attractions between nanocrystals, which are efficiently screened in solution, become manifest as the solvent evaporates, initiating assembly of intricate, slowly evolving structures(4). Although certain aspects of this aggregation process can be explained using thermodynamic arguments alone(6), it is in principle a non-equilibrium process(7). A representation of this process as arising from the phase separation between a dense nanocrystal 'liquid' and dilute nanocrystal 'vapour' captures some of the behaviour observed in experiments(3), but neglects entirely the role of solvent fluctuations, which can be considerable on the nanometre length scale(15). Here we present a coarse-grained model of nanoparticle self-assembly that explicitly includes the dynamics of the evaporating solvent. Simulations using this model not only account for all observed spatial and temporal patterns, but also predict network structures that have yet to be explored. Two distinct mechanisms of ordering emerge, corresponding to the homogeneous and heterogeneous limits of evaporation dynamics. Our calculations show how different choices of solvent, nanoparticle size (and identity) and thermodynamic state give rise to the various morphologies of the final structures. The resulting guide for designing statistically patterned arrays of nanoparticles suggests the possibility of fabricating spontaneously organized nanoscale devices.
C1 Tel Aviv Univ, Sch Chem, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   MIT, Dept Chem, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Dept Chem, New York, NY 10027 USA.
C3 Tel Aviv University; Harvard University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Columbia University
RP Rabani, E (corresponding author), Tel Aviv Univ, Sch Chem, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.
EM rabani@tau.ac.il; reichman@chemistry.harvard.edu
NR 20
TC 853
Z9 967
U1 1
U2 546
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 20
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6964
BP 271
EP 274
DI 10.1038/nature02087
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 744YQ
UT WOS:000186660800039
PM 14628047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhang, HZ
   Gilbert, B
   Huang, F
   Banfield, JF
AF Zhang, HZ
   Gilbert, B
   Huang, F
   Banfield, JF
TI Water-driven structure transformation in nanoparticles at room temperature
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular-dynamics simulation; semiconductor nanocrystals; phase-stability; ab-initio; surface; relaxation
AB The thermodynamic behaviour of small particles differs from that of the bulk material by the free energy term gammaA-the product of the surface (or interfacial) free energy and the surface (or interfacial) area. When the surfaces of polymorphs of the same material possess different interfacial free energies, a change in phase stability can occur with decreasing particle size(1,2). Here we describe a nanoparticle system that undergoes structural changes in response to changes in the surface environment rather than particle size. ZnS nanoparticles (average diameter 3 nm) were synthesized in methanol and found to exhibit a reversible structural transformation accompanying methanol desorption, indicating that the particles readily adopt minimum energy structural configurations(3,4). The binding of water to the as-formed particles at room temperature leads to a dramatic structural modification, significantly reducing distortions of the surface and interior to generate a structure close to that of sphalerite (tetrahedrally coordinated cubic ZnS). These findings suggest a route for post-synthesis control of nanoparticle structure and the potential use of the nanoparticle structural state as an environmental sensor. Furthermore, the results imply that the structure and reactivity of nanoparticles at planetary surfaces, in interplanetary dust(5) and in the biosphere(6,7), will depend on both particle size and the nature of the surrounding molecules.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Banfield, JF (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM jill@eps.berkeley.edu
NR 34
TC 413
Z9 463
U1 4
U2 263
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 28
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6952
BP 1025
EP 1029
DI 10.1038/nature01845
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 715QR
UT WOS:000184984200035
PM 12944961
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rosenstiel, TN
   Potosnak, MJ
   Griffin, KL
   Fall, R
   Monson, RK
AF Rosenstiel, TN
   Potosnak, MJ
   Griffin, KL
   Fall, R
   Monson, RK
TI Increased CO2 uncouples growth from isoprene emission in an agriforest ecosystem
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID biogenic hydrocarbons; atmospheric co2; plants; impact; pathway; leaves; ozone; oak
AB The emission of isoprene from the leaves of forest trees is a fundamental component of biosphere-atmosphere interactions, controlling many aspects of photochemistry in the lower atmosphere(1-3). As almost all commercial agriforest species emit high levels of isoprene(4), proliferation of agriforest plantations has significant potential to increase regional ozone pollution(5-7) and enhance the lifetime of methane(8), an important determinant of global climate. Here we show that growth of an intact Populus deltoides plantation under increased CO2 (800 mumol mol(-1) and 1,200 mumol mol(-1)) reduced ecosystem isoprene production by 21% and 41%, while above-ground biomass accumulation was enhanced by 60% and 82%, respectively. Exposure to increased CO2 significantly reduced the cellular content of dimethylallyl diphosphate, the substrate for isoprene synthesis, in both leaves and leaf protoplasts. We identify intracellular metabolic competition for phosphoenolpyruvate as a possible control point in explaining the suppression of isoprene emission under increased CO2. Our results highlight the potential for uncoupling isoprene emission from biomass accumulation in an agriforest species, and show that negative air-quality effects of proliferating agriforests may be offset by increases in CO2.
C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Environm Populat & Organism Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; Columbia University
RP Rosenstiel, TN (corresponding author), Univ Colorado, Dept Environm Populat & Organism Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
NR 30
TC 267
Z9 299
U1 1
U2 82
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 16
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6920
BP 256
EP 259
DI 10.1038/nature01312
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 635KG
UT WOS:000180397600044
PM 12529640
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bergman, A
   Siegal, ML
AF Bergman, A
   Siegal, ML
TI Evolutionary capacitance as a general feature of complex gene networks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID canalization; hsp90; architecture
AB An evolutionary capacitor buffers genotypic variation under normal conditions, thereby promoting the accumulation of hidden polymorphism. But it occasionally fails, thereby revealing this variation phenotypically(1).Theprincipal example of an evolutionary capacitor is Hsp90, a molecular chaperone that targets an important set of signal transduction proteins. Experiments in Drosophila and Arabidopsis have demonstrated three key properties of Hsp90: (1) it suppresses phenotypic variation under normal conditions and releases this variation when functionally compromised; (2) its function is overwhelmed by environmental stress; and (3) it exerts pleiotropic effects on key developmental processes(1,2). But whether these properties necessarily make Hsp90 a significant and unique facilitator of adaptation(1-10) is unclear. Here we use numerical simulations of complex gene networks, as well as genome-scale expression data from yeast single-gene deletion strains, to present a mechanism that extends the scope of evolutionary capacitance beyond the action of Hsp90 alone. We illustrate that most, and perhaps all, genes reveal phenotypic variation when functionally compromised, and that the availability of loss-of-function mutations accelerates adaptation to a new optimum phenotype. However, this effect does not require the mutations to be conditional on the environment. Thus, there might exist a large class of evolutionary capacitors whose effects on phenotypic variation complement the systemic, environment-induced effects of Hsp90.
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Ctr Computat Genet & Biol Modeling, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University
RP Siegal, ML (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM mlsiegal@stanford.edu
NR 27
TC 405
Z9 470
U1 0
U2 66
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 31
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6948
BP 549
EP 552
DI 10.1038/nature01765
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 706LG
UT WOS:000184454700042
PM 12891357
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Regal, CA
   Ticknor, C
   Bohn, JL
   Jin, DS
AF Regal, CA
   Ticknor, C
   Bohn, JL
   Jin, DS
TI Creation of ultracold molecules from a Fermi gas of atoms
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bose-einstein condensate; feshbach resonances; collisions; laser
AB Following the realization of Bose-Einstein condensates in atomic gases, an experimental challenge is the production of molecular gases in the quantum regime. A promising approach is to create the molecular gas directly from an ultracold atomic gas; for example, bosonic atoms in a Bose-Einstein condensate have been coupled to electronic ground-state molecules through photoassociation(1) or a magnetic field Feshbach resonance(2). The availability of atomic Fermi gases offers the prospect of coupling fermionic atoms to bosonic molecules, thus altering the quantum statistics of the system. Such a coupling would be closely related to the pairing mechanism in a fermionic superfluid, predicted to occur near a Feshbach resonance(3,4). Here we report the creation and quantitative characterization of ultracold K-40(2) molecules. Starting with a quantum degenerate Fermi gas of atoms at a temperature of less than 150 nK, we scan the system over a Feshbach resonance to create adiabatically more than 250,000 trapped molecules; these can be converted back to atoms by reversing the scan. The small binding energy of the molecules is controlled by detuning the magnetic field away from the Feshbach resonance, and can be varied over a wide range. We directly detect these weakly bound molecules through their radio-frequency photodissociation spectra; these probe the molecular wavefunction, and yield binding energies that are consistent with theory.
C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Quantum Phys Div, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
C3 National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) - USA; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) - USA
RP Regal, CA (corresponding author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
NR 27
TC 660
Z9 734
U1 1
U2 53
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 3
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6944
BP 47
EP 50
DI 10.1038/nature01738
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 696XL
UT WOS:000183912800034
PM 12840753
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tang, FS
   Kauffman, EJ
   Novak, JL
   Nau, JJ
   Catlett, NL
   Weisman, LS
AF Tang, FS
   Kauffman, EJ
   Novak, JL
   Nau, JJ
   Catlett, NL
   Weisman, LS
TI Regulated degradation of a class V myosin receptor directs movement of the yeast vacuole
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; polarized growth; cell-cycle; actin; inheritance; myo2p; localization; protein; complex; motor
AB Normal cellular function requires that organelles be positioned in specific locations. The direction in which molecular motors move organelles is based in part on the polarity of microtubules and actin filaments(1-3). However, this alone does not determine the intracellular destination of organelles. For example, the yeast class V myosin, Myo2p, moves several organelles to distinct locations during the cell cycle(4-8). Thus the movement of each type of Myo2p cargo must be regulated uniquely. Here we report a regulatory mechanism that specifically provides directionality to vacuole movement. The vacuole-specific Myo2p receptor, Vac17p, has a key function in this process. Vac17p binds simultaneously to Myo2p and to Vac8p, a vacuolar membrane protein. The transport complex, Myo2p-Vac17p-Vac8p, moves the vacuole to the bud, and is then disrupted through the degradation of Vac17p. The vacuole is ultimately deposited near the centre of the bud. Removal of a PEST sequence (a potential signal for rapid protein degradation) within Vac17p causes its stabilization and the subsequent 'backward' movement of vacuoles, which mistargets them to the neck between the mother cell and the bud. Thus the regulated disruption of this transport complex places the vacuole in its proper location. This may be a general mechanism whereby organelles are deposited at their terminal destination.
C1 Univ Iowa, Dept Biochem, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
C3 University of Iowa
RP Weisman, LS (corresponding author), Univ Iowa, Dept Biochem, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
NR 29
TC 104
Z9 134
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 6
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6927
BP 87
EP 92
DI 10.1038/nature01453
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 651VP
UT WOS:000181343100043
PM 12594460
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bates, SH
   Stearns, WH
   Dundon, TA
   Schubert, M
   Tso, AWK
   Wang, YP
   Banks, AS
   Lavery, HJ
   Haq, AK
   Maratos-Flier, E
   Neel, BG
   Schwartz, MW
   Myers, MG
AF Bates, SH
   Stearns, WH
   Dundon, TA
   Schubert, M
   Tso, AWK
   Wang, YP
   Banks, AS
   Lavery, HJ
   Haq, AK
   Maratos-Flier, E
   Neel, BG
   Schwartz, MW
   Myers, MG
TI STAT3 signalling is required for leptin regulation of energy balance but not reproduction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hypothalamic neurons; cytokine receptors; neuropeptide-y; pomc neurons; female mice; early-onset; ob-r; activation; obesity; mouse
AB Secretion of leptin from adipocytes communicates body energy status to the brain by activating the leptin receptor long form (LRb). LRb regulates energy homeostasis and neuroendocrine function; the absence of LRb in db/db mice results in obesity, impaired growth, infertility and diabetes(1-4). Tyr 1138 of LRb mediates activation of the transcription factor STAT3 during leptin action(5-8). To investigate the contribution of STAT3 signalling to leptin action in vivo, we replaced the gene encoding the leptin receptor (lepr) in mice with an allele coding for a replacement of Tyr 1138 in LRb with a serine residue (lepr(S1138)) that specifically disrupts the LRb-STAT3 signal. Here we show that, like db/db mice, lepr(S1138) homozygotes (s/s) are hyperphagic and obese. However, whereas db/db mice are infertile, short and diabetic, s/s mice are fertile, long and less hyperglycaemic. Furthermore, hypothalamic expression of neuropeptide Y (NPY) is elevated in db/db mice but not s/s mice, whereas the hypothalamic melanocortin system is suppressed in both db/db and s/s mice. LRb-STAT3 signalling thus mediates the effects of leptin on melanocortin production and body energy homeostasis, whereas distinct LRb signals regulate NPY and the control of fertility, growth and glucose homeostasis.
C1 Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Joslin Diabet Ctr, Div Res, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Univ Washington, Harborview Med Ctr, Seattle, WA 98122 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Joslin Diabetes Center, Inc.; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harborview Medical Center; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Myers, MG (corresponding author), Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Joslin Diabet Ctr, Div Res, 1 Joslin Pl, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
NR 25
TC 820
Z9 979
U1 0
U2 49
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 20
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6925
BP 856
EP 859
DI 10.1038/nature01388
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 646QA
UT WOS:000181044700051
PM 12594516
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cossart, R
   Aronov, D
   Yuste, R
AF Cossart, R
   Aronov, D
   Yuste, R
TI Attractor dynamics of network UP states in the neocortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID spontaneous firing patterns; less-than-1 hz oscillation; cat visual-cortex; functional architecture; prefrontal cortex; neurons; projections; memory
AB The cerebral cortex receives input from lower brain regions, and its function is traditionally considered to be processing that input through successive stages to reach an appropriate output(1,2). However, the cortical circuit contains many interconnections, including those feeding back from higher centres(3-6), and is continuously active even in the absence of sensory inputs(7-9). Such spontaneous firing has a structure that reflects the coordinated activity of specific groups of neurons(10-12). Moreover, the membrane potential of cortical neurons fluctuates spontaneously between a resting ( DOWN) and a depolarized (UP) state(11,13-16), which may also be coordinated. The elevated firing rate in the UP state follows sensory stimulation(16) and provides a substrate for persistent activity, a network state that might mediate working memory(17-21). Using two-photon calcium imaging, we reconstructed the dynamics of spontaneous activity of up to 1,400 neurons in slices of mouse visual cortex. Here we report the occurrence of synchronized UP state transitions ('cortical flashes') that occur in spatially organized ensembles involving small numbers of neurons. Because of their stereotyped spatiotemporal dynamics, we conclude that network UP states are circuit attractors-emergent features of feedback neural networks(22) that could implement memory states or solutions to computational problems.
C1 Columbia Univ, Dept Biol Sci, New York, NY 10027 USA.
C3 Columbia University
RP Cossart, R (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Dept Biol Sci, New York, NY 10027 USA.
EM rcossart@biology.columbia.edu
NR 28
TC 492
Z9 583
U1 0
U2 54
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 15
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6937
BP 283
EP 288
DI 10.1038/nature01614
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 678EX
UT WOS:000182853100042
PM 12748641
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yoshikawa, S
   McKinnon, RD
   Kokel, M
   Thomas, JB
AF Yoshikawa, S
   McKinnon, RD
   Kokel, M
   Thomas, JB
TI Wnt-mediated axon guidance via the Drosophila derailed receptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tyrosine kinase family; robo receptors; cns midline; commissural axons; ventral ectoderm; wingless gene; expression; protein; ryk; differentiation
AB In nervous systems with bilateral symmetry, many neurons project axons across the midline to the opposite side. In each segment of the Drosophila embryonic nervous system, axons that display this projection pattern choose one of two distinct tracts: the anterior or posterior commissure. Commissure choice is controlled by Derailed, an atypical receptor tyrosine kinase expressed on axons projecting in the anterior commissure. Here we show that Derailed keeps these axons out of the posterior commissure by acting as a receptor for Wnt5, a member of the Wnt family of secreted signalling molecules. Our results reveal an unexpected role in axon guidance for a Wnt family member, and show that the Derailed receptor is an essential component of Wnt signalling in these guidance events.
C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, Mol Neurobiol Lab, San Diego, CA 92186 USA.
   Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Dept Surg, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
   Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Dept Mol Genet Microbiol, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
C3 Salk Institute; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Rutgers University Biomedical & Health Sciences; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Rutgers University Biomedical & Health Sciences
RP Thomas, JB (corresponding author), Salk Inst Biol Studies, Mol Neurobiol Lab, POB 85800, San Diego, CA 92186 USA.
NR 50
TC 337
Z9 442
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 10
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6932
BP 583
EP 588
DI 10.1038/nature01522
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 665GN
UT WOS:000182111400033
PM 12660735
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Genzel, R
   Schödel, R
   Ott, T
   Eckart, A
   Alexander, T
   Lacombe, F
   Rouan, D
   Aschenbach, B
AF Genzel, R
   Schödel, R
   Ott, T
   Eckart, A
   Alexander, T
   Lacombe, F
   Rouan, D
   Aschenbach, B
TI Near-infrared flares from accreting gas around the supermassive black hole at the Galactic Centre
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sagittarius-a-asterisk; x-ray flare; sgr-a; variability; galaxy; star; vlt
AB Recent measurements of stellar orbits(1-3) provide compelling evidence that the compact radio source Sagittarius A* ( refs 4, 5) at the Galactic Centre is a 3.6-million-solar-mass black hole. Sgr A* is remarkably faint in all wavebands other than the radio region(6,7), however, which challenges current theories of matter accretion and radiation surrounding black holes(8). The black hole's rotation rate is not known, and therefore neither is the structure of space-time around it. Here we report high-resolution infrared observations of Sgr A* that reveal 'quiescent' emission and several flares. The infrared emission originates from within a few milliarcseconds of the black hole, and traces very energetic electrons or moderately hot gas within the innermost accretion region. Two flares exhibit a 17-minute quasi-periodic variability. If the periodicity arises from relativistic modulation of orbiting gas, the emission must come from just outside the event horizon, and the black hole must be rotating at about half of the maximum possible rate.
C1 Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, Giessenbachstr 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Cologne, Inst Phys 1, D-50937 Cologne, Germany.
   Weizmann Inst Sci, Fac Phys, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
   Observ Paris, Sect Meudon, F-92195 Meudon, France.
C3 Max Planck Society; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of Cologne; Weizmann Institute of Science; Universite PSL; Observatoire de Paris
RP Genzel, R (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, Giessenbachstr 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
EM genzel@mpe-garching.mpg.de
NR 29
TC 580
Z9 626
U1 1
U2 29
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 30
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6961
BP 934
EP 937
DI 10.1038/nature02065
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 737KY
UT WOS:000186230600034
PM 14586462
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Junquera, J
   Ghosez, P
AF Junquera, J
   Ghosez, P
TI Critical thickness for ferroelectricity in perovskite ultrathin films
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thin-films; ab-initio; polarization; electrodes; heterostructures; oxides; model
AB The integration of ferroelectric oxide films into microelectronic devices(1,2), combined with the size reduction constraints imposed by the semiconductor industry, have revived interest in the old question concerning the possible existence of a critical thickness for ferroelectricity. Current experimental techniques have allowed the detection of ferroelectricity in perovskite films down to a thickness of 40 Angstrom (ten unit cells), ref. 3. Recent atomistic simulations(4,5) have confirmed the possibility of retaining the ferroelectric ground state at ultralow thicknesses, and suggest the absence of a critical size. Here we report first-principles calculations on a realistic ferroelectric-electrode interface. We show that, contrary to current thought, BaTiO(3) thin films between two metallic SrRuO(3) electrodes in short circuit lose their ferroelectric properties below a critical thickness of about six unit cells (similar to24 Angstrom). A depolarizing electrostatic field, caused by dipoles at the ferroelectric-metal interfaces, is the reason for the disappearance of the ferroelectric instability. Our results suggest the existence of a lower limit for the thickness of useful ferroelectric layers in electronic devices.
C1 Univ Liege, Dept Phys, B-4000 Sart Tilman Par Liege, Belgium.
C3 University of Liege
RP Ghosez, P (corresponding author), Univ Liege, Dept Phys, Batiment B-5, B-4000 Sart Tilman Par Liege, Belgium.
EM Philippe.Ghosez@ulg.ac.be
NR 30
TC 1543
Z9 1701
U1 19
U2 995
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 3
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6931
BP 506
EP 509
DI 10.1038/nature01501
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 662TW
UT WOS:000181965400033
PM 12673246
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chen, J
   Larochelle, S
   Li, XM
   Suter, B
AF Chen, J
   Larochelle, S
   Li, XM
   Suter, B
TI Xpd/Ercc2 regulates CAK activity and mitotic progression
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cdk-activating kinase; rna-polymerase-ii; cell-cycle; in-vivo; transcription; tfiih; embryos; phosphorylation; repression; mitosis
AB General transcription factor IIH (TFIIH) consists of nine subunits: cyclin-dependent kinase 7 (Cdk7), cyclin H and MAT1 ( forming the Cdk-activating-kinase or CAK complex), the two helicases Xpb/Hay and Xpd, and p34, p44, p52 and p62 (refs 1 - 3). As the kinase subunit of TFIIH, Cdk7 participates in basal transcription by phosphorylating the carboxy-terminal domain of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II1,4,5. As part of CAK, Cdk7 also phosphorylates other Cdks, an essential step for their activation(6-9). Here we show that the Drosophila TFIIH component Xpd negatively regulates the cell cycle function of Cdk7, the CAK activity. Excess Xpd titrates CAK activity, resulting in decreased Cdk T-loop phosphorylation, mitotic defects and lethality, whereas a decrease in Xpd results in increased CAK activity and cell proliferation. Moreover, Xpd is downregulated at the beginning of mitosis when Cdk1, a cell cycle target of Cdk7, is most active. Downregulation of Xpd thus seems to contribute to the upregulation of mitotic CAK activity and to regulate mitotic progression positively. Simultaneously, the downregulation of Xpd might be a major mechanism of mitotic silencing of basal transcription.
C1 McGill Univ, Dept Biol, Montreal, PQ H3A 1B1, Canada.
C3 McGill University
RP Suter, B (corresponding author), McGill Univ, Dept Biol, 1205 Doctor Penfield Ave, Montreal, PQ H3A 1B1, Canada.
NR 21
TC 109
Z9 119
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 10
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6945
BP 228
EP 232
DI 10.1038/nature01746
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 699AA
UT WOS:000184032700050
PM 12853965
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ferguson, NM
   Galvani, AP
   Bush, RM
AF Ferguson, NM
   Galvani, AP
   Bush, RM
TI Ecological and immunological determinants of influenza evolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID a virus; cellular-immunity; hemagglutinin; infection; vaccine; flu
AB In pandemic and epidemic forms, influenza causes substantial, sometimes catastrophic, morbidity and mortality. Intense selection from the host immune system drives antigenic change in influenza A and B, resulting in continuous replacement of circulating strains with new variants able to re-infect hosts immune to earlier types. This 'antigenic drift'(1) often requires a new vaccine to be formulated before each annual epidemic. However, given the high transmissibility and mutation rate of influenza, the constancy of genetic diversity within lineages over time is paradoxical. Another enigma is the replacement of existing strains during a global pandemic caused by 'antigenic shift'-the introduction of a new avian influenza A subtype into the human population(1). Here we explore ecological and immunological factors underlying these patterns using a mathematical model capturing both realistic epidemiological dynamics and viral evolution at the sequence level. By matching model output to phylogenetic patterns seen in sequence data collected through global surveillance(2), we find that short-lived strain-transcending immunity is essential to restrict viral diversity in the host population and thus to explain key aspects of drift and shift dynamics.
C1 Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Fac Med, Dept Infect Dis Epidemiol, London W2 1PG, England.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
C3 Imperial College London; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Irvine
RP Ferguson, NM (corresponding author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Fac Med, Dept Infect Dis Epidemiol, St Marys Campus,Norfolk Pl, London W2 1PG, England.
NR 29
TC 541
Z9 642
U1 0
U2 160
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 27
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6930
BP 428
EP 433
DI 10.1038/nature01509
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 659WV
UT WOS:000181801200044
PM 12660783
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Perfit, MR
   Cann, JR
   Fornari, DJ
   Engels, J
   Smith, DK
   Ridley, WI
   Edwards, MH
AF Perfit, MR
   Cann, JR
   Fornari, DJ
   Engels, J
   Smith, DK
   Ridley, WI
   Edwards, MH
TI Interaction of sea water and lava during submarine eruptions at mid-ocean ridges
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID east pacific rise; mid-atlantic ridge; de-fuca ridge; kilauea volcano; sheet flows; pillars; floor; calibration; morphology; inflation
AB Lava erupts into cold sea water on the ocean floor at mid-ocean ridges ( at depths of 2,500 m and greater), and the resulting flows make up the upper part of the global oceanic crust(1). Interactions between heated sea water and molten basaltic lava could exert significant control on the dynamics of lava flows and on their chemistry. But it has been thought that heating sea water at pressures of several hundred bars cannot produce significant amounts of vapour(2-5) and that a thick crust of chilled glass on the exterior of lava flows minimizes the interaction of lava with sea water. Here we present evidence to the contrary, and show that bubbles of vaporized sea water often rise through the base of lava flows and collect beneath the chilled upper crust. These bubbles of steam at magmatic temperatures may interact both chemically and physically with flowing lava, which could influence our understanding of deep-sea volcanic processes and oceanic crustal construction more generally(6). We infer that vapour formation plays an important role in creating the collapse features that characterize much of the upper oceanic crust and may accordingly contribute to the measured low seismic velocities in this layer.
C1 Univ Florida, Dept Geol Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.
   Univ Leeds, Dept Earth Sci, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
   Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Geol & Geophys, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
   Univ Hawaii Manoa, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Dept Geol & Geophys, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   Univ Hawaii Manoa, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   US Geol Survey, Mineral Resources Team, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA.
C3 State University System of Florida; University of Florida; University of Leeds; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; University of Hawaii System; University of Hawaii Manoa; University of Hawaii System; University of Hawaii Manoa; United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey
RP Perfit, MR (corresponding author), Univ Florida, Dept Geol Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.
NR 31
TC 52
Z9 62
U1 1
U2 26
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 6
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6962
BP 62
EP 65
DI 10.1038/nature02032
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 739WY
UT WOS:000186370800040
PM 14603316
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Read, TD
   Peterson, SN
   Tourasse, N
   Baillie, LW
   Paulsen, IT
   Nelson, KE
   Tettelin, H
   Fouts, DE
   Eisen, JA
   Gill, SR
   Holtzapple, EK
   Okstad, OA
   Helgason, E
   Rilstone, J
   Wu, M
   Kolonay, JF
   Beanan, MJ
   Dodson, RJ
   Brinkac, LM
   Gwinn, M
   DeBoy, RT
   Madpu, R
   Daugherty, SC
   Durkin, AS
   Haft, DH
   Nelson, WC
   Peterson, JD
   Pop, M
   Khouri, HM
   Radune, D
   Benton, JL
   Mahamoud, Y
   Jiang, LX
   Hance, IR
   Weidman, JF
   Berry, KJ
   Plaut, RD
   Wolf, AM
   Watkins, KL
   Nierman, WC
   Hazen, A
   Cline, R
   Redmond, C
   Thwaite, JE
   White, O
   Salzberg, SL
   Thomason, B
   Friedlander, AM
   Koehler, TM
   Hanna, PC
   Kolsto, AB
   Fraser, CM
AF Read, TD
   Peterson, SN
   Tourasse, N
   Baillie, LW
   Paulsen, IT
   Nelson, KE
   Tettelin, H
   Fouts, DE
   Eisen, JA
   Gill, SR
   Holtzapple, EK
   Okstad, OA
   Helgason, E
   Rilstone, J
   Wu, M
   Kolonay, JF
   Beanan, MJ
   Dodson, RJ
   Brinkac, LM
   Gwinn, M
   DeBoy, RT
   Madpu, R
   Daugherty, SC
   Durkin, AS
   Haft, DH
   Nelson, WC
   Peterson, JD
   Pop, M
   Khouri, HM
   Radune, D
   Benton, JL
   Mahamoud, Y
   Jiang, LX
   Hance, IR
   Weidman, JF
   Berry, KJ
   Plaut, RD
   Wolf, AM
   Watkins, KL
   Nierman, WC
   Hazen, A
   Cline, R
   Redmond, C
   Thwaite, JE
   White, O
   Salzberg, SL
   Thomason, B
   Friedlander, AM
   Koehler, TM
   Hanna, PC
   Kolsto, AB
   Fraser, CM
TI The genome sequence of Bacillus anthracis Ames and comparison to closely related bacteria
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene; thuringiensis; expression; subtilis; identification; protein; cereus; plcr; pxo1
AB Bacillus anthracis is an endospore-forming bacterium that causes inhalational anthrax(1). Key virulence genes are found on plasmids (extra-chromosomal, circular, double-stranded DNA molecules) pXO1 (ref. 2) and pXO2 (ref. 3). To identify additional genes that might contribute to virulence, we analysed the complete sequence of the chromosome of B. anthracis Ames (about 5.23 megabases). We found several chromosomally encoded proteins that may contribute to pathogenicity-including haemolysins, phospholipases and iron acquisition functions- and identified numerous surface proteins that might be important targets for vaccines and drugs. Almost all these putative chromosomal virulence and surface proteins have homologues in Bacillus cereus, highlighting the similarity of B. anthracis to near-neighbours that are not associated with anthrax(4). By performing a comparative genome hybridization of 19 B. cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis strains against a B. anthracis DNA microarray, we confirmed the general similarity of chromosomal genes among this group of close relatives. However, we found that the gene sequences of pXO1 and pXO2 were more variable between strains, suggesting plasmid mobility in the group. The complete sequence of B. anthracis is a step towards a better understanding of anthrax pathogenesis.
C1 Inst Genom Res, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
   Univ Maryland, Inst Biotechnol, Ctr Med Biotechnol, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA.
   George Washington Univ, Dept Biochem, Washington, DC 20052 USA.
   George Washington Univ, Dept Microbiol & Trop Med, Washington, DC 20052 USA.
   George Washington Univ, Dept Pharmacol, Washington, DC 20052 USA.
   Univ Oslo, Sch Pharm, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
   Def Sci Technol Lab, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, Wilts, England.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
   Biotechnol Ctr Oslo, N-0317 Oslo, Norway.
   Univ Michigan, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   USA, Med Res Inst Infect Dis, Frederick, MD 21702 USA.
   Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Mol Genet, Houston, TX 77225 USA.
C3 J. Craig Venter Institute; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland Baltimore; George Washington University; George Washington University; George Washington University; University of Oslo; Defence Science & Technology Laboratory; Johns Hopkins University; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Texas System; University of Texas Health Science Center Houston
RP Read, TD (corresponding author), Inst Genom Res, 9712 Med Ctr Dr, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [T32 GM145304] Funding Source: Medline
NR 28
TC 654
Z9 1446
U1 0
U2 117
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 1
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6935
BP 81
EP 86
DI 10.1038/nature01586
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 673CG
UT WOS:000182561600043
PM 12721629
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schiermeier, Q
AF Schiermeier, Q
TI Disaster planning: Avalanche!
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 6
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 27
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6926
BP 887
EP 888
DI 10.1038/421887a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 649BK
UT WOS:000181186900013
PM 12606968
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jasmin, L
   Rabkin, SD
   Granato, A
   Boudah, A
   Ohara, PT
AF Jasmin, L
   Rabkin, SD
   Granato, A
   Boudah, A
   Ohara, PT
TI Analgesia and hyperalgesia from GABA-mediated modulation of the cerebral cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB It is known that pain perception can be altered by mood, attention and cognition, or by direct stimulation of the cerebral cortex(1), but we know little of the neural mechanisms underlying the cortical modulation of pain. One of the few cortical areas consistently activated by painful stimuli is the rostral agranular insular cortex (RAIC) where, as in other parts of the cortex, the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) robustly inhibits neuronal activity. Here we show that changes in GABA neurotransmission in the RAIC can raise or lower the pain threshold-producing analgesia or hyperalgesia, respectively-in freely moving rats. Locally increasing GABA, by using an enzyme inhibitor or gene transfer mediated by a viral vector, produces lasting analgesia by enhancing the descending inhibition of spinal nociceptive neurons. Selectively activating GABA(B)-receptor-bearing RAIC neurons produces hyperalgesia through projections to the amygdala, an area involved in pain and fear. Whereas most studies focus on the role of the cerebral cortex as the end point of nociceptive processing, we suggest that cerebral cortex activity can change the set-point of pain threshold in a top-down manner.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Neurol Surg, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Anat, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Neurosurg, Boston, MA 02129 USA.
   Catholic Univ, Dept Psychol, I-20123 Milan, Italy.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Catholic University of the Sacred Heart
RP Jasmin, L (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Neurol Surg, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
NR 30
TC 284
Z9 315
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 17
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6946
BP 316
EP 320
DI 10.1038/nature01808
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 701RZ
UT WOS:000184183900043
PM 12867983
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bibby, TS
   Mary, I
   Nield, J
   Partensky, F
   Barber, J
AF Bibby, TS
   Mary, I
   Nield, J
   Partensky, F
   Barber, J
TI Low-light-adapted Prochlorococcus species possess specific antennae for each photosystem
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cyanobacteria/; prokaryote; resolution; complexes; phylogeny; proteins; genes; ring
AB Prochlorococcus, the most abundant genus of photosynthetic organisms(1), owes its remarkably large depth distribution in the oceans to the occurrence of distinct genotypes adapted to either low- or high-light niches(2,3). The pcb genes, encoding the major chlorophyll-binding, light-harvesting antenna proteins in this genus(4), are present in multiple copies in low- light strains but as a single copy in high-light strains(5). The basis of this differentiation, however, has remained obscure. Here we show that the moderate low- light-adapted strain Prochlorococcus sp. MIT 9313 has one iron-stress-induced pcb gene encoding an antenna protein serving photosystem I (PSI)-comparable to isiA genes from cyanobacteria(6,7) -and a constitutively expressed pcb gene encoding a photosystem II (PSII) antenna protein. By comparison, the very low- light-adapted strain SS120 has seven pcb genes encoding constitutive PSI and PSII antennae, plus one PSI iron-regulated pcb gene, whereas the high-light-adapted strain MED4 has only a constitutive PSII antenna. Thus, it seems that the adaptation of Prochlorococcus to low light environments has triggered a multiplication and specialization of Pcb proteins comparable to that found for Cab proteins in plants and green algae(8).
C1 Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Wolfson Labs, Dept Biol Sci, London SW7 2AZ, England.
   CNRS, Biol Stn, UMR 7127, F-29682 Roscoff, France.
   Univ Paris 06, F-29682 Roscoff, France.
C3 Imperial College London; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Sorbonne Universite
RP Barber, J (corresponding author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Wolfson Labs, Dept Biol Sci, Biochem Bldg,S Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, England.
NR 20
TC 139
Z9 179
U1 2
U2 50
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 28
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6952
BP 1051
EP 1054
DI 10.1038/nature01933
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 715QR
UT WOS:000184984200042
PM 12944966
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Crotty, S
   Kersh, EN
   Cannons, J
   Schwartzberg, PL
   Ahmed, R
AF Crotty, S
   Kersh, EN
   Cannons, J
   Schwartzberg, PL
   Ahmed, R
TI SAP is required for generating long-term humoral immunity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID linked lymphoproliferative-disease; lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus; t-cells; viral-infection; encoding gene; plasma-cells; bone-marrow; b-cells; mutations; memory
AB Long-lived plasma cells and memory B cells are the primary cellular components of long-term humoral immunity and as such are vitally important for the protection afforded by most vaccines. The SAP gene has been identified as the genetic locus responsible for X-linked lymphoproliferative disease, a fatal immunodeficiency(1-4). Mutations in SAP have also been identified in some cases of severe common variable immunodeficiency disease(5,6). The underlying cellular basis of this genetic disorder remains unclear. We have used a SAP knockout mouse model system to explore the role of SAP in immune responses. Here we report that mice lacking expression of SAP generate strong acute IgG antibody responses after viral infection, but show a near complete absence of virus-specific long-lived plasma cells and memory B cells, despite the presence of virus-specific memory CD4(+) T cells. Adoptive transfer experiments show that SAP-deficient B cells are normal and the defect is in CD4(+) T cells. Thus, SAP has a crucial role in CD4(+) T-cell function: it is essential for late B-cell help and the development of long-term humoral immunity but is not required for early B-cell help and class switching.
C1 Emory Univ, Sch Med, Emory Vaccine Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
   Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
   NHGRI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 Emory University; Emory University; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI)
RP Ahmed, R (corresponding author), Emory Univ, Sch Med, Emory Vaccine Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
NR 30
TC 358
Z9 421
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 16
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6920
BP 282
EP 287
DI 10.1038/nature01318
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 635KG
UT WOS:000180397600051
PM 12529646
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Clyde, DE
   Corado, MSG
   Wu, XL
   Paré, A
   Papatsenko, D
   Small, S
AF Clyde, DE
   Corado, MSG
   Wu, XL
   Paré, A
   Papatsenko, D
   Small, S
TI A self-organizing system of repressor gradients establishes segmental complexity in Drosophila
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pair-rule stripes; binding-sites; in-vivo; embryo; gene; expression; morphogen; hunchback; kruppel; activators
AB Gradients of regulatory factors are essential for establishing precise patterns of gene expression during development(1-3); however, it is not clear how patterning information in multiple gradients is integrated to generate complex body plans. Here we show that opposing gradients of two Drosophila transcriptional repressors, Hunchback (Hb) and Knirps (Kni), position several segments by differentially repressing two distinct regulatory regions (enhancers) of the pair-rule gene even-skipped (eve). Computational and in vivo analyses suggest that enhancer sensitivity to repression is controlled by the number and affinity of repressor-binding sites. Because the kni expression domain is positioned between two gradients of Hb, each enhancer directs expression of a pair of symmetrical stripes, one on each side of the kni domain. Thus, only two enhancers are required for the precise positioning of eight stripe borders (four stripes), or more than half of the whole eve pattern. Our results show that complex developmental expression patterns can be generated by simple repressor gradients. They also support the utility of computational analyses for defining and deciphering regulatory information contained in genomic DNA.
C1 NYU, Dept Biol, New York, NY 10003 USA.
C3 New York University
RP Small, S (corresponding author), NYU, Dept Biol, New York, NY 10003 USA.
NR 31
TC 156
Z9 195
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 18
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6968
BP 849
EP 853
DI 10.1038/nature02189
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 754QM
UT WOS:000187342000061
PM 14685241
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Walsh, PD
   Abernethy, KA
   Bermejo, M
   Beyersk, R
   De Wachter, P
   Akou, ME
   Huljbregis, B
   Mambounga, DI
   Toham, AK
   Kilbourn, AM
   Lahm, SA
   Latour, S
   Maisels, F
   Mbina, C
   Mihindou, Y
   Obiang, SN
   Effa, EN
   Starkey, MP
   Telfer, P
   Thibault, M
   Tutin, CEG
   White, LJT
   Wilkie, DS
AF Walsh, PD
   Abernethy, KA
   Bermejo, M
   Beyersk, R
   De Wachter, P
   Akou, ME
   Huljbregis, B
   Mambounga, DI
   Toham, AK
   Kilbourn, AM
   Lahm, SA
   Latour, S
   Maisels, F
   Mbina, C
   Mihindou, Y
   Obiang, SN
   Effa, EN
   Starkey, MP
   Telfer, P
   Thibault, M
   Tutin, CEG
   White, LJT
   Wilkie, DS
TI Catastrophic ape decline in western equatorial Africa
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gorilla-gorilla; conservation; forest
AB Because rapidly expanding human populations have devastated gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) and common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) habitats in East and West Africa, the relatively intact forests of western equatorial Africa have been viewed as the last stronghold of African apes(1). Gabon and the Republic of Congo alone are thought to hold roughly 80% of the world's gorillas(2) and most of the common chimpanzees(1). Here we present survey results conservatively indicating that ape populations in Gabon declined by more than half between 1983 and 2000. The primary cause of the decline in ape numbers during this period was commercial hunting, facilitated by the rapid expansion of mechanized logging. Furthermore, Ebola haemorrhagic fever is currently spreading through ape populations in Gabon and Congo and now rivals hunting as a threat to apes. Gorillas and common chimpanzees should be elevated immediately to 'critically endangered' status. Without aggressive investments in law enforcement, protected area management and Ebola prevention, the next decade will see our closest relatives pushed to the brink of extinction.
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolut Biol, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
   Ctr Int Rech Med Franceville, Franceville, Gabon.
   Univ Stirling, Dept Biol & Mol Sci, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland.
   Univ Barcelona, Fac Biol, Dept Biol Anim Vertebrados, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
   Wildlife Conservat Soc, Bronx, NY 10460 USA.
   WWF, Cent Africa Reg Program Off, Libreville, Gabon.
   Minist Econ Forestiere Eaux Peche Charge Environm, Direct Faune & Chasse, Libreville, Gabon.
   Inst Rech Ecol Trop, Libreville, Gabon.
   Univ Edinburgh, Inst Cell Anim & Populat Biol, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Geog, Cambridge CB2 3EN, England.
   NYU, Dept Anthropol, New York, NY 10003 USA.
C3 Princeton University; University of Stirling; University of Barcelona; Wildlife Conservation Society; World Wildlife Fund; University of Edinburgh; University of Cambridge; New York University
RP Walsh, PD (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolut Biol, Guyot Hall, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
EM pwalsh@princeton.edu
NR 22
TC 412
Z9 501
U1 3
U2 210
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 10
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6932
BP 611
EP 614
DI 10.1038/nature01566
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 665GN
UT WOS:000182111400041
PM 12679788
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Au, WWL
   Benoit-Bird, KJ
AF Au, WWL
   Benoit-Bird, KJ
TI Automatic gain control in the echolocation system of dolphins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID signals
AB In bats(1) and technological sonars(2), the gain of the receiver is progressively increased with time after the transmission of a signal to compensate for acoustic propagation loss. The current understanding of dolphin echolocation indicates that automatic gain control is not a part of their sonar system(3). In order to test this understanding, we have performed field measurements of free-ranging echolocating dolphins. Here we show that dolphins do possess an automatic gain control mechanism, but that it is implemented in the transmission phase rather than the receiving phase of a sonar cycle. We find that the amplitude of the dolphins' echolocation signals are highly range dependent; this amplitude increases with increasing target range, R, in a 20 log(R) fashion to compensate for propagation loss. If the echolocation target is a fish school with many sound scatterers, the echoes from the school will remain nearly constant(4) with range as the dolphin closes in on it. This characteristic has the same effect as time-varying gain in bats and technological sonar when considered from a sonar system perspective.
C1 Univ Hawaii, Hawaii Inst Marine Biol, Kailua, HI 96734 USA.
C3 University of Hawaii System
RP Au, WWL (corresponding author), Univ Hawaii, Hawaii Inst Marine Biol, POB 1106, Kailua, HI 96734 USA.
EM wau@hawaii.edu
NR 17
TC 146
Z9 166
U1 1
U2 59
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 19
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6942
BP 861
EP 863
DI 10.1038/nature01727
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 691BQ
UT WOS:000183585300043
PM 12815429
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Duan, XF
   Niu, CM
   Sahi, V
   Chen, J
   Parce, JW
   Empedocles, S
   Goldman, JL
AF Duan, XF
   Niu, CM
   Sahi, V
   Chen, J
   Parce, JW
   Empedocles, S
   Goldman, JL
TI High-performance thin-film transistors using semiconductor nanowires and nanoribbons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID displays; channel
AB Thin-film transistors (TFTs) are the fundamental building blocks for the rapidly growing field of macroelectronics(1,2). The use of plastic substrates is also increasing in importance owing to their light weight, flexibility, shock resistance and low cost(3,4). Current polycrystalline-Si TFT technology is difficult to implement on plastics because of the high process temperatures required(1,2). Amorphous-Si and organic semiconductor(5,6) TFTs, which can be processed at lower temperatures, but are limited by poor carrier mobility. As a result, applications that require even modest computation, control or communication functions on plastics cannot be addressed by existing TFT technology. Alternative semiconductor materials(7,8) that could form TFTs with performance comparable to or better than polycrystalline or single-crystal Si, and which can be processed at low temperatures over large-area plastic substrates, should not only improve the existing technologies, but also enable new applications in flexible, wearable and disposable electronics. Here we report the fabrication of TFTs using oriented Si nanowire thin films or CdS nanoribbons as semiconducting channels. We show that high-performance TFTs can be produced on various substrates, including plastics, using a low-temperature assembly process. Our approach is general to a broad range of materials including high-mobility materials (such as InAs or InP).
C1 Nanosys Inc, Adv Res Ctr, Medford, MA 02155 USA.
   Nanosys Inc, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.
RP Duan, XF (corresponding author), Nanosys Inc, Adv Res Ctr, 200 Boston Ave, Medford, MA 02155 USA.
EM xduan@nanosysinc.com
NR 30
TC 868
Z9 1098
U1 3
U2 649
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 18
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6955
BP 274
EP 278
DI 10.1038/nature01996
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 722JA
UT WOS:000185370900039
PM 13679911
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nedimovic, MR
   Hyndman, RD
   Ramachandran, K
   Spence, GD
AF Nedimovic, MR
   Hyndman, RD
   Ramachandran, K
   Spence, GD
TI Reflection signature of seismic and aseismic slip on the northern Cascadia subduction interface
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID southern vancouver-island; de-fuca plate; zone; earthquake; mantle; constraints; lithoprobe; records; margin; crust
AB At the northern Cascadia margin, the Juan de Fuca plate is underthrusting North America at about 45 mm yr(-1) (ref. 1), resulting in the potential for destructive great earthquakes(2,3). The downdip extent of coupling between the two plates is difficult to determine because the most recent such earthquake (thought to have been in 1700)(4) occurred before instrumental recording. Thermal and deformation studies 5 indicate that, off southern Vancouver Island, the interplate interface is presently fully locked for a distance of approximate to 60 km downdip from the deformation front. Great thrust earthquakes on this section of the interface (with magnitudes of up to 9)(4,5) have been estimated to occur at an average interval of about 590 yr (ref. 3). Further downdip there is a transition from fully locked behaviour to aseismic sliding (where high temperatures allow ductile deformation), with the deep aseismic zone exhibiting slow-slip thrust events(6). Here we show that there is a change in the reflection character on seismic images from a thin sharp reflection where the subduction thrust is inferred to be locked, to a broad reflection band at greater depth where aseismic slip is thought to be occurring. This change in reflection character may provide a new technique to map the landward extent of rupture in great earthquakes and improve the characterization of seismic hazards in subduction zones.
C1 Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
   Geol Survey Canada, Pacific Geosci Ctr, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada.
   Univ Victoria, Sch Earth & Ocean Sci, Victoria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada.
C3 Columbia University; Natural Resources Canada; Lands & Minerals Sector - Natural Resources Canada; Geological Survey of Canada; University of Victoria
RP Nedimovic, MR (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, 61 Route 9W,POB 1000, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
EM mladen@ldeo.columbia.edu
NR 31
TC 99
Z9 115
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 24
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6947
BP 416
EP 420
DI 10.1038/nature01840
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 704BT
UT WOS:000184318400040
PM 12879067
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU O'Brien, JL
   Pryde, GJ
   White, AG
   Ralph, TC
   Branning, D
AF O'Brien, JL
   Pryde, GJ
   White, AG
   Ralph, TC
   Branning, D
TI Demonstration of an all-optical quantum controlled-NOT gate
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID communication; entanglement; realization; computation; generation; photons
AB The promise of tremendous computational power, coupled with the development of robust error-correcting schemes(1), has fuelled extensive efforts(2) to build a quantum computer. The requirements for realizing such a device are confounding: scalable quantum bits (two-level quantum systems, or qubits) that can be well isolated from the environment, but also initialized, measured and made to undergo controllable interactions to implement a universal set of quantum logic gates(3). The usual set consists of single qubit rotations and a controlled-NOT (CNOT) gate, which flips the state of a target qubit conditional on the control qubit being in the state 1. Here we report an unambiguous experimental demonstration and comprehensive characterization of quantum CNOT operation in an optical system. We produce all four entangled Bell states as a function of only the input qubits' logical values, for a single operating condition of the gate. The gate is probabilistic (the qubits are destroyed upon failure), but with the addition of linear optical quantum non-demolition measurements, it is equivalent to the CNOT gate required for scalable all-optical quantum computation(4).
C1 Univ Queensland, Dept Phys, Ctr Quantum Comp Technol, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.
   Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
C3 University of Queensland; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
RP O'Brien, JL (corresponding author), Univ Queensland, Dept Phys, Ctr Quantum Comp Technol, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.
EM job@physics.uq.edu.au
NR 30
TC 802
Z9 912
U1 3
U2 184
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 20
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6964
BP 264
EP 267
DI 10.1038/nature02054
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 744YQ
UT WOS:000186660800037
PM 14628045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Foreman, J
   Demidchik, V
   Bothwell, JHF
   Mylona, P
   Miedema, H
   Torres, MA
   Linstead, P
   Costa, S
   Brownlee, C
   Jones, JDG
   Davies, JM
   Dolan, L
AF Foreman, J
   Demidchik, V
   Bothwell, JHF
   Mylona, P
   Miedema, H
   Torres, MA
   Linstead, P
   Costa, S
   Brownlee, C
   Jones, JDG
   Davies, JM
   Dolan, L
TI Reactive oxygen species produced by NADPH oxidase regulate plant cell growth
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID root hairs; calcium-channels; arabidopsis; ca2+; generation; homologs; defense; protein; tip
AB Cell expansion is a central process in plant morphogenesis, and the elongation of roots and root hairs is essential for uptake of minerals and water from the soil. Ca2+ influx from the extracellular store is required for ( and sets the rates of) cell elongation in roots(1). Arabidopsis thaliana rhd2 mutants are defective in Ca2+ uptake and consequently cell expansion is compromised rhd2 mutants have short root hairs(2,3) and stunted roots. To determine the regulation of Ca2+ acquisition in growing root cells we show here that RHD2 is an NADPH oxidase, a protein that transfers electrons from NADPH to an electron acceptor leading to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We show that ROS accumulate in growing wild-type (WT) root hairs but their levels are markedly decreased in rhd2 mutants. Blocking the activity of the NADPH oxidase with diphenylene iodonium (DPI) inhibits ROS formation and phenocopies Rhd2(-). Treatment of rhd2 roots with ROS partly suppresses the mutant phenotype and stimulates the activity of plasma membrane hyperpolarization-activated Ca2+ channels, the predominant root Ca2+ acquisition system. This indicates that NADPH oxidases control development by making ROS that regulate plant cell expansion through the activation of Ca2+ channels.
C1 John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Dept Cell & Dev Biol, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Plant Sci, Cambridge CB2 3EA, England.
   Marine Biol Assoc UK, Plymouth PL1 2PB, Devon, England.
   John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Sainsbury Lab, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England.
C3 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); John Innes Centre; University of Cambridge; Marine Biological Association United Kingdom; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); John Innes Centre
RP Dolan, L (corresponding author), John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Dept Cell & Dev Biol, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England.
EM liam.dolan@bbsrc.ac.uk
FU Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BBS/E/J/00000168] Funding Source: researchfish; Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BBS/E/J/00000168] Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 1797
Z9 2067
U1 6
U2 501
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 27
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6930
BP 442
EP 446
DI 10.1038/nature01485
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 659WV
UT WOS:000181801200047
PM 12660786
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hytch, MJ
   Putaux, JL
   Pénisson, JM
AF Hytch, MJ
   Putaux, JL
   Pénisson, JM
TI Measurement of the displacement field of dislocations to 0.03 Å by electron microscopy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hrem; micrographs; boundary; strain
AB Defects and their associated long-range strain fields are of considerable importance in many areas of materials science(1,2). For example, a major challenge facing the semiconductor industry is to understand the influence of defects on device operation, a task made difficult by the fact that their interactions with charge carriers can occur far from defect cores, where the influence of the defect is subtle and difficult to quantify(3,4). The accurate measurement of strain around defects would therefore allow more detailed understanding of how strain fields affect small structures - in particular their electronic, mechanical and chemical properties and how such fields are modified when confined to nanometre-sized volumes. Here we report the measurement of displacements around an edge dislocation in silicon using a combination of high-resolution electron microscopy and image analysis inherited from optical interferometry. The agreement of our observations with anisotropic elastic theory calculations is better than 0.03 Angstrom. Indeed, the results can be considered as an experimental verification of anisotropic theory at the near-atomic scale. With the development of nanostructured materials and devices, we expect the use of electron microscopy as a metrological tool for strain analysis to become of increasing importance.
C1 CNRS, Ctr Etud Chim Met, F-94407 Vitry Sur Seine, France.
   CNRS, Ctr Rech Macromol Vegetales, F-38041 Grenoble, France.
   Univ Grenoble 1, F-38041 Grenoble, France.
   CEA Grenoble, DRFMC, SP2M, ME, F-38054 Grenoble, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA); Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA); CEA; Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA)
RP Hytch, MJ (corresponding author), CNRS, Ctr Etud Chim Met, 15 Rue G Urbain, F-94407 Vitry Sur Seine, France.
EM martin.hytch@glvt-cnrs.fr
NR 18
TC 510
Z9 543
U1 3
U2 106
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 15
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6937
BP 270
EP 273
DI 10.1038/nature01638
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 678EX
UT WOS:000182853100038
PM 12748637
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Weimerskirch, H
   Chastel, O
   Barbraud, C
   Tostain, O
AF Weimerskirch, H
   Chastel, O
   Barbraud, C
   Tostain, O
TI Frigatebirds ride high on thermals - This bird's bizarre physique and sparse hunting grounds account for its languid lifestyle.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 CNRS, UPR 1934, Ctr Etud Biol Chize, F-79360 Villiersen Bois, France.
   Assoc Aratai, F-97357 Remire Montjoly, Guyane, France.
   DIREN, F-97328 Cayenne, Guyane, French Guiana.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Weimerskirch, H (corresponding author), CNRS, UPR 1934, Ctr Etud Biol Chize, F-79360 Villiersen Bois, France.
EM henriw@cebc.cnrs.fr
NR 10
TC 92
Z9 105
U1 0
U2 28
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6921
BP 333
EP 334
DI 10.1038/421333a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 637UW
UT WOS:000180533000030
PM 12540890
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sakai, T
   Larsen, M
   Yamada, KM
AF Sakai, T
   Larsen, M
   Yamada, KM
TI Fibronectin requirement in branching morphogenesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-matrix adhesions; salivary-gland; submandibular-gland; epithelium; cadherin; surface; lung
AB Many organs, including salivary glands, lung and kidney, are formed during embryonic development by epithelial branching. In branching morphogenesis, repetitive epithelial cleft and bud formation create the complex three-dimensional branching structures characteristic of many organs(1-3). Although the mechanisms are poorly understood, one might involve the site-specific accumulation of some regulatory protein. Here we show that the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin(4,5) is essential for cleft formation during the initiation of epithelial branching. Fibronectin messenger RNA and fibrils appeared transiently and focally in forming cleft regions of submandibular salivary-gland epithelia, accompanied by an adjacent loss of cadherin localization. Decreasing the fibronectin concentration by using small interfering RNA and inhibition by anti-fibronectin or anti-integrin antibodies blocked cleft formation and branching. Exogenous fibronectin accelerated cleft formation and branching. Similar effects of fibronectin suppression and augmentation were observed in developing lung and kidney. Mechanistic studies revealed that fibrillar fibronectin can induce cell-matrix adhesions on cultured human salivary epithelial cells with a local loss of cadherins at cell-cell junctions. Thus, fibronectin expression is required for cleft formation in branching morphogenesis associated with the conversion of cell-cell adhesions to cell-matrix adhesions.
C1 Natl Inst Dent & Craniofacial Res, Craniofacial Dev Biol & Regenerat Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Dental & Craniofacial Research (NIDCR)
RP Yamada, KM (corresponding author), Natl Inst Dent & Craniofacial Res, Craniofacial Dev Biol & Regenerat Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
FU National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research [ZIADE000525, ZIADE000524] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 30
TC 422
Z9 519
U1 1
U2 37
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 19
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6942
BP 876
EP 881
DI 10.1038/nature01712
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 691BQ
UT WOS:000183585300048
PM 12815434
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McFarland, EW
   Tang, J
AF McFarland, EW
   Tang, J
TI A photovoltaic device structure based on internal electron emission
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB There has been an active search for cost-effective photovoltaic devices since the development of the first solar cells in the 1950s (refs 1-3). In conventional solid-state solar cells, electron-hole pairs are created by light absorption in a semiconductor, with charge separation and collection accomplished under the influence of electric fields within the semiconductor. Here we report a multilayer photovoltaic device structure in which photon absorption instead occurs in photoreceptors deposited on the surface of an ultrathin metal-semiconductor junction Schottky diode. Photoexcited electrons are transferred to the metal and travel ballistically to-and over-the Schottky barrier, so providing the photocurrent output. Low-energy (similar to1 eV) electrons have surprisingly long ballistic path lengths in noble metals 4,5, allowing a large fraction of the electrons to be collected. Unlike conventional cells, the semiconductor in this device serves only for majority charge transport and separation. Devices fabricated using a fluorescein photoreceptor on an Au/TiO2/Ti multilayer structure had typical open-circuit photovoltages of 600-800 mV and short-circuit photocurrents of 10-18 muA cm(-2) under 100 mW cm(-2) visible band illumination: the internal quantum efficiency (electrons measured per photon absorbed) was 10 per cent. This alternative approach to photovoltaic energy conversion might provide the basis for durable low-cost solar cells using a variety of materials.
C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Chem Engn, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Mat, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
RP McFarland, EW (corresponding author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Chem Engn, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
NR 9
TC 378
Z9 416
U1 4
U2 231
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 6
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6923
BP 616
EP 618
DI 10.1038/nature01316
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 642KH
UT WOS:000180803200037
PM 12571591
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lee, K
   Jessop, H
   Suswillo, R
   Zaman, G
   Lanyon, L
AF Lee, K
   Jessop, H
   Suswillo, R
   Zaman, G
   Lanyon, L
TI Endocrinology -: Bone adaptation requires oestrogen receptor-α
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ London Royal Vet Coll, Dept Vet Basic Sci, London NW1 0TU, England.
C3 University of London; University of London Royal Veterinary College
RP Lee, K (corresponding author), Univ London Royal Vet Coll, Dept Vet Basic Sci, 32 Belgrave Sq, London NW1 0TU, England.
EM llanyon@rvc.ac.uk
NR 9
TC 256
Z9 308
U1 0
U2 30
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 24
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6947
BP 389
EP 389
DI 10.1038/424389a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 704BT
UT WOS:000184318400031
PM 12879058
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Niiler, E
AF Niiler, E
TI Good neighbours
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 KPBS Radio, San Diego, CA 92182 USA.
RP Niiler, E (corresponding author), KPBS Radio, San Diego, CA 92182 USA.
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 11
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6967
BP 690
EP 694
DI 10.1038/426690
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 752DY
UT WOS:000187132800049
PM 14668872
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Murphy, CT
   McCarroll, SA
   Bargmann, CI
   Fraser, A
   Kamath, RS
   Ahringer, J
   Li, H
   Kenyon, C
AF Murphy, CT
   McCarroll, SA
   Bargmann, CI
   Fraser, A
   Kamath, RS
   Ahringer, J
   Li, H
   Kenyon, C
TI Genes that act downstream of DAF-16 to influence the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID superoxide-dismutase; insulin-receptor; computational analysis; regulates longevity; stress resistance; oxidative stress; expression; member; identification; family
AB Ageing is a fundamental, unsolved mystery in biology. DAF-16, a FOXO-family transcription factor, influences the rate of ageing of Caenorhabditis elegans in response to insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I) signalling. Using DNA microarray analysis, we have found that DAF-16 affects expression of a set of genes during early adulthood, the time at which this pathway is known to control ageing. Here we find that many of these genes influence the ageing process. The insulin/IGF-I pathway functions cell non-autonomously to regulate lifespan, and our findings suggest that it signals other cells, at least in part, by feedback regulation of an insulin/IGF-I homologue. Furthermore, our findings suggest that the insulin/IGF-I pathway ultimately exerts its effect on lifespan by upregulating a wide variety of genes, including cellular stress-response, antimicrobial and metabolic genes, and by downregulating specific life-shortening genes.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Biochem & Biophys, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Anat, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Cambridge, Wellcome CRC Inst, Cambridge CB2 1QR, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Genet, Cambridge CB2 1QR, England.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of Cambridge; University of Cambridge
RP Kenyon, C (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Biochem & Biophys, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
EM ckenyon@biochem.ucsf.edu
FU Wellcome Trust [054523] Funding Source: Medline
NR 52
TC 1790
Z9 2226
U1 6
U2 276
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 17
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6946
BP 277
EP 284
DI 10.1038/nature01789
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 701RZ
UT WOS:000184183900032
PM 12845331
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Miller-Butterworth, CM
   Jacobs, DS
   Harley, EH
AF Miller-Butterworth, CM
   Jacobs, DS
   Harley, EH
TI Strong population substructure is correlated with morphology and ecology in a migratory bat
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-fingered bat; mitochondrial-dna; miniopterus-schreibersii; genetic-structure; microsatellite data; philopatry; dispersal; mtdna
AB Examining patterns of inter-population genetic diversity can provide valuable information about both historical and current evolutionary processes affecting a species. Population genetic studies of flying and migratory species such as bats and birds have traditionally shown minimal population substructure, characterized by high levels of gene flow between populations(1,2). In general, strongly substructured mammalian populations either are separated by non-traversable barriers or belong to terrestrial species with low dispersal abilities(3). Species with female philopatry ( the tendency to remain in or consistently return to the natal territory) might show strong substructure when examined with maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA, but this substructure generally disappears when biparentally inherited markers are used, owing to male-mediated gene flow(4). Male-biased dispersal is considered typical for mammals(5), and philopatry in both sexes is rare. Here we show strong population substructure in a migratory bat species, and philopatry in both sexes, as indicated by concordance of nuclear and mtDNA findings. Furthermore, the genetic structure correlates with local biomes and differentiation in wing morphology. There is therefore a close correlation of genetic and morphological differentiation in sympatric subspecific populations of this mammalian species.
C1 Univ Cape Town, Dept Zool, ZA-7701 Rondebosch, South Africa.
   Univ Cape Town, Div Chem Pathol, Wildlife Genet Unit, ZA-7925 Cape Town, South Africa.
C3 University of Cape Town; University of Cape Town
RP Miller-Butterworth, CM (corresponding author), NCI, Lab Genom Divers, POB B, Frederick, MD 21702 USA.
EM cbutterworth@mail.ncifcrf.gov
NR 30
TC 102
Z9 120
U1 1
U2 42
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 10
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6945
BP 187
EP 191
DI 10.1038/nature01742
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 699AA
UT WOS:000184032700040
PM 12853955
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Harris, KD
   Csicsvari, J
   Hirase, H
   Dragoi, G
   Buzsáki, G
AF Harris, KD
   Csicsvari, J
   Hirase, H
   Dragoi, G
   Buzsáki, G
TI Organization of cell assemblies in the hippocampus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pyramidal cells; phase precession; behaving rat; place cells; neurons; oscillations; ensemble; code; dynamics; patterns
AB Neurons can produce action potentials with high temporal precision(1). A fundamental issue is whether, and how, this capability is used in information processing. According to the 'cell assembly' hypothesis, transient synchrony of anatomically distributed groups of neurons underlies processing of both external sensory input and internal cognitive mechanisms(2-4). Accordingly, neuron populations should be arranged into groups whose synchrony exceeds that predicted by common modulation by sensory input. Here we find that the spike times of hippocampal pyramidal cells can be predicted more accurately by using the spike times of simultaneously recorded neurons in addition to the animals location in space. This improvement remained when the spatial prediction was refined with a spatially dependent theta phase modulation(5-8). The time window in which spike times are best predicted from simultaneous peer activity is 10-30 ms, suggesting that cell assemblies are synchronized at this timescale. Because this temporal window matches the membrane time constant of pyramidal neurons(9), the period of the hippocampal gamma oscillation(10) and the time window for synaptic plasticity(11), we propose that cooperative activity at this timescale is optimal for information transmission and storage in cortical circuits.
C1 Rutgers State Univ, Ctr Mol & Behav Neurosci, Newark, NJ 07102 USA.
C3 Rutgers University System; Rutgers University Newark; Rutgers University New Brunswick
RP Buzsáki, G (corresponding author), Rutgers State Univ, Ctr Mol & Behav Neurosci, 197 Univ Ave, Newark, NJ 07102 USA.
NR 30
TC 646
Z9 784
U1 1
U2 45
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 31
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6948
BP 552
EP 556
DI 10.1038/nature01834
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 706LG
UT WOS:000184454700043
PM 12891358
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Molofsky, AV
   Pardal, R
   Iwashita, T
   Park, IK
   Clarke, MF
   Morrison, SJ
AF Molofsky, AV
   Pardal, R
   Iwashita, T
   Park, IK
   Clarke, MF
   Morrison, SJ
TI Bmi-1 dependence distinguishes neural stem cell self-renewal from progenitor proliferation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID adult mammalian forebrain; transgenic mice; transformation; tumorigenesis; p16(ink4a); senescence; repression; expression; p19(arf); members
AB Stem cells persist throughout life by self-renewing in numerous tissues including the central(1) and peripheral(2) nervous systems. This raises the issue of whether there is a conserved mechanism to effect self-renewing divisions. Deficiency in the polycomb family transcriptional repressor Bmi-1 leads to progressive postnatal growth retardation and neurological defects(3). Here we show that Bmi-1 is required for the self-renewal of stem cells in the peripheral and central nervous systems but not for their survival or differentiation. The reduced self-renewal of Bmi-1-deficient neural stem cells leads to their postnatal depletion. In the absence of Bmi-1, the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor gene p16(Ink4a) is upregulated in neural stem cells, reducing the rate of proliferation. p16(Ink4a) deficiency partially reverses the self-renewal defect in Bmi-1(-/-) neural stem cells. This conserved requirement for Bmi-1 to promote self-renewal and to repress p16(Ink4a) expression suggests that a common mechanism regulates the self-renewal and postnatal persistence of diverse types of stem cell. Restricted neural progenitors from the gut and forebrain proliferate normally in the absence of Bmi-1. Thus, Bmi-1 dependence distinguishes stem cell self-renewal from restricted progenitor proliferation in these tissues.
C1 Univ Michigan, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Dept Internal Med, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Dept Cell & Dev Biol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
RP Morrison, SJ (corresponding author), Univ Michigan, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
FU NINDS NIH HHS [R01 NS040750] Funding Source: Medline
NR 27
TC 1075
Z9 1312
U1 0
U2 51
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 30
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6961
BP 962
EP 967
DI 10.1038/nature02060
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 737KY
UT WOS:000186230600042
PM 14574365
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nakano, H
   Hibino, T
   Oji, T
   Hara, Y
   Amemiya, S
AF Nakano, H
   Hibino, T
   Oji, T
   Hara, Y
   Amemiya, S
TI Larval stages of a living sea lily (stalked crinoid echinoderm)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID radiation
AB The embryos and larvae of stalked crinoids, which are considered the most basal group of extant echinoderms(1,2), have not previously been described. In contrast, much is known about the development of the more accessible stalkless crinoids (feather stars)(3), which are phylogenetically derived from stalked forms(4). Here we describe the development of a sea lily from fertilization to larval settlement. There are two successive larval stages: the first is a non-feeding auricularia stage with partly longitudinal ciliary bands (similar to the auricularia and bipinnaria larvae of holothurian and asteroid echinoderms, respectively); the second is a doliolaria larva with circumferential ciliary bands (similar to the earliest larval stage of stalkless crinoids). We suggest that a dipleurula-type larva is primitive for echinoderms and is the starting point for the evolution of additional larval forms within the phylum. From a wider evolutionary viewpoint, the demonstration that the most basal kind of echinoderm larva is a dipleurula is consistent with Garstang's auricularia theory(5) for the phylogenetic origin of the chordate neural tube.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Frontier Sci, Dept Integrated Biosci, Chiba 2778562, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Biol Sci, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo; University of Tokyo; University of Tokyo
RP Amemiya, S (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Frontier Sci, Dept Integrated Biosci, Bldg FSB-501,5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Chiba 2778562, Japan.
NR 13
TC 94
Z9 105
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 9
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6919
BP 158
EP 160
DI 10.1038/nature01236
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 633DR
UT WOS:000180267200038
PM 12520300
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Royer, DL
   Osborne, CP
   Beerling, DJ
AF Royer, DL
   Osborne, CP
   Beerling, DJ
TI Carbon loss by deciduous trees in a CO2-rich ancient polar environment
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID climate-change; forests; island; floras; co2; vertebrates; antarctica; vegetation; responses; tertiary
AB Fossils demonstrate that deciduous forests covered the polar regions for much of the past 250 million years(1) when the climate was warm and atmospheric CO2 high(2). But the evolutionary significance of their deciduous character has remained a matter of conjecture for almost a century(3). The leading hypothesis(1,4-7) argues that it was an adaptation to photoperiod, allowing the avoidance of carbon losses by respiration from a canopy of leaves unable to photosynthesize in the darkness of warm polar winters(8-11). Here we test this proposal with experiments using 'living fossil' tree species grown in a simulated polar climate with and without CO2 enrichment. We show that the quantity of carbon lost annually by shedding a deciduous canopy is significantly greater than that lost by evergreen trees through wintertime respiration and leaf litter production, irrespective of growth CO2 concentration. Scaling up our experimental observations indicates that the greater expense of being deciduous persists in mature forests, even up to latitudes of 83 degreesN, where the duration of the polar winter exceeds five months. We therefore reject the carbon-loss hypothesis as an explanation for the deciduous nature of polar forests.
C1 Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
C3 University of Sheffield
RP Beerling, DJ (corresponding author), Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
NR 30
TC 53
Z9 64
U1 2
U2 32
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 3
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6944
BP 60
EP 62
DI 10.1038/nature01737
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 696XL
UT WOS:000183912800038
PM 12840757
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fukugita, M
AF Fukugita, M
TI The dark side
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID universe; search
C1 Univ Tokyo, Inst Cosm Ray Res, Kashiwa, Chiba 2778582, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo
RP Fukugita, M (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Inst Cosm Ray Res, Kashiwa, Chiba 2778582, Japan.
EM fukugita@icrr.u-tokyo.ac.jp
NR 29
TC 7
Z9 7
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 3
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6931
BP 489
EP 491
DI 10.1038/422489a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 662TW
UT WOS:000181965400027
PM 12673240
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McCarty, M
AF McCarty, M
TI Discovering genes are made of DNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Maclyn McCarty is the sole surviving member of the team that made the remarkable discovery that DNA is the material of inheritance. This preceded by a decade the discovery of the structure of DNA itself. Here he shares his personal perspective of those times and the impact of the double helix.
C1 Rockefeller Univ, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Rockefeller University
RP McCarty, M (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
NR 3
TC 16
Z9 30
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6921
BP 406
EP 406
DI 10.1038/nature01398
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 637UW
UT WOS:000180533000049
PM 12540908
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sivars, U
   Aivazian, D
   Pfeffer, SR
AF Sivars, U
   Aivazian, D
   Pfeffer, SR
TI Yip3 catalyses the dissociation of endosomal Rab-GDI complexes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID golgi membrane-protein; prenylated rab; nucleotide exchange; binding protein; gtpases; inhibitor; identification; transport; interacts; receptor
AB Human cells contain more than 60 small G proteins of the Rab family, which are localized to the surfaces of distinct membrane compartments and regulate transport vesicle formation, motility, docking and fusion(1-3). Prenylated Rabs also occur in the cytosol bound to GDI(4,5) (guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor), which binds to Rabs in their inactive state. Prenyl Rab-GDI complexes contain all of the information necessary to direct Rab delivery onto distinct membrane compartments(6-8). The late endosomal, prenyl Rab9 binds GDI with very high affinity(9), which led us to propose that there might be a 'GDI-displacement factor' to catalyse dissociation of Rab-GDI complexes and to enable transfer of Rabs from GDI onto membranes(6,10). Indeed, we have previously shown that endosomal membranes contain a proteinaceous factor that can act in this manner(10). Here we show that the integral membrane protein, Yip3, acts catalytically to dissociate complexes of endosomal Rabs bound to GDI, and to deliver them onto membranes. We propose that the conserved Yip proteins serve as GDI-displacement factors for the targeting of Rab GTPases in eukaryotic cells.
C1 Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University
RP Pfeffer, SR (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
NR 26
TC 205
Z9 272
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 23
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6960
BP 856
EP 859
DI 10.1038/nature02057
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 735ME
UT WOS:000186118500049
PM 14574414
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kubatkin, S
   Danilov, A
   Hjort, M
   Cornil, J
   Brédas, JL
   Stuhr-Hansen, N
   Hedegård, P
   Bjornholm, T
AF Kubatkin, S
   Danilov, A
   Hjort, M
   Cornil, J
   Brédas, JL
   Stuhr-Hansen, N
   Hedegård, P
   Bjornholm, T
TI Single-electron transistor of a single organic molecule with access to several redox states
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transport; oligomers
AB A combination of classical Coulomb charging, electronic level spacings, spin, and vibrational modes determines the single-electron transfer reactions through nanoscale systems connected to external electrodes by tunnelling barriers(1). Coulomb charging effects have been shown to dominate such transport in semiconductor quantum dots(2), metallic(3) and semiconducting, nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes(5,6), and single molecules(7-9). Recently, transport has been shown to be also influenced by spin-through the Kondo effect-for both nanotubes(10) and single molecules(8,9), as well as by vibrational fine structure(7,11). Here we describe a single-electron transistor where the electronic levels of a single pi-conjugated molecule in several distinct charged states control the transport properties. The molecular electronic levels extracted from the single-electron-transistor measurements are strongly perturbed compared to those of the molecule in solution, leading to a very significant reduction of the gap between the highest occupied molecular orbital and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital. We suggest, and verify by simple model calculations, that this surprising effect could be caused by image charges generated in the source and drain electrodes resulting in a strong localization of the charges on the molecule.
C1 Univ Copenhagen, Dept Chem, Nanosci Ctr, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
   Univ Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Inst, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
   Chalmers Univ Technol, Dept Microtechnol & Nanosci MC2, S-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden.
   Univ Arizona, Dept Chem, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Univ Mons, Ctr Res Mol Elect & Photon, Lab Chem Novel Mat, B-7000 Mons, Belgium.
C3 University of Copenhagen; University of Copenhagen; Niels Bohr Institute; Chalmers University of Technology; University of Arizona; University of Mons
RP Bjornholm, T (corresponding author), Univ Copenhagen, Dept Chem, Nanosci Ctr, Univ Pk 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
EM tb@nano.ku.dk
NR 24
TC 766
Z9 839
U1 2
U2 263
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 16
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6959
BP 698
EP 701
DI 10.1038/nature02010
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 732DA
UT WOS:000185924500036
PM 14562098
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Niewohner, WA
   Bergstrom, A
   Eichele, D
   Zuroff, M
   Clark, JT
AF Niewohner, WA
   Bergstrom, A
   Eichele, D
   Zuroff, M
   Clark, JT
TI Manual dexterity in Neanderthals - These primitive people may have been as handy with their tools as modern humans are.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Calif State Univ San Bernardino, Dept Anthropol, San Bernardino, CA 92407 USA.
   N Dakota State Univ, Archaeol Technol Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA.
C3 California State University System; California State University San Bernardino; North Dakota State University Fargo
RP Niewohner, WA (corresponding author), Calif State Univ San Bernardino, Dept Anthropol, San Bernardino, CA 92407 USA.
NR 13
TC 37
Z9 42
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 27
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6930
BP 395
EP 395
DI 10.1038/422395a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 659WV
UT WOS:000181801200031
PM 12660770
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Watanabe, H
   Vriens, J
   Prenen, J
   Droogmans, G
   Voets, T
   Nilius, B
AF Watanabe, H
   Vriens, J
   Prenen, J
   Droogmans, G
   Voets, T
   Nilius, B
TI Anandamide and arachidonic acid use epoxyeicosatrienoic acids to activate TRPV4 channels
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB TRPV4 is a widely expressed cation channel of the 'transient receptor potential' (TRP) family(1) that is related to the vanilloid receptor VR1 (TRPV1). It functions as a Ca2+ entry channel(2) and displays remarkable gating promiscuity by responding to both physical stimuli (cell swelling, innoxious heat(2-7)) and the synthetic ligand 4alphaPDD(8). An endogenous ligand for this channel has not yet been identified. Here we show that the endocannabinoid anandamide and its metabolite arachidonic acid activate TRPV4 in an indirect way involving the cytochrome P450 epoxygenase-dependent formation of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids. Application of 5',6'-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid at submicromolar concentrations activates TRPV4 in a membrane-delimited manner and causes Ca2+ influx through TRPV4- like channels in vascular endothelial cells. Activation of TRPV4 in vascular endothelial cells might therefore contribute to the relaxant effects of endocannabinoids and their P450 epoxygenase-dependent metabolites on vascular tone(9-12).
C1 Katholieke Univ Leuven, Dept Physiol, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium.
C3 KU Leuven
RP Nilius, B (corresponding author), Katholieke Univ Leuven, Dept Physiol, Campus Gasthuisberg, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium.
EM bernd.nilius@med.kuleuven.ac.be
NR 27
TC 824
Z9 961
U1 0
U2 42
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 24
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6947
BP 434
EP 438
DI 10.1038/nature01807
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 704BT
UT WOS:000184318400045
PM 12879072
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Biteau, B
   Labarre, J
   Toledano, MB
AF Biteau, B
   Labarre, J
   Toledano, MB
TI ATP-dependent reduction of cysteine-sulphinic acid by S-cerevisiae sulphiredoxin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID alkyl hydroperoxide reductase; oxidative stress; thioredoxin peroxidase; 2-cys peroxiredoxin; crystal-structure; sulfenic acid; yeast; identification; catalysis; site
AB Proteins contain thiol-bearing cysteine residues that are sensitive to oxidation, and this may interfere with biological function either as 'damage' or in the context of oxidant-dependent signal transduction. Cysteine thiols oxidized to sulphenic acid are generally unstable, either forming a disulphide with a nearby thiol or being further oxidized to a stable sulphinic acid(1,2). Cysteine - sulphenic acids and disulphides are known to be reduced by glutathione or thioredoxin in biological systems, but cysteine - sulphinic acid derivatives have been viewed as irreversible protein modifications. Here we identify a yeast protein of relative molecular mass M-r = 13,000, which we have named sulphiredoxin ( identified by the US spelling 'sulfiredoxin', in the Saccharomyces Genome Database), that is conserved in higher eukaryotes and reduces cysteine - sulphinic acid in the yeast peroxiredoxin Tsa1. Peroxiredoxins are ubiquitous thiol-containing antioxidants that reduce hydroperoxides(3-5) and control hydroperoxide-mediated signalling in mammals(6-8). The reduction reaction catalysed by sulphiredoxin requires ATP hydrolysis and magnesium, involving a conserved active-site cysteine residue which forms a transient disulphide linkage with Tsa1. We propose that reduction of cysteine - sulphinic acids by sulphiredoxin involves activation by phosphorylation followed by a thiol-mediated reduction step. Sulphiredoxin is important for the antioxidant function of peroxiredoxins, and is likely to be involved in the repair of proteins containing cysteine sulphinic acid modifications, and in signalling pathways involving protein oxidation.
C1 CEA Saclay, DBJC, SBGM, Lab Stress Oxydants & Canc, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   CEA Saclay, DBJC, SBGM, Lab Physiogenom, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
C3 CEA; Universite Paris Saclay; CEA; Universite Paris Saclay
RP Toledano, MB (corresponding author), CEA Saclay, DBJC, SBGM, Lab Stress Oxydants & Canc, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
NR 30
TC 800
Z9 925
U1 1
U2 72
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 30
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6961
BP 980
EP 984
DI 10.1038/nature02075
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 737KY
UT WOS:000186230600046
PM 14586471
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Harley, HE
   Putman, EA
   Roitblat, HL
AF Harley, HE
   Putman, EA
   Roitblat, HL
TI Bottlenose dolphins perceive object features through echolocation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tursiops-truncatus; recognition; information; integration
AB How organisms (including people) recognize distant objects is a fundamental question(1). The correspondence between object characteristics (distal stimuli), like visual shape, and sensory characteristics (proximal stimuli), like retinal projection, is ambiguous. The view that sensory systems are 'designed' to 'pick up' ecologically useful information is vague about how such mechanisms might work(2). In echolocating dolphins, which are studied as models for object recognition sonar systems, the correspondence between echo characteristics and object characteristics is less clear(3). Many cognitive scientists assume that object characteristics are extracted from proximal stimuli, but evidence for this remains ambiguous. For example, a dolphin may store 'sound templates' in its brain and identify whole objects by listening for a particular sound. Alternatively, a dolphin's brain may contain algorithms, derived through natural endowments or experience or both, which allow it to identify object characteristics based on sounds. The standard method used to address this question in many species(4-7) is indirect and has led to equivocal results with dolphins(8-10). Here we outline an appropriate method and test it to show that dolphins extract object characteristics directly from echoes.
C1 New Coll Florida, Div Social Sci, Sarasota, FL 34243 USA.
   Walt Disney World Resort, Anim Programs, Epcots Living Seas, Lake Buena Vista, FL 32830 USA.
   DolphinSearch Inc, Ventura, CA 93001 USA.
C3 State University System of Florida; New College Florida; Walt Disney Company
RP Harley, HE (corresponding author), New Coll Florida, Div Social Sci, 5700 N Tamiami Trail, Sarasota, FL 34243 USA.
NR 16
TC 63
Z9 67
U1 0
U2 67
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 7
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6949
BP 667
EP 669
DI 10.1038/nature01846
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 708QE
UT WOS:000184578800043
PM 12904791
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kamath, RS
   Fraser, AG
   Dong, Y
   Poulin, G
   Durbin, R
   Gotta, M
   Kanapin, A
   Le Bot, N
   Moreno, S
   Sohrmann, M
   Welchman, DP
   Zipperlen, P
   Ahringer, J
AF Kamath, RS
   Fraser, AG
   Dong, Y
   Poulin, G
   Durbin, R
   Gotta, M
   Kanapin, A
   Le Bot, N
   Moreno, S
   Sohrmann, M
   Welchman, DP
   Zipperlen, P
   Ahringer, J
TI Systematic functional analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans genome using RNAi
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID double-stranded-rna; mammalian-cells; gene-expression; c-elegans; interference; sequence; database; germline; domains; sirnas
AB A principal challenge currently facing biologists is how to connect the complete DNA sequence of an organism to its development and behaviour. Large-scale targeted-deletions have been successful in defining gene functions in the single-celled yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but comparable analyses have yet to be performed in an animal. Here we describe the use of RNA interference to inhibit the function of similar to86% of the 19,427 predicted genes of C. elegans. We identified mutant phenotypes for 1,722 genes, about two-thirds of which were not previously associated with a phenotype. We find that genes of similar functions are clustered in distinct, multi-megabase regions of individual chromosomes; genes in these regions tend to share transcriptional profiles. Our resulting data set and reusable RNAi library of 16,757 bacterial clones will facilitate systematic analyses of the connections among gene sequence, chromosomal location and gene function in C. elegans.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Wellcome Trust Canc Res UK Inst, Cambridge CB2 1QR, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Genet, Cambridge CB2 1QR, England.
   Wellcome Trust Sanger Inst, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England.
   EMBL, European Bioinformat Inst, Cambridge CB10 1SD, England.
   Univ Salamanca, CSIC, Ctr Invest Canc, Salamanca 37007, Spain.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of Cambridge; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); European Bioinformatics Institute; University of Salamanca; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC-USAL - Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular del Cancer de Salamanca (IBMCC); CSIC - Centro de Investigacion del Cancer (CIC)
RP Ahringer, J (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Wellcome Trust Canc Res UK Inst, Tennis Court Rd, Cambridge CB2 1QR, England.
EM jaa@mole.bio.cam.ac.uk
FU Wellcome Trust [054523] Funding Source: Medline
NR 40
TC 2813
Z9 3793
U1 5
U2 296
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 16
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6920
BP 231
EP 237
DI 10.1038/nature01278
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 635KG
UT WOS:000180397600038
PM 12529635
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rohani, P
   Green, CJ
   Mantilla-Beniers, NB
   Grenfell, BT
AF Rohani, P
   Green, CJ
   Mantilla-Beniers, NB
   Grenfell, BT
TI Ecological interference between fatal diseases
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID population; determinants; measles; dengue
AB An important issue in population biology is the dynamic interaction between pathogens. Interest has focused mainly on the indirect interaction of pathogen strains, mediated by cross immunity(1-4). However, a mechanism has recently been proposed for 'ecological interference' between pathogens through the removal of individuals from the susceptible pool after an acute infection. To explore this possibility, we have analysed and modelled historical measles and whooping cough records. Here we show that ecological interference is particularly strong when fatal infections permanently remove susceptibles. Disease interference has substantial dynamical consequences, making multi-annual outbreaks of different infections characteristically out of phase. So, when disease prevalence is high and is associated with significant mortality, it might be impossible to understand epidemic patterns by studying pathogens in isolation. This new ecological null model has important consequences for understanding the multi-strain dynamics of pathogens such as dengue and echoviruses.
C1 Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England.
C3 University System of Georgia; University of Georgia; University of Cambridge
RP Rohani, P (corresponding author), Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA.
EM rohani@uga.edu
NR 30
TC 144
Z9 166
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 24
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6934
BP 885
EP 888
DI 10.1038/nature01542
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 670WR
UT WOS:000182432600053
PM 12712203
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Uehlein, N
   Lovisolo, C
   Siefritz, F
   Kaldenhoff, R
AF Uehlein, N
   Lovisolo, C
   Siefritz, F
   Kaldenhoff, R
TI The tobacco aquaporin NtAQP1 is a membrane CO2 pore with physiological functions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nicotiana-tabacum; expression; permeability; leaves; malate; plants
AB Aquaporins, found in virtually all living organisms, are membrane-intrinsic proteins that form water-permeable complexes. The mammalian aquaporin AQP1 has also shown CO2 permeability when expressed heterologously in Xenopus oocytes(1), although whether this is a biochemical curiosity or of physiological significance is a matter of debate(2,3). Here we report that, in the same expression system, a CO2 permeability comparable to that of the human AQP1 is observed for the tobacco plasma membrane aquaporin NtAQP1. NtAQP1 facilitates CO2 membrane transport in the homologous plant system at the cellular level, and has a significant function in photosynthesis and in stomatal opening. NtAQP1 overexpression heightens membrane permeability for CO2 and water, and increases leaf growth. The results indicate that NtAQP1-related CO2 permeability is of physiological importance under conditions where the CO2 gradient across a membrane is small, as is the case between the atmosphere and the inside of a plant cell.
C1 Inst Bot, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
   Univ Turin, Dept Agr & Pomol, I-10095 Grugliaso, Italy.
C3 University of Turin
RP Kaldenhoff, R (corresponding author), Inst Bot, Schnittspahnstr 3, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
NR 18
TC 514
Z9 601
U1 0
U2 151
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 16
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6959
BP 734
EP 737
DI 10.1038/nature02027
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 732DA
UT WOS:000185924500045
PM 14520414
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Paschen, SA
   Waizenegger, T
   Stan, T
   Preuss, M
   Cyrklaff, M
   Hell, K
   Rapaport, D
   Neupert, W
AF Paschen, SA
   Waizenegger, T
   Stan, T
   Preuss, M
   Cyrklaff, M
   Hell, K
   Rapaport, D
   Neupert, W
TI Evolutionary conservation of biogenesis of β-barrel membrane proteins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mitochondrial outer-membrane; tom complex; import pore; channel; component; machinery; receptors; yeast
AB The outer membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts are distinguished by the presence of beta-barrel membrane proteins(1,2). The outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria also harbours beta-barrel proteins(3). In mitochondria these proteins fulfil a variety of functions such as transport of small molecules (porin/VDAC), translocation of proteins (Tom40) and regulation of mitochondrial morphology (Mdm10)(4-7). These proteins are encoded by the nucleus, synthesized in the cytosol, targeted to mitochondria as chaperone-bound species, recognized by the translocase of the outer membrane, and then inserted into the outer membrane where they assemble into functional oligomers(8-11). Whereas some knowledge has been accumulated on the pathways of insertion of proteins that span cellular membranes with alpha-helical segments, very little is known about how beta-barrel proteins are integrated into lipid bilayers and assembled into oligomeric structures(12). Here we describe a protein complex that is essential for the topogenesis of mitochondrial outer membrane beta-barrel proteins (TOB). We present evidence that important elements of the topogenesis of beta-barrel membrane proteins have been conserved during the evolution of mitochondria from endosymbiotic bacterial ancestors(13).
C1 Univ Munich, Adolf Butenandt Inst Physiol Chem, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Biochem, Abt Mol Strukturbiol, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
C3 University of Munich; Max Planck Society
RP Neupert, W (corresponding author), Univ Munich, Adolf Butenandt Inst Physiol Chem, Butenandtstr 5, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
NR 29
TC 354
Z9 399
U1 0
U2 32
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 18
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6968
BP 862
EP 866
DI 10.1038/nature02208
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 754QM
UT WOS:000187342000064
PM 14685243
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wada, S
   Oishi, M
   Yamada, TK
AF Wada, S
   Oishi, M
   Yamada, TK
TI A newly discovered species of living baleen whale
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mitochondrial-dna; fin whale; sequences; region
AB In the late 1970s eight Balaenoptera specimens of unknown identity were caught in the lower latitudinal Indo-Pacific waters by Japanese research whaling vessels(1). The combination of the allozyme patterns and physical maturity of the eight specimens separated them from all acknowledged Balaenoptera species(2). In September 1998 we collected a medium-sized baleen whale carcass on a coastal island in the Sea of Japan. This specimen and the previously collected eight specimens resembled Balaenoptera physalus (fin whale) in external appearance but were much smaller. Comparison of external morphology, osteology and mitochondrial DNA data grouped the nine specimens as a single species but separated them from all known baleen whale species. Therefore, here we describe a new species of Balaenoptera, which is characterized by its unique cranial morphology, its small number of baleen plates, and by its distant molecular relationships with all of its congeners. Our analyses also separated Balaenoptera brydei (Bryde's whale)(3,4) and Balaenoptera edeni (Eden's whale)(5) into two distinct species, raising the number of known living Balaenoptera species to eight.
C1 Natl Res Inst Fisheries Sci, Fisheries Res Agcy, Kanazawa Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2368648, Japan.
   Iwate Prefectural Museum, Morioka, Iwate 0200102, Japan.
   Museum Nat Sci, Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo 1690073, Japan.
C3 Japan Fisheries Research & Education Agency (FRA)
RP Wada, S (corresponding author), Natl Res Inst Fisheries Sci, Fisheries Res Agcy, Kanazawa Ku, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2368648, Japan.
NR 27
TC 157
Z9 206
U1 1
U2 51
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 20
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6964
BP 278
EP 281
DI 10.1038/nature02103
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 744YQ
UT WOS:000186660800041
PM 14628049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tyers, M
   Mann, M
AF Tyers, M
   Mann, M
TI From genomics to proteomics
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; cell-growth; identification; microarrays; proteins; yeast
C1 Mt Sinai Hosp, Samuel Lunenfeld Res Inst, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Med Genet & Microbiol, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada.
   Univ So Denmark, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Ctr Expt Bioinformat, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark.
C3 University of Toronto; Sinai Health System Toronto; Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute; University of Toronto; University of Southern Denmark
RP Tyers, M (corresponding author), Mt Sinai Hosp, Samuel Lunenfeld Res Inst, 600 Univ Ave, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada.
NR 28
TC 709
Z9 983
U1 4
U2 237
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 13
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6928
BP 193
EP 197
DI 10.1038/nature01510
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 654HG
UT WOS:000181488900053
PM 12634792
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Buckingham, S
AF Buckingham, S
TI Programmed for success
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Mol Biophys, Oxford OX1 2JD, England.
C3 University of Oxford
RP Buckingham, S (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Mol Biophys, Oxford OX1 2JD, England.
NR 0
TC 14
Z9 15
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 11
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6954
BP 209
EP +
DI 10.1038/425209a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 719ZT
UT WOS:000185236000049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chittka, L
   Dyer, AG
   Bock, F
   Dornhaus, A
AF Chittka, L
   Dyer, AG
   Bock, F
   Dornhaus, A
TI Psychophysics - Bees trade off foraging speed for accuracy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Wurzburg, Biozentrum, D-97074 Wurzburg, Germany.
   Univ London, Queen Mary, London E1 4NS, England.
   La Trobe Univ, Fac Hlth Sci, Sch Orthopt, Bundoora, Vic 3086, Australia.
   Univ Bristol, Sch Biol Sci, Bristol BS8 1UG, Avon, England.
C3 University of Wurzburg; University of London; La Trobe University; University of Bristol
RP Chittka, L (corresponding author), Univ Wurzburg, Biozentrum, Hubland, D-97074 Wurzburg, Germany.
EM l.chittka@qmul.ac.uk
NR 9
TC 325
Z9 364
U1 0
U2 134
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 24
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6947
BP 388
EP 388
DI 10.1038/424388a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 704BT
UT WOS:000184318400030
PM 12879057
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Friedberg, EC
AF Friedberg, EC
TI DNA damage and repair
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID xeroderma-pigmentosum; deoxyribonucleic-acid; colorectal-cancer; eukaryotes; homolog; cells
AB The aesthetic appeal of the DNA double helix initially hindered notions of DNA mutation and repair, which would necessarily interfere with its pristine state. But it has since been recognized that DNA is subject to continuous damage and the cell has an arsenal of ways of responding to such injury. Although mutations or deficiencies in repair can have catastrophic consequences, causing a range of human diseases, mutations are nonetheless fundamental to life and evolution.
C1 Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, Lab Mol Pathol, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
RP Friedberg, EC (corresponding author), Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, Lab Mol Pathol, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
EM friedberg.errol@pathology.swmed.edu
NR 34
TC 754
Z9 972
U1 2
U2 121
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6921
BP 436
EP 440
DI 10.1038/nature01408
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 637UW
UT WOS:000180533000059
PM 12540918
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dumoulin, M
   Last, AM
   Desmyter, A
   Decanniere, K
   Canet, D
   Larsson, G
   Spencer, A
   Archer, DB
   Sasse, J
   Muyldermans, S
   Wyns, L
   Redfield, C
   Matagne, A
   Robinson, CV
   Dobson, CM
AF Dumoulin, M
   Last, AM
   Desmyter, A
   Decanniere, K
   Canet, D
   Larsson, G
   Spencer, A
   Archer, DB
   Sasse, J
   Muyldermans, S
   Wyns, L
   Redfield, C
   Matagne, A
   Robinson, CV
   Dobson, CM
TI A camelid antibody fragment inhibits the formation of amyloid fibrils by human lysozyme
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hereditary renal amyloidosis; alzheimers-disease; prion replication; transthyretin; aggregation; strategy; variants; binding
AB Amyloid diseases are characterized by an aberrant assembly of a specific protein or protein fragment into fibrils and plaques that are deposited in various organs and tissues(1-3), often with serious pathological consequences. Non-neuropathic systemic amyloidosis (4-6) is associated with single point mutations in the gene coding for human lysozyme. Here we report that a single-domain fragment of a camelid antibody(7-9) raised against wild-type human lysozyme inhibits the in vitro aggregation of its amyloidogenic variant, D67H. Our structural studies reveal that the epitope includes neither the site of mutation nor most residues in the region of the protein structure that is destabilized by the mutation. Instead, the binding of the antibody fragment achieves its effect by restoring the structural cooperativity characteristic of the wild-type protein. This appears to occur at least in part through the transmission of long-range conformational effects to the interface between the two structural domains of the protein. Thus, reducing the ability of an amyloidogenic protein to form partly unfolded species can be an effective method of preventing its aggregation, suggesting approaches to the rational design of therapeutic agents directed against protein deposition diseases.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Chem, Cambridge CB2 1EW, England.
   Univ Oxford, Oxford Ctr Mol Sci, Oxford OX1 3QH, England.
   Free Univ Brussels, Dept Ultrastruct, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
   Inst Food Res, Norwich NR4 7UA, Norfolk, England.
   Univ Nottingham, Sch Life & Environm Sci, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England.
   Cent Vet Res Lab, Dubai, U Arab Emirates.
   Univ Liege, Inst Chim B6, Ctr Ingn Prot, Enzymol Lab, B-4000 Liege, Sart Tilman, Belgium.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of Oxford; Universite Libre de Bruxelles; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); Quadram Institute; University of East Anglia; University of Nottingham; University of Liege
RP Dobson, CM (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Chem, Lensfield Rd, Cambridge CB2 1EW, England.
EM cmd44@cam.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 215
Z9 368
U1 0
U2 54
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 14
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6950
BP 783
EP 788
DI 10.1038/nature01870
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 711HQ
UT WOS:000184733900042
PM 12917687
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ranero, CR
   Morgan, JP
   McIntosh, K
   Reichert, C
AF Ranero, CR
   Morgan, JP
   McIntosh, K
   Reichert, C
TI Bending-related faulting and mantle serpentinization at the Middle America trench
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID deep-focus earthquakes; convergent margin; seismic-reflection; subduction; segmentation; plate; ridge; intermediate; zones; water
AB The dehydration of subducting oceanic crust and upper mantle has been inferred both to promote the partial melting leading to arc magmatism and to induce intraslab intermediate-depth earthquakes, at depths of 50-300 km. Yet there is still no consensus about how slab hydration occurs or where and how much chemically bound water is stored within the crust and mantle of the incoming plate. Here we document that bending-related faulting of the incoming plate at the Middle America trench creates a pervasive tectonic fabric that cuts across the crust, penetrating deep into the mantle. Faulting is active across the entire ocean trench slope, promoting hydration of the cold crust and upper mantle surrounding these deep active faults. The along-strike length and depth of penetration of these faults are also similar to the dimensions of the rupture area of intermediate-depth earthquakes.
C1 GEOMAR, D-24148 Kiel, Germany.
   SFB574, D-24148 Kiel, Germany.
   Univ Texas, Inst Geophys, Austin, TX 78759 USA.
   BGR, D-30655 Hannover, Germany.
C3 Helmholtz Association; GEOMAR Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research Kiel; University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin
RP Ranero, CR (corresponding author), GEOMAR, Wischhofstr 1-3, D-24148 Kiel, Germany.
EM cranero@geomar.de
NR 47
TC 825
Z9 916
U1 1
U2 168
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 25
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6956
BP 367
EP 373
DI 10.1038/nature01961
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 724TG
UT WOS:000185502300032
PM 14508480
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kuzmich, A
   Bowen, WP
   Boozer, AD
   Boca, A
   Chou, CW
   Duan, LM
   Kimble, HJ
AF Kuzmich, A
   Bowen, WP
   Boozer, AD
   Boca, A
   Chou, CW
   Duan, LM
   Kimble, HJ
TI Generation of nonclassical photon pairs for scalable quantum communication with atomic ensembles
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID state; light
AB Quantum information science attempts to exploit capabilities from the quantum realm to accomplish tasks that are otherwise impossible in the classical domain(1). Although sufficient conditions have been formulated for the physical resources required to achieve quantum computation and communication(2), there is a growing understanding of the power of quantum measurement combined with the conditional evolution of quantum states for accomplishing diverse tasks in quantum information science(3-5). For example, a protocol has recently been developed(6) for the realization of scalable long-distance quantum communication and the distribution of entanglement over quantum networks. Here we report the first enabling step in the realization of this protocol, namely the observation of quantum correlations for photon pairs generated in the collective emission from an atomic ensemble. The nonclassical character of the fields is demonstrated by the violation of an inequality involving their normalized correlation functions. Compared to previous investigations of non-classical correlations for photon pairs produced in atomic cascades(7) and in parametric down-conversion(8), our experiment is distinct in that the correlated photons are separated by a programmable time interval (of about 400 nanoseconds in our initial experiments).
C1 CALTECH, Norman Bridge Lab Phys 12 33, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology
RP Kimble, HJ (corresponding author), CALTECH, Norman Bridge Lab Phys 12 33, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM hjkimble@caltech.edu
NR 29
TC 598
Z9 666
U1 3
U2 115
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 12
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6941
BP 731
EP 734
DI 10.1038/nature01714
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 688PA
UT WOS:000183443400038
PM 12802329
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lou, ZK
   Minter-Dykhouse, K
   Wu, XL
   Chen, JJ
AF Lou, ZK
   Minter-Dykhouse, K
   Wu, XL
   Chen, JJ
TI MDC1 is coupled to activated CHK2 in mammalian DNA damage response pathways
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ataxia-telangiectasia; fha domain; checkpoint; phosphorylation; protein; threonine-68; kinase; atm; repair; brca1
AB Forkhead-homology-associated (FHA) domains function as protein-protein modules that recognize phosphorylated serine/threonine motifs(1-5). Interactions between FHA domains and phosphorylated proteins are thought to have essential roles in the transduction of DNA damage signals; however, it is unclear how FHA-domain-containing proteins participate in mammalian DNA damage responses. Here we report that a FHA-domain-containing protein-mediator of DNA damage checkpoint protein 1 (MDC1; previously known as KIAA0170)-is involved in DNA damage responses. MDC1 localizes to sites of DNA breaks and associates with CHK2 after DNA damage. This association is mediated by the MDC1 FHA domain and the phosphorylated Thr 68 of CHK2. Furthermore, MDC1 is phosphorylated in an ATM/CHK2-dependent manner after DNA damage, suggesting that MDC1 may function in the ATM-CHK2 pathway. Consistent with this hypothesis, suppression of MDC1 expression results in defective S-phase checkpoint and reduced apoptosis in response to DNA damage, which can be restored by the expression of wildtype MDC1 but not MDC1 with a deleted FHA domain. Suppression of MDC1 expression results in decreased p53 stabilization in response to DNA damage. These results suggest that MDC1 is recruited through its FHA domain to the activated CHK2, and has a critical role in CHK2-mediated DNA damage responses.
C1 Mayo Clin & Mayo Fdn, Dept Oncol, Rochester, MN 55905 USA.
C3 Mayo Clinic
RP Chen, JJ (corresponding author), Mayo Clin & Mayo Fdn, Dept Oncol, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA.
EM chen.junjie@mayo.edu
NR 30
TC 285
Z9 340
U1 1
U2 19
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 27
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6926
BP 957
EP 961
DI 10.1038/nature01447
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 649BK
UT WOS:000181186900052
PM 12607004
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gulde, S
   Riebe, M
   Lancaster, GPT
   Becher, C
   Eschner, J
   Häffner, H
   Schmidt-Kaler, F
   Chuang, IL
   Blatt, R
AF Gulde, S
   Riebe, M
   Lancaster, GPT
   Becher, C
   Eschner, J
   Häffner, H
   Schmidt-Kaler, F
   Chuang, IL
   Blatt, R
TI Implementation of the Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm on an ion-trap quantum computer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID entanglement; state; atom
AB Determining classically whether a coin is fair (head on one side, tail on the other) or fake (heads or tails on both sides) requires an examination of each side. However, the analogous quantum procedure (the Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm(1,2)) requires just one examination step. The Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm has been realized experimentally using bulk nuclear magnetic resonance techniques(3,4), employing nuclear spins as quantum bits (qubits). In contrast, the ion trap processor utilises(5) motional and electronic quantum states of individual atoms as qubits, and in principle is easier to scale to many qubits. Experimental advances in the latter area include the realization of a two-qubit quantum gate(6), the entanglement of four ions(7), quantum state engineering(8) and entanglement-enhanced phase estimation(9). Here we exploit techniques(10,11) developed for nuclear magnetic resonance to implement the Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm on an ion-trap quantum processor, using as qubits the electronic and motional states of a single calcium ion. Our ion-based implementation of a full quantum algorithm serves to demonstrate experimental procedures with the quality and precision required for complex computations, confirming the potential of trapped ions for quantum computation.
C1 Univ Innsbruck, Inst Expt Phys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
   MIT, Media Lab, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 University of Innsbruck; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Schmidt-Kaler, F (corresponding author), Univ Innsbruck, Inst Expt Phys, Technikerstr 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
EM Ferdinand.Schmidt-Kaler@uibk.ac.at
NR 22
TC 402
Z9 453
U1 0
U2 59
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 2
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6918
BP 48
EP 50
DI 10.1038/nature01336
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 631JY
UT WOS:000180165500032
PM 12511949
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Marmottant, P
   Hilgenfeldt, S
AF Marmottant, P
   Hilgenfeldt, S
TI Controlled vesicle deformation and lysis by single oscillating bubbles
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sonoluminescence; cavitation; ultrasound; sonoporation; boundary; dynamics; flow
AB The ability of collapsing (cavitating) bubbles to focus and concentrate energy, forces and stresses is at the root of phenomena such as cavitation damage, sonochemistry or sonoluminescence(1,2). In a biomedical context, ultrasound-driven microbubbles have been used to enhance contrast in ultrasonic images(3). The observation of bubble-enhanced sonoporation(4-6)-acoustically induced rupture of membranes-has also opened up intriguing possibilities for the therapeutic application of sonoporation as an alternative to cell-wall permeation techniques such as electroporation(7) and particle guns(8). However, these pioneering experiments have not been able to pinpoint the mechanism by which the violently collapsing bubble opens pores or larger holes in membranes. Here we present an experiment in which gentle (linear) bubble oscillations are sufficient to achieve rupture of lipid membranes. In this regime, the bubble dynamics and the ensuing sonoporation can be accurately controlled. The use of microbubbles as focusing agents makes acoustics on the micrometre scale (microacoustics) a viable tool, with possible applications in cell manipulation and cell-wall permeation as well as in microfluidic devices.
C1 Univ Twente, Fac Appl Phys, NL-7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands.
C3 University of Twente
RP Marmottant, P (corresponding author), Univ Twente, Fac Appl Phys, POB 217, NL-7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands.
NR 30
TC 721
Z9 819
U1 10
U2 343
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 8
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6936
BP 153
EP 156
DI 10.1038/nature01613
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 675MR
UT WOS:000182699600041
PM 12736680
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wikramanayake, AH
   Hong, M
   Lee, PN
   Pang, K
   Byrum, CA
   Bince, JM
   Xu, RH
   Martindale, MQ
AF Wikramanayake, AH
   Hong, M
   Lee, PN
   Pang, K
   Byrum, CA
   Bince, JM
   Xu, RH
   Martindale, MQ
TI An ancient role for nuclear β-catenin in the evolution of axial polarity and germ layer segregation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID signal-transduction; xenopus embryos; cell fates; specification; endoderm; localization; hypotheses; induction; lithium
AB The human oncogene beta-catenin is a bifunctional protein with critical roles in both cell adhesion and transcriptional regulation in the Wnt pathway(1-3). Wnt/beta-catenin signalling has been implicated in developmental processes as diverse as elaboration of embryonic polarity(2-6), formation of germ layers(4-8), neural patterning, spindle orientation and gap junction communication(2), but the ancestral function of beta-catenin remains unclear. In many animal embryos, activation of beta-catenin signalling occurs in blastomeres that mark the site of gastrulation and endomesoderm formation(5-10), raising the possibility that asymmetric activation of beta-catenin signalling specified embryonic polarity and segregated germ layers in the common ancestor of bilaterally symmetrical animals. To test whether nuclear translocation of beta-catenin is involved in axial identity and/or germ layer formation in 'pre-bilaterians', we examined the in vivo distribution, stability and function of beta-catenin protein in embryos of the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis (Cnidaria, Anthozoa). Here we show that N. vectensis beta-catenin is differentially stabilized along the oral-aboral axis, translocated into nuclei in cells at the site of gastrulation and used to specify entoderm, indicating an evolutionarily ancient role for this protein in early pattern formation.
C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Zool, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   Univ Hawaii, Pacific Biomed Res Ctr, Kewalo Marine Lab, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA.
C3 University of Hawaii System; University of Hawaii Manoa; University of Hawaii System
RP Wikramanayake, AH (corresponding author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Zool, 2538 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
EM athula@hawaii.edu; mqmartin@hawaii.edu
NR 30
TC 252
Z9 295
U1 0
U2 29
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 27
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6965
BP 446
EP 450
DI 10.1038/nature02113
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 747JE
UT WOS:000186800800039
PM 14647383
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hu, DL
   Chan, B
   Bush, JWM
AF Hu, DL
   Chan, B
   Bush, JWM
TI The hydrodynamics of water strider locomotion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gerris-remigis; surface; flight
AB Water striders Gerridae are insects of characteristic length 1 cm and weight 10 dynes that reside on the surface of ponds, rivers, and the open ocean(1-4). Their weight is supported by the surface tension force generated by curvature of the free surface(5,6), and they propel themselves by driving their central pair of hydrophobic legs in a sculling motion(7,8). Previous investigators have assumed that the hydrodynamic propulsion of the water strider relies on momentum transfer by surface waves(1,9,10). This assumption leads to Denny's paradox(11): infant water striders, whose legs are too slow to generate waves, should be incapable of propelling themselves along the surface. We here resolve this paradox through reporting the results of high-speed video and particle-tracking studies. Experiments reveal that the strider transfers momentum to the underlying fluid not primarily through capillary waves, but rather through hemispherical vortices shed by its driving legs. This insight guided us in constructing a self-contained mechanical water strider whose means of propulsion is analogous to that of its natural counterpart.
C1 MIT, Dept Math, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Dept Mech Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Bush, JWM (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Math, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
NR 30
TC 625
Z9 712
U1 14
U2 438
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 7
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6949
BP 663
EP 666
DI 10.1038/nature01793
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 708QE
UT WOS:000184578800042
PM 12904790
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hager, R
   Johnstone, RA
AF Hager, R
   Johnstone, RA
TI The genetic basis of family conflict resolution in mice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID parent-offspring conflict; maternal-care; coadaptation; growth; young
AB Asymmetries in the costs and benefits of parental investment for mothers, fathers and offspring result in family conflict over the production and provisioning of young(1-3). In species where females provide most resources before and after birth, the resolution of this conflict may be influenced by genes expressed in mothers and by maternally and paternally inherited genes expressed in offspring(4,5). Here we disentangle these effects by means of reciprocal mating and cross-fostering of litters between two strains of mice that differ with respect to the typical resolution of family conflict. We find that differences in litter size between these two strains are determined by paternal genotype, whereas differences in provisioning are under maternal control, showing that there is antagonistic coadaptation of maternal and paternal effects on distinct life-history traits. Maternal provisioning is also influenced by the type of foster offspring. Contradictory to theoretical expectations, however, we find no evidence for a negative correlation across strains between maternal provisioning and offspring demand. Instead, we show that there is positive coadaptation such that offspring obtain more resources from foster mothers of the same strain as their natural mother, irrespective of their father's strain.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England.
C3 University of Cambridge
RP Hager, R (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England.
NR 18
TC 107
Z9 115
U1 0
U2 29
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 30
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6922
BP 533
EP 535
DI 10.1038/nature01239
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 640DB
UT WOS:000180670600045
PM 12556892
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Plerou, V
   Gopikrishnan, P
   Stanley, HE
AF Plerou, V
   Gopikrishnan, P
   Stanley, HE
TI Econophysics - Two-phase behaviour of financial markets
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Boston Univ, Ctr Polymer Studies, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Boston Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
C3 Boston University; Boston University
RP Gopikrishnan, P (corresponding author), Boston Univ, Ctr Polymer Studies, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
NR 8
TC 98
Z9 108
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 9
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6919
BP 130
EP 130
DI 10.1038/421130a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 633DR
UT WOS:000180267200030
PM 12520293
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stroebel, D
   Choquet, Y
   Popot, JL
   Picot, D
AF Stroebel, D
   Choquet, Y
   Popot, JL
   Picot, D
TI An atypical haem in the cytochrome b6f complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electron-transfer; bc(1) complex; crystal-structure; chlorophyll-a; bf complex; chloroplast; protein; spinach; subunit; domain
AB Photosystems I and II ( PSI and II) are reaction centres that capture light energy in order to drive oxygenic photosynthesis; however, they can only do so by interacting with the multisubunit cytochrome b(6)f complex. This complex receives electrons from PSII and passes them to PSI, pumping protons across the membrane and powering the Q-cycle. Unlike the mitochondrial and bacterial homologue cytochrome bc(1), cytochrome b(6)f can switch to a cyclic mode of electron transfer around PSI using an unknown pathway. Here we present the X-ray structure at 3.1 Angstrom of cytochrome b(6)f from the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The structure bears similarities to cytochrome bc(1) but also exhibits some unique features, such as binding chlorophyll, beta-carotene and an unexpected haem sharing a quinone site. This haem is atypical as it is covalently bound by one thioether linkage and has no axial amino acid ligand. This haem may be the missing link in oxygenic photosynthesis.
C1 Univ Paris 07, CNRS, UMR 7099, Lab Physicochim Mol Membranes Biol, F-75005 Paris, France.
   Inst Biol Physicochim, CNRS, UPR 1261, Lab Physiol Membranaire & Mol Chloroplaste, F-75005 Paris, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Biology (INSB); Universite Paris Cite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Picot, D (corresponding author), Univ Paris 07, CNRS, UMR 7099, Lab Physicochim Mol Membranes Biol, 13 Rue Pierre & Marie Curie, F-75005 Paris, France.
EM Jean-Luc.Popot@ibpc.fr; Daniel.Picot@ibpc.fr
NR 51
TC 547
Z9 636
U1 2
U2 76
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 27
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6965
BP 413
EP 418
DI 10.1038/nature02155
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 747JE
UT WOS:000186800800030
PM 14647374
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tadin, D
   Lappin, JS
   Gilroy, LA
   Blake, R
AF Tadin, D
   Lappin, JS
   Gilroy, LA
   Blake, R
TI Perceptual consequences of centre-surround antagonism in visual motion processing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Centre-surround receptive field organization is a ubiquitous property in mammalian visual systems, presumably tailored for extracting image features that are differentially distributed over space(1). In visual motion, this is evident as antagonistic interactions between centre and surround regions of the receptive fields of many direction-selective neurons in visual cortex(2-6). In a series of psychophysical experiments we make the counterintuitive observation that increasing the size of a high-contrast moving pattern renders its direction of motion more difficult to perceive and reduces its effectiveness as an adaptation stimulus. We propose that this is a perceptual correlate of centre-surround antagonism, possibly within a population of neurons in the middle temporal visual area. The spatial antagonism of motion signals observed at high contrast gives way to spatial summation as contrast decreases. Evidently, integration of motion signals over space depends crucially on the visibility of those signals, thereby allowing the visual system to register motion information efficiently and adaptively.
C1 Vanderbilt Univ, Vanderbilt Vis Res Ctr, Nashville, TN 37203 USA.
C3 Vanderbilt University
RP Tadin, D (corresponding author), Vanderbilt Univ, Vanderbilt Vis Res Ctr, 111 21st Ave S, Nashville, TN 37203 USA.
NR 30
TC 270
Z9 304
U1 6
U2 46
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 17
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6946
BP 312
EP 315
DI 10.1038/nature01800
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 701RZ
UT WOS:000184183900042
PM 12867982
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Aravanis, AM
   Pyle, JL
   Tsien, RW
AF Aravanis, AM
   Pyle, JL
   Tsien, RW
TI Single synaptic vesicles fusing transiently and successively without loss of identity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID frog neuromuscular junction; readily releasable pool; retinal bipolar cells; hippocampal synapses; nerve-terminals; endocytosis; membrane; exocytosis; transmitter; turnover
AB Vesicle fusion and recycling are particularly critical for ongoing neurotransmitter release(1-4) in the small nerve terminals of the brain, which typically contain about 30 functional vesicles(4,5). However, the modes of exocytosis and endocytosis that operate at synapses of the central nervous system are incompletely understood. Here we show real-time visualization of a single vesicle fusing at a small synapse of the central nervous system, made possible by highly intensified charge-coupled device imaging of hippocampal synaptic terminals, in which a single vesicle was labelled with the fluorescent membrane marker FM1-43 (ref. 6). In a small number of cases, full loss of fluorescent membrane dye was elicited by a single action potential, consistent with classical complete collapse(1). In most cases, however, action potentials triggered only partial loss of fluorescence, suggesting vesicular retention of membrane marker, consistent with 'kiss-and-run' vesicle cycling(3,4,7-9). An alternative hypothesis of independent fusion of partially stained vesicles arising from endosomal splitting could be excluded by observations on the size and timing of successive fusion events. Thus, our experimental evidence supports a predominance of kiss-and-run fusion events(10-12) and rapid vesicular re-use(11).
C1 Stanford Univ, Beckman Ctr, Sch Med, Dept Cellular & Mol Physiol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University
RP Tsien, RW (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Beckman Ctr, Sch Med, Dept Cellular & Mol Physiol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
NR 23
TC 311
Z9 362
U1 0
U2 44
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 5
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6940
BP 643
EP 647
DI 10.1038/nature01686
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 686BT
UT WOS:000183301200041
PM 12789339
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gabaix, X
   Gopikrishnan, P
   Plerou, V
   Stanley, HE
AF Gabaix, X
   Gopikrishnan, P
   Plerou, V
   Stanley, HE
TI A theory of power-law distributions in financial market fluctuations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID statistical property; price fluctuations; zipfs law; trades; company
AB Insights into the dynamics of a complex system are often gained by focusing on large fluctuations. For the financial system, huge databases now exist that facilitate the analysis of large fluctuations and the characterization of their statistical behaviour(1,2). Power laws appear to describe histograms of relevant financial fluctuations, such as fluctuations in stock price, trading volume and the number of trades(3-10). Surprisingly, the exponents that characterize these power laws are similar for different types and sizes of markets, for different market trends and even for different countries - suggesting that a generic theoretical basis may underlie these phenomena. Here we propose a model, based on a plausible set of assumptions, which provides an explanation for these empirical power laws. Our model is based on the hypothesis that large movements in stock market activity arise from the trades of large participants. Starting from an empirical characterization of the size distribution of those large market participants ( mutual funds), we show that the power laws observed in financial data arise when the trading behaviour is performed in an optimal way. Our model additionally explains certain striking empirical regularities that describe the relationship between large fluctuations in prices, trading volume and the number of trades.
C1 MIT, Dept Econ, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   Boston Univ, Ctr Polymer Studies, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Boston Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Boston University; Boston University
RP Gabaix, X (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Econ, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
NR 28
TC 895
Z9 1038
U1 1
U2 136
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 15
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6937
BP 267
EP 270
DI 10.1038/nature01624
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 678EX
UT WOS:000182853100037
PM 12748636
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bozovic, I
   Logvenov, G
   Verhoeven, MAJ
   Caputo, P
   Goldobin, E
   Geballe, TH
AF Bozovic, I
   Logvenov, G
   Verhoeven, MAJ
   Caputo, P
   Goldobin, E
   Geballe, TH
TI No mixing of superconductivity and antiferromagnetism in a high-temperature superconductor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID la2-xsrxcuo4; separation; transport; state
AB There is still no universally accepted theory of high-temperature superconductivity. Most models assume that doping creates 'holes' in the valence band of an insulating, antiferromagnetic 'parent' compound, and that antiferromagnetism and high-temperature superconductivity are intimately related(1-8). If their respective energies are nearly equal, strong antiferromagnetic fluctuations (temporally and spatially restricted antiferromagnetic domains) would be expected in the superconductive phase, and superconducting fluctuations would be expected in the antiferromagnetic phase(7); the two states should 'mix' over an extended length scale(8). Here we report that one-unit-cell-thick antiferromagnetic La2CuO4 barrier layers remain highly insulating and completely block a supercurrent; the characteristic decay length is 1 Angstrom, indicating that the two phases do not mix. We likewise found that isolated one-unit-cell-thick layers of La1.85Sr0.15CuO4 remain superconducting. The latter further implies that, on doping, new electronic states are created near the middle of the bandgap. These two findings are in conflict with most proposed models, with a few notable exceptions that include postulated spin-charge separation(2).
C1 Oxxel GmbH, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
   Stanford Univ, Geballe Lab Adv Mat, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Appl Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University
RP Bozovic, I (corresponding author), Oxxel GmbH, Technol Pk Univ, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
EM ibozovic@pacbell.net
NR 23
TC 146
Z9 156
U1 0
U2 68
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 24
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6934
BP 873
EP 875
DI 10.1038/nature01544
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 670WR
UT WOS:000182432600049
PM 12712200
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reya, T
   Duncan, AW
   Ailles, L
   Domen, J
   Scherer, DC
   Willert, K
   Hintz, L
   Nusse, R
   Weissman, IL
AF Reya, T
   Duncan, AW
   Ailles, L
   Domen, J
   Scherer, DC
   Willert, K
   Hintz, L
   Nusse, R
   Weissman, IL
TI A role for Wnt signalling in self-renewal of haematopoietic stem cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hair follicle morphogenesis; beta-catenin; axis formation; gene family; proliferation; transcription; expansion; pathway; complex; mice
AB Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) have the ability to renew themselves and to give rise to all lineages of the blood; however, the signals that regulate HSC self-renewal remain unclear. Here we show that the Wnt signalling pathway has an important role in this process. Overexpression of activated beta-catenin expands the pool of HSCs in long-term cultures by both phenotype and function. Furthermore, HSCs in their normal microenvironment activate a LEF-1/TCF reporter, which indicates that HCSs respond to Wnt signalling in vivo. To demonstrate the physiological significance of this pathway for HSC proliferation we show that the ectopic expression of axin or a frizzled ligand-binding domain, inhibitors of the Wnt signalling pathway, leads to inhibition of HSC growth in vitro and reduced reconstitution in vivo. Furthermore, activation of Wnt signalling in HSCs induces increased expression of HoxB4 and Notch1, genes previously implicated in self-renewal of HSCs. We conclude that the Wnt signalling pathway is critical for normal HSC homeostasis in vitro and in vivo, and provide insight into a potential molecular hierarchy of regulation of HSC development.
C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pharmacol & Canc Biol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Stanford, CA 94035 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Dev Biol, Stanford, CA 94035 USA.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Med, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Immunol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Stanford, CA 94035 USA.
C3 Duke University; Stanford University; Stanford University; Duke University; Duke University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Stanford University
RP Reya, T (corresponding author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pharmacol & Canc Biol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
EM t.reya@duke.edu
NR 44
TC 1721
Z9 2140
U1 0
U2 119
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 22
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6938
BP 409
EP 414
DI 10.1038/nature01593
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 681AJ
UT WOS:000183012000034
PM 12717450
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Herzig, S
   Hedrick, S
   Morantte, I
   Koo, SH
   Galimi, F
   Montminy, M
AF Herzig, S
   Hedrick, S
   Morantte, I
   Koo, SH
   Galimi, F
   Montminy, M
TI CREB controls hepatic lipid metabolism through nuclear hormone receptor PPAR-γ
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene-expression; responsive activator; promoter analysis; protein; gluconeogenesis; reveals; liver; hes-1
AB Fasting triggers a series of hormonal cues that promote energy balance by inducing glucose output and lipid breakdown in the liver(1). In response to pancreatic glucagon and adrenal cortisol, the cAMP-responsive transcription factor CREB activates gluconeogenic and fatty acid oxidation programmes by stimulating expression of the nuclear hormone receptor coactivator PGC-1 (refs 2-5). In parallel, fasting also suppresses lipid storage and synthesis ( lipogenic) pathways(1), but the underlying mechanism is unknown. Here we show that mice deficient in CREB activity have a fatty liver phenotype and display elevated expression of the nuclear hormone receptor PPAR-gamma, a key regulator of lipogenic genes(6,7). CREB inhibits hepatic PPAR-gamma expression in the fasted state by stimulating the expression of the Hairy Enhancer of Split (HES-1) gene, a transcriptional repressor that is shown here to be a mediator of fasting lipid metabolism in vivo. The coordinate induction of PGC-1 and repression of PPAR-gamma by CREB during fasting provides a molecular rationale for the antagonism between insulin and counter-regulatory hormones, and indicates a potential role for CREB antagonists as therapeutic agents in enhancing insulin sensitivity in the liver.
C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, Peptide Biol Labs, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Salk Inst Biol Studies, Genet Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Salk Institute; Salk Institute
RP Montminy, M (corresponding author), Salk Inst Biol Studies, Peptide Biol Labs, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM montminy@salk.edu
NR 27
TC 263
Z9 312
U1 0
U2 38
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 13
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6963
BP 190
EP 193
DI 10.1038/nature02110
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 742LA
UT WOS:000186517200046
PM 14614508
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Thiele, A
   Stoner, G
AF Thiele, A
   Stoner, G
TI Neuronal synchrony does not correlate with motion coherence in cortical area MT
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID visual-cortex; connectivity; transparency; perception; responses; rules; cue
AB Natural visual scenes are cluttered with multiple objects whose individual features must somehow be selectively linked (or 'bound') if perception is to coincide with reality. Recent neurophysiological evidence(1,2) supports a 'binding-by-synchrony' hypothesis3 : neurons excited by features of the same object fire synchronously, while neurons excited by features of different objects do not. Moving plaid patterns offer a straightforward means to test this idea. By appropriate manipulations of apparent transparency, the component gratings of a plaid pattern can be seen as parts of a single coherently moving surface or as two non-coherently moving surfaces. We examined directional tuning and synchrony of area-MT neurons in awake, fixating primates in response to perceptually coherent and non-coherent plaid patterns. Here we show that directional tuning correlated highly with perceptual coherence, which is consistent with an earlier study(4). Although we found stimulus-dependent synchrony, coherent plaids elicited significantly less synchrony than did non-coherent plaids. Our data therefore do not support the binding-by-synchrony hypothesis as applied to this class of motion stimuli in area MT.
C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Salk Institute
RP Stoner, G (corresponding author), Univ Newcastle Upon Tyne, Henry Wellcome Bldg Neuroecol, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, Tyne & Wear, England.
NR 20
TC 122
Z9 142
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6921
BP 366
EP 370
DI 10.1038/nature01285
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 637UW
UT WOS:000180533000041
PM 12540900
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bigay, J
   Gounon, P
   Robineau, S
   Antonny, B
AF Bigay, J
   Gounon, P
   Robineau, S
   Antonny, B
TI Lipid packing sensed by ArfGAP1 couples COPI coat disassembly to membrane bilayer curvature
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID adp-ribosylation factor; gtpase-activating protein; golgi membranes; binding protein; vesicles; complex; liposm; factor-1; nucleotide; transport
AB Protein coats deform flat lipid membranes into buds and capture membrane proteins to form transport vesicles(1-3). The assembly/ disassembly cycle of the COPI coat on Golgi membranes is coupled to the GTP/GDP cycle of the small G protein Arf1. At the heart of this coupling is the specific interaction of membrane-bound Arf1 - GTP with coatomer, a complex of seven proteins that forms the building unit of the COPI coat(4-7). Although COPI coat disassembly requires the catalysis of GTP hydrolysis in Arf1 by a specific GTPase-activating protein (ArfGAP1)(8-10), the precise timing of this reaction during COPI vesicle formation is not known. Using time-resolved assays for COPI dynamics on liposomes of controlled size, we show that the rate of ArfGAP1-catalysed GTP hydrolysis in Arf1 and the rate of COPI disassembly increase over two orders of magnitude as the curvature of the lipid bilayer increases and approaches that of a typical transport vesicle. This leads to a model for COPI dynamics in which GTP hydrolysis in Arf1 is organized temporally and spatially according to the changes in lipid packing induced by the coat.
C1 CNRS, Inst Pharmacol Mol & Cellulaire, F-06560 Valbonne, France.
   Univ Nice, Ctr Commun Microscopie Appl, F-06103 Nice 2, France.
C3 Universite Cote d'Azur; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Cote d'Azur
RP Antonny, B (corresponding author), CNRS, Inst Pharmacol Mol & Cellulaire, 660 Route Lucioles, F-06560 Valbonne, France.
NR 30
TC 269
Z9 309
U1 1
U2 32
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 4
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6966
BP 563
EP 566
DI 10.1038/nature02108
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 749TE
UT WOS:000186944300040
PM 14654841
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gomez-Roman, N
   Grandori, C
   Eisenman, RN
   White, RJ
AF Gomez-Roman, N
   Grandori, C
   Eisenman, RN
   White, RJ
TI Direct activation of RNA polymerase III transcription by c-Myc
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tata-binding-protein; cell-growth; ribosome biogenesis; genes; expression; target; cycle; p107; transactivation; fibroblasts
AB The proto-oncogene product c-Myc has a direct role in both metazoan cell growth and division(1-4). RNA polymerase III (pol III) is involved in the generation of transfer RNA and 5S ribosomal RNA, and these molecules must be produced in bulk to meet the need for protein synthesis in growing cells(5). We demonstrate here that c-Myc binds to TFIIIB, a pol III-specific general transcription factor, and directly activates pol III transcription. Chromatin immunoprecipitation reveals that endogenous c-Myc is present at tRNA and 5S rRNA genes in cultured mammalian cells. These results suggest that activation of pol III may have a role in the ability of c-Myc to stimulate cell growth.
C1 Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Div Basic Sci, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
   Univ Glasgow, Inst Biomed & Life Sci, Div Biochem & Mol Biol, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Lanark, Scotland.
C3 Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center; University of Glasgow
RP Eisenman, RN (corresponding author), Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Div Basic Sci, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
NR 30
TC 351
Z9 462
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 16
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6920
BP 290
EP 294
DI 10.1038/nature01327
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 635KG
UT WOS:000180397600053
PM 12529648
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mah, TF
   Pitts, B
   Pellock, B
   Walker, GC
   Stewart, PS
   O'Toole, GA
AF Mah, TF
   Pitts, B
   Pellock, B
   Walker, GC
   Stewart, PS
   O'Toole, GA
TI A genetic basis for Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm antibiotic resistance
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular-weight; succinoglycan; penetration; limitation; expression
AB Biofilms are surface-attached microbial communities with characteristic architecture and phenotypic and biochemical properties distinct from their free-swimming, planktonic counterparts(1). One of the best-known of these biofilm-specific properties is the development of antibiotic resistance that can be up to 1,000-fold greater than planktonic cells(2). We report a genetic determinant of this high-level resistance in the Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We have identified a mutant of P. aeruginosa that, while still capable of forming biofilms with the characteristic P. aeruginosa architecture, does not develop high-level biofilm-specific resistance to three different classes of antibiotics. The locus identified in our screen, ndvB, is required for the synthesis of periplasmic glucans. Our discovery that these periplasmic glucans interact physically with tobramycin suggests that these glucose polymers may prevent antibiotics from reaching their sites of action by sequestering these antimicrobial agents in the periplasm. Our results indicate that biofilms themselves are not simply a diffusion barrier to these antibiotics, but rather that bacteria within these microbial communities employ distinct mechanisms to resist the action of antimicrobial agents.
C1 Dartmouth Coll Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Hanover, NH 03755 USA.
   Montana State Univ, Ctr Biofilm Engn, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA.
   MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02412 USA.
C3 Dartmouth College; Montana State University System; Montana State University Bozeman; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP O'Toole, GA (corresponding author), Dartmouth Coll Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Hanover, NH 03755 USA.
EM georgeo@Dartmouth.edu
NR 24
TC 925
Z9 1177
U1 0
U2 271
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 20
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6964
BP 306
EP 310
DI 10.1038/nature02122
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 744YQ
UT WOS:000186660800048
PM 14628055
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Frumkin, A
   Shimron, A
   Rosenbaum, J
AF Frumkin, A
   Shimron, A
   Rosenbaum, J
TI Radiometric dating of the Siloam Tunnel, Jerusalem
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID system
AB The historical credibility of texts from the Bible is often debated when compared with Iron Age archaeological finds (refs. 1, 2 and references therein). Modern scientific methods may, in principle, be used to independently date structures that seem to be mentioned in the biblical text, to evaluate its historical authenticity. In reality, however, this approach is extremely difficult because of poor archaeological preservation, uncertainty in identification, scarcity of datable materials, and restricted scientific access into well-identified worship sites. Because of these problems, no well-identified Biblical structure has been radiometrically dated until now. Here we report radiocarbon and U-Th dating of the Siloam Tunnel(3-10), proving its Iron Age II date; we conclude that the Biblical text presents an accurate historic record of the Siloam Tunnel's construction. Being one of the longest ancient water tunnels lacking intermediate shafts(11,12), dating the Siloam Tunnel is a key to determining where and when this technological breakthrough took place. Siloam Tunnel dating also refutes a claim(13) that the tunnel was constructed in the second century BC.
C1 Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Dept Geog, IL-91905 Jerusalem, Israel.
   Geol Survey Israel, IL-95501 Jerusalem, Israel.
   Univ Reading, Postgrad Res Inst Sedimentol, Reading RG6 6AB, Berks, England.
C3 Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Geological Survey Israel; University of Reading
RP Frumkin, A (corresponding author), Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Dept Geog, IL-91905 Jerusalem, Israel.
NR 26
TC 33
Z9 37
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 11
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6954
BP 169
EP 171
DI 10.1038/nature01875
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 719ZT
UT WOS:000185236000039
PM 12968177
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mora, JR
   Bono, MR
   Manjunath, N
   Weninger, W
   Cavanagh, LL
   Rosemblatt, M
   von Andrian, UH
AF Mora, JR
   Bono, MR
   Manjunath, N
   Weninger, W
   Cavanagh, LL
   Rosemblatt, M
   von Andrian, UH
TI Selective imprinting of gut-homing T cells by Peyer's patch dendritic cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chemokine receptor; in-vivo; lymphocyte; tissue; differentiation; localization; migration; integrins; effector; acquisition
AB Whereas naive T cells migrate only to secondary lymphoid organs(1,2), activation by antigen confers to T cells the ability to home to non-lymphoid sites(3,4). Activated effector/memory T cells migrate preferentially to tissues that are connected to the secondary lymphoid organs where antigen was first encountered(5-7). Thus, oral antigens induce effector/memory cells that express essential receptors for intestinal homing, namely the integrin alpha4beta7 and CCR9, the receptor for the gut-associated chemokine TECK/CCL25 (refs 6, 8, 9). Here we show that this imprinting of gut tropism is mediated by dendritic cells from Peyer's patches. Stimulation of CD8-expressing T cells by dendritic cells from Peyer's patches, peripheral lymph nodes and spleen induced equivalent activation markers and effector activity in T cells, but only Peyer's patch dendritic cells induced high levels of alpha4beta7, responsiveness to TECK and the ability to home to the small intestine. These findings establish that Peyer's patch dendritic cells imprint gut-homing specificity on T cells, and thus license effector/memory cells to access anatomical sites most likely to contain their cognate antigen.
C1 Ctr Blood Res, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Univ Chile, Fdn Ciencias Vida, Fac Ciencias, Lab Inmunol, Santiago 6842301, Chile.
   Millennium Inst Fundamental & Appl Biol, Santiago 6842301, Chile.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Program in Cellular & Molecular Medicine (PCMM); Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Universidad de Chile
RP von Andrian, UH (corresponding author), Ctr Blood Res, 800 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM uva@cbr.med.harvard.edu
NR 30
TC 888
Z9 1061
U1 1
U2 49
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 3
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6944
BP 88
EP 93
DI 10.1038/nature01726
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 696XL
UT WOS:000183912800046
PM 12840763
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Saunders, K
   Bedford, ID
   Yahara, T
   Stanley, J
AF Saunders, K
   Bedford, ID
   Yahara, T
   Stanley, J
TI The earliest recorded plant virus disease
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Dept Dis & Stress Biol, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England.
   Kyushu Univ, Dept Biol, Fukuoka 8128581, Japan.
C3 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); John Innes Centre; Kyushu University
RP Saunders, K (corresponding author), John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Dept Dis & Stress Biol, Norwich Res Pk, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England.
NR 11
TC 92
Z9 118
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 24
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6934
BP 831
EP 831
DI 10.1038/422831a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 670WR
UT WOS:000182432600038
PM 12712190
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Davidson, AJ
   Ernst, P
   Wang, Y
   Dekens, MPS
   Kingsley, PD
   Palis, J
   Korsmeyer, SJ
   Daley, GQ
   Zon, LI
AF Davidson, AJ
   Ernst, P
   Wang, Y
   Dekens, MPS
   Kingsley, PD
   Palis, J
   Korsmeyer, SJ
   Daley, GQ
   Zon, LI
TI cdx4 mutants fail to specify blood progenitors and can be rescued by multiple hox genes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID homeobox gene; hematopoietic-cells; myeloid-leukemia; caudal homolog; tail formation; stem-cell; expression; mice; drosophila; expansion
AB Organogenesis is dependent on the formation of distinct cell types within the embryo. Important to this process are the hox genes, which are believed to confer positional identities to cells along the anteroposterior axis(1-3). Here, we have identified the caudal-related gene cdx4 as the locus mutated in kugelig (kgg), a zebrafish mutant with an early defect in haematopoiesis that is associated with abnormal anteroposterior patterning and aberrant hox gene expression. The blood deficiency in kgg embryos can be rescued by overexpressing hoxb7a or hoxa9a but not hoxb8a, indicating that the haematopoietic defect results from perturbations in specific hox genes. Furthermore, the haematopoietic defect in kgg mutants is not rescued by scl overexpression, suggesting that cdx4 and hox genes act to make the posterior mesoderm competent for blood development. Overexpression of cdx4 during zebrafish development or in mouse embryonic stem cells induces blood formation and alters hox gene expression. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that cdx4 regulates hox genes and is necessary for the specification of haematopoietic cell fate during vertebrate embryogenesis.
C1 Childrens Hosp, Dept Med, Div Hematol Oncol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dana Farber Canc Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   Max Planck Inst Entwicklungsbiol, Genet Abt, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
   Univ Rochester, Dept Pediat, Ctr Human Genet & Mol Pediat Dis, Rochester, NY 14642 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute; Max Planck Society; University of Rochester
RP Zon, LI (corresponding author), Childrens Hosp, Dept Med, Div Hematol Oncol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
NR 30
TC 207
Z9 256
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 18
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6955
BP 300
EP 306
DI 10.1038/nature01973
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 722JA
UT WOS:000185370900047
PM 13679919
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Watanabe, O
   Jouzel, J
   Johnsen, S
   Parrenin, F
   Shoji, H
   Yoshida, N
AF Watanabe, O
   Jouzel, J
   Johnsen, S
   Parrenin, F
   Shoji, H
   Yoshida, N
TI Homogeneous climate variability across East Antarctica over the past three glacial cycles
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID vostok ice core; temperature-changes; greenland; record; precipitation; dome
AB Recent ice core studies have raised the disturbing possibility that glacial-interglacial climate changes may be non-uniform across Antarctica(1,2). These findings have been confined to records from the Ross Sea sector of the continent, but significant deviations in other areas would call into question the widely assumed validity of the climate record obtained from Vostok, East Antarctica, on large spatial scales(3). Here we present an isotopic profile from a core drilled at Dome Fuji(4,5), situated 1,500 km from Vostok in a different sector of East Antarctica. The two records show remarkable similarities over the past three glacial cycles ( the extent of the Dome Fuji record) in both large-amplitude changes, such as terminations, interglacials and interstadials and more subtle glacial events, even when the origin of precipitation is accounted for. Our results indicate that Antarctic climate is essentially homogeneous at the scale of the East Antarctic Plateau, possibly as a consequence of the symmetry of the plateau and the adjacent ocean.
C1 Ctr Etud Saclay, IPSL, Lab Sci Climat & Environm, CEA,CNRS,UMR, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   Natl Inst Polar Res, Itabashi Ku, Tokyo 173, Japan.
   Univ Copenhagen, Dept Geophys, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
   Univ Reykjavik, Inst Sci, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland.
   Lab Glaciol & Geophys Environm, CNRS, F-38402 St Martin Dheres, France.
   Kitami Inst Technol, New Energy Resources Res Ctr, Kitami, Hokkaido 0908507, Japan.
   Tokyo Inst Technol, Frontier Collaborat Res Ctr, Midori Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2268502, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, SORST Project, Kawaguchi, Saitama 3320012, Japan.
C3 Universite Paris Saclay; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CEA; Universite Paris Cite; Research Organization of Information & Systems (ROIS); National Institute of Polar Research (NIPR) - Japan; University of Copenhagen; University of Iceland; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Kitami Institute of Technology; Institute of Science Tokyo; Tokyo Institute of Technology; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Jouzel, J (corresponding author), Ctr Etud Saclay, IPSL, Lab Sci Climat & Environm, CEA,CNRS,UMR, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
EM jouzel@lsce.saclay.cea.fr
NR 31
TC 201
Z9 223
U1 1
U2 44
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 3
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6931
BP 509
EP 512
DI 10.1038/nature01525
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 662TW
UT WOS:000181965400034
PM 12673247
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tobalske, BW
   Hedrick, TL
   Dial, KP
   Biewener, AA
AF Tobalske, BW
   Hedrick, TL
   Dial, KP
   Biewener, AA
TI Comparative power curves in bird flight
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pectoralis-muscle; columba-livia; animal flight; wind-tunnel; take-off; performance; output
AB The relationship between mechanical power output and forward velocity in bird flight is controversial, bearing on the comparative physiology and ecology of locomotion(1,2). Applied to flying birds, aerodynamic theory predicts that mechanical power should vary as a function of forward velocity in a U-shaped curve. The only empirical test of this theory, using the black-billed magpie (Pica pica), suggests that the mechanical power curve is relatively flat over intermediate velocities(3). Here, by integrating in vivo measurements of pectoralis force and length change with quasi-steady aerodynamic models developed using data on wing and body movement, we present mechanical power curves for cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) and ringed turtle-doves (Streptopelia risoria). In contrast to the curve reported for magpies(3), the power curve for cockatiels is acutely concave, whereas that for doves is intermediate in shape and shows higher mass-specific power output at most speeds. We also find that wing-beat frequency and mechanical power output do not necessarily share minima in flying birds. Thus, aspects of morphology, wing kinematics and overall style of flight can greatly affect the magnitude and shape of a species' power curve.
C1 Univ Portland, Dept Biol, Portland, OR 97203 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Concord Field Stn, Bedford, MA 01738 USA.
   Univ Montana, Div Biol Sci, Missoula, MT 59812 USA.
C3 University of Portland; Harvard University; University of Montana System; University of Montana
RP Tobalske, BW (corresponding author), Univ Portland, Dept Biol, 5000 N Williamette Blvd, Portland, OR 97203 USA.
NR 16
TC 196
Z9 233
U1 2
U2 56
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6921
BP 363
EP 366
DI 10.1038/nature01284
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 637UW
UT WOS:000180533000040
PM 12540899
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yamamoto, T
   Koashi, M
   Özdemir, SK
   Imoto, N
AF Yamamoto, T
   Koashi, M
   Özdemir, SK
   Imoto, N
TI Experimental extraction of an entangled photon pair from two identically decohered pairs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quantum cryptography; purification; state
AB Entanglement is considered to be one of the most important resources in quantum information processing schemes, including teleportation(1-3), densecoding(4) and entanglement-based quantum key distribution(5). Because entanglement cannot be generated by classical communication between distant parties, distribution of entangled particles between them is necessary. During the distribution process, entanglement between the particles is degraded by the decoherence and dissipation processes that result from unavoidable coupling with the environment. Entanglement distillation and concentration schemes(6-9) are therefore needed to extract pairs with a higher degree of entanglement from these less-entangled pairs; this is accomplished using local operations and classical communication. Here we report an experimental demonstration of extraction of a polarization-entangled photon pair from two decohered photon pairs. Two polarization-entangled photon pairs are generated by spontaneous parametric down-conversion and then distributed through a channel that induces identical phase fluctuations to both pairs; this ensures that no entanglement is available as long as each pair is manipulated individually. Then, through collective local operations and classical communication we extract from the two decohered pairs a photon pair that is observed to be polarization-entangled.
C1 Grad Univ Adv Studies SOKENDAI, Sch Adv Sci, Kanagawa 2400193, Japan.
   CREST Interacting Carrier Elect Project, Kawaguchi 3310012, Japan.
   NTT Corp, NTT Basic Res Labs, Atsugi, Kanagawa 2430198, Japan.
C3 Graduate University for Advanced Studies - Japan; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); NTT, Inc
RP Imoto, N (corresponding author), Grad Univ Adv Studies SOKENDAI, Sch Adv Sci, Kanagawa 2400193, Japan.
EM imoto@soken.ac.jp
NR 30
TC 198
Z9 206
U1 1
U2 22
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6921
BP 343
EP 346
DI 10.1038/nature01358
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 637UW
UT WOS:000180533000034
PM 12540894
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hartley, RR
   Behringer, RP
AF Hartley, RR
   Behringer, RP
TI Logarithmic rate dependence of force networks in sheared granular materials
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID physical analysis; friction law; stick-slip; fluctuations; dynamics
AB Many models of slow, dense granular flows(1-5) assume that the internal stresses are independent of the shearing rate. In contrast, logarithmic rate dependence is found in solid-on-solid friction(6-8), geological settings(9-11) and elsewhere(12-15). Here we investigate the rate dependence of stress in a slowly sheared two-dimensional system of photoelastic disks, in which we are able to determine forces on the granular scale. We find that the mean (time-averaged) stress displays a logarithmic dependence on the shear rate for plastic (irreversible) deformations. However, there is no perceivable dependence on the driving rate for elastic (reversible) deformations, such as those that occur under moderate repetitive compression. Increasing the shearing rate leads to an increase in the strength of the force network and stress fluctuations. Qualitatively, this behaviour resembles the changes associated with an increase in density. Increases in the shearing rate also lead to qualitative changes in the distributions of stress build-up and relaxation events. If shearing is suddenly stopped, stress relaxations occur with a logarithmic functional form over long timescales. This slow collective relaxation of the stress network provides a mechanism for rate-dependent strengthening.
C1 Duke Univ, Dept Phys, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
   Duke Univ, Ctr Nonlinear & Complex Syst, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
C3 Duke University; Duke University
RP Behringer, RP (corresponding author), Duke Univ, Dept Phys, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
NR 25
TC 171
Z9 199
U1 5
U2 87
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 27
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6926
BP 928
EP 931
DI 10.1038/nature01394
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 649BK
UT WOS:000181186900044
PM 12606996
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bala, ADS
   Spitzer, MW
   Takahashi, TT
AF Bala, ADS
   Spitzer, MW
   Takahashi, TT
TI Prediction of auditory spatial acuity from neural images on the owl's auditory space map
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID interaural time difference; sound-localization; single neurons; barn owl; psychophysical performance; perceptual decision; receptive-fields; macaque monkey; visual-motion; discrimination
AB The owl can discriminate changes in the location of sound sources as small as 3degrees and can aim its head to within 2degrees of a source(1,2). Atypical neuron in its midbrain space map has a spatial receptive field that spans 40degrees- a width that is many times the behavioural threshold(3). Here we have quantitatively examined the relationship between neuronal activity and perceptual acuity in the auditory space map in the barn owl midbrain. By analysing changes in firing rate resulting from small changes of stimulus azimuth, we show that most neurons can reliably signal changes in source location that are smaller than the behavioural threshold. Each source is represented in the space map by a focus of activity in a population of neurons. Displacement of the source causes the pattern of activity in this population to change. We show that this change predicts the owl's ability to detect a change in source location.
C1 Univ Oregon, Inst Neurosci, Eugene, OR 97403 USA.
C3 University of Oregon
RP Bala, ADS (corresponding author), Univ Oregon, Inst Neurosci, Eugene, OR 97403 USA.
NR 30
TC 80
Z9 91
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 14
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6950
BP 771
EP 774
DI 10.1038/nature01835
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 711HQ
UT WOS:000184733900039
PM 12917684
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kikuchi, K
   Terauchi, K
   Wada, M
   Hirano, HY
AF Kikuchi, K
   Terauchi, K
   Wada, M
   Hirano, HY
TI The plant MITE mPing is mobilized in anther culture
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID repeat transposable elements; repetitive-dna elements; arabidopsis-thaliana; family; rice; genome; maize; tourist; gene; amplification
AB Transposable elements constitute a large portion of eukaryotic genomes and contribute to their evolution and diversification. Miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements (MITEs) constitute one of the main groups of transposable elements and are distributed ubiquitously in the genomes of plants and animals 1 such as maize(2-5), rice(3), Arabidopsis(6,7), human(8), insect(9,10) and nematode(11). Because active MITEs have not been identified, the transposition mechanism of MITEs and their accumulation in eukaryotic genomes remain poorly understood. Here we describe a new class of MITE, called miniature Ping (mPing), in the genome of Oryza sativa (rice). mPing elements are activated in cells derived from anther culture, where they are excised efficiently from original sites and reinserted into new loci. An mPing-associated Ping element, which has a putative PIF family(5) transposase, is implicated in the recent proliferation of this MITE family in a subspecies of rice.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Agr & Life Sci, Tokyo 1138657, Japan.
   Natl Inst Basic Biol, Okazaki, Aichi 4448585, Japan.
   Tokyo Metropolitan Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Tokyo 1920397, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo; National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB); Tokyo Metropolitan University
RP Hirano, HY (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Agr & Life Sci, Tokyo 1138657, Japan.
NR 23
TC 223
Z9 268
U1 1
U2 45
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 9
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6919
BP 167
EP 170
DI 10.1038/nature01218
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 633DR
UT WOS:000180267200041
PM 12520303
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gregg, MC
   Sanford, TB
   Winkel, DP
AF Gregg, MC
   Sanford, TB
   Winkel, DP
TI Reduced mixing from the breaking of internal waves in equatorial waters
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID turbulent dissipation; abyssal ocean; thermocline; shear; energy; scale
AB In the oceans, heat, salt and nutrients are redistributed much more easily within water masses of uniform density than across surfaces separating waters of different densities. But the magnitude and distribution of mixing across density surfaces are also important for the Earth's climate as well as the concentrations of organisms(1). Most of this mixing occurs where internal waves break, overturning the density stratification of the ocean and creating patches of turbulence. Predictions of the rate at which internal waves dissipate(2,3) were confirmed earlier at midlatitudes(4,5). Here we present observations of temperature and velocity fluctuations in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans between 42degreesN and 2degreesS to extend that result to equatorial regions. We find a strong latitude dependence of dissipation in accordance with the predictions(3). In our observations, dissipation rates and accompanying mixing across density surfaces near the Equator are less than 10% of those at mid-latitudes for a similar background of internal waves. Reduced mixing close to the Equator will have to be taken into account in numerical simulations of ocean dynamics-for example, in climate change experiments.
C1 Univ Washington, Coll Ocean & Fishery Sci, Appl Phys Lab, Seattle, WA 98105 USA.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Gregg, MC (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Coll Ocean & Fishery Sci, Appl Phys Lab, Seattle, WA 98105 USA.
EM gregg@apl.washington.edu
NR 24
TC 331
Z9 367
U1 1
U2 72
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 3
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6931
BP 513
EP 515
DI 10.1038/nature01507
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 662TW
UT WOS:000181965400035
PM 12673248
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Más, P
   Kim, WY
   Somers, DE
   Kay, SA
AF Más, P
   Kim, WY
   Somers, DE
   Kay, SA
TI Targeted degradation of TOC1 by ZTL modulates circadian function in Arabidopsis thaliana
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID clock; protein; period; rhythms; domains; oxygen; slimb; light; time; scf
AB The underlying mechanism of circadian rhythmicity appears to be conserved among organisms, and is based on negative transcriptional feedback loops forming a cellular oscillator ( or 'clock')(1,2). Circadian changes in protein stability, phosphorylation and subcellular localization also contribute to the generation and maintenance of this clock(1,2). In plants, several genes have been shown to be closely associated with the circadian system(3,4). However, the molecular mechanisms proposed to regulate the plant clock are mostly based on regulation at the transcriptional level(3,4). Here we provide genetic and molecular evidence for a role of ZEITLUPE (ZTL)(5-7) in the targeted degradation of TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION 1 (TOC1)(8,9) in Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress). The physical interaction of TOC1 with ZTL is abolished by the ztl-1 mutation, resulting in constitutive levels of TOC1 protein expression. The dark-dependent degradation of TOC1 protein requires functional ZTL, and is prevented by inhibiting the proteosome pathway. Our results show that the TOC1 - ZTL interaction is important in the control of TOC1 protein stability, and is probably responsible for the regulation of circadian period by the clock.
C1 Scripps Res Inst, Dept Cell Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Ohio State Univ, Dept Plant Biol, Ctr Plant Biotechnol, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute; University System of Ohio; Ohio State University
RP Kay, SA (corresponding author), Scripps Res Inst, Dept Cell Biol, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM stevek@scripps.edu
NR 30
TC 451
Z9 551
U1 2
U2 80
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 4
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6966
BP 567
EP 570
DI 10.1038/nature02163
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 749TE
UT WOS:000186944300041
PM 14654842
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stenner, MD
   Gauthier, DJ
   Neifeld, MA
AF Stenner, MD
   Gauthier, DJ
   Neifeld, MA
TI The speed of information in a 'fast-light' optical medium
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID negative group-velocity; pulse-propagation; superluminal signals; group delay; causality; slow
AB One consequence of the special theory of relativity is that no signal can cause an effect outside the source light cone, the space-time surface on which light rays emanate from the source(1). Violation of this principle of relativistic causality leads to paradoxes, such as that of an effect preceding its cause(2). Recent experiments on optical pulse propagation in so-called 'fastlight' media-which are characterized by a wave group velocity v(g) exceeding the vacuum speed of light c or taking on negative values'-have led to renewed debate about the definition of the information velocity v(i). One view is that v(i) = v(g) (ref. 4), which would violate causality, while another is that vi = c in all situations', which would preserve causality. Here we find that the time to detect information propagating through a fast-light medium is slightly longer than the time required to detect the same information travelling through a vacuum, even though vg in the medium vastly exceeds c. Our observations are therefore consistent with relativistic causality and help to resolve the controversies surrounding superluminal pulse propagation.
C1 Duke Univ, Dept Phys, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
   Fitzpatrick Ctr Photon & Commun Syst, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
   Univ Arizona, Ctr Opt Sci, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
C3 Duke University; University of Arizona
RP Gauthier, DJ (corresponding author), Duke Univ, Dept Phys, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
NR 29
TC 300
Z9 334
U1 0
U2 52
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 16
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6959
BP 695
EP 698
DI 10.1038/nature02016
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 732DA
UT WOS:000185924500035
PM 14562097
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Niu, FL
   Silver, PG
   Nadeau, RM
   McEvilly, TV
AF Niu, FL
   Silver, PG
   Nadeau, RM
   McEvilly, TV
TI Migration of seismic scatterers associated with the 1993 Parkfield aseismic transient event
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stress transfer; earthquake; california; fault; velocity; strain
AB The time-varying deformation field within a fault zone, particularly at depths where earthquakes occur, is important for understanding fault behaviour and its relation to earthquake occurrence(1-3). But detection of this temporal variation has been extremely difficult, although laboratory studies have long suggested that certain structural changes, such as the properties of crustal fractures, should be seismically detectable(4). Here we present evidence that such structural changes are indeed observable. In particular, we find a systematic temporal variation in the seismograms of repeat microearthquakes that occurred on the Parkfield segment of the San Andreas fault over the decade 1987 - 97. Our analysis reveals a change of the order of 10 m in the location of scatterers which plausibly lie within the fault zone at a depth of similar to3 km. The motion of the scatterers is coincident, in space and time, with the onset of a well documented aseismic transient ( deformation event). We speculate that this structural change is the result of a stress-induced redistribution of fluids in fluid-filled fractures caused by the transient event.
C1 Rice Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Houston, TX 77005 USA.
   Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Terr Magnetism, Washington, DC 20015 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley Seismol Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Earth Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 Rice University; Carnegie Institution for Science; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
RP Niu, FL (corresponding author), Rice Univ, Dept Earth Sci, MS-126,6100 Main St, Houston, TX 77005 USA.
NR 18
TC 80
Z9 106
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 4
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6966
BP 544
EP 548
DI 10.1038/nature02151
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 749TE
UT WOS:000186944300035
PM 14654837
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sicardy, B
   Widemann, T
   Lellouch, E
   Veillet, C
   Cuillandre, JC
   Colas, F
   Roques, F
   Beisker, W
   Kretlow, M
   Lagrange, AM
   Gendron, E
   Lacombe, F
   Lecacheux, J
   Birnbaum, C
   Fienga, A
   Leyrat, C
   Maury, A
   Raynaud, E
   Renner, S
   Schultheis, M
   Brooks, K
   Delsanti, A
   Hainaut, OR
   Gilmozzi, R
   Lidman, C
   Spyromilio, J
   Rapaport, M
   Rosenzweig, P
   Naranjo, O
   Porras, L
   Diaz, F
   Calderón, H
   Carrillo, S
   Carvajal, A
   Recalde, E
   Cavero, LG
   Montalvo, C
   Barria, D
   Campos, R
   Duffard, R
   Levato, H
AF Sicardy, B
   Widemann, T
   Lellouch, E
   Veillet, C
   Cuillandre, JC
   Colas, F
   Roques, F
   Beisker, W
   Kretlow, M
   Lagrange, AM
   Gendron, E
   Lacombe, F
   Lecacheux, J
   Birnbaum, C
   Fienga, A
   Leyrat, C
   Maury, A
   Raynaud, E
   Renner, S
   Schultheis, M
   Brooks, K
   Delsanti, A
   Hainaut, OR
   Gilmozzi, R
   Lidman, C
   Spyromilio, J
   Rapaport, M
   Rosenzweig, P
   Naranjo, O
   Porras, L
   Diaz, F
   Calderón, H
   Carrillo, S
   Carvajal, A
   Recalde, E
   Cavero, LG
   Montalvo, C
   Barria, D
   Campos, R
   Duffard, R
   Levato, H
TI Large changes in Pluto's atmosphere as revealed by recent stellar occultations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID surface
AB Pluto's tenuous nitrogen atmosphere was first detected by the imprint left on the light curve of a star that was occulted by the planet in 1985 (ref. 1), and studied more extensively during a second occultation event in 1988 (refs 2 - 6). These events are, however, quite rare and Pluto's atmosphere remains poorly understood, as in particular the planet has not yet been visited by a spacecraft. Here we report data from the first occultations by Pluto since 1988. We find that, during the intervening 14 years, there seems to have been a doubling of the atmospheric pressure, a probable seasonal effect on Pluto.
C1 Observ Paris, LESIA, F-92195 Meudon, France.
   Univ Paris 06, F-75005 Paris, France.
   Canada France Hawaii Telescope Corp, Waimea, HI 96743 USA.
   Observ Paris, IMCCE, F-75014 Paris, France.
   Int Occulat Timing Assoc, Eruopean Sect, D-30459 Hannover, Germany.
   Observ Grenoble, F-38041 Grenoble, France.
   Cite Sci & Ind, F-75930 Paris, France.
   Gene Shoemaker Observ, San Pedro De Atacama, Chile.
   Inst Astrophys Paris, F-75014 Paris, France.
   European So Observ, Santiago 19, Chile.
   Observ Aquitain Sci Univ, F-33270 Floirac, France.
   Univ Los Andes, Fac Ciencias, Merida 5101, Venezuela.
   Cumbaya, Quito 1722, Ecuador.
   Asociac Eta Carinae, Lima 1, Peru.
   Univ Catolica Norte, Observ Cerro Armazones, Antofagasta 1280, Chile.
   Lab Nacl Astrofis, BR-37504364 Itajuba, Brazil.
   Observ Nacl, BR-20921400 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil.
   Complejo Astron, San Juan, Argentina.
C3 Universite PSL; Observatoire de Paris; Sorbonne Universite; Canada France Hawaii Telescope; Universite PSL; Observatoire de Paris; Sorbonne Universite; Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA); Sorbonne Universite; European Southern Observatory; University of Los Andes Venezuela; Universidad Catolica del Norte
RP Sicardy, B (corresponding author), Observ Paris, LESIA, F-92195 Meudon, France.
EM bruno.sicardy@obspm.fr
NR 18
TC 96
Z9 102
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 10
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6945
BP 168
EP 170
DI 10.1038/nature01766
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 699AA
UT WOS:000184032700035
PM 12853950
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Neff, BD
AF Neff, BD
TI Decisions about parental care in response to perceived paternity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bluegill sunfish; lepomis-macrochirus; eastern bluebirds; investment; behavior; confidence; success; size
AB Evolutionary ecologists are attempting to explain how parents make behavioural decisions about how much care to provide to their young(1-4). Theory predicts that when genetic relatedness to young is decreased by cuckoldry, for example, parents should reduce their care in favour of alternative broods that provide greater reproductive success(5-7). Experimental manipulation of perceived paternity has been used to test the theory(8,9), but such studies have generated mixed results(10-13). Some manipulations can fail to alter a parent's perceived paternity(14), whereas others may directly affect parental behaviour when, for instance, the manipulation involves capturing the parent(15-18). No study has demonstrated parental care adjustment in a manner uncomplicated by experimental design or life history correlates. Here I test the theory using the fact that nest-tending parental male bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) can assess their paternity using both the visual presence of parasitic cuckolder males during spawning(19), and olfactory cues released by newly hatched eggs(20,21). By manipulating both types of cues I show that parental males dynamically adjust their parental care, favouring broods that are apparently most closely related. These results confirm the importance of genetic relatedness in parental care decision-making.
C1 Univ Western Ontario, Dept Biol, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada.
C3 Western University (University of Western Ontario)
RP Neff, BD (corresponding author), Univ Western Ontario, Dept Biol, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada.
NR 28
TC 135
Z9 151
U1 0
U2 96
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 17
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6933
BP 716
EP 719
DI 10.1038/nature01528
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 668CG
UT WOS:000182272300040
PM 12700761
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bogan, JS
   Hendon, N
   McKee, AE
   Tsao, TS
   Lodish, HF
AF Bogan, JS
   Hendon, N
   McKee, AE
   Tsao, TS
   Lodish, HF
TI Functional cloning of TUG as a regulator of GLUT4 glucose transporter trafficking
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 3t3-l1 adipocytes; insulin; proteins; cells; compartments; interacts; membrane; domain; gene; p47
AB Insulin stimulates glucose uptake in fat and muscle by mobilizing the GLUT4 glucose transporter. GLUT4 is sequestered intracellularly in the absence of insulin, and is redistributed to the plasma membrane within minutes of insulin stimulation(1,2). But the trafficking mechanisms that control GLUT4 sequestration have remained elusive. Here we describe a functional screen to identify proteins that modulate GLUT4 distribution, and identify TUG as a putative tether, containing a UBX domain, for GLUT4. In truncated form, TUG acts in a dominant-negative manner to inhibit insulin-stimulated GLUT4 redistribution in Chinese hamster ovary cells and 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Full-length TUG forms a complex specifically with GLUT4; in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, this complex is present in unstimulated cells and is largely disassembled by insulin. Endogenous TUG is localized with the insulin-mobilizable pool of GLUT4 in unstimulated 3T3-L1 adipocytes, and is not mobilized to the plasma membrane by insulin. Distinct regions of TUG are required to bind GLUT4 and to retain GLUT4 intracellularly in transfected, non-adipose cells. Our data suggest that TUG traps endocytosed GLUT4 and tethers it intracellularly, and that insulin mobilizes this pool of retained GLUT4 by releasing this tether.
C1 Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Med, Diabet Unit, Boston, MA 02129 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Bogan, JS (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Internal Med, 333 Cedar St,Box 208020, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
NR 22
TC 161
Z9 199
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 16
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6959
BP 727
EP 733
DI 10.1038/nature01989
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 732DA
UT WOS:000185924500044
PM 14562105
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yoder, AD
   Burns, MM
   Zehr, S
   Delefosse, T
   Veron, G
   Goodman, SM
   Flynn, JJ
AF Yoder, AD
   Burns, MM
   Zehr, S
   Delefosse, T
   Veron, G
   Goodman, SM
   Flynn, JJ
TI Single origin of Malagasy Carnivora from an African ancestor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID madagascar; phylogeny; radiation; dispersal; ancient; lemurs; india
AB The Carnivora are one of only four orders of terrestrial mammals living in Madagascar today. All four (carnivorans, primates, rodents and lipotyphlan insectivores) are placental mammals with limited means for dispersal, yet they occur on a large island that has been surrounded by a formidable oceanic barrier for at least(88) million years(1,2), predating the age of origin for any of these groups(3,4). Even so, as many as four colonizations of Madagascar have been proposed for the Carnivora alone(5). The mystery of the island's mammalian origins is confounded by its poor Tertiary fossil record, which leaves us with no direct means for estimating dates of initial diversification. Here we use a multi-gene phylogenetic analysis to show that Malagasy carnivorans are monophyletic and thus the product of a single colonization of Madagascar by an African ancestor. Furthermore, a bayesian analysis(6) of divergence ages for Malagasy carnivorans and lemuriforms indicates that their respective colonizations were temporally separated by tens of millions of years. We therefore conclude that a single event, such as vicariance or common dispersal, cannot explain the presence of both groups in Madagascar.
C1 Yale Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, New Haven, CT 06551 USA.
   Field Museum Nat Hist, Dept Zool, Chicago, IL 60605 USA.
   Field Museum Nat Hist, Dept Geol, Chicago, IL 60605 USA.
   Museum Natl Hist Nat, Lab Zool Mammiferes & Oiseaux, F-75231 Paris, France.
   WWF, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar.
C3 Yale University; Field Museum of Natural History (Chicago); Field Museum of Natural History (Chicago); Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN); World Wildlife Fund
RP Yoder, AD (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, 165 Prospect St, New Haven, CT 06551 USA.
EM anne.yoder@yale.edu
NR 30
TC 232
Z9 289
U1 1
U2 50
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 13
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6924
BP 734
EP 737
DI 10.1038/nature01303
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 644UP
UT WOS:000180938000041
PM 12610623
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Guermonprez, P
   Saveanu, L
   Kleijmeer, M
   Davoust, J
   van Endert, P
   Amigorena, S
AF Guermonprez, P
   Saveanu, L
   Kleijmeer, M
   Davoust, J
   van Endert, P
   Amigorena, S
TI ER-phagosome fusion defines an MHC class I cross-presentation compartment in dendritic cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID antigen presentation; membrane-proteins; degradation; molecules; transport; complex; cytosol
AB Induction of cytotoxic T-cell immunity requires the phagocytosis of pathogens, virus-infected or dead tumour cells by dendritic cells(1). Peptides derived from phagocytosed antigens are then presented to CD8(+) T lymphocytes on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules, a process called "cross-presentation"(2,3). After phagocytosis, antigens are exported into the cytosol and degraded by the proteasome(4-6). The resulting peptides are thought to be translocated into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by specific transporters associated with antigen presentation (TAP), and loaded onto MHC class I molecules by a complex "loading machinery" (which includes tapasin, calreticulin and Erp57)(7). Here we show that soon after or during formation, phagosomes fuse with the ER. After antigen export to the cytosol and degradation by the proteasome, peptides are translocated by TAP into the lumen of the same phagosomes, before loading on phagosomal MHC class I molecules. Therefore, cross-presentation in dendritic cells occurs in a specialized, self-sufficient, ER-phagosome mix compartment.
C1 Inst Curie, INSERM, U520, F-75005 Paris, France.
   Inst Necker, INSERM, U580, F-75015 Paris, France.
   UMC Utrecht, Dept Cell Biol, NL-3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Genethon, CNRS, UMR 8115, F-91002 Evry 02, France.
C3 UNICANCER; Universite PSL; Institut Curie; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Universite Paris Cite; Utrecht University; Utrecht University Medical Center; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Amigorena, S (corresponding author), Inst Curie, INSERM, U520, 26 Rue Ulm, F-75005 Paris, France.
EM sebastian.amigorena@curie.fr
NR 22
TC 617
Z9 752
U1 0
U2 50
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 25
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6956
BP 397
EP 402
DI 10.1038/nature01911
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 724TG
UT WOS:000185502300041
PM 14508489
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Umeda, H
   Nomoto, K
AF Umeda, H
   Nomoto, K
TI First-generation black-hole-forming supernovae and the metal abundance pattern of a very iron-poor star
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ii supernovae; 1st stars; nucleosynthesis; evolution; peculiar
AB It has been proposed(1) theoretically that the first generation of stars in the Universe (population III) would be as massive as 100 solar masses (100 M.), because of inefficient cooling(2-4) of the precursor gas clouds. Recently, the most iron-deficient (but still carbon-rich) low-mass star-HE0107-5240-was discovered(5). If this is a population III star that gained its metals (elements heavier than helium) after its formation, it would challenge the theoretical picture of the formation of the first stars. Here we report that the patterns of elemental abundance in HE0107-5240 (and other extremely metal-poor stars) are in good accord with the nucleosynthesis that occurs in stars with masses of 20-130 M. when they become supernovae if, during the explosions, the ejecta undergo substantial mixing and fall-back to form massive black holes. Such supernovae have been observed(7). The abundance patterns are not, however, consistent with enrichment by supernovae from stars in the range 130-300 M. We accordingly infer that the first-generation supernovae came mostly from explosions of similar to20-130 M. stars; some of these produced iron-poor but carbon- and oxygen-rich ejecta. Low-mass second-generation stars, like HE0107-5240, could form because the carbon and oxygen provided pathways for the gas to cool.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Dept Astron, Sch Sci, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo
RP Nomoto, K (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Dept Astron, Sch Sci, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
EM nomoto@astron.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp
NR 27
TC 365
Z9 386
U1 1
U2 10
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 24
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6934
BP 871
EP 873
DI 10.1038/nature01571
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 670WR
UT WOS:000182432600048
PM 12712199
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU de Marcillac, P
   Coron, N
   Dambier, G
   Leblanc, J
   Moalic, JP
AF de Marcillac, P
   Coron, N
   Dambier, G
   Leblanc, J
   Moalic, JP
TI Experimental detection of α-particles from the radioactive decay of natural bismuth
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID scintillators; bolometer
AB The only naturally occurring isotope of bismuth, Bi-209, is commonly regarded as the heaviest stable isotope. But like most other heavy nuclei abundant in nature and characterized by an exceptionally long lifetime, it is metastable with respect to alpha-decay(1). However, the decay usually evades observation because the nuclear structure(2,3) of Bi-209 gives rise to an extremely low decay probability and, moreover, generates low-energy alpha-particles difficult to detect. Indeed, dedicated experiments(2-6) attempting to record the alpha-decay of Bi-209 in nuclear emulsions failed. However, scintillating bolometers(7-9) operated at temperatures below 100 mK offer improved detection efficiency and sensitivity, whereas a broad palette of targets could be available(10). Here we report the successful use of this method for the unambiguous detection of Bi-209 alpha-decay in bismuth germanate detectors cooled to 20 mK. We measure an energy release of 3,137 +/- 1 (statistical) +/-2 (systematic) keV and a half-life of (1.9 +/- 0.2) x 10(19) yr, which are in agreement with expected values.
C1 CNRS, Inst Astrophys Spatiale, F-91405 Orsay, France.
   Univ Paris 11, UMR 8617, F-91405 Orsay, France.
C3 Universite Paris Saclay; Sorbonne Universite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Earth Sciences & Astronomy (INSU); Universite Paris Saclay
RP de Marcillac, P (corresponding author), CNRS, Inst Astrophys Spatiale, Bat 121, F-91405 Orsay, France.
NR 27
TC 215
Z9 239
U1 0
U2 36
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 24
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6934
BP 876
EP 878
DI 10.1038/nature01541
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 670WR
UT WOS:000182432600050
PM 12712201
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lessard, J
   Sauvageau, G
AF Lessard, J
   Sauvageau, G
TI Bmi-1 determines the proliferative capacity of normal and leukaemic stem cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID acute myeloid-leukemia; bone-marrow cells; acute myelogenous leukemia; polycomb-group genes; hematopoietic-cell; expression; hoxa9; t(7-11)(p15-p15); transformation; overexpression
AB An emerging concept in the field of cancer biology is that a rare population of 'tumour stem cells' exists among the heterogeneous group of cells that constitute a tumour. This concept, best described with human leukaemia, indicates that stem cell function ( whether normal or neoplastic) might be defined by a common set of critical genes. Here we show that the Polycomb group gene Bmi-1 has a key role in regulating the proliferative activity of normal stem and progenitor cells. Most importantly, we provide evidence that the proliferative potential of leukaemic stem and progenitor cells lacking Bmi-1 is compromised because they eventually undergo proliferation arrest and show signs of differentiation and apoptosis, leading to transplant failure of the leukaemia. Complementation studies showed that Bmi-1 completely rescues these proliferative defects. These studies therefore indicate that Bmi-1 has an essential role in regulating the proliferative activity of both normal and leukaemic stem cells.
C1 Clin Res Inst Montreal, Lab Mol Genet Hemopoiet Stem Cells, Montreal, PQ H2W 1R7, Canada.
   Univ Montreal, Hosp Maisonneuve Rosemont, Dept Med, Montreal, PQ H3C 3J7, Canada.
   Univ Montreal, Hosp Maisonneuve Rosemont, Div Hematol, Montreal, PQ H3C 3J7, Canada.
C3 Universite de Montreal; Institut de Recherche Clinique de Montreal (IRCM); Universite de Montreal; Universite de Montreal
RP Sauvageau, G (corresponding author), Clin Res Inst Montreal, Lab Mol Genet Hemopoiet Stem Cells, 110 Pine Ave W, Montreal, PQ H2W 1R7, Canada.
EM sauvagg@ircm.qc.ca
NR 24
TC 1217
Z9 1484
U1 0
U2 56
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 15
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6937
BP 255
EP 260
DI 10.1038/nature01572
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 678EX
UT WOS:000182853100034
PM 12714970
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Levison, HF
   Morbidelli, A
AF Levison, HF
   Morbidelli, A
TI The formation of the Kuiper belt by the outward transport of bodies during Neptune's migration
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inclination distribution; accretion; origin; object
AB The 'dynamically cold Kuiper belt' consists of objects on low-inclination orbits between similar to40 and similar to50 AU from the Sun. It currently contains material totalling less than a tenth the mass of the Earth(1,2), which is surprisingly low because, according to accretion models(3,4), the objects would not have grown to their present size unless the cold Kuiper belt originally contained tens of Earth masses of solids. Although several mechanisms have been proposed to produce the observed mass depletion, they all have significant limitations(5). Here we show that the objects currently observed in the dynamically cold Kuiper belt were most probably formed within similar to35 AU and were subsequently pushed outward by Neptune's 1:2 mean motion resonance during its final phase of migration. Combining our mechanism with previous work(6,7), we conclude that the entire Kuiper belt formed closer to the Sun and was transported outward during the final stages of planet formation.
C1 SW Res Inst, Boulder, CO 80302 USA.
   Observ Cote Azur, F-06304 Nice 4, France.
C3 Universite Cote d'Azur; Observatoire de la Cote d'Azur
RP Levison, HF (corresponding author), SW Res Inst, Boulder, CO 80302 USA.
EM hal@boulder.swri.edu
NR 25
TC 184
Z9 203
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 27
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6965
BP 419
EP 421
DI 10.1038/nature02120
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 747JE
UT WOS:000186800800031
PM 14647375
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ball, P
AF Ball, P
TI Portrait of a molecule
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB The double helix is idealized for its aesthetic elegant structure, but the reality of DNA's physical existence is quite different. Most DNA in the cell is compressed into a tangled package that somehow still exposes itself to meticulous gene-regulatory control. Philip Ball holds a mirror up to what we truly know about the mysteries of DNA's life inside a cell.
C1 Nature, London N1 9XW, England.
RP Ball, P (corresponding author), Nature, Macmillan Bldg,4 Crinan St, London N1 9XW, England.
NR 3
TC 19
Z9 24
U1 1
U2 7
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6921
BP 421
EP 422
DI 10.1038/nature01404
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 637UW
UT WOS:000180533000055
PM 12540914
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yamamoto, T
   Pashkin, YA
   Astafiev, O
   Nakamura, Y
   Tsai, JS
AF Yamamoto, T
   Pashkin, YA
   Astafiev, O
   Nakamura, Y
   Tsai, JS
TI Demonstration of conditional gate operation using superconducting charge qubits
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID macroscopic quantum states; single-cooper-pair; josephson; oscillations; algorithm; junction
AB Following the demonstration of coherent control of the quantum state of a superconducting charge qubit(1), a variety of qubits based on Josephson junctions have been implemented(2-5). Although such solid-state devices are not currently as advanced as microscopic qubits based on nuclear magnetic resonance(6) and ion trap(7) technologies, the potential scalability of the former systems together with progress in their coherence times and read-out schemes - makes them strong candidates for the building block of a quantum computer(8). Recently, coherent oscillations(9) and microwave spectroscopy(10) of capacitively coupled superconducting qubits have been reported; the next challenging step towards quantum computation is the realization of logic gates(11,12). Here we demonstrate conditional gate operation using a pair of coupled superconducting charge qubits. Using a pulse technique, we prepare different input states and show that their amplitude can be transformed by controlled-NOT (C-NOT) gate operation, although the phase evolution during the gate operation remains to be clarified.
C1 NEC Fundamental Res Labs, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058501, Japan.
   Inst Phys & Chem Res, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan.
   PN Lebedev Phys Inst, Moscow 117924, Russia.
C3 NEC Corporation; RIKEN; Russian Academy of Sciences; Russian Academy of Science Lebedev Physical Institute
RP Yamamoto, T (corresponding author), NEC Fundamental Res Labs, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058501, Japan.
NR 16
TC 585
Z9 648
U1 4
U2 82
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 30
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6961
BP 941
EP 944
DI 10.1038/nature02015
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 737KY
UT WOS:000186230600036
PM 14586464
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shi, YJ
   Sawada, J
   Sui, GC
   Affar, EB
   Whetstine, JR
   Lan, F
   Ogawa, H
   Luke, MPS
   Nakatani, Y
   Shi, Y
AF Shi, YJ
   Sawada, J
   Sui, GC
   Affar, EB
   Whetstine, JR
   Lan, F
   Ogawa, H
   Luke, MPS
   Nakatani, Y
   Shi, Y
TI Coordinated histone modifications mediated by a CtBP co-repressor complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID corepressor; protein; transcription; transformation; methylation; expression; family; genes
AB The transcriptional co-repressor CtBP (C-terminal binding protein) is implicated in tumorigenesis because it is targeted by the adenovirus E1A protein during oncogenic transformation(1). Genetic studies have also identified a crucial function for CtBP in animal development(2). CtBP is recruited to DNA by transcription factors that contain a PXDLS motif(3,4), but the detailed molecular events after the recruitment of CtBP to DNA and the mechanism of CtBP function in tumorigenesis are largely unknown. Here we report the identification of a CtBP complex that contains the essential components for both gene targeting and coordinated histone modifications, allowing for the effective repression of genes targeted by CtBP. Inhibiting the expression of CtBP and its associated histone-modifying activities by RNA-mediated interference resulted in alterations of histone modifications at the promoter of the tumour invasion suppressor gene E-cadherin and increased promoter activity in a reporter assay. These findings identify a molecular mechanism by which CtBP mediates transcriptional repression and provide insight into CtBP participation in oncogenesis.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Dana Farber Canc Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
RP Shi, Y (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM yang_shi@hms.harvard.edu
NR 24
TC 671
Z9 825
U1 1
U2 63
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 17
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6933
BP 735
EP 738
DI 10.1038/nature01550
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 668CG
UT WOS:000182272300045
PM 12700765
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chien, P
   DePace, AH
   Collins, SR
   Weissman, JS
AF Chien, P
   DePace, AH
   Collins, SR
   Weissman, JS
TI Generation of prion transmission barriers by mutational control of amyloid conformations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID structural basis; sup35 protein; in-vitro; yeast; psi+; diversity; diseases; strains; variant; psi(+)
AB Self-propagating beta-sheet-rich protein aggregates are implicated in a wide range of protein-misfolding phenomena, including amyloid diseases and prion-based inheritance(1). Two properties have emerged as common features of amyloids. Amyloid formation is ubiquitous: many unrelated proteins form such aggregates and even a single polypeptide can misfold into multiple forms(2-6) - a process that is thought to underlie prion strain variation(7). Despite this promiscuity, amyloid propagation can be highly sequence specific: amyloid fibres often fail to catalyse the aggregation of other amyloidogenic proteins(8,9). In prions, this specificity leads to barriers that limit transmission between species(7,8,10-12). Using the yeast prion [PSI+](13), we show in vitro that point mutations in Sup35p, the protein determinant of [PSI+], alter the range of 'infectious' conformations, which in turn changes amyloid seeding specificity. We generate a new transmission barrier in vivo by using these mutations to specifically disfavour subsets of prion strains. The ability of mutations to alter the conformations of amyloid states without preventing amyloid formation altogether provides a general mechanism for the generation of prion transmission barriers and may help to explain how mutations alter toxicity in conformational diseases.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Grad Grp Biophys, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Mol & Cellular Pharmacol, Howard Hughes Med Inst, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Biochem & Biophys, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Weissman, JS (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Grad Grp Biophys, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
EM jsw1@itsa.ucsf.edu
NR 29
TC 88
Z9 106
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 21
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6951
BP 948
EP 951
DI 10.1038/nature01894
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 713EH
UT WOS:000184843600043
PM 12931190
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Peumans, P
   Uchida, S
   Forrest, SR
AF Peumans, P
   Uchida, S
   Forrest, SR
TI Efficient bulk heterojunction photovoltaic cells using small-molecular-weight organic thin films
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phthalocyanine; transport; perylene; devices
AB The power conversion efficiency of small-molecular-weight and polymer organic photovoltaic cells has increased steadily over the past decade. This progress is chiefly attributable to the introduction of the donor-acceptor heterojunction(1,2) that functions as a dissociation site for the strongly bound photogenerated excitons. Further progress was realized in polymer devices through use of blends of the donor and acceptor materials(3-5) : phase separation during spin-coating leads to a bulk heterojunction that removes the exciton diffusion bottleneck by creating an interpenetrating network of the donor and acceptor materials. The realization of bulk heterojunctions using mixtures of vacuum-deposited small-molecular-weight materials has, on the other hand, posed elusive: phase separation induced by elevating the substrate temperature inevitably leads to a significant roughening of the film surface and to short-circuited devices. Here, we demonstrate that the use of a metal cap to confine the organic materials during annealing prevents the formation of a rough surface morphology while allowing for the formation of an interpenetrating donor-acceptor network. This method results in a power conversion efficiency 50 per cent higher than the best values reported for comparable bilayer devices, suggesting that this strained annealing process could allow for the formation of low-cost and high-efficiency thin film organic solar cells based on vacuum-deposited small-molecular-weight organic materials.
C1 Princeton Univ, Ctr Photon & Optoelect Mat, Dept Elect Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Princeton Mat Inst, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
C3 Princeton University; Princeton University
RP Forrest, SR (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Ctr Photon & Optoelect Mat, Dept Elect Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
EM forrest@princeton.edu
NR 28
TC 1180
Z9 1382
U1 4
U2 620
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 11
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6954
BP 158
EP 162
DI 10.1038/nature01949
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 719ZT
UT WOS:000185236000036
PM 12968174
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Strand, Å
   Asami, T
   Alonso, J
   Ecker, JR
   Chory, J
AF Strand, Å
   Asami, T
   Alonso, J
   Ecker, JR
   Chory, J
TI Chloroplast to nucleus communication triggered by accumulation of Mg-protoporphyrinIX
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tetrapyrrole biosynthesis; chlorophyll precursors; signal-transduction; light induction; expression; seedlings; binding; genes; involvement; mutants
AB Plant cells coordinately regulate the expression of nuclear and plastid genes that encode components of the photosynthetic apparatus. Nuclear genes that regulate chloroplast development and chloroplast gene expression provide part of this coordinate control. There is evidence that information also flows in the opposite direction, from chloroplasts to the nucleus(1),(2). Until now, at least three different signalling pathways have been identified that originate in the plastid and control nuclear gene expression(3,4) but the molecular nature of these signals has remained unknown. Here we show that the tetrapyrrole intermediate Mg-protoporphyrin (Mg-ProtoIX) acts as a signalling molecule in one of the signalling pathways between the chloroplast and nucleus. Accumulation of Mg-ProtoIX is both necessary and sufficient to regulate the expression of many nuclear genes encoding chloroplastic proteins associated with photosynthesis.
C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, Plant Biol Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Salk Inst Biol Studies, Howard Hughes Med Inst, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   RIKEN, Plant Funct Lab, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan.
C3 Salk Institute; Salk Institute; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; RIKEN
RP Chory, J (corresponding author), Salk Inst Biol Studies, Plant Biol Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM Chory@salk.edu
NR 26
TC 459
Z9 518
U1 0
U2 79
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 2
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6918
BP 79
EP 83
DI 10.1038/nature01204
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 631JY
UT WOS:000180165500041
PM 12511958
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Culley, AI
   Lang, AS
   Suttle, CA
AF Culley, AI
   Lang, AS
   Suttle, CA
TI High diversity of unknown picorna-like viruses in the sea
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID marine virus; rna; polymerases; evolution; taxonomy; motifs
AB Picorna-like viruses are a loosely defined group of positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses that are major pathogens of animals, plants and insects. They include viruses that are of enormous economic and public-health concern and are responsible for animal diseases (such as poliomyelitis(1)), plant diseases (such as sharka(2)) and insect diseases (such as sacbrood(3)). Viruses from the six divergent families (the Picornaviridae, Caliciviridae, Comoviridae, Sequiviridae, Dicistroviridae and Potyviridae) that comprise the picorna-like virus superfamily(4) have the following features in common: a genome with a protein attached to the(5)' end and no overlapping open reading frames, all the RNAs are translated into a polyprotein before processing, and a conserved RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) protein. Analyses of RdRp sequences from these viruses produce phylogenies that are congruent with established picorna-like virus family assignments(5-7); hence, this gene is an excellent molecular marker for examining the diversity of picorna-like viruses in nature. Here we report, on the basis of analysis of RdRp sequences amplified from marine virus communities, that a diverse array of picorna-like viruses exists in the ocean. All of the sequences amplified were divergent from known picorna-like viruses, and fell within four monophyletic groups that probably belong to at least two new families. Moreover, we show that an isolate belonging to one of these groups is a lytic pathogen of Heterosigma akashiwo, a toxic-bloom-forming alga responsible for severe economic losses to the finfish aquaculture industry, suggesting that picorna-like viruses are important pathogens of marine phytoplankton.
C1 Univ British Columbia, Dept Bot, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
   Univ British Columbia, Dept Earth & Ocean Sci, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
   Univ British Columbia, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
C3 University of British Columbia; University of British Columbia; University of British Columbia
RP Suttle, CA (corresponding author), Univ British Columbia, Dept Bot, 1461-6270 Univ Blvd, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
EM csuttle@eos.ubc.ca
NR 30
TC 164
Z9 189
U1 3
U2 49
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 28
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6952
BP 1054
EP 1057
DI 10.1038/nature01886
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 715QR
UT WOS:000184984200043
PM 12944967
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schulz, M
   Moshammer, R
   Fischer, D
   Kollmus, H
   Madison, DH
   Jones, S
   Ullrich, J
AF Schulz, M
   Moshammer, R
   Fischer, D
   Kollmus, H
   Madison, DH
   Jones, S
   Ullrich, J
TI Three-dimensional imaging of atomic four-body processes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electron-impact ionization; distorted waves; cross-sections; e,2e; collisions; helium; state
AB To understand the physical processes that occur in nature we need to obtain a solid concept about the 'fundamental' forces acting between pairs of elementary particles. It is also necessary to describe the temporal and spatial evolution of many mutually interacting particles under the influence of these forces. This latter step, known as the few-body problem, remains an important unsolved problem in physics. Experiments involving atomic collisions represent a useful testing ground for studying the few-body problem. For the single ionization of a helium atom by charged particle impact, kinematically complete experiments have been performed(1-6) since 1969 (ref. 7). The theoretical analysis of such experiments was thought to yield a complete picture of the basic features of the collision process, at least for large collision energies(8-14). These conclusions are, however, almost exclusively based on studies of restricted electron-emission geometries(1-3). Here, we report three-dimensional images of the complete electron emission pattern for the single ionization of helium by the impact of C6+ ions of energy 100 MeV per a.m.u. (a four-body system) and observe features that have not been predicted by any published theoretical model. We propose a higher-order ionization mechanism, involving the interaction between the projectile and the target nucleus, to explain these features.
C1 Max Planck Inst Kernphys, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Univ Missouri, Dept Phys, Rolla, MO 65409 USA.
   Univ Missouri, Lab Atom Mol & Opt Res, Rolla, MO 65409 USA.
C3 Max Planck Society; University of Missouri System; Missouri University of Science & Technology; University of Missouri System; Missouri University of Science & Technology
RP Schulz, M (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Kernphys, Saupfercheckweg 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
NR 17
TC 284
Z9 303
U1 1
U2 31
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 6
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6927
BP 48
EP 50
DI 10.1038/nature01415
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 651VP
UT WOS:000181343100031
PM 12621427
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Renault, L
   Guibert, B
   Cherfils, J
AF Renault, L
   Guibert, B
   Cherfils, J
TI Structural snapshots of the mechanism and inhibition of a guanine nucleotide exchange factor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID adp-ribosylation factor-1; brefeldin-a; sec7 domain; arf; protein; binding; ras; family; gdp; activation
AB Small GTP-binding (G) proteins are activated by GDP/GTP nucleotide exchange stimulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors ( GEFs). Nucleotide dissociation from small G protein - GEF complexes involves transient GDP-bound intermediates whose structures have never been described. In the case of Arf proteins, small G proteins that regulate membrane traffic in eukaryotic cells, such intermediates can be trapped either by the natural inhibitor brefeldin A or by charge reversal at the catalytic glutamate of the Sec7 domain of their GEFs. Here we report the crystal structures of these intermediates that show that membrane recruitment of Arf and nucleotide dissociation are separate reactions stimulated by Sec7. The reactions proceed through sequential rotations of the Arf.GDP core towards the Sec7 catalytic site, and are blocked by interfacial binding of brefeldin A and unproductive stabilization of GDP by charge reversal. The structural characteristics of the reaction and its modes of inhibition reveal unexplored ways in which to inhibit the activation of small G proteins.
C1 CNRS, UPR 9063, Lab Enzymol & Biochim Struct, F-91198 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Saclay
RP Cherfils, J (corresponding author), CNRS, UPR 9063, Lab Enzymol & Biochim Struct, Ave Terrasse, F-91198 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
EM cherfils@lebs.cnrs-gif.fr
NR 45
TC 268
Z9 318
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 4
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6966
BP 525
EP 530
DI 10.1038/nature02197
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 749TE
UT WOS:000186944300030
PM 14654833
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gentner, TQ
   Margoliash, D
AF Gentner, TQ
   Margoliash, D
TI Neuronal populations and single cells representing learned auditory objects
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID individual vocal recognition; white-crowned sparrow; european starlings; prefrontal cortex; song system; discrimination; plasticity; monkeys; sounds; organization
AB The neural representations associated with learned auditory behaviours, such as recognizing individuals based on their vocalizations, are not well described. Higher vertebrates learn to recognize complex conspecific vocalizations that comprise sequences of easily identified, naturally occurring auditory objects(1,2), which should facilitate the analysis of higher auditory pathways. Here we describe the first example of neurons selective for learned conspecific vocalizations in adult animals-in starlings that have been trained operantly to recognize conspecific songs. The neuronal population is found in a non-primary forebrain auditory region, exhibits increased responses to the set of learned songs compared with novel songs, and shows differential responses to categories of learned songs based on recognition training contingencies. Within the population, many cells respond highly selectively to a subset of specific motifs (acoustic objects) present only in the learned songs. Such neuronal selectivity may contribute to song-recognition behaviour, which in starlings is sensitive to motif identity(3,4). In this system, both top-down and bottom-up processes may modify the tuning properties of neurons during recognition learning, giving rise to plastic representations of behaviourally meaningful auditory objects.
C1 Univ Chicago, Dept Organismal Biol & Anat, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
C3 University of Chicago
RP Gentner, TQ (corresponding author), Univ Chicago, Dept Organismal Biol & Anat, 1027 E 57th St, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
FU NIDCD NIH HHS [F32 DC000389] Funding Source: Medline
NR 27
TC 195
Z9 232
U1 1
U2 13
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 7
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6949
BP 669
EP 674
DI 10.1038/nature01731
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 708QE
UT WOS:000184578800044
PM 12904792
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Van Laere, AS
   Nguyen, M
   Braunschweig, M
   Nezer, C
   Collette, C
   Moreau, L
   Archibald, AL
   Haley, CS
   Buys, N
   Tally, M
   Andersson, G
   Georges, M
   Andersson, L
AF Van Laere, AS
   Nguyen, M
   Braunschweig, M
   Nezer, C
   Collette, C
   Moreau, L
   Archibald, AL
   Haley, CS
   Buys, N
   Tally, M
   Andersson, G
   Georges, M
   Andersson, L
TI A regulatory mutation in IGF2 causes a major QTL effect on muscle growth in the pig
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quantitative trait loci; increased ovulation rate; genetic dissection; identification; deletion; mass; phenotype; skeletal; element; cattle
AB Most traits and disorders have a multifactorial background indicating that they are controlled by environmental factors as well as an unknown number of quantitative trait loci (QTLs)(1,2). The identification of mutations underlying QTLs is a challenge because each locus explains only a fraction of the phenotypic variation(3,4). A paternally expressed QTL affecting muscle growth, fat deposition and size of the heart in pigs maps to the IGF2 (insulin-like growth factor 2) region(5,6). Here we show that this QTL is caused by a nucleotide substitution in intron 3 of IGF2. The mutation occurs in an evolutionarily conserved CpG island that is hypomethylated in skeletal muscle. The mutation abrogates in vitro interaction with a nuclear factor, probably a repressor, and pigs inheriting the mutation from their sire have a threefold increase in IGF2 messenger RNA expression in postnatal muscle. Our study establishes a causal relationship between a single-base-pair substitution in a non-coding region and a QTL effect. The result supports the long-held view that regulatory mutations are important for controlling phenotypic variation(7).
C1 Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Anim Breeding & Genet, BMC, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden.
   Uppsala Univ, Dept Med Biochem & Microbiol, BMC, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden.
   Univ Liege, Fac Vet Med, Dept Genet, B-4000 Liege, Belgium.
   Roslin Inst, Roslin EH25 9PS, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Gentec, B-9255 Buggenhout, Belgium.
   Tally Consulting, SE-11458 Stockholm, Sweden.
C3 Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Uppsala University; University of Liege; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); Roslin Institute
RP Georges, M (corresponding author), Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Anim Breeding & Genet, BMC, Box 597, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden.
NR 29
TC 740
Z9 854
U1 0
U2 119
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 23
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6960
BP 832
EP 836
DI 10.1038/nature02064
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 735ME
UT WOS:000186118500044
PM 14574411
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bland, PA
   Artemieva, NA
AF Bland, PA
   Artemieva, NA
TI Efficient disruption of small asteroids by Earth's atmosphere
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID impacts; objects; motion; flux
AB Accurate modelling of the interaction between the atmosphere and an incoming bolide is a complex task, but crucial to determining the fraction of small asteroids that actually hit the Earth's surface. Most semi-analytical approaches have simplified the problem by considering the impactor as a strengthless liquid-like object ('pancake' models(1,2)), but recently a more realistic model has been developed that calculates motion, aerodynamic loading and ablation for each separate particle or fragment in a disrupted impactor(3,4). Here we report the results of a large number of simulations in which we use both models to develop a statistical picture of atmosphere-bolide interaction for iron and stony objects with initial diameters up to similar to1 km. We show that the separated-fragments model predicts the total atmospheric disruption of much larger stony bodies than previously thought. In addition, our data set of >1,000 simulated impacts, combined with the known pre-atmospheric flux of asteroids with diameters less than 1 km(5-12), elucidates the flux of small bolides at the Earth's surface. We estimate that bodies >220 m in diameter will impact every 170,000 years.
C1 Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Earth Sci & Engn, London SW7 2AZ, England.
   Russian Acad Sci, Inst Dynam Geospheres, Moscow 117939, Russia.
C3 Imperial College London; Russian Academy of Sciences; Sadovsky Institute of Geosphere Dynamics of the Russian Academy of Sciences
RP Bland, PA (corresponding author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Earth Sci & Engn, Exhibit Rd,S Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, England.
EM p.a.bland@imperial.ac.uk
NR 27
TC 92
Z9 99
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 17
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6946
BP 288
EP 291
DI 10.1038/nature01757
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 701RZ
UT WOS:000184183900034
PM 12867974
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sijen, T
   Plasterk, RHA
AF Sijen, T
   Plasterk, RHA
TI Transposon silencing in the Caenorhabditis elegans germ line by natural RNAi
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID double-stranded-rna; c-elegans; gene; interference; helicase; homolog; rde-1
AB Transposable elements are stretches of DNA that can move and multiply within the genome of an organism. The Caenorhabditis elegans genome contains multiple Tc1 transposons that jump in somatic cells, but are silenced in the germ line(1-3). Many mutants that have lost this silencing have also lost the ability to execute RNA interference (RNAi)(2,3), a process whereby genes are suppressed by exposure to homologous double-stranded RNA ( dsRNA). Here we show how RNAi causes transposon silencing in the nematode germ line. We find evidence for transposon-derived dsRNAs, in particular to the terminal inverted repeats, and show that these RNAs may derive from read-through transcription of entire transposable elements. Small interfering RNAs of Tc1 were detected. When a germline-expressed reporter gene is fused to a stretch of Tc1 sequence, this transgene is silenced in a manner dependent on functional mutator genes (mut-7, mut-16 and pk732). These results indicate that RNAi surveillance is triggered by fortuitous read-through transcription of dispersed Tc1 copies, which can form dsRNA as a result of 'snap-back' of the terminal inverted repeats. RNAi mediated by this dsRNA silences transposase gene expression.
C1 Netherlands Inst Dev Biol, Hubrecht Lab, NL-3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands.
C3 Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts & Sciences; Hubrecht Institute (KNAW)
RP Plasterk, RHA (corresponding author), Netherlands Inst Dev Biol, Hubrecht Lab, Uppsalalaan 8, NL-3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands.
EM plasterk@niob.knaw.nl
NR 30
TC 350
Z9 452
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 20
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6964
BP 310
EP 314
DI 10.1038/nature02107
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 744YQ
UT WOS:000186660800049
PM 14628056
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Irifune, T
   Kurio, A
   Sakamoto, S
   Inoue, T
   Sumiya, H
AF Irifune, T
   Kurio, A
   Sakamoto, S
   Inoue, T
   Sumiya, H
TI Materials - Ultrahard polycrystalline diamond from graphite
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mechanical-property
C1 Ehime Univ, Geodynam Res Ctr, Matsuyama, Ehime 7908577, Japan.
   Sumitomo Elect Ind Ltd, Itami Res Labs, Itami, Hyogo 6640016, Japan.
C3 Ehime University; Sumitomo Electric Industries
RP Irifune, T (corresponding author), Ehime Univ, Geodynam Res Ctr, Matsuyama, Ehime 7908577, Japan.
EM irifune@dpc.ehime-u.ac.jp
NR 13
TC 681
Z9 766
U1 19
U2 300
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 6
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6923
BP 599
EP 600
DI 10.1038/421599b
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 642KH
UT WOS:000180803200032
PM 12571587
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Selker, EU
   Tountas, NA
   Cross, SH
   Margolin, BS
   Murphy, JG
   Bird, AP
   Freitag, M
AF Selker, EU
   Tountas, NA
   Cross, SH
   Margolin, BS
   Murphy, JG
   Bird, AP
   Freitag, M
TI The methylated component of the Neurospora crassa genome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID induced point mutation; dna methylation; cytosine methylation; gene; transposons; element; retrotransposon; protein; islands; region
AB Cytosine methylation is common, but not ubiquitous, in eukaryotes. Mammals(1) and the fungus Neurospora crassa(2,3) have about 2-3% of cytosines methylated. In mammals, methylation is almost exclusively in the under-represented CpG dinucleotides, and most CpGs are methylated(1) whereas in Neurospora, methylation is not preferentially in CpG dinucleotides and the bulk of the genome is unmethylated(4). DNA methylation is essential in mammals(5) but is dispensable in Neurospora(3,6), making this simple eukaryote a favoured organism in which to study methylation. Recent studies indicate that DNA methylation in Neurospora depends on one DNA methyltransferase, DIM-2 (ref. 6), directed by a histone H3 methyltransferase, DIM-5 (ref. 7), but little is known about its cellular and evolutionary functions. As only four methylated sequences have been reported previously in N. crassa, we used methyl-binding-domain agarose chromatography(8) to isolate the methylated component of the genome. DNA sequence analysis shows that the methylated component of the genome consists almost exclusively of relics of transposons that were subject to repeat-induced point mutation-a genome defence system that mutates duplicated sequences(9).
C1 Univ Oregon, Dept Biol, Eugene, OR 97403 USA.
   Univ Oregon, Inst Mol Biol, Eugene, OR 97403 USA.
   Univ Edinburgh, Inst Cell & Mol Biol, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, Midlothian, Scotland.
C3 University of Oregon; University of Oregon; University of Edinburgh
RP Selker, EU (corresponding author), Univ Oregon, Dept Biol, Eugene, OR 97403 USA.
NR 30
TC 182
Z9 216
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 24
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6934
BP 893
EP 897
DI 10.1038/nature01564
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 670WR
UT WOS:000182432600055
PM 12712205
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Baumgart, T
   Hess, ST
   Webb, WW
AF Baumgart, T
   Hess, ST
   Webb, WW
TI Imaging coexisting fluid domains in biomembrane models coupling curvature and line tension
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID giant phospholipid-vesicles; intramembrane domains; membranes; shape; fission; transitions; monolayers; dynamics
AB Lipid bilayer membranes - ubiquitous in biological systems and closely associated with cell function - exhibit rich shape-transition behaviour, including bud formation(1) and vesicle fission(2). Membranes formed from multiple lipid components can laterally separate into coexisting liquid phases, or domains, with distinct compositions. This process, which may resemble raft formation in cell membranes, has been directly observed in giant unilamellar vesicles(3,4). Detailed theoretical frameworks(5-11) link the elasticity of domains and their boundary properties to the shape adopted by membranes and the formation of particular domain patterns, but it has been difficult to experimentally probe and validate these theories. Here we show that high-resolution fluorescence imaging using two dyes preferentially labelling different fluid phases directly provides a correlation between domain composition and local membrane curvature. Using freely suspended membranes of giant unilamellar vesicles, we are able to optically resolve curvature and line tension interactions of circular, stripe and ring domains. We observe long-range domain ordering in the form of locally parallel stripes and hexagonal arrays of circular domains, curvature-dependent domain sorting, and membrane fission into separate vesicles at domain boundaries. By analysing our observations using available membrane theory, we are able to provide experimental estimates of boundary tension between fluid bilayer domains.
C1 Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   NICHHD, Lab Cellular & Mol Biophys, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 Cornell University; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD)
RP Webb, WW (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
NR 29
TC 1377
Z9 1584
U1 8
U2 365
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 23
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6960
BP 821
EP 824
DI 10.1038/nature02013
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 735ME
UT WOS:000186118500041
PM 14574408
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU DeConto, RM
   Pollard, D
AF DeConto, RM
   Pollard, D
TI Rapid Cenozoic glaciation of Antarctica induced by declining atmospheric CO2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ice-sheet; sedimentological evidence; stable-isotope; climate; ocean; transition; evolution; margin
AB The sudden, widespread glaciation of Antarctica and the associated shift towards colder temperatures at the Eocene/Oligocene boundary (similar to34 million years ago) (refs 1-4) is one of the most fundamental reorganizations of global climate known in the geologic record. The glaciation of Antarctica has hitherto been thought to result from the tectonic opening of Southern Ocean gateways, which enabled the formation of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and the subsequent thermal isolation of the Antarctic continent(5). Here we simulate the glacial inception and early growth of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet using a general circulation model with coupled components for atmosphere, ocean, ice sheet and sediment, and which incorporates palaeogeography, greenhouse gas, changing orbital parameters, and varying ocean heat transport. In our model, declining Cenozoic CO2 first leads to the formation of small, highly dynamic ice caps on high Antarctic plateaux. At a later time, a CO2 threshold is crossed, initiating ice-sheet height/mass-balance feedbacks that cause the ice caps to expand rapidly with large orbital variations, eventually coalescing into a continental-scale East Antarctic Ice Sheet. According to our simulation the opening of Southern Ocean gateways plays a secondary role in this transition, relative to CO2 concentration.
C1 Penn State Univ, EMS Environm Inst, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Univ Massachusetts, Dept Geosci, Amherst, MA 01003 USA.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Amherst
RP DeConto, RM (corresponding author), Penn State Univ, EMS Environm Inst, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
EM deconto@geo.umass.edu
NR 30
TC 813
Z9 950
U1 7
U2 354
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 16
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6920
BP 245
EP 249
DI 10.1038/nature01290
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 635KG
UT WOS:000180397600041
PM 12529638
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Quigg, A
   Finkel, ZV
   Irwin, AJ
   Rosenthal, Y
   Ho, TY
   Reinfelder, JR
   Schofield, O
   Morel, FMM
   Falkowski, PG
AF Quigg, A
   Finkel, ZV
   Irwin, AJ
   Rosenthal, Y
   Ho, TY
   Reinfelder, JR
   Schofield, O
   Morel, FMM
   Falkowski, PG
TI The evolutionary inheritance of elemental stoichiometry in marine phytoplankton
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cadmium; zinc
AB Phytoplankton is a nineteenth century ecological construct for a biologically diverse group of pelagic photoautotrophs that share common metabolic functions but not evolutionary histories(1). In contrast to terrestrial plants, a major schism occurred in the evolution of the eukaryotic phytoplankton that gave rise to two major plastid superfamilies(2-4). The green superfamily appropriated chlorophyll b, whereas the red superfamily uses chlorophyll c as an accessory photosynthetic pigment(5). Fossil evidence suggests that the green superfamily dominated Palaeozoic oceans. However, after the end-Permian extinction, members of the red superfamily rose to ecological prominence. The processes responsible for this shift are obscure. Here we present an analysis of major nutrients and trace elements in 15 species of marine phytoplankton from the two superfamilies. Our results indicate that there are systematic phylogenetic differences in the two plastid types where macronutrient (carbon:nitrogen:phosphorus) stoichiometries primarily reflect ancestral pre-symbiotic host cell phenotypes, but trace element composition reflects differences in the acquired plastids. The compositional differences between the two plastid superfamilies suggest that changes in ocean redox state strongly influenced the evolution and selection of eukaryotic phytoplankton since the Proterozoic era.
C1 Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, Environm Biophys & Mol Ecol Program, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA.
   Rutgers State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA.
   Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA.
   Rutgers State Univ, Coastal Ocean Observat Lab, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
C3 Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Princeton University
RP Quigg, A (corresponding author), Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, Environm Biophys & Mol Ecol Program, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA.
EM aquigg@imcs.rutgers.edu; falko@imcs.rutgers.edu
NR 27
TC 428
Z9 489
U1 1
U2 225
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 18
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6955
BP 291
EP 294
DI 10.1038/nature01953
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 722JA
UT WOS:000185370900044
PM 13679916
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wei, XP
   Decker, JM
   Wang, SY
   Hui, HX
   Kappes, JC
   Wu, XY
   Salazar-Gonzalez, JF
   Salazar, MG
   Kilby, JM
   Saag, MS
   Komarova, NL
   Nowak, MA
   Hahn, BH
   Kwong, PD
   Shaw, GM
AF Wei, XP
   Decker, JM
   Wang, SY
   Hui, HX
   Kappes, JC
   Wu, XY
   Salazar-Gonzalez, JF
   Salazar, MG
   Kilby, JM
   Saag, MS
   Komarova, NL
   Nowak, MA
   Hahn, BH
   Kwong, PD
   Shaw, GM
TI Antibody neutralization and escape by HIV-1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human-immunodeficiency-virus; gp120 envelope glycoprotein; primary infection; type-1; variants; glycosylation; individuals; emergence; responses; residues
AB Neutralizing antibodies (Nab) are a principal component of an effective human immune response to many pathogens, yet their role in HIV-1 infection is unclear(1-6). To gain a better understanding of this role, we examined plasma from patients with acute HIV infection. Here we report the detection of autologous Nab as early as 52 days after detection of HIV-specific antibodies. The viral inhibitory activity of Nab resulted in complete replacement of neutralization-sensitive virus by successive populations of resistant virus. Escape virus contained mutations in the env gene that were unexpectedly sparse, did not map generally to known neutralization epitopes, and involved primarily changes in N-linked glycosylation. This pattern of escape, and the exceptional density of HIV-1 envelope glycosylation generally(7,8) led us to postulate an evolving 'glycan shield' mechanism of neutralization escape whereby selected changes in glycan packing prevent Nab binding but not receptor binding. Direct support for this model was obtained by mutational substitution showing that Nab-selected alterations in glycosylation conferred escape from both autologous antibody and epitope-specific monoclonal antibodies. The evolving glycan shield thus represents a new mechanism contributing to HIV-1 persistence in the face of an evolving antibody repertoire.
C1 Univ Alabama, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA.
   Univ Alabama, Dept Med, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA.
   Univ Alabama, Dept Microbiol, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA.
   Inst Adv Study, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
   NIH, Vaccine Res Ctr, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Birmingham; University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Birmingham; University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Birmingham; Institute for Advanced Study - USA; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA
RP Shaw, GM (corresponding author), Univ Alabama, Howard Hughes Med Inst, 720 S 20th St,KAUL 816, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA.
FU National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [ZIAAI005023] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 30
TC 2015
Z9 2547
U1 2
U2 196
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 20
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6929
BP 307
EP 312
DI 10.1038/nature01470
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 656XX
UT WOS:000181637300039
PM 12646921
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bowler, JM
   Johnston, H
   Olley, JM
   Prescott, JR
   Roberts, RG
   Shawcross, W
   Spooner, NA
AF Bowler, JM
   Johnston, H
   Olley, JM
   Prescott, JR
   Roberts, RG
   Shawcross, W
   Spooner, NA
TI New ages for human occupation and climatic change at Lake Mungo, Australia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID oldest human remains; extinction; megafauna; skeleton; dates; site
AB Australia's oldest human remains, found at Lake Mungo, include the world's oldest ritual ochre burial (Mungo III)(1) and the first recorded cremation (Mungo I)(2). Until now, the importance of these finds has been constrained by limited chronologies and palaeoenvironmental information(3). Mungo III, the source of the world's oldest human mitochondrial DNA(4), has been variously estimated at 30 thousand years (kyr) old(1), 42-45 kyr old(5,6) and 62 +/- 6 kyr old(7,8), while radiocarbon estimates placed the Mungo I cremation near 20-26 kyr ago(2,9,10). Here we report a new series of 25 optical ages showing that both burials occurred at 40 +/- 2 kyr ago and that humans were present at Lake Mungo by 50-46 kyr ago, synchronously with, or soon after, initial occupation of northern(11,12) and western Australia(13). Stratigraphic evidence indicates fluctuations between lake-full and drier conditions from 50 to 40 kyr ago, simultaneously with increased dust deposition, human arrival and continent-wide extinction of the megafauna(14),(15). This was followed by sustained aridity between 40 and 30 kyr ago. This new chronology corrects previous estimates for human burials at this important site and provides a new picture of Homo sapiens adapting to deteriorating climate in the world's driest inhabited continent.
C1 Univ Melbourne, Sch Earth Sci, Melbourne, Vic 3010, Australia.
   NSW Natl Parks & Wildlife Serv, Buronga, NSW 2739, Australia.
   CSIRO Land & Water, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
   Univ Adelaide, Dept Phys & Math Phys, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
   Univ Wollongong, Sch Geosci, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
   Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Earth Sci, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
C3 University of Melbourne; Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO); CSIRO Land & Water; Adelaide University; University of Adelaide; University of Wollongong; Australian National University
RP Bowler, JM (corresponding author), Univ Melbourne, Sch Earth Sci, Melbourne, Vic 3010, Australia.
EM j.bowler@earthsci.unimelb.edu.au
NR 29
TC 512
Z9 568
U1 1
U2 94
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 20
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6925
BP 837
EP 840
DI 10.1038/nature01383
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 646QA
UT WOS:000181044700046
PM 12594511
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nakazaki, T
   Okumoto, Y
   Horibata, A
   Yamahira, S
   Teraishi, M
   Nishida, H
   Inoue, H
   Tanisaka, T
AF Nakazaki, T
   Okumoto, Y
   Horibata, A
   Yamahira, S
   Teraishi, M
   Nishida, H
   Inoue, H
   Tanisaka, T
TI Mobilization of a transposon in the rice genome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inverted-repeat elements; oryza-sativa l.; retrotransposons; identification; protein; genes
AB Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important crop worldwide and, with the availability of the draft sequence(1,2), a useful model for analysing the genome structure of grasses(3),(4). To practice efficient rice breeding through genetic engineering techniques, it is important to identify the economically important genes in this crop. The use of mobile transposons as gene tags in intact plants is a powerful tool for functional analysis because transposon insertions often inactivate genes(5). Here we identify an active rice transposon named miniature Ping (mPing) through analysis of the mutability of a slender mutation of the glume(6)-the seed structure that encloses and determines the shape of the grain. The mPing transposon is inserted in the slender glume (slg) mutant allele but not in the wild-type allele. Search of the O. sativa variety Nipponbare genome identified 34 sequences with high nucleotide similarity to mPing, indicating that mPing constitutes a family of transposon elements. Excision of mPing from slg plants results in reversion to a wild-type phenotype. The mobility of the transposon mPing in intact rice plants represents a useful alternative tool for the functional analysis of rice genes.
C1 Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Agr, Div Agron & Hort Sci, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068502, Japan.
   Kinki Univ, Fac Biol Oriented Sci & Technol, Wakayama 6496433, Japan.
C3 Kyoto University; Kindai University (Kinki University)
RP Tanisaka, T (corresponding author), Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Agr, Div Agron & Hort Sci, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068502, Japan.
NR 21
TC 192
Z9 228
U1 1
U2 33
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 9
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6919
BP 170
EP 172
DI 10.1038/nature01219
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 633DR
UT WOS:000180267200042
PM 12520304
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mikkola, HKA
   Klintman, J
   Yang, HD
   Hock, H
   Schlaeger, TM
   Fujiwara, Y
   Orkin, SH
AF Mikkola, HKA
   Klintman, J
   Yang, HD
   Hock, H
   Schlaeger, TM
   Fujiwara, Y
   Orkin, SH
TI Haematopoietic stem cells retain long-term repopulating activity and multipotency in the absence of stem-cell leukaemia SCL/tal-1 gene
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transcription factor scl; hematopoietic lineages; mice; progenitor; erythropoiesis; mesoderm; proteins; binding
AB The production of blood cells is sustained throughout the lifetime of an individual by haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)(1). Specification of HSCs from mesoderm during embryonic development requires the stem cell leukaemia SCL/tal-1 gene product(2-6). Forced expression of SCL/tal-1 strongly induces blood formation in embryos, indicating that this gene has a dominant role in commitment to haematopoiesis(7,8). In the adult haematopoietic system, expression of SCL/tal-1 is enriched in HSCs and multipotent progenitors, and in erythroid and megakaryocytic lineages(9-11), consistent with roles for this factor in adult haematopoiesis. Here we assess by conditional gene targeting whether SCL/tal-1 is required continuously for the identity and function of HSCs. We find that SCL/tal-1 is dispensable for HSC engraftment, self-renewal and differentiation into myeloid and lymphoid lineages; however, the proper differentiation of erythroid and megakaryocytic precursors is dependent on SCL/tal-1. Thus, SCL/tal-1 is essential for the genesis of HSCs, but its continued expression is not essential for HSC functions. These findings contrast with lineage choice mechanisms, in which the identity of haematopoietic lineages requires continuous transcription factor expression(12,13).
C1 Harvard Univ, Childrens Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Pediat Oncol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dana Farber Canc Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Orkin, SH (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Childrens Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Pediat Oncol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
NR 24
TC 302
Z9 376
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 30
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6922
BP 547
EP 551
DI 10.1038/nature01345
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 640DB
UT WOS:000180670600049
PM 12540851
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Barkal, R
   Gopher, A
   Lauritzen, SE
   Frumkin, A
AF Barkal, R
   Gopher, A
   Lauritzen, SE
   Frumkin, A
TI Uranium series dates from Qesem Cave, Israel, and the end of the Lower Palaeolithic
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID archaeological sites; carmel; record
AB Israel is part of a geographical 'out of Africa' corridor for human dispersals. An important event in these dispersals was the possible arrival of anatomically modern humans in the Levant during the late Middle Pleistocene(1-3). In the Levant the Lower Palaeolithic ends with the Acheulo-Yabrudian complex, characterized by technological developments(4,5), including the introduction of technological innovations such as the systematic production of blades and the disappearance of hand-axes. These reflect new human perceptions and capabilities in lithic technology and tool function(6). Qesem Cave, discovered in 2000, has a rich, well-preserved Acheulo-Yabrudian deposit holding great promise for providing new insights into the period. Here we report the dates of this deposit obtained by uranium isotopic series on associated speleothems and their implications. The results shed light on the temporal range of the Acheulo-Yabrudian and the end of the Lower Palaeolithic, suggesting a long cultural phase between the Lower Palaeolithic Acheulian and the Middle Palaeolithic Mousterian phases, starting before 382 kyr ago and ending at about 200 kyr ago.
C1 Tel Aviv Univ, Dept Archaeol, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.
   Univ Bergen, Dept Geosci, N-5007 Bergen, Norway.
   Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Dept Geog, IL-91905 Jerusalem, Israel.
C3 Tel Aviv University; University of Bergen; Hebrew University of Jerusalem
RP Barkal, R (corresponding author), Tel Aviv Univ, Dept Archaeol, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.
EM barkaran@post.tau.ac.il
NR 29
TC 119
Z9 122
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 26
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6943
BP 977
EP 979
DI 10.1038/nature01718
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 694BL
UT WOS:000183753900047
PM 12827199
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kemp, M
AF Kemp, M
TI The Mona Lisa of modern science
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB No molecule in the history of science has reached the iconic status of the double helix of DNA. Its image has been imprinted on all aspects of society, from science, art, music, cinema, architecture and advertising. This review of the Mona Lisa of science examines the evolution of its form at the hands of both science and art.
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Hist Art, Oxford OX1 1PT, England.
   Wallace Kemp, Artakt, London W9 3QJ, England.
C3 University of Oxford
RP Kemp, M (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Hist Art, Littlegate House, Oxford OX1 1PT, England.
EM martin.kemp@trinity.ox.ac.uk
NR 6
TC 21
Z9 31
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6921
BP 416
EP 420
DI 10.1038/nature01403
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 637UW
UT WOS:000180533000054
PM 12540913
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lee, H
   Zones, SI
   Davis, ME
AF Lee, H
   Zones, SI
   Davis, ME
TI A combustion-free methodology for synthesizing zeolites and zeolite-like materials
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mesoporous molecular-sieves; high-silica zeolite; constraint index; catalysis; acid
AB Zeolites are mainly used for the adsorption and separation of ions and small molecules, and as heterogeneous catalysts. More recently, these materials are receiving attention in other applications, such as medical diagnosis and as components in electronic devices(1). Modern synthetic methodologies for preparing zeolites and zeolite-like materials typically involve the use of organic molecules that direct the assembly pathway and ultimately fill the pore space(2-6). Removal of these enclathrated species normally requires high temperature combustion that destroys this high cost component, and the associated energy release in combination with the formed water can be extremely detrimental to the inorganic structure(7). Here we report a synthetic methodology that avoids these difficulties by creating organic structure-directing agents (SDAs) that can be disassembled within the zeolite pore space to allow removal of their fragments for possible use again by reassembly. The methodology is shown for the synthesis of zeolite ZSM-5 using a SDA that contains a cyclic ketal group that is removed from the SDA while it is inside the zeolite without destruction of the inorganic framework. This approach should be applicable to the synthesis of a wide variety of inorganic and organometallic structures.
C1 CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Chevron Texaco Energy & Res Ctr, Richmond, CA 94802 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology; Chevron
RP Davis, ME (corresponding author), CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
NR 17
TC 165
Z9 181
U1 1
U2 206
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 25
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6956
BP 385
EP 388
DI 10.1038/nature01980
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 724TG
UT WOS:000185502300037
PM 14508485
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Melton, L
AF Melton, L
TI On the trail of SNPs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Novartis Fdn, London, England.
C3 Novartis; Novartis United Kingdom
RP Melton, L (corresponding author), Novartis Fdn, London, England.
NR 0
TC 24
Z9 26
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 24
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6934
BP 917
EP 923
DI 10.1038/422917a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 670WR
UT WOS:000182432600060
PM 12712209
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Thordarson, P
   Bijsterveld, EJA
   Rowan, AE
   Nolte, RJM
AF Thordarson, P
   Bijsterveld, EJA
   Rowan, AE
   Nolte, RJM
TI Epoxidation of polybutadiene by a topologically linked catalyst
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna; rotaxane; metalloporphyrins; oxidation; motion
AB Nature has evolved complex enzyme architectures that facilitate the synthesis and manipulation of the biopolymers DNA and RNA, including enzymes capable of attaching to the biopolymer substrate and performing several rounds of catalysis before dissociating(1-5). Many of these 'processive' enzymes have a toroidal shape and completely enclose the biopolymer while moving along its chain, as exemplified by the DNA enzymes T4 DNA polymerase holoenzyme(6) and lambda-exonucleoase(7). The overall architecture of these systems resembles that of rotaxanes, in which a long molecule or polymer is threaded through a macrocycle. Here we describe a rotaxane that mimics the ability of processive enzymes to catalyse multiple rounds of reaction while the polymer substrate stays bound. The catalyst consists of a substrate binding cavity incorporating a manganese( III) porphyrin complex that oxidizes alkenes within the toroid cavity, provided a ligand has been attached to the outer face of the toroid to both activate the porphyrin complex and shield it from being able to oxidize alkenes outside the cavity. We find that when threaded onto a polybutadiene polymer strand, this catalyst epoxidizes the double bonds of the polymer, thereby acting as a simple analogue of the enzyme systems.
C1 Univ Nijmegen, Dept Organ Chem, NSRIM, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands.
C3 Radboud University Nijmegen
RP Rowan, AE (corresponding author), Univ Nijmegen, Dept Organ Chem, NSRIM, Toernooiveld 1, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands.
EM rowan@sci.kun.nl
NR 28
TC 362
Z9 384
U1 2
U2 138
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 21
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6951
BP 915
EP 918
DI 10.1038/nature01925
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 713EH
UT WOS:000184843600034
PM 12931181
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Staller, P
   Sulitkova, J
   Liszlwan, J
   Moch, H
   Oakeley, EJ
   Krek, W
AF Staller, P
   Sulitkova, J
   Liszlwan, J
   Moch, H
   Oakeley, EJ
   Krek, W
TI Chemokine receptor CXCR4 downregulated by von Hippel-Lindau tumour suppressor pVHL
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inducible factor-i; renal-cell carcinoma; hypoxia; cancer; genes; metastasis; protein; growth; phosphorylation; factor-1-alpha
AB Organ-specific metastasis is governed, in part, by interactions between chemokine receptors on cancer cells and matching chemokines in target organs. For example, malignant breast cancer cells express the chemokine receptor CXCR4 and commonly metastasize to organs that are an abundant source of the CXCR4-specific ligand stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha (ref. 1). It is still uncertain how an evolving tumour cell is reprogrammed to express CXCR4, thus implementing the tendency to metastasize to specific organs. Here we show that the von Hippel-Lindau tumour suppressor protein pVHL negatively regulates CXCR4 expression owing to its capacity to target hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) for degradation under normoxic conditions. This process is suppressed under hypoxic conditions, resulting in HIF-dependent CXCR4 activation. An analysis of clear cell renal carcinoma that manifests mutation of the VHL gene in most cases revealed an association of strong CXCR4 expression with poor tumour-specific survival. These results suggest a mechanism for CXCR4 activation during tumour cell evolution and imply that VHL inactivation acquired by incipient tumour cells early in tumorigenesis confers not only a selective survival advantage but also the tendency to home to selected organs.
C1 Friedrich Miescher Inst Biomed Res, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland.
   Univ Basel, Inst Pathol, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland.
C3 Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research; University of Basel
RP Krek, W (corresponding author), ETH Honggerberg, Inst Cell Biol, HPM F 42, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
NR 30
TC 741
Z9 860
U1 0
U2 44
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 18
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6955
BP 307
EP 311
DI 10.1038/nature01874
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 722JA
UT WOS:000185370900048
PM 13679920
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Murakami, Y
   Yoo, JH
   Shindo, D
   Atou, T
   Kikuchi, M
AF Murakami, Y
   Yoo, JH
   Shindo, D
   Atou, T
   Kikuchi, M
TI Magnetization distribution in the mixed-phase state of hole-doped manganites
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID antiferromagnetic metallic state; ferromagnetic phase; magnetoresistance; resistivity; transition
AB The effect of 'colossal magnetoresistance' (CMR) in hole-doped manganites - an abnormal decrease of resistivity when a magnetic field is applied(1) - has attracted significant interest from researchers in the past decade. But the underlying mechanism for the CMR phenomenon is not yet fully understood. It has become clear that a phase-separated state(2-6), where magnetic and nonmagnetic phases coexist, is important, but the detailed magnetic microstructure of this mixed-phase state is so far unclear. Here we use electron microscopy to study the magnetic microstructure and development of ferromagnetic domains in the mixed-phase state of La1-xSrxMnO3 (x = 0.54, 0.56). Our measurements show that, in the absence of a magnetic field, the magnetic flux is closed within ferromagnetic regions, indicating a negligible magnetic interaction between separated ferromagnetic domains. However, we also find that the domains start to combine with only very small changes in temperature. We propose that the delicate nature of the magnetic microstructure in the mixed-phase state of hole-doped manganites is responsible for the CMR effect, in which significant conduction paths form between the ferromagnetic domains upon application of a magnetic field.
C1 Tohoku Univ, Inst Multidisciplinary Res Adv Mat, Sendai, Miyagi 9808577, Japan.
   Tohoku Univ, Inst Mat Res, Sendai, Miyagi 9808577, Japan.
   Tohoku Fukushi Univ, Kansei Fukushi Res Ctr, Sendai, Miyagi 9818522, Japan.
C3 Tohoku University; Tohoku University
RP Murakami, Y (corresponding author), Tohoku Univ, Inst Multidisciplinary Res Adv Mat, Sendai, Miyagi 9808577, Japan.
EM murakami@tagen.tohoku.ac.jp
NR 19
TC 92
Z9 97
U1 0
U2 33
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 26
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6943
BP 965
EP 968
DI 10.1038/nature01715
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 694BL
UT WOS:000183753900043
PM 12827195
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fischle, W
   Wang, YM
   Allis, CD
AF Fischle, W
   Wang, YM
   Allis, CD
TI Binary switches and modification cassettes in histone biology and beyond
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID position-effect variegation; mammalian-cells; lysine methylation; molecular-basis; h3; hp1; chromatin; phosphorylation; core; identification
AB An immense number of post-translational modifications on histone proteins have been described and additional sites of modification are still being uncovered. Whereas many direct and indirect connections between certain histone modifications and distinct biological phenomena have now been established, concepts for comprehending the extreme density and variety of these covalent modifications are lacking. Here, we formally introduce localized 'binary switches' and 'modification cassettes' as new concepts in histone biology, elucidating mechanisms that might govern the biological readout of distinct modification patterns. Specifically, our hypotheses provide missing models for the dynamic readout of stable histone modifications and offer explanations for several long-standing questions embedded in the literature. Our ideas might also apply to non-histone proteins and are open to direct experimental examination.
C1 Rockefeller Univ, Lab Chromat Biol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Rockefeller University
RP Allis, CD (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, Lab Chromat Biol, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
NR 38
TC 543
Z9 637
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 2
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6957
BP 475
EP 479
DI 10.1038/nature02017
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 727FN
UT WOS:000185648100035
PM 14523437
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gong, SC
   Zheng, C
   Doughty, ML
   Losos, K
   Didkovsky, N
   Schambra, UB
   Nowak, NJ
   Joyner, A
   Leblanc, G
   Hatten, ME
   Heintz, N
AF Gong, SC
   Zheng, C
   Doughty, ML
   Losos, K
   Didkovsky, N
   Schambra, UB
   Nowak, NJ
   Joyner, A
   Leblanc, G
   Hatten, ME
   Heintz, N
TI A gene expression atlas of the central nervous system based on bacterial artificial chromosomes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; transgenic mice; goosecoid-like; neurons; receptors; cell; semaphorins; striatum; neuroscience; migration
AB The mammalian central nervous system (CNS) contains a remarkable array of neural cells, each with a complex pattern of connections that together generate perceptions and higher brain functions. Here we describe a large-scale screen to create an atlas of CNS gene expression at the cellular level, and to provide a library of verified bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) vectors and transgenic mouse lines that offer experimental access to CNS regions, cell classes and pathways. We illustrate the use of this atlas to derive novel insights into gene function in neural cells, and into principal steps of CNS development. The atlas, library of BAC vectors and BAC transgenic mice generated in this screen provide a rich resource that allows a broad array of investigations not previously available to the neuroscience community.
C1 Rockefeller Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Mol Biol Lab, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Rockefeller Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, GENSAT Project, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Rockefeller Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dev Neurobiol Lab, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   E Tennessee State Univ, Dept Anat & Cell Biol, Johnson City, TN 37614 USA.
   Roswell Pk Canc Inst, Buffalo, NY 14263 USA.
   NYU, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Skirball Inst Biomol Med,Dev Genet Program, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   Howard Hughes Med Inst, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   Natl Inst Neurol Disorders & Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 Rockefeller University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Rockefeller University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Rockefeller University; East Tennessee State University; Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center; New York University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
RP Heintz, N (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Mol Biol Lab, 1230 York Ave,Box 260, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM gensat@rockefeller.edu
NR 46
TC 1718
Z9 2077
U1 0
U2 77
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 30
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6961
BP 917
EP 925
DI 10.1038/nature02033
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 737KY
UT WOS:000186230600032
PM 14586460
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Olby, R
AF Olby, R
TI Quiet debut for the double helix
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID deoxyribonucleic-acid; escherichia-coli; dna
AB Past discoveries usually become aggrandized in retrospect, especially at jubilee celebrations, and the double helix is no exception. The historical record reveals a muted response by the scientific community to the proposal of this structure in 1953. Indeed, it was only when the outlines appeared of a mechanism for DNA's involvement in protein synthesis that the biochemical community began to take a serious interest in the structure.
C1 Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Hist & Philosophy Sci, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); University of Pittsburgh
RP Olby, R (corresponding author), Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Hist & Philosophy Sci, 1017 Cathedral Learning, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA.
EM olbyr+@pitt.edu
NR 26
TC 36
Z9 50
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6921
BP 402
EP 405
DI 10.1038/nature01397
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 637UW
UT WOS:000180533000048
PM 12540907
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dadson, SJ
   Hovius, N
   Chen, HG
   Dade, WB
   Hsieh, ML
   Willett, SD
   Hu, JC
   Horng, MJ
   Chen, MC
   Stark, CP
   Lague, D
   Lin, JC
AF Dadson, SJ
   Hovius, N
   Chen, HG
   Dade, WB
   Hsieh, ML
   Willett, SD
   Hu, JC
   Horng, MJ
   Chen, MC
   Stark, CP
   Lague, D
   Lin, JC
TI Links between erosion, runoff variability and seismicity in the Taiwan orogen
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sediment; evolution; incision; range; rates; model
AB The erosion of mountain belts controls their topographic and structural evolution(1 - 3) and is the main source of sediment delivered to the oceans(4). Mountain erosion rates have been estimated from current relief and precipitation, but a more complete evaluation of the controls on erosion rates requires detailed measurements across a range of timescales. Here we report erosion rates in the Taiwan mountains estimated from modern river sediment loads, Holocene river incision and thermochronometry on a million- year scale. Estimated erosion rates within the actively deforming mountains are high ( 3 - 6 mm yr(-1)) on all timescales, but the pattern of erosion has changed over time in response to the migration of localized tectonic deformation. Modern, decadal- scale erosion rates correlate with historical seismicity and storm- driven runoff variability. The highest erosion rates are found where rapid deformation, high storm frequency and weak substrates coincide, despite low topographic relief.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Earth Sci, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, England.
   Natl Taiwan Univ, Dept Geosci, Taipei 10764, Taiwan.
   Natl Taiwan Univ, Dept Geog, Taipei 10764, Taiwan.
   Dartmouth Coll, Dept Earth Sci, Hanover, NH 03755 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Minist Econ Affairs, Water Resources Agcy, Taipei, Taiwan.
   Taroko Natl Pk Headquarters, Fu Su Village 972, Hualien, Taiwan.
   Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
C3 University of Cambridge; National Taiwan University; National Taiwan University; Dartmouth College; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Columbia University
RP Dadson, SJ (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Earth Sci, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, England.
EM simon00@esc.cam.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 821
Z9 938
U1 2
U2 243
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 11
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6967
BP 648
EP 651
DI 10.1038/nature02150
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 752DY
UT WOS:000187132800037
PM 14668860
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mangeat, B
   Turelli, P
   Caron, G
   Friedli, M
   Perrin, L
   Trono, D
AF Mangeat, B
   Turelli, P
   Caron, G
   Friedli, M
   Perrin, L
   Trono, D
TI Broad antiretroviral defence by human APOBEC3G through lethal editing of nascent reverse transcripts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID immunodeficiency-virus type-1; arthritis-encephalitis virus; g->a hypermutation; in-vivo; lentiviral vector; dna-synthesis; vif protein; gene; replication; substitutions
AB Viral replication usually requires that innate intracellular lines of defence be overcome, a task usually accomplished by specialized viral gene products. The virion infectivity factor (Vif) protein of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is required during the late stages of viral production to counter the antiviral activity of APOBEC3G (apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like 3G; also known as CEM15), a protein expressed notably in human T lymphocytes(1-4). When produced in the presence of APOBEC3G, vif-defective virus is non-infectious. APOBEC3G is closely related to APOBEC1, the central component of an RNA-editing complex that deaminates a cytosine residue in apoB messenger RNA(5-7). APOBEC family members also have potent DNA mutator activity through dC deamination(8); however, whether the editing potential of APOBEC3G has any relevance to HIV inhibition is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that it does, as APOBEC3G exerts its antiviral effect during reverse transcription to trigger G-to-A hypermutation in the nascent retroviral DNA. We also find that APOBEC3G can act on a broad range of retroviruses in addition to HIV, suggesting that hypermutation by editing is a general innate defence mechanism against this important group of pathogens.
C1 Univ Geneva, Dept Genet & Microbiol, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
   Univ Geneva, Dept Med, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
   Univ Geneva, Frontiers Genet Res Program, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
C3 University of Geneva; University of Geneva; University of Geneva
RP Trono, D (corresponding author), Univ Geneva, Dept Genet & Microbiol, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
NR 28
TC 1259
Z9 1607
U1 0
U2 81
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 3
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6944
BP 99
EP 103
DI 10.1038/nature01709
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 696XL
UT WOS:000183912800048
PM 12808466
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nef, S
   Verma-Kurvari, S
   Merenmies, J
   Vassalli, JD
   Efstratiadis, A
   Accili, D
   Parada, LF
AF Nef, S
   Verma-Kurvari, S
   Merenmies, J
   Vassalli, JD
   Efstratiadis, A
   Accili, D
   Parada, LF
TI Testis determination requires insulin receptor family function in mice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sex determination; sry expression; gene; reversal; proliferation; lacking
AB In mice, gonads are formed shortly before embryonic day 10.5 by the thickening of the mesonephros and consist of somatic cells and migratory primordial germ cells(1). The male sex-determining process is set in motion by the sex-determining region of the Y chromosome (Sry), which triggers differentiation of the Sertoli cell lineage. In turn, Sertoli cells function as organizing centres and direct differentiation of the testis. In the absence of Sry expression, neither XX nor XY gonads develop testes(2), and alterations in Sry expression are often associated with abnormal sexual differentiation(3-8). The molecular signalling mechanisms by which Sry specifies the male pathway and models the undifferentiated gonad are unknown. Here we show that the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase family, comprising Ir, Igf1r and Irr, is required for the appearance of male gonads and thus for male sexual differentiation. XY mice that are mutant for all three receptors develop ovaries and show a completely female phenotype. Reduced expression of both Sry and the early testis-specific marker Sox9 indicates that the insulin signalling pathway is required for male sex determination.
C1 Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Ctr Dev Biol, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Univ Geneva, Dept Morphol, Ctr Med Univ, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
   Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Genet & Dev, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Med, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, Naomi Berrie Diabet Ctr, New York, NY 10032 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Geneva; Columbia University; Columbia University; Columbia University
RP Parada, LF (corresponding author), Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Ctr Dev Biol, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
EM luis.parada@utsouthwestern.edu
NR 27
TC 217
Z9 251
U1 1
U2 26
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 20
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6964
BP 291
EP 295
DI 10.1038/nature02059
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 744YQ
UT WOS:000186660800044
PM 14628051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Watkins, DN
   Berman, DM
   Burkholder, SG
   Wang, BL
   Beachy, PA
   Baylin, SB
AF Watkins, DN
   Berman, DM
   Burkholder, SG
   Wang, BL
   Beachy, PA
   Baylin, SB
TI Hedgehog signalling within airway epithelial progenitors and in small-cell lung cancer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sonic hedgehog; cyclopamine; inhibition; growth; shh; medulloblastoma; differentiation; morphogenesis; cerebellum; mutants
AB Embryonic signalling pathways regulate progenitor cell fates in mammalian epithelial development and cancer(1,2). Prompted by the requirement for sonic hedgehog (Shh) signalling in lung development(3,4), we investigated a role for this pathway in regeneration and carcinogenesis of airway epithelium. Here we demonstrate extensive activation of the hedgehog (Hh) pathway within the airway epithelium during repair of acute airway injury. This mode of Hh signalling is characterized by the elaboration and reception of the Shh signal within the epithelial compartment, and immediately precedes neuroendocrine differentiation. We reveal a similar pattern of Hh signalling in airway development during normal differentiation of pulmonary neuroendocrine precursor cells, and in a subset of small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), a highly aggressive and frequently lethal human tumour with primitive neuroendocrine features. These tumours maintain their malignant phenotype in vitro and in vivo through ligand-dependent Hh pathway activation. We propose that some types of SCLC might recapitulate a critical, Hh-regulated event in airway epithelial differentiation. This requirement for Hh pathway activation identifies a common lethal malignancy that may respond to pharmacological blockade of the Hh signalling pathway.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Sidney Kimmel Comprehens Canc Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Biol & Genet, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins Medicine; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Johns Hopkins University
RP Watkins, DN (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Sidney Kimmel Comprehens Canc Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA.
NR 30
TC 918
Z9 1126
U1 0
U2 66
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 20
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6929
BP 313
EP 317
DI 10.1038/nature01493
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 656XX
UT WOS:000181637300040
PM 12629553
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rogers, RR
   Krause, DW
   Rogers, KC
AF Rogers, RR
   Krause, DW
   Rogers, KC
TI Cannibalism in the Madagascan dinosaur Majungatholus atopus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dynamics
AB Many lines of evidence have been brought to bear on the question of theropod feeding ecology, including functional and physiological considerations, morphological constraints, taphonomic associations, and telling - although rare - indications of direct ingestion(1-7). Tooth marks of theropods, although rarely described and generally left unassigned to a particular taxon, can provide unique clues into predator - prey interaction(8), and can also yield insights into the extent of carcass utilization(9,10). Here we describe a sample of tooth-marked dinosaur bone recovered from three well-documented localities in the Upper Cretaceous Maevarano Formation of Madagascar that provides insights into the feeding ecology of the abelisaurid theropod Majungatholus atopus(11). Intensely tooth-marked elements from multiple individuals show that Majungatholus defleshed dinosaur carcasses. Furthermore, Majungatholus clearly fed upon the remains of not only sauropods, but also conspecifics, and thus was a cannibal. Cannibalism is a common ecological strategy among extant carnivores, but until now the evidence in relation to carnivorous dinosaurs has been sparse and anecdotal.
C1 Macalester Coll, Dept Geol, St Paul, MN 55105 USA.
   SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Anat Sci, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
   Sci Museum Minnesota, Dept Paleontol, St Paul, MN 55102 USA.
C3 Macalester College; State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University
RP Rogers, RR (corresponding author), Macalester Coll, Dept Geol, 1600 Grand Ave, St Paul, MN 55105 USA.
EM rogers@macalester.edu
NR 26
TC 90
Z9 103
U1 2
U2 18
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 3
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6931
BP 515
EP 518
DI 10.1038/nature01532
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 662TW
UT WOS:000181965400036
PM 12673249
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bunge, M
   Adrian, L
   Kraus, A
   Opel, M
   Lorenz, WG
   Andreesen, JR
   Görisch, H
   Lechner, U
AF Bunge, M
   Adrian, L
   Kraus, A
   Opel, M
   Lorenz, WG
   Andreesen, JR
   Görisch, H
   Lechner, U
TI Reductive dehalogenation of chlorinated dioxins by an anaerobic bacterium
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dibenzo-p-dioxins; microbial consortium; estuarine sediments; dechlorination; tetrachloroethene; diversity; cultures; pcdd/f; river
AB Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDDs and PCDFs) are among the most notorious environmental pollutants. Some congeners, particularly those with lateral chlorine substitutions at positions 2, 3, 7 and 8, are extremely toxic and carcinogenic to humans(1). One particularly promising mechanism for the detoxification of PCDDs and PCDFs is microbial reductive dechlorination. So far only a limited number of phylogenetically diverse anaerobic bacteria have been found that couple the reductive dehalogenation of chlorinated compounds-the substitution of a chlorine for a hydrogen atom-to energy conservation and growth in a process called dehalorespiration(2). Microbial dechlorination of PCDDs occurs in sediments and anaerobic mixed cultures from sediments, but the responsible organisms have not yet been identified or isolated. Here we show the presence of a Dehalococcoides species in four dioxin-dechlorinating enrichment cultures from a freshwater sediment highly contaminated with PCDDs and PCDFs. We also show that the previously described chlorobenzene-dehalorespiring bacterium Dehalococcoides sp. strain CBDB1 (ref. 3) is able to reductively dechlorinate selected dioxin congeners. Reductive dechlorination of 1, 2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (PeCDD) demonstrates that environmentally significant dioxins are attacked by this bacterium.
C1 Univ Halle Wittenberg, Inst Mikrobiol, D-06099 Halle Saale, Germany.
   Univ Halle Wittenberg, Inst Analyt & Umweltchem, D-06099 Halle Saale, Germany.
   Tech Univ Berlin, Inst Biotechnol, Fachgebiet Tech Biochem, D-13353 Berlin, Germany.
   GfA Gesell Arbeitsplatz & Umweltanalyt mbH, D-06896 Straach, Germany.
C3 Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg; Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg; Technical University of Berlin
RP Bunge, M (corresponding author), Univ Halle Wittenberg, Inst Mikrobiol, D-06099 Halle Saale, Germany.
NR 28
TC 279
Z9 337
U1 1
U2 160
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6921
BP 357
EP 360
DI 10.1038/nature01237
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 637UW
UT WOS:000180533000038
PM 12540897
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chan, RC
   Chan, A
   Jeon, M
   Wu, TF
   Pasqualone, D
   Rougvie, AE
   Meyer, BJ
AF Chan, RC
   Chan, A
   Jeon, M
   Wu, TF
   Pasqualone, D
   Rougvie, AE
   Meyer, BJ
TI Chromosome cohesion is regulated by a clock gene paralogue TIM-1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sister-chromatid cohesion; caenorhabditis-elegans; c-elegans; x-chromosome; dosage compensation; meiotic prophase; protein; recombination; condensation; drosophila
AB Faithful transmission of the genome requires that a protein complex called cohesin establishes and maintains the regulated linkage between replicated chromosomes before their segregation(1,2). Here we report the unforeseen participation of Caenorhabditis elegans TIM-1, a paralogue of the Drosophila clock protein TIMELESS, in the regulation of chromosome cohesion. Our biochemical experiments defined the C. elegans cohesin complex and revealed its physical association with TIM-1. Functional relevance of the interaction was demonstrated by aberrant mitotic chromosome behaviour, embryonic lethality and defective meiotic chromosome cohesion caused by the disruption of either TIM-1 or cohesin. TIM-1 depletion prevented the assembly of non-SMC ( structural maintenance of chromosome) cohesin subunits onto meiotic chromosomes; however, unexpectedly, a partial cohesin complex composed of SMC components still loaded. Further disruption of cohesin activity in meiosis by the simultaneous depletion of TIM-1 and an SMC subunit decreased homologous chromosome pairing before synapsis, revealing a new role for cohesin in metazoans. On the basis of comparisons between TIMELESS homologues in worms, flies and mice, we propose that chromosome cohesion, rather than circadian clock regulation, is the ancient and conserved function for TIMELESS-like proteins.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Minnesota, Dept Biochem, St Paul, MN 55108 USA.
   Univ Minnesota, Dept Genet Cell Biol & Dev, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities
RP Meyer, BJ (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 29
TC 137
Z9 189
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 26
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6943
BP 1002
EP 1009
DI 10.1038/nature01697
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 694BL
UT WOS:000183753900054
PM 12827206
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Visser, K
   Thunell, R
   Stott, L
AF Visser, K
   Thunell, R
   Stott, L
TI Magnitude and timing of temperature change in the Indo-Pacific warm pool during deglaciation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID climate-change; tropical pacific; north-atlantic; ocean; antarctica; waters; co2
AB Ocean-atmosphere interactions in the tropical Pacific region have a strong influence on global heat and water vapour transport and thus constitute an important component of the climate system(1,2). Changes in sea surface temperatures and convection in the tropical Indo-Pacific region are thought to be responsible for the interannual to decadal climate variability observed in extratropical regions(1,3), but the role of the tropics in climate changes on millennial and orbital timescales is less clear. Here we analyse oxygen isotopes and Mg/Ca ratios of foraminiferal shells from the Makassar strait in the heart of the Indo-Pacific warm pool, to obtain synchronous estimates of sea surface temperatures and ice volume. We find that sea surface temperatures increased by 3.5-4.0 degreesC during the last two glacial-interglacial transitions, synchronous with the global increase in atmospheric CO2 and Antarctic warming, but the temperature increase occurred 2,000-3,000 years before the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets melted. Our observations suggest that the tropical Pacific region plays an important role in driving glacial-interglacial cycles, possibly through a system similar to how El Nino/Southern Oscillation regulates the poleward flux of heat and water vapour.
C1 Univ S Carolina, Dept Geol Sci, Columbia, SC 29205 USA.
   Univ So Calif, Dept Earth Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA.
C3 University of South Carolina System; University of South Carolina Columbia; University of Southern California
RP Thunell, R (corresponding author), Univ S Carolina, Dept Geol Sci, Columbia, SC 29205 USA.
NR 31
TC 303
Z9 384
U1 1
U2 100
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 9
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6919
BP 152
EP 155
DI 10.1038/nature01297
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 633DR
UT WOS:000180267200036
PM 12520298
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wiedemann, N
   Kozjak, V
   Chacinska, A
   Schönfisch, B
   Rospert, S
   Ryan, MT
   Pfanner, N
   Meisinger, C
AF Wiedemann, N
   Kozjak, V
   Chacinska, A
   Schönfisch, B
   Rospert, S
   Ryan, MT
   Pfanner, N
   Meisinger, C
TI Machinery for protein sorting and assembly in the mitochondrial outer membrane
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID general import pore; tom complex; receptors; preproteins; biogenesis; channel; translocation
AB Mitochondria contain translocases for the transport of precursor proteins across their outer and inner membranes(1-5). It has been assumed that the translocases also mediate the sorting of proteins to their submitochondrial destination(1,2,5-10). Here we show that the mitochondrial outer membrane contains a separate sorting and assembly machinery (SAM) that operates after the translocase of the outer membrane (TOM). Mas37 forms a constituent of the SAM complex. The central role of the SAM complex in the sorting and assembly pathway of outer membrane proteins explains the various pleiotropic functions that have been ascribed to Mas37 (refs 4, 11-15). These results suggest that the TOM complex, which can transport all kinds of mitochondrial precursor proteins, is not sufficient for the correct integration of outer membrane proteins with a complicated topology, and instead transfers precursor proteins to the SAM complex.
C1 Univ Freiburg, Inst Biochem & Mol Biol, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
   Univ Freiburg, Fak Biol, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
   Max Planck Res Unit Enzymol Prot Folding, D-06120 Halle Saale, Germany.
C3 University of Freiburg; University of Freiburg; Max Planck Society
RP Pfanner, N (corresponding author), Univ Freiburg, Inst Biochem & Mol Biol, Hermann Herder Str 7, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
NR 24
TC 316
Z9 376
U1 0
U2 29
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 31
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6948
BP 565
EP 571
DI 10.1038/nature01753
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 706LG
UT WOS:000184454700046
PM 12891361
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Englund, C
   Lorén, CE
   Grabbe, C
   Varshney, GK
   Deleuil, F
   Hallberg, B
   Palmer, RH
AF Englund, C
   Lorén, CE
   Grabbe, C
   Varshney, GK
   Deleuil, F
   Hallberg, B
   Palmer, RH
TI Jeb signals through the Alk receptor tyrosine kinase to drive visceral muscle fusion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID non-hodgkins-lymphoma; drosophila-melanogaster; gene; embryogenesis
AB The Drosophila melanogaster gene Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (Alk) is homologous to mammalian Alk, a member of the Alk/Ltk family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs)(1). We have previously shown that the Drosophila Alk RTK is crucial for visceral mesoderm development during early embryogenesis(2). Notably, observed Alk visceral mesoderm defects are highly reminiscent of the phenotype reported for the secreted molecule Jelly belly (Jeb)(3). Here we show that Drosophila Alk is the receptor for Jeb in the developing visceral mesoderm, and that Jeb binding stimulates an Alk-driven, extracellular signal-regulated kinase-mediated signalling pathway, which results in the expression of the downstream gene duf (also known as kirre)(4,5)-needed for muscle fusion. This new signal transduction pathway drives specification of the muscle founder cells, and the regulation of Duf expression by the Drosophila Alk RTK explains the visceral-mesoderm-specific muscle fusion defects observed in both Alk and jeb mutant animals.
C1 Umea Univ, Umea Ctr Mol Pathogenesis, S-90187 Umea, Sweden.
   Umea Univ, Dept Med Biosci, S-90187 Umea, Sweden.
C3 Umea University; Umea University
RP Palmer, RH (corresponding author), Umea Univ, Umea Ctr Mol Pathogenesis, S-90187 Umea, Sweden.
EM Ruth.Palmer@ucmp.umu.se
NR 23
TC 136
Z9 163
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 2
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6957
BP 512
EP 516
DI 10.1038/nature01950
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 727FN
UT WOS:000185648100045
PM 14523447
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Huh, WK
   Falvo, JV
   Gerke, LC
   Carroll, AS
   Howson, RW
   Weissman, JS
   O'Shea, EK
AF Huh, WK
   Falvo, JV
   Gerke, LC
   Carroll, AS
   Howson, RW
   Weissman, JS
   O'Shea, EK
TI Global analysis of protein localization in budding yeast
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae genome; subcellular-localization; fluorescent protein; mass-spectrometry; gene deletion; cell-wall; scale; organization; phosphatase; expression
AB A fundamental goal of cell biology is to define the functions of proteins in the context of compartments that organize them in the cellular environment. Here we describe the construction and analysis of a collection of yeast strains expressing full-length, chromosomally tagged green fluorescent protein fusion proteins. We classify these proteins, representing 75% of the yeast proteome, into 22 distinct subcellular localization categories, and provide localization information for 70% of previously unlocalized proteins. Analysis of this high-resolution, high-coverage localization data set in the context of transcriptional, genetic, and protein-protein interaction data helps reveal the logic of transcriptional co-regulation, and provides a comprehensive view of interactions within and between organelles in eukaryotic cells.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Biochem & Biophys, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Mol & Cellular Pharmacol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP O'Shea, EK (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Biochem & Biophys, 600 16th St, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
NR 48
TC 3431
Z9 6185
U1 4
U2 443
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 16
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6959
BP 686
EP 691
DI 10.1038/nature02026
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 732DA
UT WOS:000185924500033
PM 14562095
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Keppler, H
   Wiedenbeck, M
   Shcheka, SS
AF Keppler, H
   Wiedenbeck, M
   Shcheka, SS
TI Carbon solubility in olivine and the mode of carbon storage in the Earth's mantle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID co2
AB The total amount of carbon in the atmosphere, oceans and other near-surface reservoirs is thought to be negligible compared to that stored in the Earth's mantle(1-3). Although the mode of carbon storage in the mantle is largely unknown, observations of microbubbles on dislocations in minerals from mantle xenoliths has led to the suggestion that carbon may be soluble in silicates at high pressure(4,5). Here we report measurements of carbon solubility in olivine, the major constituent of the upper mantle, at pressures up to 3.5 GPa. We have found that, contrary to previous expectations, carbon solubility in olivine is exceedingly low- of the order of 0.1 to 1 parts per million by weight. Together with similar data for pyroxenes, garnet and spinel, we interpret this to imply that most carbon must be present as a separate phase in the deeper parts of the upper mantle, probably as a carbonate phase(6,7). Large-scale volcanic eruptions tapping such a carbonate-bearing mantle reservoir might therefore rapidly transfer large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, consistent with models that link global mass extinctions to flood basalt eruptions via a sudden increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels(8-11)
C1 Univ Tubingen, Inst Geowissensch, D-72074 Tubingen, Germany.
   Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, Projektbereich 4 2, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany.
C3 Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen; Helmholtz Association; GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences
RP Keppler, H (corresponding author), Univ Tubingen, Inst Geowissensch, Wilhelmstr 56, D-72074 Tubingen, Germany.
EM Hans.Keppler@uni-tuebingen.de
NR 21
TC 153
Z9 175
U1 1
U2 76
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 24
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6947
BP 414
EP 416
DI 10.1038/nature01828
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 704BT
UT WOS:000184318400039
PM 12879066
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ludwig, MG
   Vanek, M
   Guerini, D
   Gasser, JA
   Jones, CE
   Junker, U
   Hofstetter, H
   Wolf, RM
   Seuwen, K
AF Ludwig, MG
   Vanek, M
   Guerini, D
   Gasser, JA
   Jones, CE
   Junker, U
   Hofstetter, H
   Wolf, RM
   Seuwen, K
TI Proton-sensing G-protein-coupled receptors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mediated bone-resorption; activation; acidosis; tissue; sphingosylphosphorylcholine; nociception; rhodopsin; channels; pain; ph
AB Blood pH is maintained in a narrow range around pH 7.4 mainly through regulation of respiration and renal acid extrusion(1,2). The molecular mechanisms involved in pH homeostasis are not completely understood. Here we show that ovarian cancer G-protein-coupled receptor 1 (OGR1), previously described as a receptor for sphingosylphosphorylcholine 3, acts as a proton-sensing receptor stimulating inositol phosphate formation. The receptor is inactive at pH 7.8, and fully activated at pH 6.8-site-directed mutagenesis shows that histidines at the extracellular surface are involved in pH sensing. We find that GPR4, a close relative of OGR1, also responds to pH changes, but elicits cyclic AMP formation. It is known that the skeleton participates in pH homeostasis as a buffering organ, and that osteoblasts respond to pH changes in the physiological range(4), but the pH-sensing mechanism operating in these cells was hitherto not known. We detect expression of OGR1 in osteosarcoma cells and primary human osteoblast precursors, and show that these cells exhibit strong pH-dependent inositol phosphate formation. Immunohistochemistry on rat tissue sections confirms the presence of OGR1 in osteoblasts and osteocytes. We propose that OGR1 and GPR4 are proton-sensing receptors involved in pH homeostasis.
C1 Novartis Inst Biomed Res, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
   Novartis Horsham Res Ctr, Horsham RH12 5AB, W Sussex, England.
C3 Novartis; Novartis; Novartis United Kingdom
RP Seuwen, K (corresponding author), Novartis Inst Biomed Res, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
NR 29
TC 603
Z9 695
U1 0
U2 59
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 4
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6953
BP 93
EP 98
DI 10.1038/nature01905
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 717LD
UT WOS:000185089200045
PM 12955148
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cubukcu, E
   Aydin, K
   Ozbay, E
   Foteinopoulou, S
   Soukoulis, CM
AF Cubukcu, E
   Aydin, K
   Ozbay, E
   Foteinopoulou, S
   Soukoulis, CM
TI Negative refraction by photonic crystals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Bilkent Univ, Dept Phys, TR-06533 Bilkent, Ankara, Turkey.
   Iowa State Univ, Ames Lab, US Dept Energy, Ames, IA 50011 USA.
   Iowa State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Ames, IA 50011 USA.
   Univ Crete, Res Ctr Crete, Iraklion 71100, Crete, Greece.
   Univ Crete, Dept Mat Sci & Technol, Iraklion 71100, Crete, Greece.
C3 Ihsan Dogramaci Bilkent University; Iowa State University; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Ames National Laboratory; Iowa State University; University of Crete; University of Crete
RP Cubukcu, E (corresponding author), Bilkent Univ, Dept Phys, TR-06533 Bilkent, Ankara, Turkey.
EM cubukcu@fen.bllkent.edu.tr
NR 7
TC 642
Z9 717
U1 0
U2 211
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 5
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6940
BP 604
EP 605
DI 10.1038/423604b
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 686BT
UT WOS:000183301200029
PM 12789328
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Grigera, TS
   Martín-Mayor, V
   Parisi, G
   Verrocchio, P
AF Grigera, TS
   Martín-Mayor, V
   Parisi, G
   Verrocchio, P
TI Phonon interpretation of the 'boson peak' in supercooled liquids
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID frequency propagating modes; relaxation processes; energy landscape; vitreous silica; dynamics; glasses; network; saddles
AB Glasses(1,2) are amorphous solids, in the sense that they display elastic behaviour. In crystalline solids, elasticity is associated with phonons, which are quantized vibrational excitations. Phonon-like excitations also exist in glasses at very high (terahertz; 10(12) Hz) frequencies; surprisingly, these persist in the supercooled liquids'. A universal feature of such amorphous systems is the boson peak: the vibrational density of states has an excess compared to the Debye squared-frequency law. Here we investigate the origin of this feature by studying the spectra of inherent structures' (local minima of the potential energy) in a realistic glass model. We claim that the peak is the signature of a phase transition in the space of the stationary points of the energy, from a minima-dominated phase (with phonons) at low energy to a saddle-point-dominated phase(5-7) (without phonons). The boson peak moves to lower frequencies on approaching the phonon-saddle transition, and its height diverges at the critical point. Our numerical results agree with the predictions of euclidean random matrix theory(8) on the existence of a sharp phase transition(9) between an amorphous elastic phase and a phonon-free one.
C1 Univ Roma La Sapienza, SMC, Sez INFM, Dipartimento Fis, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
   Univ Roma La Sapienza, INFM, Unita Roma 1, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
   Univ Trent, Dipartimento Fis, I-38050 Trento, Italy.
   Univ Trent, INFM Unita Trento, I-38050 Trento, Italy.
C3 Sapienza University Rome; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia (INFM-CNR); Sapienza University Rome; University of Trento; University of Trento
RP Martín-Mayor, V (corresponding author), Univ Roma La Sapienza, SMC, Sez INFM, Dipartimento Fis, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
EM victor.martin@roma1.infn.it
NR 31
TC 314
Z9 335
U1 2
U2 115
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 20
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6929
BP 289
EP 292
DI 10.1038/nature01475
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 656XX
UT WOS:000181637300034
PM 12646916
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jiang, GY
   Giannone, G
   Critchley, DR
   Fukumoto, E
   Sheetz, MP
AF Jiang, GY
   Giannone, G
   Critchley, DR
   Fukumoto, E
   Sheetz, MP
TI Two-piconewton slip bond between fibronectin and the cytoskeleton depends on talin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Mechanical forces on matrix-integrin-cytoskeleton linkages are crucial for cell viability, morphology and organ function(1). The production of force depends on the molecular connections from extracellular-matrix-integrin complexes to the cytoskeleton(2,3). The minimal matrix complex causing integrin-cytoskeleton connections is a trimer of fibronectin's integrin-binding domain FNIII7-10 (ref. 4). Here we report a specific, molecular slip bond that was broken repeatedly by a force of 2 pN at the cellular loading rate of 60 nm s(-1); this occurred with single trimer beads but not with monomer. Talin1, which binds to both integrins and actin filaments in vitro, is required for the 2-pN slip bond and rapid cytoskeleton binding. Further, inhibition of fibronectin binding to alpha(v)beta(3) and deletion of beta(3) markedly decreases the 2-pN force peak. We suggest that talin1 initially forms a molecular slip bond between closely packed fibronectin-integrin complexes and the actin cytoskeleton, which can apply a low level of force to fibronectin until many bonds form or a signal is received to activate a force response.
C1 Columbia Univ, Dept Biol Sci, New York, NY 10027 USA.
   Univ Leicester, Dept Biochem, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England.
   NIH, Natl Inst Dent & Craniofacial Res, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 Columbia University; University of Leicester; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Dental & Craniofacial Research (NIDCR)
RP Sheetz, MP (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Dept Biol Sci, 1212 Amsterdam Ave, New York, NY 10027 USA.
FU National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research [ZIADE000524] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 30
TC 377
Z9 478
U1 0
U2 51
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 17
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6946
BP 334
EP 337
DI 10.1038/nature01805
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 701RZ
UT WOS:000184183900047
PM 12867986
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chakrabarty, D
   Morgan, EH
   Muno, MP
   Galloway, DK
   Wijnands, R
   van der Klis, M
   Markwardt, CB
AF Chakrabarty, D
   Morgan, EH
   Muno, MP
   Galloway, DK
   Wijnands, R
   van der Klis, M
   Markwardt, CB
TI Nuclear-powered millisecond pulsars and the maximum spin frequency of neutron stars
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray-bursts; gravitational-radiation; binary; discovery; oscillations; system
AB Millisecond pulsars are neutron stars that are thought to have been spun-up by mass accretion from a stellar companion(1). It is not known whether there is a natural brake for this process, or if it continues until the centrifugal breakup limit is reached at submillisecond periods. Many neutron stars that are accreting mass from a companion star exhibit thermonuclear X-ray bursts that last tens of seconds, caused by unstable nuclear burning on their surfaces(2). Millisecond-period brightness oscillations during bursts from ten neutron stars (as distinct from other rapid X-ray variability that is also observed(3,4)) are thought to measure the stellar spin(2,5), but direct proof of a rotational origin has been lacking. Here we report the detection of burst oscillations at the known spin frequency of an accreting millisecond pulsar, and we show that these oscillations always have the same rotational phase. This firmly establishes burst oscillations as nuclear-powered pulsations tracing the spin of accreting neutron stars, corroborating earlier evidence(5,6). The distribution of spin frequencies of the 11 nuclear-powered pulsars cuts off well below the breakup frequency for most neutron-star models, supporting theoretical predictions that gravitational radiation losses can limit accretion torques in spinning up millisecond pulsars(7-9).
C1 MIT, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Ctr Space Res, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Kavli Inst Theoret Phys, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Univ St Andrews, Sch Phys & Astron, St Andrews KY16 9SS, Fife, Scotland.
   Univ Amsterdam, Astron Inst Anton Pannekoek, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Univ Amsterdam, Ctr High Energy Astrophys, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
   NASA, High Energy Astrophys Lab, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of St Andrews; University of Amsterdam; University of Amsterdam; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
RP Chakrabarty, D (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM deepto@space.mit.edu
NR 30
TC 366
Z9 384
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 3
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6944
BP 42
EP 44
DI 10.1038/nature01732
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 696XL
UT WOS:000183912800032
PM 12840751
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Antia, R
   Regoes, RR
   Koella, JC
   Bergstrom, CT
AF Antia, R
   Regoes, RR
   Koella, JC
   Bergstrom, CT
TI The role of evolution in the emergence of infectious diseases
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transmission dynamics; nipah virus; monkeypox; health; sars; outbreak
AB It is unclear when, where and how novel pathogens such as human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV), monkeypox and severe acute respiratory syndrome ( SARS) will cross the barriers that separate their natural reservoirs from human populations and ignite the epidemic spread of novel infectious diseases. New pathogens are believed to emerge from animal reservoirs when ecological changes increase the pathogen's opportunities to enter the human population(1) and to generate subsequent human- to-human transmission(2). Effective human- to- human transmission requires that the pathogen's basic reproductive number, R-0, should exceed one, where R-0 is the average number of secondary infections arising from one infected individual in a completely susceptible population(3). However, an increase in R-0, even when insufficient to generate an epidemic, nonetheless increases the number of subsequently infected individuals. Here we show that, as a consequence of this, the probability of pathogen evolution to R-0 > 1 and subsequent disease emergence can increase markedly.
C1 Emory Univ, Dept Biol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
   Univ Paris 06, Lab Parasitol Evolut, F-75252 Paris, France.
   Univ Washington, Dept Biol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 Emory University; Sorbonne Universite; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Antia, R (corresponding author), Emory Univ, Dept Biol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
EM rantia@emory.edu
NR 29
TC 399
Z9 450
U1 0
U2 135
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 11
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6967
BP 658
EP 661
DI 10.1038/nature02104
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 752DY
UT WOS:000187132800040
PM 14668863
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stegman, DR
   Jellinek, AM
   Zatman, SA
   Baumgardner, JR
   Richards, MA
AF Stegman, DR
   Jellinek, AM
   Zatman, SA
   Baumgardner, JR
   Richards, MA
TI An early lunar core dynamo driven by thermochemical mantle convection
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID procellarum kreep terrane; thermal evolution; mare volcanism; earths core; magnetism; heat; moon
AB Although the Moon currently has no internally generated magnetic field, palaeomagnetic data, combined with radiometric ages of Apollo samples, provide evidence for such a magnetic field from similar to3.9 to 3.6 billion years (Gyr) ago(1), possibly owing to an ancient lunar dynamo(1,2). But the presence of a lunar dynamo during this time period is difficult to explain(1-4), because thermal evolution models for the Moon 5 yield insufficient core heat flux to power a dynamo after similar to4.2 Gyr ago. Here we show that a transient increase in core heat flux after an overturn of an initially stratified lunar mantle might explain the existence and timing of an early lunar dynamo. Using a three-dimensional spherical convection model(6), we show that a dense layer, enriched in radioactive elements (a 'thermal blanket'), at the base of the lunar mantle can initially prevent core cooling, thereby inhibiting core convection and magnetic field generation. Subsequent radioactive heating progressively increases the buoyancy of the thermal blanket, ultimately causing it to rise back into the mantle. The removal of the thermal blanket, proposed to explain the eruption of thorium- and titanium-rich lunar mare basalts(7), plausibly results in a core heat flux sufficient to power a short-lived lunar dynamo.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada.
   Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA.
   Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of Toronto; Washington University (WUSTL); United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory
RP Stegman, DR (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM dstegman@cps.berkeley.edu
NR 33
TC 137
Z9 163
U1 1
U2 34
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 9
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6919
BP 143
EP 146
DI 10.1038/nature01267
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 633DR
UT WOS:000180267200033
PM 12520295
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Solomon, TH
   Mezic, I
AF Solomon, TH
   Mezic, I
TI Uniform resonant chaotic mixing in fluid flows
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID volume-preserving flows; immiscible impurity; stokes flows; advection; transport; invariant; streamlines; convection; particles; maps
AB Laminar flows can produce particle trajectories that are chaotic(1,2), with nearby tracers separating exponentially in time. For time-periodic, two-dimensional flows and steady three-dimensional (3D) flows, enhancements in mixing due to chaotic advection are typically limited by impenetrable transport barriers that form at the boundaries between ordered and chaotic mixing regions. However, for time-dependent 3D flows, it has been proposed theoretically(3-5) that completely uniform mixing is possible through a resonant mechanism 5 called singularity-induced diffusion; this is thought to be the case even if the time-dependent and 3D perturbations are infinitesimally small. It is important to establish the conditions for which uniform mixing is possible and whether or not those conditions are met in flows that typically occur in nature. Here we report experimental and numerical studies of mixing in a laminar vortex flow that is weakly 3D and weakly time-periodic. The system is an oscillating horizontal vortex chain (produced by a magnetohydrodynamic technique) with a weak vertical secondary flow that is forced spontaneously by Ekman pumping-a mechanism common in vortical flows with rigid boundaries, occurring in many geophysical, industrial and biophysical flows. We observe completely uniform mixing, as predicted(3-5) by singularity-induced diffusion, but only for oscillation periods close to typical circulation times.
C1 Bucknell Univ, Dept Phys, Lewisburg, PA 17837 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Mech & Environm Engn, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
C3 Bucknell University; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
RP Mezic, I (corresponding author), Bucknell Univ, Dept Phys, Lewisburg, PA 17837 USA.
NR 30
TC 108
Z9 117
U1 1
U2 30
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 25
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6956
BP 376
EP 380
DI 10.1038/nature01993
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 724TG
UT WOS:000185502300034
PM 14508482
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Verschure, PFMJ
   Voegtlin, T
   Douglas, RJ
AF Verschure, PFMJ
   Voegtlin, T
   Douglas, RJ
TI Environmentally mediated synergy between perception and behaviour in mobile robots
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID plasticity; cortex
AB The notion that behaviour influences perception seems self-evident, but the mechanism of their interaction is not known. Perception and behaviour are usually considered to be separate processes. In this view, perceptual learning constructs compact representations of sensory events, reflecting their statistical properties(1,2), independently of behavioural relevance(3,4). Behavioural learning(5,6), however, forms associations between perception and action, organized by reinforcement(7,8), without regard for the construction of perception. It is generally assumed that the interaction between these two processes is internal to the agent, and can be explained solely in terms of the neuronal substrate(9). Here we show, instead, that perception and behaviour can interact synergistically via the environment. Using simulated and real mobile robots, we demonstrate that perceptual learning directly supports behavioural learning and so promotes a progressive structuring of behaviour. This structuring leads to a systematic bias in input sampling, which directly affects the organization of the perceptual system. This external, environmentally mediated feedback matches the perceptual system to the emerging behavioural structure, so that the behaviour is stabilized.
C1 Univ Swiss Fed Inst Technol ETH Zurich, Inst Neuroinformat, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich
RP Verschure, PFMJ (corresponding author), Univ Swiss Fed Inst Technol ETH Zurich, Inst Neuroinformat, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
NR 28
TC 155
Z9 167
U1 0
U2 39
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 9
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6958
BP 620
EP 624
DI 10.1038/nature02024
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 729XU
UT WOS:000185801000038
PM 14534588
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lodwig, EM
   Hosie, AHF
   Bordès, A
   Findlay, K
   Allaway, D
   Karunakaran, R
   Downie, JA
   Poole, PS
AF Lodwig, EM
   Hosie, AHF
   Bordès, A
   Findlay, K
   Allaway, D
   Karunakaran, R
   Downie, JA
   Poole, PS
TI Amino-acid cycling drives nitrogen fixation in the legume -: Rhizobium symbiosis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pea root-nodules; peribacteroid membrane; transport mutants; leguminosarum; metabolism; identification; bacteroids; permease; shuttle; carbon
AB The biological reduction of atmospheric N-2 to ammonium (nitrogen fixation) provides about 65% of the biosphere's available nitrogen. Most of this ammonium is contributed by legume rhizobia symbioses(1), which are initiated by the infection of legume hosts by bacteria (rhizobia), resulting in formation of root nodules. Within the nodules, rhizobia are found as bacteroids, which perform the nitrogen fixation: to do this, they obtain sources of carbon and energy from the plant, in the form of dicarboxylic acids(2,3). It has been thought that, in return, bacteroids simply provide the plant with ammonium. But here we show that a more complex amino-acid cycle is essential for symbiotic nitrogen fixation by Rhizobium in pea nodules. The plant provides amino acids to the bacteroids, enabling them to shut down their ammonium assimilation. In return, bacteroids act like plant organelles to cycle amino acids back to the plant for asparagine synthesis. The mutual dependence of this exchange prevents the symbiosis being dominated by the plant, and provides a selective pressure for the evolution of mutualism.
C1 Univ Reading, Sch Anim & Microbial Sci, Reading RG6 6AJ, Berks, England.
   John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England.
C3 University of Reading; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); John Innes Centre
RP Poole, PS (corresponding author), Univ Reading, Sch Anim & Microbial Sci, POB 228, Reading RG6 6AJ, Berks, England.
NR 24
TC 374
Z9 461
U1 3
U2 180
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 17
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6933
BP 722
EP 726
DI 10.1038/nature01527
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 668CG
UT WOS:000182272300042
PM 12700763
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Miklius, A
   Cervelli, P
AF Miklius, A
   Cervelli, P
TI Vulcanology: Interaction between Kilauea and Mauna Loa - Last year witnessed an unexpected communication between this pair of volcanoes.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hawaiian volcanos; magma
C1 US Geol Survey, Hawaiian Volcano Observ, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA.
C3 United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey
RP Miklius, A (corresponding author), US Geol Survey, Hawaiian Volcano Observ, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA.
NR 6
TC 40
Z9 46
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 16
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6920
BP 229
EP 229
DI 10.1038/421229a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 635KG
UT WOS:000180397600034
PM 12529631
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Langkjær, RB
   Cliften, PF
   Johnston, M
   Piskur, J
AF Langkjær, RB
   Cliften, PF
   Johnston, M
   Piskur, J
TI Yeast genome duplication was followed by asynchronous differentiation of duplicated genes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hemiascomycetous yeasts; saccharomyces; evolution; exploration; chromosm; regions; growth
AB Gene redundancy has been observed in yeast, plant and human genomes, and is thought to be a consequence of whole-genome duplications(1-3). Baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, contains several hundred duplicated genes(1). Duplication(s) could have occurred before or after a given speciation. To understand the evolution of the yeast genome, we analysed orthologues of some of these genes in several related yeast species. On the basis of the inferred phylogeny of each set of genes, we were able to deduce whether the gene duplicated and/or specialized before or after the divergence of two yeast lineages. Here we show that the gene duplications might have occurred as a single event, and that it probably took place before the Saccharomyces and Kluyveromyces lineages diverged from each other. Further evolution of each duplicated gene pair-such as specialization or differentiation of the two copies, or deletion of a single copy-has taken place independently throughout the evolution of these species.
C1 Tech Univ Denmark, Bioctr DTU, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet & Genome Sequencing Ctr, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
C3 Technical University of Denmark; Washington University (WUSTL)
RP Piskur, J (corresponding author), Tech Univ Denmark, Bioctr DTU, Bldg 301, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
EM jp@biocentrum.dtu.dk
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM063803] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 118
Z9 170
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 20
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6925
BP 848
EP 852
DI 10.1038/nature01419
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 646QA
UT WOS:000181044700049
PM 12594514
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Passafaro, M
   Nakagawa, T
   Sala, C
   Sheng, M
AF Passafaro, M
   Nakagawa, T
   Sala, C
   Sheng, M
TI Induction of dendritic spines by an extracellular domain of AMPA receptor subunit GluR2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID n-terminal domains; nmda receptors; glutamate receptors; binding-proteins; expression; synapses; neurons; desensitization; dependence; channels
AB Synaptic transmission from excitatory nerve cells in the mammalian brain is largely mediated by AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid)-type glutamate receptors located at the surface of dendritic spines. The abundance of postsynaptic AMPA receptors correlates with the size of the synapse and the dimensions of the dendritic spine head(1-4). Moreover, long-term potentiation is associated with the formation of dendritic spines as well as synaptic delivery of AMPA receptors(5-8). The molecular mechanisms that coordinate AMPA receptor delivery and spine morphogenesis are unknown. Here we show that overexpression of the glutamate receptor 2 (GluR2) subunit of AMPA receptors increases spine size and density in hippocampal neurons, and more remarkably, induces spine formation in GABA-releasing interneurons that normally lack spines. The extracellular N-terminal domain (NTD) of GluR2 is responsible for this effect, and heterologous fusion proteins of the NTD of GluR2 inhibit spine morphogenesis. We propose that the NTD of GluR2 functions at the cell surface as part of a receptor-ligand interaction that is important for spine growth and/or stability.
C1 MIT, Howard Hughes Med Inst, RIKEN,Neurosci Res Ctr, Picower Ctr Learning & Memory, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Univ Milan, Dept Pharmacol, CNR, Inst Neurosci Cellular & Mol Pharmacol, I-20129 Milan, Italy.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Howard Hughes Medical Institute; RIKEN; University of Milan; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)
RP Sheng, M (corresponding author), MIT, Howard Hughes Med Inst, RIKEN,Neurosci Res Ctr, Picower Ctr Learning & Memory, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
FU Telethon [TCP01014] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 262
Z9 320
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 7
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6949
BP 677
EP 681
DI 10.1038/nature01781
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 708QE
UT WOS:000184578800046
PM 12904794
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lei, M
   Podell, ER
   Baumann, P
   Cech, TR
AF Lei, M
   Podell, ER
   Baumann, P
   Cech, TR
TI DNA self-recognition in the structure of Pot1 bound to telomeric single-stranded DNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID end-binding-protein; crystal-structure; alpha-subunit; domain; protection; sequence
AB Telomeres, specialized protein-DNA complexes that cap the ends of linear chromosomes, are essential for protecting chromosomes from degradation and end-to-end fusions(1,2). The Pot1 (protection of telomeres 1) protein is a widely distributed eukaryotic end-capping protein, having been identified in fission yeast, microsporidia, plants and animals(3,4). Schizosaccharomyces pombe Pot1p is essential for telomere maintenance(3), and human POT1 has been implicated in telomerase regulation(5,6). Pot1 binds telomeric single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) with exceptionally high sequence specificity(7), the molecular basis of which has been unknown. Here we describe the 1.9-Angstrom-resolution crystal structure of the amino-terminal DNA-binding domain of S. pombe Pot1p complexed with ssDNA. The protein adopts an oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide-binding (OB) fold(8) with two loops that protrude to form a clamp for ssDNA binding. The structure explains the sequence specificity of binding: in the context of the Pot1 protein, DNA self-recognition involving base-stacking and unusual G-T base pairs compacts the DNA. Any sequence change disrupts the ability of the DNA to form this structure, preventing it from contacting the array of protein hydrogen-bonding groups. The structure also explains how Pot1p avoids binding the vast excess of RNA in the nucleus.
C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Stowers Inst Med Res, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; Stowers Institute for Medical Research
RP Cech, TR (corresponding author), Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Campus Box 215, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
EM thomas.cech@colorado.edu
NR 30
TC 180
Z9 234
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 13
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6963
BP 198
EP 203
DI 10.1038/nature02092
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 742LA
UT WOS:000186517200048
PM 14614509
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sung, BJ
   Hwang, KY
   Jeon, YH
   Lee, JI
   Heo, YS
   Kim, JH
   Moon, J
   Yoon, JM
   Hyun, YL
   Kim, E
   Eum, SJ
   Park, SY
   Lee, JO
   Lee, TG
   Ro, S
   Cho, JM
AF Sung, BJ
   Hwang, KY
   Jeon, YH
   Lee, JI
   Heo, YS
   Kim, JH
   Moon, J
   Yoon, JM
   Hyun, YL
   Kim, E
   Eum, SJ
   Park, SY
   Lee, JO
   Lee, TG
   Ro, S
   Cho, JM
TI Structure of the catalytic domain of human phosphodiesterase 5 with bound drug molecules
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterases; cgmp-binding; inhibitors; mechanism; complex; pde5
AB Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are a superfamily of enzymes that degrade the intracellular second messengers cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP(1-3). As essential regulators of cyclic nucleotide signalling with diverse physiological functions, PDEs are drug targets for the treatment of various diseases, including heart failure, depression, asthma, inflammation and erectile dysfunction(4-7). Of the 12 PDE gene families, cGMP-specific PDE5 carries out the principal cGMP-hydrolysing activity in human corpus cavernosum tissue. It is well known as the target of sildenafil citrate (Viagra) and other similar drugs for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. Despite the pressing need to develop selective PDE inhibitors as therapeutic drugs, only the cAMP-specific PDE4 structures are currently available(8,9). Here we present the three-dimensional structures of the catalytic domain (residues 537-860) of human PDE5 complexed with the three drug molecules sildenafil, tadalafil (Cialis) and vardenafil (Levitra). These structures will provide opportunities to design potent and selective PDE inhibitors with improved pharmacological profiles.
C1 CrystalGenom Inc, Div Drug Discovery, Taejon 305390, South Korea.
   Yokohama City Univ, Prot Design Lab, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2300045, Japan.
   Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Chem, Taejon 305701, South Korea.
C3 Yokohama City University; Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology (KAIST)
RP Ro, S (corresponding author), CrystalGenom Inc, Div Drug Discovery, Daedeok Biocommunity, Taejon 305390, South Korea.
EM sgro@crystalgenomics.com; jmcho@crystalgenomics.com
NR 23
TC 231
Z9 264
U1 1
U2 31
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 4
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6953
BP 98
EP 102
DI 10.1038/nature01914
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 717LD
UT WOS:000185089200046
PM 12955149
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Martin, OY
   Hosken, DJ
AF Martin, OY
   Hosken, DJ
TI The evolution of reproductive isolation through sexual conflict
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fly sepsis-cynipsea; serially bottlenecked lines; rapid evolution; speciation; selection; behavior; costs; size
AB Classical population-genetics theory suggests that reproductive isolation will evolve fastest in small isolated populations(1). In contrast, recent theory suggests that divergence should occur fastest in larger allopatric populations(2). The rationale behind this is that sexual conflict, potentially the strongest driver of speciation, is greater in larger, higher-density populations. This idea is highly controversial(3) and has little experimental support(4,5). Here we show, using replicate fly populations with varying levels of sexual conflict, that larger, more dense populations with more sexual conflict diverged to a greater degree than small populations with relaxed conflict. This result strongly suggests that speciation can occur rapidly in large populations through increased sexual conflict.
C1 Univ Zurich, Museum Zool, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
C3 University of Zurich
RP Martin, OY (corresponding author), Univ Zurich, Museum Zool, Winterthurerstr 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
NR 28
TC 211
Z9 244
U1 0
U2 96
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 26
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6943
BP 979
EP 982
DI 10.1038/nature01752
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 694BL
UT WOS:000183753900048
PM 12827200
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mungall, AJ
   Palmer, SA
   Sims, SK
   Edwards, CA
   Ashurst, JL
   Wilming, L
   Jones, MC
   Horton, R
   Hunt, SE
   Scott, CE
   Gilbert, JGR
   Clamp, ME
   Bethel, G
   Milne, S
   Ainscough, R
   Almeida, JP
   Ambrose, KD
   Andrews, TD
   Ashwell, RIS
   Babbage, AK
   Bagguley, CL
   Bailey, J
   Banerjee, R
   Barker, DJ
   Barlow, KF
   Bates, K
   Beare, DM
   Beasley, H
   Beasley, O
   Bird, CP
   Blakey, S
   Bray-Allen, S
   Brook, J
   Brown, AJ
   Brown, JY
   Burford, DC
   Burrill, W
   Burton, J
   Carder, C
   Carter, NP
   Chapman, JC
   Clark, SY
   Clark, G
   Clee, CM
   Clegg, S
   Cobley, V
   Collier, RE
   Collins, JE
   Colman, LK
   Corby, NR
   Coville, GJ
   Culley, KM
   Dhami, P
   Davies, J
   Dunn, M
   Earthrowl, ME
   Ellington, AE
   Evans, KA
   Faulkner, L
   Francis, MD
   Frankish, A
   Frankland, J
   French, L
   Garner, P
   Garnett, J
   Ghori, MJR
   Gilby, LM
   Gillson, CJ
   Glithero, RJ
   Grafham, DV
   Grant, M
   Gribble, S
   Griffiths, C
   Griffiths, M
   Hall, R
   Halls, KS
   Hammond, S
   Harley, JL
   Hart, EA
   Heath, PD
   Heathcott, R
   Holmes, SJ
   Howden, PJ
   Howe, KL
   Howell, GR
   Huckle, E
   Humphray, SJ
   Humphries, MD
   Hunt, AR
   Johnson, CM
   Joy, AA
   Kay, M
   Keenan, SJ
   Kimberley, AM
   King, A
   Laird, GK
   Langford, C
   Lawlor, S
   Leongamornlert, DA
   Leversha, M
   Lloyd, CR
   Lloyd, DM
   Loveland, JE
   Lovell, J
   Martin, S
   Mashreghi-Mohammadi, M
   Maslen, GL
   Matthews, L
   McCann, OT
   McLaren, SJ
   McLay, K
   McMurray, A
   Moore, MJF
   Mullikin, JC
   Niblett, D
   Nickerson, T
   Novik, KL
   Oliver, K
   Overton-Larty, EK
   Parker, A
   Patel, R
   Pearce, AV
   Peck, AI
   Phillimore, B
   Phillips, S
   Plumb, RW
   Porter, KM
   Ramsey, Y
   Ranby, SA
   Rice, CM
   Ross, MT
   Searle, SM
   Sehra, HK
   Sheridan, E
   Skuce, CD
   Smith, S
   Smith, M
   Spraggon, L
   Squares, SL
   Steward, CA
   Sycamore, N
   Tamlyn-Hall, G
   Tester, J
   Theaker, AJ
   Thomas, DW
   Thorpe, A
   Tracey, A
   Tromans, A
   Tubby, B
   Wall, M
   Wallis, JM
   West, AP
   White, SS
   Whitehead, SL
   Whittaker, H
   Wild, A
   Willey, DJ
   Wilmer, TE
   Wood, JM
   Wray, PW
   Wyatt, JC
   Young, L
   Younger, RM
   Bentley, DR
   Coulson, A
   Durbin, R
   Hubbard, T
   Sulston, JE
   Dunham, I
   Rogers, J
   Beck, S
AF Mungall, AJ
   Palmer, SA
   Sims, SK
   Edwards, CA
   Ashurst, JL
   Wilming, L
   Jones, MC
   Horton, R
   Hunt, SE
   Scott, CE
   Gilbert, JGR
   Clamp, ME
   Bethel, G
   Milne, S
   Ainscough, R
   Almeida, JP
   Ambrose, KD
   Andrews, TD
   Ashwell, RIS
   Babbage, AK
   Bagguley, CL
   Bailey, J
   Banerjee, R
   Barker, DJ
   Barlow, KF
   Bates, K
   Beare, DM
   Beasley, H
   Beasley, O
   Bird, CP
   Blakey, S
   Bray-Allen, S
   Brook, J
   Brown, AJ
   Brown, JY
   Burford, DC
   Burrill, W
   Burton, J
   Carder, C
   Carter, NP
   Chapman, JC
   Clark, SY
   Clark, G
   Clee, CM
   Clegg, S
   Cobley, V
   Collier, RE
   Collins, JE
   Colman, LK
   Corby, NR
   Coville, GJ
   Culley, KM
   Dhami, P
   Davies, J
   Dunn, M
   Earthrowl, ME
   Ellington, AE
   Evans, KA
   Faulkner, L
   Francis, MD
   Frankish, A
   Frankland, J
   French, L
   Garner, P
   Garnett, J
   Ghori, MJR
   Gilby, LM
   Gillson, CJ
   Glithero, RJ
   Grafham, DV
   Grant, M
   Gribble, S
   Griffiths, C
   Griffiths, M
   Hall, R
   Halls, KS
   Hammond, S
   Harley, JL
   Hart, EA
   Heath, PD
   Heathcott, R
   Holmes, SJ
   Howden, PJ
   Howe, KL
   Howell, GR
   Huckle, E
   Humphray, SJ
   Humphries, MD
   Hunt, AR
   Johnson, CM
   Joy, AA
   Kay, M
   Keenan, SJ
   Kimberley, AM
   King, A
   Laird, GK
   Langford, C
   Lawlor, S
   Leongamornlert, DA
   Leversha, M
   Lloyd, CR
   Lloyd, DM
   Loveland, JE
   Lovell, J
   Martin, S
   Mashreghi-Mohammadi, M
   Maslen, GL
   Matthews, L
   McCann, OT
   McLaren, SJ
   McLay, K
   McMurray, A
   Moore, MJF
   Mullikin, JC
   Niblett, D
   Nickerson, T
   Novik, KL
   Oliver, K
   Overton-Larty, EK
   Parker, A
   Patel, R
   Pearce, AV
   Peck, AI
   Phillimore, B
   Phillips, S
   Plumb, RW
   Porter, KM
   Ramsey, Y
   Ranby, SA
   Rice, CM
   Ross, MT
   Searle, SM
   Sehra, HK
   Sheridan, E
   Skuce, CD
   Smith, S
   Smith, M
   Spraggon, L
   Squares, SL
   Steward, CA
   Sycamore, N
   Tamlyn-Hall, G
   Tester, J
   Theaker, AJ
   Thomas, DW
   Thorpe, A
   Tracey, A
   Tromans, A
   Tubby, B
   Wall, M
   Wallis, JM
   West, AP
   White, SS
   Whitehead, SL
   Whittaker, H
   Wild, A
   Willey, DJ
   Wilmer, TE
   Wood, JM
   Wray, PW
   Wyatt, JC
   Young, L
   Younger, RM
   Bentley, DR
   Coulson, A
   Durbin, R
   Hubbard, T
   Sulston, JE
   Dunham, I
   Rogers, J
   Beck, S
TI The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID genetic-variation; segmental duplications; meiotic recombination; 6p22.3 gene; large-scale; rna genes; map; schizophrenia; mutations; dysbindin
AB Chromosome 6 is a metacentric chromosome that constitutes about 6% of the human genome. The finished sequence comprises 166,880,988 base pairs, representing the largest chromosome sequenced so far. The entire sequence has been subjected to high-quality manual annotation, resulting in the evidence-supported identification of 1,557 genes and 633 pseudogenes. Here we report that at least 96% of the protein-coding genes have been identified, as assessed by multi-species comparative sequence analysis, and provide evidence for the presence of further, otherwise unsupported exons/ genes. Among these are genes directly implicated in cancer, schizophrenia, autoimmunity and many other diseases. Chromosome 6 harbours the largest transfer RNA gene cluster in the genome; we show that this cluster co-localizes with a region of high transcriptional activity. Within the essential immune loci of the major histocompatibility complex, we find HLA-B to be the most polymorphic gene on chromosome 6 and in the human genome.
C1 Wellcome Trust Sanger Inst, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England.
C3 Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute
RP Mungall, AJ (corresponding author), Wellcome Trust Sanger Inst, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England.
EM ajm@sanger.ac.uk
NR 49
TC 247
Z9 1292
U1 0
U2 28
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 23
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6960
BP 805
EP U1
DI 10.1038/nature02055
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 735ME
UT WOS:000186118500037
PM 14574404
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Holmes, KC
   Angert, I
   Kull, FJ
   Jahn, W
   Schröder, RR
AF Holmes, KC
   Angert, I
   Kull, FJ
   Jahn, W
   Schröder, RR
TI Electron cryo-microscopy shows how strong binding of myosin to actin releases nucleotide
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rabbit skeletal-muscle; motor domain; complex; contraction; visualization; actomyosin; microscopy; molscript; mechanism; kinesin
AB Muscle contraction involves the cyclic interaction of the myosin cross-bridges with the actin filament, which is coupled to steps in the hydrolysis of ATP(1). While bound to actin each cross-bridge undergoes a conformational change, often referred to as the "power stroke"(2), which moves the actin filament past the myosin filaments; this is associated with the release of the products of ATP hydrolysis and a stronger binding of myosin to actin. The association of a new ATP molecule weakens the binding again, and the attached cross-bridge rapidly dissociates from actin. The nucleotide is then hydrolysed, the conformational change reverses, and the myosin cross-bridge reattaches to actin. X-ray crystallography has determined the structural basis of the power stroke, but it is still not clear why the binding of actin weakens that of the nucleotide and vice versa. Here we describe, by fitting atomic models of actin and the myosin cross-bridge into high-resolution electron cryo-microscopy three-dimensional reconstructions, the molecular basis of this linkage. The closing of the actin-binding cleft when actin binds is structurally coupled to the opening of the nucleotide-binding pocket.
C1 Max Planck Inst Med Res, Dept Biophys, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Holmes, KC (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Med Res, Dept Biophys, Jahnstr 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
NR 31
TC 308
Z9 358
U1 1
U2 24
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 25
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6956
BP 423
EP 427
DI 10.1038/nature02005
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 724TG
UT WOS:000185502300047
PM 14508495
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Alberts, B
AF Alberts, B
TI DNA replication and recombination
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID deoxyribonucleic-acid; escherichia-coli; protein machines; mutants
AB Knowledge of the structure of DNA enabled scientists to undertake the difficult task of deciphering the detailed molecular mechanisms of two dynamic processes that are central to life: the copying of the genetic information by DNA replication, and its reassortment and repair by DNA recombination. Despite dramatic advances towards this goal over the past five decades, many challenges remain for the next generation of molecular biologists.
C1 Natl Acad Sci, Washington, DC 20418 USA.
C3 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering & Medicine
RP Alberts, B (corresponding author), Natl Acad Sci, 2101 Constitut Ave, Washington, DC 20418 USA.
NR 27
TC 78
Z9 103
U1 0
U2 27
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6921
BP 431
EP 435
DI 10.1038/nature01407
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 637UW
UT WOS:000180533000058
PM 12540917
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sánchez, I
   Mahlke, C
   Yuan, JY
AF Sánchez, I
   Mahlke, C
   Yuan, JY
TI Pivotal role of oligomerization in expanded polyglutamine neurodegenerative disorders
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neuronal intranuclear inclusions; huntingtons-disease; protein aggregation; terminal fragments; mutant huntingtin; heat-shock; cag repeat; congo red; toxicity; inhibition
AB The expansion of a CAG repeat coding for polyglutamine in otherwise unrelated gene products is central to eight neurodegenerative disorders including Huntington's disease(1). It has been well documented that expanded polyglutamine fragments, cleaved from their respective full-length proteins, form microscopically visible aggregates in affected individuals and in transgenic mice(2-7). The contribution of polyglutamine oligomers to neurodegeneration, however, is controversial. The azo-dye Congo red binds preferentially to beta-sheets containing amyloid fibrils(8,9) and can specifically inhibit oligomerization(10) and disrupt preformed oligomers. Here we show that inhibition of polyglutamine oligomerization by Congo red prevents ATP depletion and caspase activation, preserves normal cellular protein synthesis and degradation functions, and promotes the clearance of expanded polyglutamine repeats in vivo and in vitro. Infusion of Congo red into a transgenic mouse model of Huntington's disease, well after the onset of symptoms, promotes the clearance of expanded repeats in vivo and exerts marked protective effects on survival, weight loss and motor function. We conclude that oligomerization is a crucial determinant in the biochemical properties of expanded polyglutamine that are central to their chronic cytotoxicity.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Sánchez, I (corresponding author), Boston Univ, Sch Med, Dept Anat & Neurobiol, 715 Albany St, Boston, MA 02118 USA.
FU NIH HHS [DP1 OD000580] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 403
Z9 461
U1 1
U2 25
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6921
BP 373
EP 379
DI 10.1038/nature01301
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 637UW
UT WOS:000180533000043
PM 12540902
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fu, J
   Gaetani, S
   Oveisi, F
   Lo Verme, J
   Serrano, A
   de Fonseca, FR
   Rosengarth, A
   Luecke, H
   Di Giacomo, B
   Tarzia, G
   Piomelli, D
AF Fu, J
   Gaetani, S
   Oveisi, F
   Lo Verme, J
   Serrano, A
   de Fonseca, FR
   Rosengarth, A
   Luecke, H
   Di Giacomo, B
   Tarzia, G
   Piomelli, D
TI Oleylethanolamide regulates feeding and body weight through activation of the nuclear receptor PPAR-α
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fatty-acids; gamma activators; gene-expression; nitric-oxide; mice; rat; eicosanoids; transport; ligands; protein
AB Oleylethanolamide (OEA) is a naturally occurring lipid that regulates satiety and body weight(1,2). Although structurally related to the endogenous cannabinoid anandamide, OEA does not bind to cannabinoid receptors and its molecular targets have not been defined. Here we show that OEA binds with high affinity to the peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-alpha), a nuclear receptor that regulates several aspects of lipid metabolism. Administration of OEA produces satiety and reduces body weight gain in wild-type mice, but not in mice deficient in PPAR-alpha. Two distinct PPAR-alpha agonists have similar effects that are also contingent on PPAR-alpha expression, whereas potent and selective agonists for PPAR-gamma and PPAR-beta/delta are ineffective. In the small intestine of wild-type but not PPAR-alpha-null mice, OEA regulates the expression of several PPAR-alpha target genes: it initiates the transcription of proteins involved in lipid metabolism and represses inducible nitric oxide synthase, an enzyme that may contribute to feeding stimulation. Our results, which show that OEA induces satiety by activating PPAR-alpha, identify an unexpected role for this nuclear receptor in regulating behaviour, and raise possibilities for the treatment of eating disorders.
C1 Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Pharmacol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
   Fdn Hosp Carlos Haya, Malaga, Spain.
   Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Mol Biol & Biochem, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
   Univ Urbino, Inst Med Chem, I-61029 Urbino, Italy.
C3 University of California System; University of California Irvine; University of California System; University of California Irvine; University of Urbino
RP Piomelli, D (corresponding author), Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Pharmacol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
NR 30
TC 932
Z9 1089
U1 0
U2 58
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 4
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6953
BP 90
EP 93
DI 10.1038/nature01921
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 717LD
UT WOS:000185089200044
PM 12955147
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ekstrom, AD
   Kahana, MJ
   Caplan, JB
   Fields, TA
   Isham, EA
   Newman, EL
   Fried, I
AF Ekstrom, AD
   Kahana, MJ
   Caplan, JB
   Fields, TA
   Isham, EA
   Newman, EL
   Fried, I
TI Cellular networks underlying human spatial navigation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human hippocampus; head direction; single-neuron; cells; responses
AB Place cells of the rodent hippocampus constitute one of the most striking examples of a correlation between neuronal activity and complex behaviour in mammals(1,2). These cells increase their firing rates when the animal traverses specific regions of its surroundings, providing a context-dependent map of the environment(3-5). Neuroimaging studies implicate the hippocampus and the parahippocampal region in human navigation(6-8). However, these regions also respond selectively to visual stimuli(9-13). It thus remains unclear whether rodent place coding has a homologue in humans or whether human navigation is driven by a different, visually based neural mechanism. We directly recorded from 317 neurons in the human medial temporal and frontal lobes while subjects explored and navigated a virtual town. Here we present evidence for a neural code of human spatial navigation based on cells that respond at specific spatial locations and cells that respond to views of landmarks. The former are present primarily in the hippocampus, and the latter in the parahippocampal region. Cells throughout the frontal and temporal lobes responded to the subjects' navigational goals and to conjunctions of place, goal and view.
C1 Brandeis Univ, Volen Ctr Complex Syst, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Div Neurosurg, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Psychiat & Biobehav Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Tel Aviv Univ, Sackler Sch Med, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.
   Tel Aviv Univ, Tel Aviv Med Ctr, Funct Neurosurg Unit, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.
C3 Brandeis University; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; Tel Aviv University; Sackler Faculty of Medicine; Tel Aviv University; Sackler Faculty of Medicine
RP Kahana, MJ (corresponding author), Brandeis Univ, Volen Ctr Complex Syst, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
EM kahana@brandeis.edu; ifried@mednet.ucla.edu
NR 27
TC 939
Z9 1191
U1 1
U2 166
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 11
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6954
BP 184
EP 187
DI 10.1038/nature01964
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 719ZT
UT WOS:000185236000044
PM 12968182
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yoshino, T
   Walter, MJ
   Katsura, T
AF Yoshino, T
   Walter, MJ
   Katsura, T
TI Core formation in planetesimals triggered by permeable flow
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID olivine
AB The tungsten isotope composition of meteorites indicates that core formation in planetesimals occurred within a few million years of Solar System formation(1,2). But core formation requires a mechanism for segregating metal, and the 'wetting' properties of molten iron alloy in an olivine-rich matrix is thought to preclude segregation by permeable flow unless the silicate itself is partially molten(3-5). Excess liquid metal over a percolation threshold, however, can potentially create permeability in a solid matrix, thereby permitting segregation. Here we report the percolation threshold for molten iron-sulphur compounds of approximately 5 vol.% in solid olivine, based on electrical conductivity measurements made in situ at high pressure and temperature. We conclude that heating within planetesimals by decay of short-lived radionuclides can increase temperature sufficiently above the iron-sulphur melting point (similar to1,000degreesC) to trigger segregation of iron alloy by permeable flow within the short time-frame indicated by tungsten isotopes. We infer that planetesimals with radii greater than about 30 km and larger planetary embryos are expected to have formed cores very early, and these objects would have contained much of the mass in the terrestrial region of the protoplanetary nebula. The Earth and other terrestrial planets are likely therefore to have formed by accretion of previously differentiated planetesimals, and Earth's core may accordingly be viewed as a blended composite of preformed cores.
C1 Okayama Univ, Inst Study Earths Interior, Misasa, Tottori 6820193, Japan.
C3 Okayama University
RP Yoshino, T (corresponding author), Okayama Univ, Inst Study Earths Interior, Yamada 827, Misasa, Tottori 6820193, Japan.
EM tyoshino@misasa.okayama-u.ac.jp
NR 23
TC 187
Z9 204
U1 0
U2 31
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 13
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6928
BP 154
EP 157
DI 10.1038/nature01459
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 654HG
UT WOS:000181488900042
PM 12634783
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Huang, CY
   Ayliffe, MA
   Timmis, JN
AF Huang, CY
   Ayliffe, MA
   Timmis, JN
TI Direct measurement of the transfer rate of chloroplast DNA into the nucleus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID plastid genome; gene; tobacco; plants; arabidopsis; expression; reveals; insertion
AB Gene transfer from the chloroplast to the nucleus has occurred over evolutionary time(1). Functional gene establishment in the nucleus is rare, but DNA transfer without functionality is presumably more frequent. Here, we measured directly the transfer rate of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) into the nucleus of tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum). To visualize this process, a nucleus-specific neomycin phosphotransferase gene (neoSTLS2) was integrated into the chloroplast genome, and the transfer of cpDNA to the nucleus was detected by screening for kanamycin-resistant seedlings in progeny. A screen for kanamycin-resistant seedlings was conducted with about 250,000 progeny produced by fertilization of wild-type females with pollen from plants containing cp-neoSTLS2. Sixteen plants of independent origin were identified and their progenies showed stable inheritance of neoSTLS2, characteristic of nuclear genes. Thus, we provide a quantitative estimate of one transposition event in about 16,000 pollen grains for the frequency of transfer of cpDNA to the nucleus. In addition to its evident role in organellar evolution, transposition of cpDNA to the nucleus in tobacco occurs at a rate that must have significant consequences for existing nuclear genes.
C1 Univ Adelaide, Dept Mol Biosci, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
   CSIRO Plant Ind, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
C3 Adelaide University; University of Adelaide; Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO); Plant Industry
RP Timmis, JN (corresponding author), Univ Adelaide, Dept Mol Biosci, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
EM jeremy.timmis@adelaide.edu.au
NR 26
TC 242
Z9 283
U1 0
U2 38
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 6
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6927
BP 72
EP 76
DI 10.1038/nature01435
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 651VP
UT WOS:000181343100039
PM 12594458
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chaimanee, Y
   Jolly, D
   Benammi, M
   Tafforeau, P
   Duzer, D
   Moussa, I
   Jaeger, JJ
AF Chaimanee, Y
   Jolly, D
   Benammi, M
   Tafforeau, P
   Duzer, D
   Moussa, I
   Jaeger, JJ
TI A Middle Miocene hominoid from Thailand and orangutan origins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sivapithecus; pakistan; neogene; lufeng; china
AB The origin of orangutans has long been debated. Sivapithecus is considered to be the closest ancestor of orangutans because of its facial-palatal similarities(1), but its dental characteristics 2 and postcranial skeleton(2,3) do not confirm this phylogenetic position. Here we report a new Middle Miocene hominoid, cf. Lufengpithecus chiangmuanensis n. sp. from northern Thailand. Its dental morphology relates it to the Pongo clade, which includes Lufengpithecus(4,5), Sivapithecus(2), Gigantopithecus(6), Ankarapithecus(7) and possibly Griphopithecus(8). Our new species displays striking dental resemblances with living orangutans and appears as a more likely candidate to represent an ancestor of this ape. In addition, it originates from the geographic area of Pleistocene orangutans. But surprisingly, the associated flora shows strong African affinities, demonstrating the existence of a temporary floral and faunal dispersal corridor between southeast Asia and Africa during the Middle Miocene, which may have played a critical role in hominoid dispersion.
C1 Univ Montpellier 2, ISEM, F-34095 Montpellier, France.
   Dept Mineral Resources, Geol Survey Div, Paleontol Sect, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
   Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Geofis, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD); Universite de Montpellier; Department of Mineral Resources - Thailand; Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico
RP Jaeger, JJ (corresponding author), Univ Montpellier 2, ISEM, CC 064,Pl Eugene Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier, France.
EM jaeger@isem.univ-montp2.fr
NR 25
TC 103
Z9 116
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 6
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6927
BP 61
EP 65
DI 10.1038/nature01449
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 651VP
UT WOS:000181343100036
PM 12621432
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gray, NS
   MacCulloch, MJ
   Smith, J
   Morris, M
   Snowden, RJ
AF Gray, NS
   MacCulloch, MJ
   Smith, J
   Morris, M
   Snowden, RJ
TI Violence viewed by psychopathic murderers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Cardiff Univ, Sch Psychol, Cardiff CF10 3YG, S Glam, Wales.
   Clanrhyd Hosp, Caswell Clin, S Wales Forens Psychiat Serv, Yancyville CF36 4LN, Mid Glamorgan, Wales.
   HM Prisons, Aylesbury HP18 OTL, Bucks, England.
C3 Cardiff University
RP Gray, NS (corresponding author), Cardiff Univ, Sch Psychol, Cardiff CF10 3YG, S Glam, Wales.
NR 9
TC 87
Z9 105
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 29
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6939
BP 497
EP 498
DI 10.1038/423497a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 683RH
UT WOS:000183162900032
PM 12774112
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rueness, EK
   Stenseth, NC
   O'Donoghue, M
   Boutin, S
   Ellegren, H
   Jakobsen, KS
AF Rueness, EK
   Stenseth, NC
   O'Donoghue, M
   Boutin, S
   Ellegren, H
   Jakobsen, KS
TI Ecological and genetic spatial structuring in the Canadian lynx
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cladistic-analysis; snowshoe hare; geographical-distribution; phenotypic associations; population-dynamics; haplotypes; dispersal; speciation; patterns; program
AB The Canadian lynx, distributed all across the northern part of North America, is well known for its regular population cycles-cycles that have different underlying structures in different parts of Canada(1). Using both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA markers, we report here a close resemblance between the earlier observed spatial ecological structuring of the Canadian lynx(1) and its spatial genetic structuring. Specifically, we demonstrate that the Rocky Mountains represent a barrier to gene flow in western Canada, and, somewhat surprisingly, we detect the presence of a geographically invisible barrier south of Hudson Bay (coinciding with the separation between the ecological Continental and Atlantic regions(1)). No evidence for isolation in different glacial refugia within North America was found. We suggest that ecological factors underlying the spatial dynamic structuring also strongly influence the genetic structuring of the Canadian lynx.
C1 Univ Oslo, Dept Biol, Ctr Ecol & Evolutionary Synth, N-0315 Oslo, Norway.
   Yukon Dept Environm, Fish & Wildlife Branch, Mayo, YT Y0B 1M0, Canada.
   Univ Alberta, Dept Biol Sci, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada.
   Uppsala Univ, Dept Evolutionary Biol, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
C3 University of Oslo; University of Alberta; Uppsala University
RP Stenseth, NC (corresponding author), Univ Oslo, Dept Biol, Ctr Ecol & Evolutionary Synth, POB 1031 Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway.
NR 30
TC 97
Z9 123
U1 0
U2 71
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 4
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6953
BP 69
EP 72
DI 10.1038/nature01942
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 717LD
UT WOS:000185089200038
PM 12955141
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brooker, RA
   Du, Z
   Blundy, JD
   Kelley, SP
   Allan, NL
   Wood, BJ
   Chamorro, EM
   Wartho, JA
   Purton, JA
AF Brooker, RA
   Du, Z
   Blundy, JD
   Kelley, SP
   Allan, NL
   Wood, BJ
   Chamorro, EM
   Wartho, JA
   Purton, JA
TI The 'zero charge' partitioning behaviour of noble gases during mantle melting
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID olivine glass; coefficients; constraints; evolution; argon; solubility; simulation; helium; basalt; spinel
AB Noble-gas geochemistry is an important tool for understanding planetary processes from accretion to mantle dynamics and atmospheric formation(1-4). Central to much of the modelling of such processes is the crystal-melt partitioning of noble gases during mantle melting, magma ascent and near-surface degassing(5). Geochemists have traditionally considered the 'inert' noble gases to be extremely incompatible elements, with almost 100 per cent extraction efficiency from the solid phase during melting processes. Previously published experimental data on partitioning between crystalline silicates and melts has, however, suggested that noble gases approach compatible behaviour, and a significant proportion should therefore remain in the mantle during melt extraction(5-8). Here we present experimental data to show that noble gases are more incompatible than previously demonstrated, but not necessarily to the extent assumed or required by geochemical models. Independent atomistic computer simulations indicate that noble gases can be considered as species of 'zero charge' incorporated at crystal lattice sites. Together with the lattice strain model(9,10), this provides a theoretical framework with which to model noble-gas geochemistry as a function of residual mantle mineralogy.
C1 Univ Bristol, Dept Earth Sci, CETSEI, Bristol BS8 1RJ, Avon, England.
   Univ Bristol, Sch Chem, Bristol BS8 1TS, Avon, England.
   Open Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England.
   SERC, Daresbury Lab, CLRC, Warrington WA4 4AD, Cheshire, England.
C3 University of Bristol; University of Bristol; Open University - UK; STFC Daresbury Laboratory
RP Brooker, RA (corresponding author), Univ Bristol, Dept Earth Sci, CETSEI, Wills Mem Bldg, Bristol BS8 1RJ, Avon, England.
EM r.a.brooker@bristol.ac.uk
NR 31
TC 89
Z9 92
U1 0
U2 37
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 12
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6941
BP 738
EP 741
DI 10.1038/nature01708
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 688PA
UT WOS:000183443400040
PM 12802331
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wu, L
   Hickson, ID
AF Wu, L
   Hickson, ID
TI The Bloom's syndrome helicase suppresses crossing over during homologous recombination
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID syndrome gene-product; topoisomerase-iii-alpha; strand-break repair; holliday junction resolution; recq helicases; escherichia-coli; branch migration; mammalian-cells; meiosis; yeast
AB Mutations in BLM, which encodes a RecQ helicase, give rise to Bloom's syndrome, a disorder associated with cancer predisposition and genomic instability(1). A defining feature of Bloom's syndrome is an elevated frequency of sister chromatid exchanges(2). These arise from crossing over of chromatid arms during homologous recombination, a ubiquitous process that exists to repair DNA double-stranded breaks and damaged replication forks. Whereas crossing over is required in meiosis, in mitotic cells it can be associated with detrimental loss of heterozygosity. BLM forms an evolutionarily conserved complex with human topoisomerase IIIalpha (hTOPO IIIalpha)(3,4), which can break and rejoin DNA to alter its topology. Inactivation of homologues of either protein leads to hyper-recombination in unicellular organisms(5). Here, we show that BLM and hTOPO IIIalpha together effect the resolution of a recombination intermediate containing a double Holliday junction. The mechanism, which we term double-junction dissolution, is distinct from classical Holliday junction resolution and prevents exchange of flanking sequences. Loss of such an activity explains many of the cellular phenotypes of Bloom's syndrome. These results have wider implications for our understanding of the process of homologous recombination and the mechanisms that exist to prevent tumorigenesis.
C1 Univ Oxford, John Radcliffe Hosp, Weatherall Inst Mol Med, Canc Res UK, Oxford OX3 9DS, England.
C3 University of Oxford; Cancer Research UK
RP Hickson, ID (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, John Radcliffe Hosp, Weatherall Inst Mol Med, Canc Res UK, Oxford OX3 9DS, England.
NR 28
TC 896
Z9 1107
U1 1
U2 77
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 18
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6968
BP 870
EP 874
DI 10.1038/nature02253
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 754QM
UT WOS:000187342000066
PM 14685245
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Blomqvist, D
   Andersson, M
   Küpper, C
   Cuthill, IC
   Kis, J
   Lanctot, RB
   Sandercock, BK
   Székely, T
   Wallander, J
   Kempenaers, B
AF Blomqvist, D
   Andersson, M
   Küpper, C
   Cuthill, IC
   Kis, J
   Lanctot, RB
   Sandercock, BK
   Székely, T
   Wallander, J
   Kempenaers, B
TI Why do birds engage in extra-pair copulation?: Reply
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fertilizations; paternity
C1 Max Planck Res Ctr Ornithol, D-82305 Seewiesen, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Cuthill, IC (corresponding author), Max Planck Res Ctr Ornithol, POB 1564, D-82305 Seewiesen, Germany.
EM b.kempenaers@erl.onirthol.mpg.de
NR 13
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 24
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6934
BP 833
EP 834
DI 10.1038/422833b
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 670WR
UT WOS:000182432600041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yanagisawa, S
   Yoo, SD
   Sheen, J
AF Yanagisawa, S
   Yoo, SD
   Sheen, J
TI Differential regulation of EIN3 stability by glucose and ethylene signalling in plants
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inducible gene-expression; proteasome pathway; response pathway; abscisic-acid; arabidopsis; protein; light; transduction; maize; ethylene-insensitive3
AB Glucose is a global regulator of growth and metabolism that is evolutionarily conserved from unicellular microorganisms to multicellular animals and plants(1). In photosynthetic plants, glucose shows hormone-like activities and modulates many essential processes, including embryogenesis, germination, seedling development, vegetative growth, reproduction and senescence(2,3). Genetic and phenotypic analyses of Arabidopsis mutants with glucose-insensitive (gin) and glucose-oversensitive (glo) phenotypes have identified an unexpected antagonistic interaction between glucose and the plant stress hormone ethylene. The ethylene-insensitive etr1 and ein2 mutants have glo phenotypes, whereas the constitutive ethylene signalling mutant ctr1 is allelic to gin4 (refs 4, 5). The precise molecular mechanisms underlying the complex signalling network that governs plant growth and development in response to nutrients and plant hormones are mostly unknown. Here we show that glucose enhances the degradation of ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE3 (EIN3), a key transcriptional regulator in ethylene signalling(6,7), through the plant glucose sensor hexokinase(8). Ethylene, by contrast, enhances the stability of EIN3. The ein3 mutant has a glo phenotype, and overexpression of EIN3 in transgenic Arabidopsis decreases glucose sensitivity.
C1 Okayama Univ, Bioresources Res Inst, Kurashiki, Okayama 7100046, Japan.
   Harvard Univ, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Genet,Dept Mol Biol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
C3 Okayama University; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School
RP Yanagisawa, S (corresponding author), Okayama Univ, Bioresources Res Inst, Chuo 2-20-1, Kurashiki, Okayama 7100046, Japan.
EM yanagi-s@rib.okayama-u.ac.jp
NR 30
TC 414
Z9 483
U1 4
U2 129
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 2
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6957
BP 521
EP 525
DI 10.1038/nature01984
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 727FN
UT WOS:000185648100047
PM 14523448
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mougeot, F
   Redpath, SM
   Leckie, F
   Hudson, PJ
AF Mougeot, F
   Redpath, SM
   Leckie, F
   Hudson, PJ
TI The effect of aggressiveness on the population dynamics of a territorial bird
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID host-parasite system; red grouse; trichostrongylus-tenuis; cycles; kin; predation; density; fluctuations; prevention; stability
AB A central issue in ecology lies in identifying the importance of resources, natural enemies and behaviour in the regulation of animal populations. Much of the debate on this subject has focused on animals that show cyclic fluctuations in abundance(1-7). However, there is still disagreement about the role of extrinsic (food, parasites or predators) and intrinsic (behaviour) factors in causing cycles(2,8-10). Recent studies have examined the impact of natural enemies(1,3,4,7), although spatial patterns resulting from restricted dispersal or recruitment are increasingly recognized as having the potential to influence unstable population dynamics(5,6,11-13). We tested the hypothesis that population cycles in a territorial bird, red grouse Lagopus lagopus scoticus, are caused by delayed density-dependent changes in the aggressiveness and spacing behaviour of males. Here we show that increasing aggressiveness experimentally for a short period in autumn reduced recruitment and subsequent breeding density by 50%, and changed population trajectories from increasing to declining. Intrinsic processes can therefore have fundamental effects on population dynamics.
C1 CEH Banchory, Banchory AB31 4BW, Aberdeen, Scotland.
   Univ Stirling, Dept Biol & Mol Sci, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland.
C3 UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH); University of Stirling
RP Mougeot, F (corresponding author), CEH Banchory, Hills Brathens, Banchory AB31 4BW, Aberdeen, Scotland.
NR 27
TC 92
Z9 104
U1 3
U2 37
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 13
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6924
BP 737
EP 739
DI 10.1038/nature01395
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 644UP
UT WOS:000180938000042
PM 12610624
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Uemura, M
   Kato, T
   Ishioka, R
   Yamaoka, H
   Monard, B
   Nogami, D
   Maehara, H
   Sugie, A
   Takahashi, S
AF Uemura, M
   Kato, T
   Ishioka, R
   Yamaoka, H
   Monard, B
   Nogami, D
   Maehara, H
   Sugie, A
   Takahashi, S
TI Structure in the early afterglow light curve of the γ-ray burst of 29 March 2003
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID early optical-emission; grb 990510; predictions
AB Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are energetic explosions that for 0.01-100 s are the brightest gamma-ray sources in the sky(1,2). Observations of the early evolution of afterglows are expected to provide clues about the nature of the bursts, but their rapid fading has hampered such studies; some recent rapid localizations(3-5) of bursts have improved the situation. Here we report an early detection of the very bright afterglow of the burst of 29 March 2003 (GRB030329). Our data show that, even early in the afterglow phase, the light curve shows unexpectedly complicated structures superimposed on the fading background.
C1 Kyoto Univ, Dept Astron, Kyoto 6068502, Japan.
   Kyushu Univ, Fac Sci, Fukuoka 8108560, Japan.
   Bronberg Observ, ZA-0056 Tiegerpoort, South Africa.
   Kyoto Univ, Hida Observ, Gifu 5061314, Japan.
   VSOLJ, Kawaguchi, Saitama 3320034, Japan.
   Dun Astron Observ, Shiga 5220341, Japan.
C3 Kyoto University; Kyushu University; National Research Foundation - South Africa; Kyoto University
RP Uemura, M (corresponding author), Kyoto Univ, Dept Astron, Kyoto 6068502, Japan.
EM uemura@kusastro.kyoto-u.ac.jp
NR 25
TC 52
Z9 53
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 19
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6942
BP 843
EP 844
DI 10.1038/nature01735
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 691BQ
UT WOS:000183585300037
PM 12815423
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Xiao, B
   Jing, C
   Wilson, JR
   Walker, PA
   Vasisht, N
   Kelly, G
   Howell, S
   Taylor, IA
   Blackburn, GM
   Gamblin, SJ
AF Xiao, B
   Jing, C
   Wilson, JR
   Walker, PA
   Vasisht, N
   Kelly, G
   Howell, S
   Taylor, IA
   Blackburn, GM
   Gamblin, SJ
TI Structure and catalytic mechanism of the human histone methyltransferase SET7/9
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chromatin-structure; domain; methylation; acetylation; site
AB Acetylation(1,2), phosphorylation(3) and methylation(4) of the amino-terminal tails of histones are thought to be involved in the regulation of chromatin structure and function(5-7). With just one exception(8,9), the enzymes identified in the methylation of specific lysine residues on histones (histone methyltransferases) belong to the SET family(10). The high-resolution crystal structure of a ternary complex of human SET7/9 with a histone peptide and cofactor reveals that the peptide substrate and cofactor bind on opposite surfaces of the enzyme. The target lysine accesses the active site of the enzyme and the S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet) cofactor by inserting its side chain into a narrow channel that runs through the enzyme, connecting the two surfaces. Here we show from the structure and from solution studies that SET7/9, unlike most other SET proteins, is exclusively a mono-methylase. The structure indicates the molecular basis of the specificity of the enzyme for the histone target, and allows us to propose a model for the methylation reaction that accounts for the role of many of the residues that are invariant across the SET family.
C1 Natl Inst Med Res, Struct Biol Grp, London NW7 1AA, England.
   Univ Sheffield, Dept Chem, Krebs Inst, Sheffield S3 7HF, S Yorkshire, England.
C3 MRC National Institute for Medical Research; University of Sheffield
RP Gamblin, SJ (corresponding author), Natl Inst Med Res, Struct Biol Grp, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, England.
EM sgambli@nimr.mrc.ac.uk
NR 20
TC 327
Z9 397
U1 1
U2 42
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 6
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6923
BP 652
EP 656
DI 10.1038/nature01378
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 642KH
UT WOS:000180803200047
PM 12540855
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Calsbeek, R
   Smith, TB
AF Calsbeek, R
   Smith, TB
TI Ocean currents mediate evolution in island lizards
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID locomotor performance; anolis; speciation; radiations; morphology
AB Islands are considered to be natural laboratories in which to examine evolution because of the implicit assumption that limited gene flow allows tests of evolutionary processes in isolated replicates(1). Here we show that this well-accepted idea requires re-examination. Island inundation during hurricanes can have devastating effects on lizard populations in the Bahamas(2,3). After severe storms, islands may be recolonized by overwater dispersal of lizards from neighbouring islands(3). High levels of gene flow may homogenize genes responsible for divergence, and are widely viewed as a constraining force on evolution(4,5). Ultimately, the magnitude of gene flow determines the extent to which populations diverge from one another, and whether or not they eventually form new species(6,7). We show that patterns of gene flow among island populations of Anolis lizards are best explained by prevailing ocean currents, and that over-water dispersal has evolutionary consequences. Across islands, divergence in fitness-related morphology decreases with increasing gene flow(5). Results suggest that over-water dispersal after hurricanes constrains adaptive diversification in Anolis lizards, and that it may have an important but previously undocumented role in this classical example of adaptive radiation.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Environm, Ctr Trop Res, Los Angeles, CA 90065 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP Calsbeek, R (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Environm, Ctr Trop Res, Los Angeles, CA 90065 USA.
EM calsbeek@ucla.edu
NR 30
TC 114
Z9 128
U1 0
U2 29
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 4
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6966
BP 552
EP 555
DI 10.1038/nature02143
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 749TE
UT WOS:000186944300037
PM 14654839
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Salvador, JR
   Gu, F
   Hogan, T
   Kanatzidis, MG
AF Salvador, JR
   Gu, F
   Hogan, T
   Kanatzidis, MG
TI Zero thermal expansion in YbGaGe due to an electronic valence transition
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Most materials expand upon heating. Although rare, some materials expand on cooling, and are said to exhibit negative thermal expansion (NTE); but the property is exhibited in only one crystallographic direction. Such materials include silicon and germanium(1) at very low temperature (<100 K) and, at room temperature, glasses in the titania-silica family(2), Kevlar, carbon fibres, anisotropic Invar Fe-Ni alloys(3), ZrW2O3 (ref. 4) and certain molecular networks'. NTE materials can be combined with materials demonstrating a positive thermal expansion coefficient to fabricate composites exhibiting an overall zero thermal expansion (ZTE). ZTE materials are useful because they do not undergo thermal shock on rapid heating or cooling. The need for such composites could be avoided if ZTE materials were available in a pure form. Here we show that an electrically conductive intermetallic compound, YbGaGe, can exhibit nearly ZTE-that is, negligible volume change between 100 and 400 K. We suggest that this response is due to a temperature-induced valence transition in the Yb atoms. ZTE materials are desirable to prevent or reduce resulting strain or internal stresses in systems subject to large temperature fluctuations, such as in space applications and thermomechanical actuators.
C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Chem, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
   Michigan State Univ, Ctr Fundamental Mat Res, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
   Michigan State Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
C3 Michigan State University; Michigan State University; Michigan State University
RP Kanatzidis, MG (corresponding author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Chem, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
NR 14
TC 208
Z9 226
U1 4
U2 197
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 16
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6959
BP 702
EP 705
DI 10.1038/nature02011
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 732DA
UT WOS:000185924500037
PM 14562099
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wallraff, A
   Lukashenko, A
   Lisenfeld, J
   Kemp, A
   Fistul, MV
   Koval, Y
   Ustinov, AV
AF Wallraff, A
   Lukashenko, A
   Lisenfeld, J
   Kemp, A
   Fistul, MV
   Koval, Y
   Ustinov, AV
TI Quantum dynamics of a single vortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID josephson tunnel-junctions; fluxon dynamics; magnetic-field; superconductors; states; superposition; temperature; vortices; motion; qubit
AB Vortices occur naturally in a wide range of gases and fluids, from macroscopic to microscopic scales. In Bose-Einstein condensates of dilute atomic gases(1), superfluid helium(2) and superconductors, the existence of vortices is a consequence of the quantum nature of the system. Quantized vortices of supercurrent(3) are generated by magnetic flux penetrating the material, and play a key role in determining the material properties(4) and the performance of superconductor-based devices(5,6). At high temperatures the dynamics of such vortices are essentially classical, while at low temperatures previous experiments have suggested collective quantum dynamics(7,8). However, the question of whether vortex tunnelling occurs at low temperatures has been addressed only for large collections of vortices. Here we study the quantum dynamics of an individual vortex in a superconducting Josephson junction. By measuring the statistics of the vortex escape from a controllable pinning potential, we demonstrate the existence of quantized levels of the vortex energy within the trapping potential well and quantum tunnelling of the vortex through the pinning barrier.
C1 Univ Erlangen Nurnberg, Inst Phys 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.
C3 University of Erlangen Nuremberg
RP Wallraff, A (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Dept Appl Phys, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
NR 34
TC 162
Z9 174
U1 0
U2 66
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 11
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6954
BP 155
EP 158
DI 10.1038/nature01826
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 719ZT
UT WOS:000185236000035
PM 12968173
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Myers, RA
   Worm, B
AF Myers, RA
   Worm, B
TI Rapid worldwide depletion of predatory fish communities
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID collapse; cod
AB Serious concerns have been raised about the ecological effects of industrialized fishing(1-3), spurring a United Nations resolution on restoring fisheries and marine ecosystems to healthy levels(4). However, a prerequisite for restoration is a general understanding of the composition and abundance of unexploited fish communities, relative to contemporary ones. We constructed trajectories of community biomass and composition of large predatory fishes in four continental shelf and nine oceanic systems, using all available data from the beginning of exploitation. Industrialized fisheries typically reduced community biomass by 80% within 15 years of exploitation. Compensatory increases in fast-growing species were observed, but often reversed within a decade. Using a meta-analytic approach, we estimate that large predatory fish biomass today is only about 10% of pre-industrial levels. We conclude that declines of large predators in coastal regions(5) have extended throughout the global ocean, with potentially serious consequences for ecosystems(5-7). Our analysis suggests that management based on recent data alone may be misleading, and provides minimum estimates for unexploited communities, which could serve as the 'missing baseline('8) needed for future restoration efforts.
C1 Dalhousie Univ, Dept Biol, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada.
C3 Dalhousie University
RP Myers, RA (corresponding author), Dalhousie Univ, Dept Biol, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada.
EM Ransom.Myers@dal.ca
NR 30
TC 2123
Z9 2531
U1 5
U2 1150
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 15
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6937
BP 280
EP 283
DI 10.1038/nature01610
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 678EX
UT WOS:000182853100041
PM 12748640
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Souma, S
   Machida, Y
   Sato, T
   Takahashi, T
   Matsui, H
   Wang, SC
   Ding, H
   Kaminski, A
   Campuzano, JC
   Sasaki, S
   Kadowaki, K
AF Souma, S
   Machida, Y
   Sato, T
   Takahashi, T
   Matsui, H
   Wang, SC
   Ding, H
   Kaminski, A
   Campuzano, JC
   Sasaki, S
   Kadowaki, K
TI The origin of multiple superconducting gaps in MgB2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Magnesium diboride, MgB2, has the highest transition temperature (T-c = 39 K) of the known metallic superconductors(1). Whether the anomalously high T-c can be described within the conventional BCS (Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer) framework 2 has been debated. The key to understanding superconductivity lies with the 'superconducting energy gap' associated with the formation of the superconducting pairs. Recently, the existence of two kinds of superconducting gaps in MgB2 has been suggested by several experiments(3-9); this is in contrast to both conventional and high-T-c superconductors. A clear demonstration of two gaps has not yet been made because the previous experiments lacked the ability to resolve the momentum of the superconducting electrons. Here we report direct experimental evidence for the two-band superconductivity in MgB2, by separately observing the superconducting gaps of the sigma and pi bands (as well as a surface band). The gaps have distinctly different sizes, which unambiguously establishes MgB2 as a two-gap superconductor(10,11).
C1 Tohoku Univ, Dept Phys, Sendai, Miyagi 9808578, Japan.
   Tokyo Inst Technol, Mat & Struct Lab, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2268503, Japan.
   Boston Coll, Dept Phys, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 USA.
   Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA.
   Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, Chicago, IL 60607 USA.
   Univ Tsukuba, Inst Mat Sci, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058573, Japan.
C3 Tohoku University; Institute of Science Tokyo; Tokyo Institute of Technology; Boston College; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Argonne National Laboratory; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Chicago; University of Illinois Chicago Hospital; University of Tsukuba
RP Takahashi, T (corresponding author), Tohoku Univ, Dept Phys, Sendai, Miyagi 9808578, Japan.
EM t.takahashi@arpes.phys.tohoku.ac.jp
NR 26
TC 253
Z9 276
U1 1
U2 77
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 1
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6935
BP 65
EP 67
DI 10.1038/nature01619
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 673CG
UT WOS:000182561600038
PM 12721624
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fisher, AT
   Davis, EE
   Hutnak, M
   Spiess, V
   Zühlsdorff, L
   Cherkaoui, A
   Christiansen, L
   Edwards, K
   Macdonald, R
   Villinger, H
   Mottl, MJ
   Wheat, CG
   Becker, K
AF Fisher, AT
   Davis, EE
   Hutnak, M
   Spiess, V
   Zühlsdorff, L
   Cherkaoui, A
   Christiansen, L
   Edwards, K
   Macdonald, R
   Villinger, H
   Mottl, MJ
   Wheat, CG
   Becker, K
TI Hydrothermal recharge and discharge across 50 km guided by seamounts on a young ridge flank
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID de-fuca ridge; oceanic-crust; heat-flow; chemical-composition; cascadia basin; eastern flank; baby-bare; circulation; fluxes; permeability
AB Hydrothermal circulation within the sea floor, through lithosphere older than one million years (Myr), is responsible for 30% of the energy released from plate cooling, and for 70% of the global heat flow anomaly (the difference between observed thermal output and that predicted by conductive cooling models)(1,2). Hydrothermal fluids remove significant amounts of heat from the oceanic lithosphere for plates typically up to about 65 Myr old(3,4). But in view of the relatively impermeable sediments that cover most ridge flanks(5), it has been difficult to explain how these fluids transport heat from the crust to the ocean. Here we present results of swath mapping, heat flow, geochemistry and seismic surveys from the young eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca ridge, which show that isolated basement outcrops penetrating through thick sediments guide hydrothermal discharge and recharge between sites separated by more than 50 km. Our analyses reveal distinct thermal patterns at the sea floor adjacent to recharging and discharging outcrops. We find that such a circulation through basement outcrops can be sustained in a setting of pressure differences and crustal properties as reported in independent observations and modelling studies.
C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   Geol Survey Canada, Pacific Geosci Ctr, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada.
   Univ Bremen, Dept Earth Sci, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
   Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA.
   Univ Hawaii, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   Univ Alaska, Global Undersea Res Unit, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; Natural Resources Canada; Lands & Minerals Sector - Natural Resources Canada; Geological Survey of Canada; University of Bremen; Johns Hopkins University; University of Miami; University of Hawaii System; University of Alaska System; University of Alaska Fairbanks
RP Fisher, AT (corresponding author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
NR 29
TC 199
Z9 225
U1 0
U2 51
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 6
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6923
BP 618
EP 621
DI 10.1038/nature01352
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 642KH
UT WOS:000180803200038
PM 12571592
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Montcouquiol, M
   Rachel, RA
   Lanford, PJ
   Copeland, NG
   Jenkins, NA
   Kelley, MW
AF Montcouquiol, M
   Rachel, RA
   Lanford, PJ
   Copeland, NG
   Jenkins, NA
   Kelley, MW
TI Identification of Vangl2 and Scrb1 as planar polarity genes in mammals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neural-tube defects; drosophila tissue polarity; cell fate; mouse; strabismus; circletail; mutant; localization; extension; mutation
AB In mammals, an example of planar cell polarity (PCP) is the uniform orientation of the hair cell stereociliary bundles within the cochlea. The PCP pathway of Drosophila(1-4) refers to a conserved signalling pathway that regulates the coordinated orientation of cells or structures within the plane of an epithelium. Here we show that a mutation in Vangl2, a mammalian homologue of the Drosophila PCP gene Strabismus/Van Gogh, results in significant disruptions in the polarization of stereociliary bundles in mouse cochlea as a result of defects in the direction of movement and/or anchoring of the kinocilium within each hair cell. Similar, but less severe, defects are observed in animals containing a mutation in the LAP protein family gene Scrb1 (homologous with Drosophila scribble). Polarization defects in animals heterozygous for Vangl2 and Scrb1 are comparable with Vangl2 homozygotes, demonstrating genetic interactions between these genes in the regulation of PCP in mammals. These results demonstrate a role for the PCP pathway in planar polarization in mammals, and identify Scrb1 as a PCP gene.
C1 NIDCD, Sect Dev Neurosci, NIH, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
   NCI, Mouse Canc Genet Program, Frederick, MD 21702 USA.
   Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute on Deafness & Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park
RP Montcouquiol, M (corresponding author), NIDCD, Sect Dev Neurosci, NIH, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
EM montcouq@nidcd.nih.gov
FU National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders [ZIADC000059] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 25
TC 581
Z9 717
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 8
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6936
BP 173
EP 177
DI 10.1038/nature01618
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 675MR
UT WOS:000182699600047
PM 12724779
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Biju, SD
   Bossuyt, F
AF Biju, SD
   Bossuyt, F
TI New frog family from India reveals an ancient biogeographical link with the Seychelles
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phylogenetic-relationships; madagascan; amphibia
AB About 96% of the more than 4,800 living anuran species(1) belong to the Neobatrachia or advanced frogs(2-4). Because of the extremely poor representation of these animals in the Mesozoic fossil record, hypotheses on their early evolution have to rely largely on extant taxa(5-7). Here we report the discovery of a burrowing frog from India that is noticeably distinct from known taxa in all anuran families. Phylogenetic analyses of 2.8 kilobases of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA unambiguously designate this frog as the sister taxon of Sooglossidae, a family exclusively occurring on two granitic islands of the Seychelles archipelago(8). Furthermore, molecular clock analyses(9) uncover the branch leading to both taxa as an ancient split in the crown-group Neobatrachia. Our discovery discloses a lineage that may have been more diverse on Indo-Madagascar in the Cretaceous period, but now only comprises four species on the Seychelles and a sole survivor in India. Because of its very distinct morphology and an inferred origin that is earlier than several neobatrachian families(10), we recognize this frog as a new family.
C1 Free Univ Brussels, Dept Biol, Unit Ecol & Systemat, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
   Trop Bot Garden & Res Inst, Thiruvananthapuram 695562, Kerala, India.
C3 Universite Libre de Bruxelles; KSCSTE-Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden & Research Institute (JNTBGRI)
RP Bossuyt, F (corresponding author), Free Univ Brussels, Dept Biol, Unit Ecol & Systemat, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
EM fbossuyt@vub.ac.be
NR 28
TC 268
Z9 302
U1 0
U2 31
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 16
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6959
BP 711
EP 714
DI 10.1038/nature02019
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 732DA
UT WOS:000185924500040
PM 14562102
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Blake, WJ
   Kærn, M
   Cantor, CR
   Collins, JJ
AF Blake, WJ
   Kærn, M
   Cantor, CR
   Collins, JJ
TI Noise in eukaryotic gene expression
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rna-polymerase-ii; transcriptional activation; in-vivo; single-cell; differentiation; stochasticity; reinitiation; probability; recruitment; initiation
AB Transcription in eukaryotic cells has been described as quantal(1), with pulses of messenger RNA produced in a probabilistic manner(2,3). This description reflects the inherently stochastic nature(4-9) of gene expression, known to be a major factor in the heterogeneous response of individual cells within a clonal population to an inducing stimulus(10-16). Here we show in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that stochasticity (noise) arising from transcription contributes significantly to the level of heterogeneity within a eukaryotic clonal population, in contrast to observations in prokaryotes(15), and that such noise can be modulated at the translational level. We use a stochastic model of transcription initiation specific to eukaryotes to show that pulsatile mRNA production, through reinitiation, is crucial for the dependence of noise on transcriptional efficiency, highlighting a key difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic sources of noise. Furthermore, we explore the propagation of noise in a gene cascade network and demonstrate experimentally that increased noise in the transcription of a regulatory protein leads to increased cell-cell variability in the target gene output, resulting in prolonged bistable expression states. This result has implications for the role of noise in phenotypic variation and cellular differentiation.
C1 Boston Univ, Ctr Biodynam, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Boston Univ, Ctr Adv Biotechnol, Bioinformat Program, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Boston Univ, Dept Biomed Engn, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
C3 Boston University; Boston University; Boston University
RP Collins, JJ (corresponding author), Boston Univ, Ctr Biodynam, 44 Cummington St, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
NR 30
TC 1290
Z9 1521
U1 0
U2 145
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 10
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6932
BP 633
EP 637
DI 10.1038/nature01546
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 665GN
UT WOS:000182111400047
PM 12687005
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rawat, UBS
   Zavialov, AV
   Sengupta, J
   Valle, M
   Grassucci, RA
   Linde, J
   Vestergaard, B
   Ehrenberg, M
   Frank, J
AF Rawat, UBS
   Zavialov, AV
   Sengupta, J
   Valle, M
   Grassucci, RA
   Linde, J
   Vestergaard, B
   Ehrenberg, M
   Frank, J
TI A cryo-electron microscopic study of ribosome-bound termination factor RF2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID messenger-rna; translation termination; chain termination; codon recognition; factor-ii; release; resolution; proteins; location; binding
AB Protein synthesis takes place on the ribosome, where genetic information carried by messenger RNA is translated into a sequence of amino acids. This process is terminated when a stop codon moves into the ribosomal decoding centre (DC) and is recognized by a class-1 release factor (RF). RFs have a conserved GGQ amino-acid motif, which is crucial for peptide release and is believed to interact directly with the peptidyl-transferase centre (PTC) of the 50S ribosomal subunit(1),(2). Another conserved motif of RFs (SPF in RF2) has been proposed to interact directly with stop codons in the DC of the 30S subunit(3). The distance between the DC and PTC is, 73 Angstrom. However, in the X-ray structure of RF2, SPF and GGQ are only 23 Angstrom apart(4), indicating that they cannot be at DC and PTC simultaneously. Here we show that RF2 is in an open conformation when bound to the ribosome, allowing GGQ to reach the PTC while still allowing SPF-stop-codon interaction. The results indicate new interpretations of accuracy in termination, and have implications for how the presence of a stop codon in the DC is signalled to PTC.
C1 Hlth Res Inc, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Albany, NY 12201 USA.
   Wadsworth Ctr, Albany, NY 12201 USA.
   Uppsala Univ, BMC, Dept Cell & Mol Biol, S-75124 Uppsala, Sweden.
   Aarhus Univ, Inst Mol & Struct Biol, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
   SUNY Albany, Dept Biomed Sci, Albany, NY 12222 USA.
C3 Health Research Inc; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Wadsworth Center; Uppsala University; Aarhus University; State University of New York (SUNY) System; University at Albany, SUNY
RP Frank, J (corresponding author), Hlth Res Inc, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 12201 USA.
NR 28
TC 201
Z9 236
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 2
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6918
BP 87
EP 90
DI 10.1038/nature01224
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 631JY
UT WOS:000180165500043
PM 12511960
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Day, PK
   LeDuc, HG
   Mazin, BA
   Vayonakis, A
   Zmuidzinas, J
AF Day, PK
   LeDuc, HG
   Mazin, BA
   Vayonakis, A
   Zmuidzinas, J
TI A broadband superconducting detector suitable for use in large arrays
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transition edge sensors; x-ray-detection; energy resolution; electrothermal feedback; imaging spectrometers; tunnel-junctions; microcalorimeter; temperature; inductance; multiplexer
AB Cryogenic detectors are extremely sensitive and have a wide variety of applications(1-3) (particularly in astronomy(4-8)), but are difficult to integrate into large arrays like a modern CCD ( charge-coupled device) camera. As current detectors of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) already have sensitivities comparable to the noise arising from the random arrival of CMB photons, the further gains in sensitivity needed to probe the very early Universe will have to arise from large arrays. A similar situation is encountered at other wavelengths. Single-pixel X-ray detectors now have a resolving power of DeltaE < 5 eV for single 6-keV photons, and future X-ray astronomy missions(7) anticipate the need for 1,000-pixel arrays. Here we report the demonstration of a superconducting detector that is easily fabricated and can readily be incorporated into such an array. Its sensitivity is already within an order of magnitude of that needed for CMB observations, and its energy resolution is similarly close to the targets required for future X-ray astronomy missions.
C1 Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91107 USA.
   CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); California Institute of Technology
RP Day, PK (corresponding author), Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91107 USA.
NR 29
TC 1210
Z9 1396
U1 6
U2 227
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 23
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6960
BP 817
EP 821
DI 10.1038/nature02037
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 735ME
UT WOS:000186118500040
PM 14574407
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Serini, G
   Valdembri, D
   Zanivan, S
   Morterra, G
   Burkhardt, C
   Caccavari, F
   Zammataro, L
   Primo, L
   Tamagnone, L
   Logan, M
   Tesssier-Lavigne, M
   Taniguchi, M
   Püschel, AW
   Bussolino, F
AF Serini, G
   Valdembri, D
   Zanivan, S
   Morterra, G
   Burkhardt, C
   Caccavari, F
   Zammataro, L
   Primo, L
   Tamagnone, L
   Logan, M
   Tesssier-Lavigne, M
   Taniguchi, M
   Püschel, AW
   Bussolino, F
TI Class 3 semaphorins control vascular morphogenesis by inhibiting integrin function (Publication with Expression of Concern. See vol. 627, 2024)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article; Publication with Expression of Concern
ID suppresses tumor-formation; endothelial-cells; mouse embryos; semaphorin; activation; growth; gene; alpha(v)beta(3); alpha-v-beta-3; angiogenesis
AB The motility and morphogenesis of endothelial cells is controlled by spatio-temporally regulated activation of integrin adhesion receptors, and integrin activation is stimulated by major determinants of vascular remodelling. In order for endothelial cells to be responsive to changes in activator gradients, the adhesiveness of these cells to the extracellular matrix must be dynamic, and negative regulators of integrins could be required. Here we show that during vascular development and experimental angiogenesis, endothelial cells generate autocrine chemorepulsive signals of class 3 semaphorins (SEMA3 proteins) that localize at nascent adhesive sites in spreading endothelial cells. Disrupting endogenous SEMA3 function in endothelial cells stimulates integrin-mediated adhesion and migration to extracellular matrices, whereas exogenous SEMA3 proteins antagonize integrin activation. Misexpression of dominant negative SEMA3 receptors in chick embryo endothelial cells locks integrins in an active conformation, and severely impairs vascular remodelling. Sema3a null mice show vascular defects as well. Thus during angiogenesis endothelial SEMA3 proteins endow the vascular system with the plasticity required for its reshaping by controlling integrin function.
C1 Univ Turin, Sch Med, Div Mol Angiogenesis, I-10060 Candiolo, TO, Italy.
   Univ Turin, Sch Med, Inst Canc Res & Treatment, IRCC,Div Mol Oncol, I-10060 Candiolo, TO, Italy.
   Univ Turin, Sch Med, Dept Oncol Sci, I-10060 Candiolo, TO, Italy.
   Univ Munster, Inst Allgemeine Zool & Genet, Mol Biol Abt, D-48149 Munster, Germany.
   Natl Inst Med Res, Div Dev Biol, London NW7 1AA, England.
   Stanford Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Med, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
C3 University of Turin; University of Turin; IRCCS Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia; University of Turin; University of Munster; MRC National Institute for Medical Research; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Stanford University; University of Tokyo
RP Serini, G (corresponding author), Univ Turin, Sch Med, Div Mol Angiogenesis, I-10060 Candiolo, TO, Italy.
EM guido.serini@ircc.it; federico.bussolino@ircc.it
NR 49
TC 500
Z9 584
U1 0
U2 32
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 24
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6947
BP 391
EP 397
DI 10.1038/nature01784
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 704BT
UT WOS:000184318400034
PM 12879061
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Grosshans, F
   Van Assche, G
   Wenger, J
   Brouri, R
   Cerf, NJ
   Grangier, P
AF Grosshans, F
   Van Assche, G
   Wenger, J
   Brouri, R
   Cerf, NJ
   Grangier, P
TI Quantum key distribution using gaussian-modulated coherent states
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nondemolition measurements; cryptography; cloning
AB Quantum continuous variables(1) are being explored(2-14) as an alternative means to implement quantum key distribution, which is usually based on single photon counting(15). The former approach is potentially advantageous because it should enable higher key distribution rates. Here we propose and experimentally demonstrate a quantum key distribution protocol based on the transmission of gaussian-modulated coherent states (consisting of laser pulses containing a few hundred photons) and shot-noise-limited homodyne detection; squeezed or entangled beams are not required(13). Complete secret key extraction is achieved using a reverse reconciliation(14) technique followed by privacy amplification. The reverse reconciliation technique is in principle secure for any value of the line transmission, against gaussian individual attacks based on entanglement and quantum memories. Our table-top experiment yields a net key transmission rate of about 1.7 megabits per second for a loss-free line, and 75 kilobits per second for a line with losses of 3.1 dB. We anticipate that the scheme should remain effective for lines with higher losses, particularly because the present limitations are essentially technical, so that significant margin for improvement is available on both the hardware and software.
C1 Inst Opt, CNRS, UMR 8501, Lab Charles Fabry, F-91403 Orsay, France.
   Free Univ Brussels, Ecole Polytech, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - Institute of Physics (INP); Universite Libre de Bruxelles
RP Grangier, P (corresponding author), Inst Opt, CNRS, UMR 8501, Lab Charles Fabry, F-91403 Orsay, France.
EM philippe.grangier@iota.u-psud.fr
NR 30
TC 1249
Z9 1349
U1 1
U2 213
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 16
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6920
BP 238
EP 241
DI 10.1038/nature01289
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 635KG
UT WOS:000180397600039
PM 12529636
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lee, Y
   Ahn, C
   Han, JJ
   Choi, H
   Kim, J
   Yim, J
   Lee, J
   Provost, P
   Rådmark, O
   Kim, S
   Kim, VN
AF Lee, Y
   Ahn, C
   Han, JJ
   Choi, H
   Kim, J
   Yim, J
   Lee, J
   Provost, P
   Rådmark, O
   Kim, S
   Kim, VN
TI The nuclear RNase III Drosha initiates microRNA processing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ribonuclease-iii; interference; expression; dicer; identification; maturation; proteins; encodes; genes
AB Hundreds of small RNAs of similar to22 nucleotides, collectively named microRNAs (miRNAs), have been discovered recently in animals and plants(1-10). Although their functions are being unravelled(1,2,11-13), their mechanism of biogenesis remains poorly understood. miRNAs are transcribed as long primary transcripts (pri-miRNAs) whose maturation occurs through sequential processing events: the nuclear processing of the pri-miRNAs into stem-loop precursors of similar to70 nucleotides (pre-miRNAs), and the cytoplasmic processing of pre-miRNAs into mature miRNAs(14). Dicer, a member of the RNase III superfamily of bidentate nucleases, mediates the latter step(15-19), whereas the processing enzyme for the former step is unknown. Here we identify another RNase III, human Drosha, as the core nuclease that executes the initiation step of miRNA processing in the nucleus. Immunopurified Drosha cleaved pri-miRNA to release pre-miRNA in vitro. Furthermore, RNA interference of Drosha resulted in the strong accumulation of pri-miRNA and the reduction of pre-miRNA and mature miRNA in vivo. Thus, the two RNase III proteins, Drosha and Dicer, may collaborate in the stepwise processing of miRNAs, and have key roles in miRNA-mediated gene regulation in processes such as development and differentiation.
C1 Seoul Natl Univ, Inst Mol Biol & Genet, Seoul 151742, South Korea.
   Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Biol Sci, Seoul 151742, South Korea.
   Yonsei Univ, Dept Biol, Seoul 120749, South Korea.
   CHU Laval, Ctr Rech, Ctr Rech Rhumatol & Immunol, Quebec City, PQ G1V 4G2, Canada.
   Karolinska Inst, Dept Med Biochem & Biophys, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
C3 Seoul National University (SNU); Seoul National University (SNU); Yonsei University; Laval University; Laval University Hospital; Karolinska Institutet
RP Lee, Y (corresponding author), Seoul Natl Univ, Inst Mol Biol & Genet, Seoul 151742, South Korea.
NR 30
TC 3981
Z9 5345
U1 6
U2 581
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 25
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6956
BP 415
EP 419
DI 10.1038/nature01957
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 724TG
UT WOS:000185502300045
PM 14508493
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Buston, P
AF Buston, P
TI Social hierarchies: Size and growth modification in clownfish
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Neurobiol & Behav, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
C3 Cornell University
RP Buston, P (corresponding author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Natl Ctr Ecol Anal & Synth, Santa Barbara, CA 93101 USA.
NR 10
TC 271
Z9 302
U1 0
U2 126
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 10
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6945
BP 145
EP 146
DI 10.1038/424145a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 699AA
UT WOS:000184032700029
PM 12853944
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Whitney, D
   Westwood, DA
   Goodale, MA
AF Whitney, D
   Westwood, DA
   Goodale, MA
TI The influence of visual motion on fast reaching movements to a stationary object
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID perceived position; space; perception; target; hand; displacement; information; location; systems; vision
AB One of the most important functions of vision is to direct actions to objects(1). However, every time that vision is used to guide an action, retinal motion signals are produced by the movement of the eye and head as the person looks at the object or by the motion of other objects in the scene. To reach for the object accurately, the visuomotor system must separate information about the position of the stationary target from background retinal motion signals-a long-standing problem that is poorly understood(2-7). Here we show that the visuomotor system does not distinguish between these two information sources: when observers made fast reaching movements to a briefly presented stationary target, their hand shifted in a direction consistent with the motion of a distant and unrelated stimulus, a result contrary to most other findings(8,9). This can be seen early in the hand's trajectory (similar to120 ms) and occurs continuously from programming of the movement through to its execution. The visuomotor system might make use of the motion signals arising from eye and head movements to update the positions of targets rapidly and redirect the hand to compensate for body movements.
C1 Univ Western Ontario, Dept Psychol, CIHR Grp Act & Percept, London, ON N6A 5C2, Canada.
   Dalhousie Univ, Sch Hlth & Human Performance, Halifax, NS B3H 3J5, Canada.
C3 Western University (University of Western Ontario); Dalhousie University
RP Whitney, D (corresponding author), Univ Western Ontario, Dept Psychol, CIHR Grp Act & Percept, London, ON N6A 5C2, Canada.
FU NEI NIH HHS [F32 EY013899] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 101
Z9 109
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 19
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6942
BP 869
EP 873
DI 10.1038/nature01693
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 691BQ
UT WOS:000183585300046
PM 12815432
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Juo, ZS
   Kassavetis, GA
   Wang, JM
   Geiduschek, EP
   Sigler, PB
AF Juo, ZS
   Kassavetis, GA
   Wang, JM
   Geiduschek, EP
   Sigler, PB
TI Crystal structure of a transcription factor IIIB core interface ternary complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rna-polymerase-iii; tata-binding protein; factor tfiiib; yeast tfiiib; factor brf; dna; box; refinement; model; nomenclature
AB Transcription factor IIIB ( TFIIIB), consisting of the TATA-binding protein (TBP), TFIIB-related factor (Brf1) and Bdp1, is a central component in basal and regulated transcription by RNA polymerase III1-4. TFIIIB recruits its polymerase to the promoter and subsequently has an essential role in the formation of the open initiation complex. The amino-terminal half of Brf1 shares a high degree of sequence similarity with the polymerase II general transcription factor TFIIB, but it is the carboxy-terminal half of Brf1 that contributes most of its binding affinity with TBP5-8. The principal anchoring region is located between residues 435 and 545 of yeast Brf1, comprising its homology domain II. The same region also provides the primary interface for assembling Bdp1 into the TFIIIB complex(9). We report here a 2.95 Angstrom resolution crystal structure of the ternary complex containing Brf1 homology domain II, the conserved region of TBP and 19 base pairs of U6 promoter DNA. The structure reveals the core interface for assembly of TFIIIB and demonstrates how the loosely packed Brf1 domain achieves remarkable binding specificity with the convex and lateral surfaces of TBP.
C1 Yale Univ, Dept Mol Biophys & Biochem, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Ctr Mol Genet, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 Yale University; University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Juo, ZS (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Dept Mol Biophys & Biochem, 266 Whitney Ave, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
EM juo@csb.yale.edu
NR 29
TC 72
Z9 87
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 3
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6931
BP 534
EP 539
DI 10.1038/nature01534
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 662TW
UT WOS:000181965400041
PM 12660736
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Burgess, SA
   Walker, ML
   Sakakibara, H
   Knight, PJ
   Oiwa, K
AF Burgess, SA
   Walker, ML
   Sakakibara, H
   Knight, PJ
   Oiwa, K
TI Dynein structure and power stroke
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID heavy-chain; adenosine-triphosphatase; cytoplasmic dynein; nucleotide-binding; myosin; atp; activation; proteins; flagella; family
AB Dynein ATPases are microtubule motors that are critical to diverse processes such as vesicle transport and the beating of sperm tails; however, their mechanism of force generation is unknown. Each dynein comprises a head, from which a stalk and a stem emerge. Here we use electron microscopy and image processing to reveal new structural details of dynein c, an isoform from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii flagella, at the start and end of its power stroke. Both stem and stalk are flexible, and the stem connects to the head by means of a linker approximately 10 nm long that we propose lies across the head. With both ADP and vanadate bound, the stem and stalk emerge from the head 10 nm apart. However, without nucleotide they emerge much closer together owing to a change in linker orientation, and the coiled-coil stalk becomes stiffer. The net result is a shortening of the molecule coupled to an approximately 15-nm displacement of the tip of the stalk. These changes indicate a mechanism for the dynein power stroke.
C1 Univ Leeds, Astbury Ctr Struct Mol Biol, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
   Univ Leeds, Sch Biomed Sci, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
   Commun Res Labs, Kansai Adv Res Ctr, Kobe, Hyogo 6512492, Japan.
C3 University of Leeds; University of Leeds; National Institute of Information & Communications Technology (NICT) - Japan
RP Burgess, SA (corresponding author), Univ Leeds, Astbury Ctr Struct Mol Biol, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
EM s.a.burgess@leeds.ac.uk
NR 41
TC 415
Z9 494
U1 0
U2 90
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 13
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6924
BP 715
EP 718
DI 10.1038/nature01377
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 644UP
UT WOS:000180938000035
PM 12610617
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pan, JW
   Gasparoni, S
   Aspelmeyer, M
   Jennewein, T
   Zeilinger, A
AF Pan, JW
   Gasparoni, S
   Aspelmeyer, M
   Jennewein, T
   Zeilinger, A
TI Experimental realization of freely propagating teleported qubits
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quantum teleportation; communication; entanglement; computation; operations; state
AB Quantum teleportation(1) is central to quantum communication, and plays an important role in a number of quantum computation protocols(2,3). Most information-processing applications of quantum teleportation include the subsequent manipulation of the qubit (the teleported photon), so it is highly desirable to have a teleportation procedure resulting in high-quality, freely flying qubits. In our previous teleportation experiment(4), the teleported qubit had to be detected (and thus destroyed) to verify the success of the procedure. Here we report a teleportation experiment that results in freely propagating individual qubits. The basic idea is to suppress unwanted coincidence detection events by providing the photon to be teleported much less frequently than the auxiliary entangled pair. Therefore, a case of successful teleportation can be identified with high probability without the need actually to detect the teleported photon. The experimental fidelity of our procedure surpasses the theoretical limit required for the implementation of quantum repeaters(5,6).
C1 Univ Vienna, Inst Expt Phys, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
C3 University of Vienna
RP Pan, JW (corresponding author), Univ Vienna, Inst Expt Phys, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
EM pan@ap.univie.ac.at; Zeilinger-office@exp.univie.ac.at
NR 20
TC 86
Z9 100
U1 1
U2 49
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 13
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6924
BP 721
EP 725
DI 10.1038/nature01412
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 644UP
UT WOS:000180938000037
PM 12610619
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zheng, NF
   Bu, XH
   Feng, PY
AF Zheng, NF
   Bu, XH
   Feng, PY
TI Synthetic design of crystalline inorganic chalcogenides exhibiting fast-ion conductivity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sulfide; silica; size
AB Natural porous solids such as zeolites are invariably formed with inorganic cations such as Na+ and K+ (refs 1, 2). However, current research on new porous materials is mainly focused on the use of organic species as either structure-directing or structure-building units; purely inorganic systems have received relatively little attention in exploratory synthetic work(3-9). Here we report the synthesis of a series of three-dimensional sulphides and selenides containing highly mobile alkali metal cations as charge-balancing extra-framework cations. Such crystalline inorganic chalcogenides integrate zeolite-like architecture with high anionic framework polarizability and high concentrations of mobile cations. Such structural features are particularly desirable for the development of fast-ion conductors(10). These materials demonstrate high ionic conductivity (up to 1.8 x 10(-2) ohm(-1) cm(-1)) at room temperature and moderate to high humidity. This synthetic methodology, together with novel structural, physical and chemical properties, may lead to the development of new microporous and open-framework materials with potential applications in areas such as batteries, fuel cells, electrochemical sensors and photocatalysis.
C1 Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Chem, Riverside, CA 92521 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Chem, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Riverside; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
RP Feng, PY (corresponding author), Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Chem, Riverside, CA 92521 USA.
NR 18
TC 375
Z9 408
U1 4
U2 572
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 27
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6965
BP 428
EP 432
DI 10.1038/nature02159
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 747JE
UT WOS:000186800800034
PM 14647378
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Basole, A
   White, LE
   Fitzpatrick, D
AF Basole, A
   White, LE
   Fitzpatrick, D
TI Mapping multiple features in the population response of visual cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cats striate cortex; complex cells; spatial-frequency; dot patterns; direction; motion; maps; orientation; organization; selectivity
AB Stimulus features such as edge orientation, motion direction and spatial frequency are thought to be encoded in the primary visual cortex by overlapping feature maps arranged so that the location of neurons activated by a particular combination of stimulus features can be predicted from the intersections of these maps(1-8). This view is based on the use of grating stimuli, which limit the range of stimulus combinations that can be examined. We used optical imaging of intrinsic signals(9) in ferrets to assess patterns of population activity evoked by the motion of a texture ( a field of iso-oriented bars). Here we show that the same neural population can be activated by multiple combinations of orientation, length, motion axis and speed. Rather than reflecting the intersection of multiple maps, our results indicate that population activity in primary visual cortex is better described as a single map of spatiotemporal energy.
C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Neurobiol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Community & Family Med, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
C3 Duke University; Duke University
RP Fitzpatrick, D (corresponding author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Neurobiol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
NR 29
TC 138
Z9 161
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 26
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6943
BP 986
EP 990
DI 10.1038/nature01721
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 694BL
UT WOS:000183753900050
PM 12827202
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Miller, RF
   Cloutier, R
   Turner, S
AF Miller, RF
   Cloutier, R
   Turner, S
TI The oldest articulated chondrichthyan from the Early Devonian period
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID braincase; interrelationships; evolution; sharks
AB Chondrichthyans (including living sharks, skates, rays and chimaeras) have a fossil record of scales and dermal denticles perhaps dating back to the Late Ordovician period, about 455 million years ago(1,2). Their fossil tooth record extends to the earliest Devonian period, almost 418 million years ago(3), whereas the oldest known articulated shark remains date from the Early Devonian period(4), about 394 million years ago(5). Here we report the discovery of an articulated shark that is almost 409 million years old 5 from the Early Devonian (early Emsian) period of New Brunswick, Canada. The specimen, identified as Doliodus problematicus (Woodward)(6), sheds light on the earliest chondrichthyans and their interrelationships with basal jawed vertebrates. This species has been truly problematic(7). Previously known only from isolated teeth(2,6,8), it has been identified as an acanthodian and a chondrichthyan. This specimen is the oldest shark showing the tooth families in situ, and preserves one of the oldest chondrichthyan braincases. More notably, it shows the presence of paired pectoral fin-spines, previously unknown in cartilaginous fishes.
C1 New Brunswick Museum, Steinhammer Palaeontol Lab, St John, NB E2K 1E5, Canada.
   Univ Quebec, Lab Biol Evolut, Rimouski, PQ G5L 3A1, Canada.
   Monash Univ, Sch Geosci, Clayton, Vic 3088, Australia.
   Queensland Museum, Brisbane, Qld 4101, Australia.
C3 University of Quebec; Monash University; Queensland Museum
RP Miller, RF (corresponding author), New Brunswick Museum, Steinhammer Palaeontol Lab, St John, NB E2K 1E5, Canada.
NR 30
TC 130
Z9 155
U1 0
U2 44
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 2
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6957
BP 501
EP 504
DI 10.1038/nature02001
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 727FN
UT WOS:000185648100042
PM 14523444
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sheppard, CRC
AF Sheppard, CRC
TI Predicted recurrences of mass coral mortality in the Indian Ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID reefs; recovery; future; event
AB In 1998, more than 90% of shallow corals were killed on most Indian Ocean reefs(1). High sea surface temperature (SST) was a primary cause(2,3), acting directly or by interacting with other factors(3-7). Mean SSTs have been forecast to rise above the 1998 values in a few decades(2,3); however, forecast SSTs rarely flow seamlessly from historical data, or may show erroneous seasonal oscillations, precluding an accurate prediction of when lethal SSTs will recur. Differential acclimation by corals in different places complicates this further(3,7,8). Here I scale forecast SSTs at 33 Indian Ocean sites where most shallow corals died in 1998 (ref. 1) to identify geographical patterns in the timing of probable repeat occurrences. Reefs located 10-15degrees south will be affected every 5 years by 2010-2025. North and south from this, dates recede in a pattern not directly related to present SSTs; paradoxically, some of the warmest sites may be affected last. Temperatures lethal to corals vary in this region by 6degreesC, and acclimation of a modest 2degreesC by corals could prolong their survival by nearly 100 years.
C1 Univ Warwick, Dept Biol Sci, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England.
C3 University of Warwick
RP Sheppard, CRC (corresponding author), Univ Warwick, Dept Biol Sci, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England.
NR 24
TC 285
Z9 317
U1 0
U2 100
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 18
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6955
BP 294
EP 297
DI 10.1038/nature01987
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 722JA
UT WOS:000185370900045
PM 13679917
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stelter, P
   Ulrich, HD
AF Stelter, P
   Ulrich, HD
TI Control of spontaneous and damage-induced mutagenesis by SUMO and ubiquitin conjugation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; dna-repair; spontaneous mutation; yeast; gene; rad6; polymerase; eukaryotes; protein; encodes
AB Protein modification by ubiquitin is emerging as a signal for various biological processes in eukaryotes, including regulated proteolysis, but also for non-degradative functions such as protein localization, DNA repair and regulation of chromatin structure(1-4). A small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) uses a similar conjugation system that sometimes counteracts the effects of ubiquitination(5). Ubiquitin and SUMO compete for modification of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), an essential processivity factor for DNA replication and repair(6). Whereas multi-ubiquitination is mediated by components of the RAD6 pathway and promotes error-free repair, SUMO modification is associated with replication(6-9). Here we show that RAD6-mediated mono-ubiquitination of PCNA activates translesion DNA synthesis by the damage-tolerant polymerases eta and zeta in yeast. Moreover, polymerase zeta is differentially affected by mono-ubiquitin and SUMO modification of PCNA. Whereas ubiquitination is required for damage-induced mutagenesis, both SUMO and mono-ubiquitin contribute to spontaneous mutagenesis in the absence of DNA damage. Our findings assign a function to SUMO during S phase and demonstrate how ubiquitin and SUMO, by regulating the accuracy of replication and repair, contribute to overall genomic stability.
C1 Max Planck Inst Terr Microbiol, D-35043 Marburg, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Ulrich, HD (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Terr Microbiol, Karl von Frisch Str, D-35043 Marburg, Germany.
NR 30
TC 705
Z9 886
U1 4
U2 63
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 11
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6954
BP 188
EP 191
DI 10.1038/nature01965
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 719ZT
UT WOS:000185236000045
PM 12968183
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nishida, H
   Pigg, KB
   Rigby, JF
AF Nishida, H
   Pigg, KB
   Rigby, JF
TI Swimming sperm in an extinct Gondwanan plant
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Chuo Univ, Fac Sci & Engn, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1128551, Japan.
   Queensland Univ Technol, Sch Nat Resource Sci, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.
   Arizona State Univ, Dept Plant Biol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
C3 Chuo University; Queensland University of Technology (QUT); Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe
RP Nishida, H (corresponding author), Chuo Univ, Fac Sci & Engn, Bunkyo Ku, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Tokyo 1128551, Japan.
NR 13
TC 31
Z9 34
U1 1
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 27
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6930
BP 396
EP 397
DI 10.1038/422396a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 659WV
UT WOS:000181801200033
PM 12660772
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wellman, CH
   Osterloff, PL
   Mohiuddin, U
AF Wellman, CH
   Osterloff, PL
   Mohiuddin, U
TI Fragments of the earliest land plants
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID welsh borderland; spore masses; microfossil record; vascular plants; sporangia; ultrastructure; ordovician; bryophytes; ecosystems; tetrads
AB The earliest fossil evidence for land plants comes from microscopic dispersed spores(1-3). These microfossils are abundant and widely distributed in sediments, and the earliest generally accepted reports are from rocks of mid-Ordovician age (Llanvirn, 475 million years ago)(4). Although distribution, morphology and ultrastructure of the spores indicate that they are derived from terrestrial plants, possibly early relatives of the bryophytes, this interpretation remains controversial 5 as there is little in the way of direct evidence for the parent plants. An additional complicating factor is that there is a significant hiatus between the appearance of the first dispersed spores and fossils of relatively complete land plants (megafossils)(6): spores predate the earliest megafossils (Late Silurian, 425 million year ago) by some 50 million years(7). Here we report the description of spore-containing plant fragments from Ordovician rocks of Oman. These fossils provide direct evidence for the nature of the spore-producing plants. They confirm that the earliest spores developed in large numbers within sporangia, providing strong evidence that they are the fossilized remains of bona fide land plants. Furthermore, analysis of spore wall ultrastructure supports liverwort affinities.
C1 Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
   Petr Dev Oman LLC, Muscat 113, Oman.
C3 University of Sheffield
RP Wellman, CH (corresponding author), Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Alfred Denny Bldg,Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
NR 27
TC 446
Z9 519
U1 3
U2 193
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 18
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6955
BP 282
EP 285
DI 10.1038/nature01884
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 722JA
UT WOS:000185370900041
PM 13679913
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Li, DW
   Zhao, R
   Lilyestrom, W
   Gai, DH
   Zhang, RG
   DeCaprio, JA
   Fanning, E
   Jochimiak, A
   Szakonyi, G
   Chen, XJS
AF Li, DW
   Zhao, R
   Lilyestrom, W
   Gai, DH
   Zhang, RG
   DeCaprio, JA
   Fanning, E
   Jochimiak, A
   Szakonyi, G
   Chen, XJS
TI Structure of the replicative helicase of the oncoprotein SV40 large tumour antigen
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID large t-antigen; temperature-sensitive mutants; origin dna-binding; crystal-structure; double hexamers; viral origin; ras oncogene; in-vitro; simian-virus-40; initiation
AB The oncoprotein large tumour antigen (LTag) is encoded by the DNA tumour virus simian virus 40. LTag transforms cells and induces tumours in animals by altering the functions of tumour suppressors (including pRB and p53) and other key cellular proteins. LTag is also a molecular machine that distorts/melts the replication origin of the viral genome and unwinds duplex DNA. LTag therefore seems to be a functional homologue of the eukaryotic minichromosome maintenance (MCM) complex. Here we present the X-ray structure of a hexameric LTag with DNA helicase activity. The structure identifies the p53-binding surface and reveals the structural basis of hexamerization. The hexamer contains a long, positively charged channel with an unusually large central chamber that binds both single-stranded and double-stranded DNA. The hexamer organizes into two tiers that can potentially rotate relative to each other through connecting alpha-helices to expand/constrict the channel, producing an 'iris' effect that could be used for distorting or melting the origin and unwinding DNA at the replication fork.
C1 Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Sch Med, Dept Biochem & Mol Genet, Denver, CO 80262 USA.
   Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, SBC, Argonne, IL 60439 USA.
   Dana Farber Canc Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Vanderbilt Univ, VU Stn B 1634, Nashville, TN 37235 USA.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Denver; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Argonne National Laboratory; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Vanderbilt University
RP Chen, XJS (corresponding author), Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Sch Med, Dept Biochem & Mol Genet, Denver, CO 80262 USA.
EM xiaojiang.chen@uchsc.edu
FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI048747] Funding Source: Medline
NR 50
TC 258
Z9 310
U1 1
U2 20
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 29
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6939
BP 512
EP 518
DI 10.1038/nature01691
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 683RH
UT WOS:000183162900036
PM 12774115
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Raviv, U
   Giasson, S
   Kampf, N
   Gohy, JF
   Jérôme, R
   Klein, J
AF Raviv, U
   Giasson, S
   Kampf, N
   Gohy, JF
   Jérôme, R
   Klein, J
TI Lubrication by charged polymers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID polyelectrolyte brushes; forces; surfaces; layers; shear; interface; fluidity
AB Long-ranged forces between surfaces in a liquid control effects from colloid stability(1) to biolubrication(2), and can be modified either by steric factors due to flexible polymers(3), or by surface charge effects(4). In particular, neutral polymer 'brushes' may lead to a massive reduction in sliding friction between the surfaces to which they are attached(5-7), whereas hydrated ions can act as extremely efficient lubricants between sliding charged surfaces(8). Here we show that brushes of charged polymers (polyelectrolytes) attached to surfaces rubbing across an aqueous medium result in superior lubrication compared to other polymeric surfactants. Effective friction coefficients with polyelectrolyte brushes in water are lower than about 0.0006-0.001 even at low sliding velocities and at pressures of up to several atmospheres (typical of those in living systems). We attribute this to the exceptional resistance to mutual interpenetration displayed by the compressed, counterion-swollen brushes, together with the fluidity of the hydration layers surrounding the charged, rubbing polymer segments. Our findings may have implications for biolubrication effects, which are important in the design of lubricated surfaces in artificial implants, and in understanding frictional processes in biological systems.
C1 Weizmann Inst Sci, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
   Univ Montreal, Dept Chem, Montreal, PQ H3C 3J7, Canada.
   Univ Montreal, Sch Pharm, Montreal, PQ H3C 3J7, Canada.
   Univ Laval, CERSIM, Quebec City, PQ G1K 7P4, Canada.
   Univ Liege, Ctr Educ & Res Macromol, B-4000 Liege, Belgium.
   Univ Oxford, Phys & Theoret Chem Lab, Oxford OX1 3QZ, England.
C3 Weizmann Institute of Science; Universite de Montreal; Universite de Montreal; Laval University; University of Liege; University of Oxford
RP Klein, J (corresponding author), Weizmann Inst Sci, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
EM suzanne.giasson@umontreal.ca; jacob.klein@weizmann.ac.il
NR 31
TC 801
Z9 892
U1 10
U2 605
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 11
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6954
BP 163
EP 165
DI 10.1038/nature01970
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 719ZT
UT WOS:000185236000037
PM 12968175
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reinhardt, D
   Pesce, ER
   Stieger, P
   Mandel, T
   Baltensperger, K
   Bennett, M
   Traas, J
   Friml, J
   Kuhlemeier, C
AF Reinhardt, D
   Pesce, ER
   Stieger, P
   Mandel, T
   Baltensperger, K
   Bennett, M
   Traas, J
   Friml, J
   Kuhlemeier, C
TI Regulation of phyllotaxis by polar auxin transport
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID arabidopsis gene monopteros; gnom arf-gef; vascular development; pattern-formation; embryogenesis; localization; meristem; carrier; embryo; pin1
AB The regular arrangement of leaves around a plant's stem, called phyllotaxis, has for centuries attracted the attention of philosophers, mathematicians and natural scientists; however, to date, studies of phyllotaxis have been largely theoretical. Leaves and flowers are formed from the shoot apical meristem, triggered by the plant hormone auxin. Auxin is transported through plant tissues by specific cellular influx and efflux carrier proteins. Here we show that proteins involved in auxin transport regulate phyllotaxis. Our data indicate that auxin is transported upwards into the meristem through the epidermis and the outermost meristem cell layer. Existing leaf primordia act as sinks, redistributing auxin and creating its heterogeneous distribution in the meristem. Auxin accumulation occurs only at certain minimal distances from existing primordia, defining the position of future primordia. This model for phyllotaxis accounts for its reiterative nature, as well as its regularity and stability.
C1 Univ Bern, Inst Plant Physiol, CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland.
   Univ Tubingen, Zentrum Mol Biol Pflanzen, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
   INRA, Biol Cellulaire Lab, F-78026 Versailles, France.
   Univ Nottingham, Sch Biosci, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England.
   Univ Bern, Inst Pharmacol, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland.
C3 University of Bern; Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen; INRAE; Universite Paris Saclay; University of Nottingham; University of Bern
RP Kuhlemeier, C (corresponding author), Univ Bern, Inst Plant Physiol, Altenbergrain 21, CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland.
NR 43
TC 1211
Z9 1393
U1 4
U2 302
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 20
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6964
BP 255
EP 260
DI 10.1038/nature02081
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 744YQ
UT WOS:000186660800035
PM 14628043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vermeer, PD
   Einwalter, LA
   Moniger, TO
   Rokhlina, T
   Kern, JA
   Zabner, J
   Welsh, MJ
AF Vermeer, PD
   Einwalter, LA
   Moniger, TO
   Rokhlina, T
   Kern, JA
   Zabner, J
   Welsh, MJ
TI Segregation of receptor and ligand regulates activation of epithelial growth factor receptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell polarity; expression; lung; precursor
AB Interactions between ligands and receptors are central to communication between cells and tissues. Human airway epithelia constitutively produce both a ligand, the growth factor heregulin, and its receptors-erbB2, erbB3 and erbB4 (refs 1-3). Although heregulin binding initiates cellular proliferation and differentiation(8), airway epithelia have a low rate of cell division(8). This raises the question of how ligand-receptor interactions are controlled in epithelia. Here we show that in differentiated human airway epithelia, heregulin-alpha is present exclusively in the apical membrane and the overlying airway surface liquid, physically separated from erbB2-4, which segregate to the basolateral membrane. This physical arrangement creates a ligand-receptor pair poised for activation whenever epithelial integrity is disrupted. Indeed, immediately following a mechanical injury, heregulin-alpha activates erbB2 in cells at the edge of the wound, and this process hastens restoration of epithelial integrity. Likewise, when epithelial cells are not separated into apical and basolateral membranes ('polarized'), or when tight Junctions between adjacent cells are opened, heregulin-alpha activates its receptor. This mechanism of ligand-receptor segregation on either side of epithelial tight junctions may be vital for rapid restoration of integrity following injury, and hence critical for survival. This model also suggests a mechanism for abnormal receptor activation in diseases with increased epithelial permeability.
C1 Roy J & Lucille A Carver Coll Med, Dept Internal Med, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
   Roy J & Lucille A Carver Coll Med, Cent Microscopy Res Facil, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
   Roy J & Lucille A Carver Coll Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
   Univ Hosp Cleveland, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University Hospitals of Cleveland
RP Zabner, J (corresponding author), Roy J & Lucille A Carver Coll Med, Dept Internal Med, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
EM joseph-zabner@uiowa.edu; michael-weish@uiowa.edu
NR 19
TC 304
Z9 350
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 20
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6929
BP 322
EP 326
DI 10.1038/nature01440
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 656XX
UT WOS:000181637300042
PM 12646923
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wookey, J
   Kendall, JM
   Barruol, G
AF Wookey, J
   Kendall, JM
   Barruol, G
TI Earth science - Mantle deformation or processing artefact? Reply
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Leeds, Sch Earth Sci, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
   Univ Montpellier, CNRS, F-34095 Montpellier 05, France.
C3 University of Leeds; Universite de Montpellier; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Wookey, J (corresponding author), Univ Leeds, Sch Earth Sci, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
NR 4
TC 4
Z9 4
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 13
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6928
BP 136
EP 136
DI 10.1038/422136b
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 654HG
UT WOS:000181488900036
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Takemaru, KI
   Yamaguchi, S
   Lee, YS
   Zhang, Y
   Carthew, RW
   Moon, RT
AF Takemaru, KI
   Yamaguchi, S
   Lee, YS
   Zhang, Y
   Carthew, RW
   Moon, RT
TI Chibby, a nuclear β-catenin-associated antagonist of the Wnt/Wingless pathway
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mammalian-cells; wingless signal; xenopus embryos; drosophila; gene; armadillo; expression; protein; lef-1; interference
AB Inappropriate activation of downstream target genes by the oncoprotein beta-catenin is implicated in development of numerous human cancers(1,2). beta-catenin and its fruitfly counterpart Armadillo act as a coactivator in the canonical Wnt/Wingless pathway by binding to Tcf/Lef transcription factors(3-6). Here we report a conserved nuclear protein, named Chibby, which was identified in a screen for proteins that directly interact with the C-terminal region of beta-catenin. In mammalian cultured cells we demonstrate that Chibby inhibits beta-catenin-mediated transcriptional activation by competing with Lef-1 to bind to beta-catenin. Inhibition of Drosophila Chibby by RNA interference results in segment polarity defects that mimick a wingless gain-of-function phenotype, and overexpression of the wingless target genes engrailed and Ultrabithorax. In addition, epistasis experiments indicate that chibby acts downstream of wingless and upstream of armadillo.
C1 Univ Washington, Ctr Dev Biol, Sch Med, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Northwestern Univ, Dept Biochem Mol Biol & Cell Biol, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Northwestern University
RP Moon, RT (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Pharmacol, Sch Med, Room K536C,Hlth Sci Bldg,Campus Box 357750, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
NR 29
TC 239
Z9 310
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 24
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6934
BP 905
EP 909
DI 10.1038/nature01570
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 670WR
UT WOS:000182432600058
PM 12712206
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Liu, JG
   Daily, GC
   Ehrlich, PR
   Luck, GW
AF Liu, JG
   Daily, GC
   Ehrlich, PR
   Luck, GW
TI Effects of household dynamics on resource consumption and biodiversity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human-population; energy use; hotspots
AB Human population size and growth rate are often considered important drivers of biodiversity loss(1-6), whereas household dynamics are usually neglected. Aggregate demographic statistics may mask substantial changes in the size and number of households, and their effects on biodiversity. Household dynamics influence per capita consumption(7,8) and thus biodiversity through, for example, consumption of wood for fuel(9), habitat alteration for home building and associated activities(10-12), and greenhouse gas emissions(13). Here we report that growth in household numbers globally, and particularly in countries with biodiversity hotspots (areas rich in endemic species and threatened by human activities 14), was more rapid than aggregate population growth between 1985 and 2000. Even when population size declined, the number of households increased substantially. Had the average household size (that is, the number of occupants) remained static, there would have been 155 million fewer households in hotspot countries in 2000. Reduction in average household size alone will add a projected 233 million additional households to hotspot countries during the period 2000-15. Rapid increase in household numbers, often manifested as urban sprawl, and resultant higher per capita resource consumption in smaller households(15-19) pose serious challenges to biodiversity conservation.
C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Ctr Conservat Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Michigan State University; Stanford University
RP Liu, JG (corresponding author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
EM jliu@panda.msu.edu
NR 28
TC 459
Z9 554
U1 2
U2 220
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 30
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6922
BP 530
EP 533
DI 10.1038/nature01359
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 640DB
UT WOS:000180670600044
PM 12540852
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fehr, E
   Rockenbach, B
AF Fehr, E
   Rockenbach, B
TI Detrimental effects of sanctions on human altruism
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID indirect reciprocity; evolution; cooperation; fairness; trust
AB The existence of cooperation and social order among genetically unrelated individuals is a fundamental problem in the behavioural sciences. The prevailing approaches in biology and economics view cooperation exclusively as self-interested behaviour-unrelated individuals cooperate only if they face economic rewards or sanctions rendering cooperation a self-interested choice. Whether economic incentives are perceived as just or legitimate does not matter in these theories. Fairness-based altruism is, however, a powerful source of human cooperation. Here we show experimentally that the prevailing self-interest approach has serious shortcomings because it overlooks negative effects of sanctions on human altruism. Sanctions revealing selfish or greedy intentions destroy altruistic cooperation almost completely, whereas sanctions perceived as fair leave altruism intact. These findings challenge proximate and ultimate theories of human cooperation that neglect the distinction between fair and unfair sanctions, and they are probably relevant in all domains in which voluntary compliance matters-in relations between spouses, in the education of children, in business relations and organizations as well as in markets.
C1 Univ Zurich, Inst Empir Res Econ, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Univ Erfurt, D-99089 Erfurt, Germany.
C3 University of Zurich; University of Erfurt
RP Fehr, E (corresponding author), Univ Zurich, Inst Empir Res Econ, Blumlisalpstr 10, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland.
NR 27
TC 491
Z9 576
U1 2
U2 142
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 13
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6928
BP 137
EP 140
DI 10.1038/nature01474
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 654HG
UT WOS:000181488900037
PM 12634778
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rands, SA
   Cowlishaw, G
   Pettifor, RA
   Rowcliffe, JM
   Johnstone, RA
AF Rands, SA
   Cowlishaw, G
   Pettifor, RA
   Rowcliffe, JM
   Johnstone, RA
TI Spontaneous emergence of leaders and followers in foraging pairs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID decision-making; predation; risk; behavior; segregation; strategy; position; rutilus; model
AB Animals that forage socially(1) often stand to gain from coordination of their behaviour(2-5). Yet it is not known how group members reach a consensus on the timing of foraging bouts. Here we demonstrate a simple process by which this may occur. We develop a state-dependent, dynamic game model(6) of foraging by a pair of animals, in which each individual chooses between resting or foraging during a series of consecutive periods, so as to maximize its own individual chances of survival(6,7). We find that, if there is an advantage to foraging together(1,2,8), the equilibrium behaviour of both individuals becomes highly synchronized. As a result of this synchronization, differences in the energetic reserves of the two players spontaneously develop, leading them to adopt different behavioural roles. The individual with lower reserves emerges as the 'pace-maker' who determines when the pair should forage, providing a straightforward resolution to the problem of group coordination. Moreover, the strategy that gives rise to this behaviour can be implemented by a simple 'rule of thumb'(9) that requires no detailed knowledge of the state of other individuals.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England.
   Zool Soc London, Inst Zool, London NW1 4RY, England.
C3 University of Cambridge; Zoological Society of London
RP Rands, SA (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England.
EM s.rands@zoo.cam.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 260
Z9 283
U1 1
U2 100
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 22
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6938
BP 432
EP 434
DI 10.1038/nature01630
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 681AJ
UT WOS:000183012000040
PM 12761547
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Doebeli, M
   Dieckmann, U
AF Doebeli, M
   Dieckmann, U
TI Speciation along environmental gradients
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sympatric speciation; divergence; competition; radiation; origin; morphs
AB Traditional discussions of speciation are based on geographical patterns of species ranges(1,2). In allopatric speciation, long-term geographical isolation generates reproductively isolated and spatially segregated descendant species(1,3). In the absence of geographical barriers, diversification is hindered by gene flow(1,3,4). Yet a growing body of phylogenetic and experimental data suggests that closely related species often occur in sympatry or have adjacent ranges in regions over which environmental changes are gradual and do not prevent gene flow(5-14). Theory has identified a variety of evolutionary processes that can result in speciation under sympatric conditions(15-25), with some recent advances concentrating on the phenomenon of evolutionary branching(18,23-25). Here we establish a link between geographical patterns and ecological processes of speciation by studying evolutionary branching in spatially structured populations. We show that along an environmental gradient, evolutionary branching can occur much more easily than in non-spatial models. This facilitation is most pronounced for gradients of intermediate slope. Moreover, spatial evolutionary branching readily generates patterns of spatial segregation and abutment between the emerging species. Our results highlight the importance of local processes of adaptive divergence for geographical patterns of speciation, and caution against pitfalls of inferring past speciation processes from present biogeographical patterns.
C1 Univ British Columbia, Dept Zool, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
   Univ British Columbia, Dept Math, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
   Int Inst Appl Syst Anal, Adapt Dynam Network, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria.
C3 University of British Columbia; University of British Columbia; International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA)
RP Doebeli, M (corresponding author), Univ British Columbia, Dept Zool, 6270 Univ Blvd, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
EM doebeli@zoology.ubc.ca
NR 30
TC 572
Z9 656
U1 0
U2 250
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 16
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6920
BP 259
EP 264
DI 10.1038/nature01274
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 635KG
UT WOS:000180397600045
PM 12529641
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Greiner, M
   Regal, CA
   Jin, DS
AF Greiner, M
   Regal, CA
   Jin, DS
TI Emergence of a molecular Bose-Einstein condensate from a Fermi gas
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bcs-superconductivity; transition; crossover
AB The realization of superfluidity in a dilute gas of fermionic atoms, analogous to superconductivity in metals, represents a long-standing goal of ultracold gas research. In such a fermionic superfluid, it should be possible to adjust the interaction strength and tune the system continuously between two limits: a Bardeen Cooper - Schrieffer (BCS)-type superfluid ( involving correlated atom pairs in momentum space) and a Bose - Einstein condensate (BEC), in which spatially local pairs of atoms are bound together. This crossover between BCS-type superfluidity and the BEC limit has long been of theoretical interest, motivated in part by the discovery of high-temperature superconductors(1-10). In atomic Fermi gas experiments superfluidity has not yet been demonstrated; however, long-lived molecules consisting of locally paired fermions have been reversibly created(11-15). Here we report the direct observation of a molecular Bose - Einstein condensate created solely by adjusting the interaction strength in an ultracold Fermi gas of atoms. This state of matter represents one extreme of the predicted BCS - BEC continuum.
C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Quantum Phys Div, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
C3 National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) - USA; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) - USA
RP Greiner, M (corresponding author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
EM markus.greiner@colorado.edu
NR 32
TC 1166
Z9 1328
U1 3
U2 153
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 4
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6966
BP 537
EP 540
DI 10.1038/nature02199
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 749TE
UT WOS:000186944300033
PM 14647340
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kappelman, J
   Rasmussen, DT
   Sanders, WJ
   Feseha, M
   Bown, T
   Copeland, P
   Crabaugh, J
   Fleagle, J
   Glantz, M
   Gordon, A
   Jacobs, B
   Maga, M
   Muldoon, K
   Pan, A
   Pyne, L
   Richmond, B
   Ryan, T
   Seiffert, ER
   Sen, S
   Todd, L
   Wiemann, MC
   Winkler, A
AF Kappelman, J
   Rasmussen, DT
   Sanders, WJ
   Feseha, M
   Bown, T
   Copeland, P
   Crabaugh, J
   Fleagle, J
   Glantz, M
   Gordon, A
   Jacobs, B
   Maga, M
   Muldoon, K
   Pan, A
   Pyne, L
   Richmond, B
   Ryan, T
   Seiffert, ER
   Sen, S
   Todd, L
   Wiemann, MC
   Winkler, A
TI Oligocene mammals from Ethiopia and faunal exchange between Afro-Arabia and Eurasia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID flood volcanism; miocene; proboscideans; highlands; morocco; yemen
AB Afro-Arabian mammalian communities underwent a marked transition near the Oligocene/Miocene boundary at approximately 24 million years (Myr) ago. Although it is well documented that the endemic paenungulate taxa were replaced by migrants from the Northern Hemisphere, the timing and evolutionary dynamics of this transition have long been a mystery because faunas from about 32 to 24 Myr ago are largely unknown(1). Here we report a late Oligocene fossil assemblage from Ethiopia, which constrains the migration to postdate 27 Myr ago, and yields new insight into the indigenous faunal dynamics that preceded this event. The fauna is composed of large paenungulate herbivores and reveals not only which earlier taxa persisted into the late Oligocene epoch but also demonstrates that one group, the Proboscidea, underwent a marked diversification. When Eurasian immigrants entered Afro-Arabia, a pattern of winners and losers among the endemics emerged: less diverse taxa such as arsinoitheres became extinct, moderately species-rich groups such as hyracoids continued into the Miocene with reduced diversity, whereas the proboscideans successfully carried their adaptive radiation out of Afro-Arabia and across the world.
C1 Univ Texas, Dept Anthropol, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
   Univ Texas, Dept Geol Sci, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
   Washington Univ, Dept Anthropol, St Louis, MO 63130 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Museum Paleontol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Houston, Dept Geosci, Houston, TX 77204 USA.
   Univ Wyoming, Dept Geol & Geophys, Laramie, WY 82071 USA.
   SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Anat Sci, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
   Colorado State Univ, Dept Anthropol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA.
   So Methodist Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Dallas, TX 75275 USA.
   George Washington Univ, Dept Anthropol, Washington, DC 20052 USA.
   Duke Univ, Dept Biol Anthropol & Anat, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
   Museum Natl Hist Nat, Lab Paleontol, F-75005 Paris, France.
   Forest Serv, Ctr Wood Anat Res, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Cell Biol, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin; University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin; Washington University (WUSTL); University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Houston System; University of Houston; University of Wyoming; State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University; Colorado State University System; Colorado State University Fort Collins; Southern Methodist University; George Washington University; Duke University; Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN); United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); United States Forest Service; USDA Forest Products Laboratory; University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas
RP Kappelman, J (corresponding author), Univ Texas, Dept Anthropol, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
NR 29
TC 118
Z9 143
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 4
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6966
BP 549
EP 552
DI 10.1038/nature02102
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 749TE
UT WOS:000186944300036
PM 14654838
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ney, A
   Pampuch, C
   Koch, R
   Ploog, KH
AF Ney, A
   Pampuch, C
   Koch, R
   Ploog, KH
TI Programmable computing with a single magnetoresistive element
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID layered magnetic-structures; giant-magnetoresistance
AB The development of transistor-based integrated circuits for modern computing is a story of great success. However, the proved concept for enhancing computational power by continuous miniaturization is approaching its fundamental limits. Alternative approaches consider logic elements that are reconfigurable at run-time to overcome the rigid architecture of the present hardware systems(1). Implementation of parallel algorithms on such 'chameleon' processors has the potential to yield a dramatic increase of computational speed, competitive with that of supercomputers(2). Owing to their functional flexibility, 'chameleon' processors can be readily optimized with respect to any computer application. In conventional microprocessors, information must be transferred to a memory to prevent it from getting lost, because electrically processed information is volatile. Therefore the computational performance can be improved if the logic gate is additionally capable of storing the output. Here we describe a simple hardware concept for a programmable logic element that is based on a single magnetic random access memory (MRAM(3,4)) cell. It combines the inherent advantage of a non-volatile output with flexible functionality which can be selected at run-time to operate as an AND, OR, NAND or NOR gate.
C1 Paul Drude Inst Festkorperelekt, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.
C3 Leibniz Association; Paul Drude Institute for Solid State Electronics
RP Koch, R (corresponding author), Paul Drude Inst Festkorperelekt, Hausvogteipl 5-7, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.
EM koch@pdi-berlin.de
NR 13
TC 357
Z9 430
U1 2
U2 99
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 2
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6957
BP 485
EP 487
DI 10.1038/nature02014
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 727FN
UT WOS:000185648100037
PM 14523439
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Choi, CH
   Hiromura, M
   Usheva, A
AF Choi, CH
   Hiromura, M
   Usheva, A
TI Transcription factor IIB acetylates itself to regulate transcription
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rna-polymerase-ii; protein; binding; autoacylation; acylation; tfiib
AB Acetylation is a well-known regulatory post-translational modification(1), but a biological function for acetylation in regulating basal transcription factors has not been reported. Here we show that the general transcription factor TFIIB, which is required for the initiation of eukaryotic polymerase II transcription(2), is acetylated. TFIIB is also an autoacetyltransferase, although it shares no sequence homology with any known acetyltransferases. In the absence of other enzymes, it binds acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA), and catalyses the transfer of the acetyl group onto a specific lysine residue (K238). Both recombinant and cellular TFIIB can autoacetylate, markedly stabilizing the interaction between TFIIB and transcription factor TFIIF and activating transcription in vitro and in cells. A K238A mutant, which cannot be autoacetylated, does not show this activation of transcription. Our findings suggest that there is a regulatory pathway controlling acetylation of TFIIB, and they link acetyl-CoA with basal gene transcription.
C1 Harvard Univ, Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Sch Med, Dept Med,Endocrinol Div, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School
RP Usheva, A (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Sch Med, Dept Med,Endocrinol Div, 99 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
NR 18
TC 43
Z9 51
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 21
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6951
BP 965
EP 969
DI 10.1038/nature01899
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 713EH
UT WOS:000184843600047
PM 12931194
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Swingler, S
   Brichacek, B
   Jacque, JM
   Ulich, C
   Zhou, J
   Stevenson, M
AF Swingler, S
   Brichacek, B
   Jacque, JM
   Ulich, C
   Zhou, J
   Stevenson, M
TI HIV-1 Nef intersects the macrophage CD40L signalling pathway to promote resting-cell infection
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID t-cells; activation; replication; virus; lymphocytes; inhibition; evasion; therapy
AB All primate lentiviruses (HIV-1, HIV-2, SIV) encode Nef proteins, which are important for viral replication and pathogenicity in vivo(1-3). It is not known how Nef regulates these processes. It has been suggested that Nef protects infected cells from apoptosis and recognition by cytotoxic T lymphocytes(4-6). Other studies suggest that Nef influences the activation state of the infected cell, thereby enhancing the ability of that cell to support viral replication(7-10). Here we show that macrophages that express Nef or are stimulated through the CD40 receptor release a paracrine factor that renders T lymphocytes permissive to HIV-1 infection. This activity requires the upregulation of B-cell receptors involved in the alternative pathway of T-lymphocyte stimulation. T lymphocytes stimulated through this pathway become susceptible to viral infection without progressing through the cell cycle. We identify two proteins, soluble CD23 and soluble ICAM, that are induced from macrophages by Nef and CD40L, and which mediate their effects on lymphocyte permissivity. Our results reveal a mechanism by which Nef expands the cellular reservoir of HIV-1 by permitting the infection of resting T lymphocytes.
C1 Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Program Mol Med, Worcester, MA 01605 USA.
C3 University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester
RP Stevenson, M (corresponding author), Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Program Mol Med, 373 Plantat St, Worcester, MA 01605 USA.
FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI032890, R01 AI037475] Funding Source: Medline; NIMH NIH HHS [R01 MH093306, R01 MH064411] Funding Source: Medline
NR 28
TC 193
Z9 235
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 10
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6945
BP 213
EP 219
DI 10.1038/nature01749
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 699AA
UT WOS:000184032700047
PM 12853962
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU MacDonald, MP
   Spalding, GC
   Dholakia, K
AF MacDonald, MP
   Spalding, GC
   Dholakia, K
TI Microfluidic sorting in an optical lattice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID separation; dna; macromolecules; array; trap
AB The response of a microscopic dielectric object to an applied light field can profoundly affect its kinetic motion(1). A classic example of this is an optical trap, which can hold a particle in a tightly focused light beam(2). Optical fields can also be used to arrange, guide or deflect particles in appropriate light-field geometries(3,4). Here we demonstrate an optical sorter for microscopic particles that exploits the interaction of particles-biological or otherwise-with an extended, interlinked, dynamically reconfigurable, three-dimensional optical lattice. The strength of this interaction with the lattice sites depends on the optical polarizability of the particles, giving tunable selection criteria. We demonstrate both sorting by size (of protein microcapsule drug delivery agents) and sorting by refractive index (of other colloidal particle streams). The sorting efficiency of this method approaches 100%, with values of 96% or more observed even for concentrated solutions with throughputs exceeding those reported for fluorescence-activated cell sorting(5). This powerful, non-invasive technique is suited to sorting and fractionation within integrated ('lab-on-a-chip') microfluidic systems, and can be applied in colloidal, molecular and biological research.
C1 Univ St Andrews, Sch Phys & Astron, St Andrews KY16 9SS, Fife, Scotland.
   Illinois Wesleyan Univ, Dept Phys, Bloomington, IL 61702 USA.
C3 University of St Andrews; Illinois Wesleyan University
RP MacDonald, MP (corresponding author), Univ St Andrews, Sch Phys & Astron, St Andrews KY16 9SS, Fife, Scotland.
NR 20
TC 1161
Z9 1327
U1 7
U2 437
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 27
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6965
BP 421
EP 424
DI 10.1038/nature02144
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 747JE
UT WOS:000186800800032
PM 14647376
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Danial, NN
   Gramm, CF
   Scorrano, L
   Zhang, CY
   Krauss, S
   Ranger, AM
   Datta, SR
   Greenberg, ME
   Licklider, LJ
   Lowell, BB
   Gygi, SP
   Korsmeyer, SJ
AF Danial, NN
   Gramm, CF
   Scorrano, L
   Zhang, CY
   Krauss, S
   Ranger, AM
   Datta, SR
   Greenberg, ME
   Licklider, LJ
   Lowell, BB
   Gygi, SP
   Korsmeyer, SJ
TI BAD and glucokinase reside in a mitochondrial complex that integrates glycolysis and apoptosis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID aldrich-syndrome protein; glucose-homeostasis; cell-survival; tom complex; phosphorylation; growth; death; gene; beta; chromatography
AB Glycolysis and apoptosis are considered major but independent pathways that are critical for cell survival(1-4). The activity of BAD, a pro-apoptotic BCL-2 family member, is regulated by phosphorylation in response to growth/survival factors(5-8). Here we undertook a proteomic analysis to assess whether BAD might also participate in mitochondrial physiology. In liver mitochondria, BAD resides in a functional holoenzyme complex together with protein kinase A(7) and protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) catalytic units(9), Wiskott-Aldrich family member WAVE-1 as an A kinase anchoring protein(10), and glucokinase (hexokinase IV)(11). BAD is required to assemble the complex in that Bad-deficient hepatocytes lack this complex, resulting in diminished mitochondria-based glucokinase activity and blunted mitochondrial respiration in response to glucose. Glucose deprivation results in dephosphorylation of BAD, and BAD-dependent cell death. Moreover, the phosphorylation status of BAD helps regulate glucokinase activity. Mice deficient for BAD or bearing a non-phosphorylatable BAD(3SA) mutant(12) display abnormal glucose homeostasis including profound defects in glucose tolerance. This combination of proteomics, genetics and physiology indicates an unanticipated role for BAD in integrating pathways of glucose metabolism and apoptosis.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dana Farber Canc Inst, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Sch Med, Div Endocrinol, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Childrens Hosp, Dept Neurobiol,Div Neurosci, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Taplin Biol Mass Spectrometry Facil, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Korsmeyer, SJ (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dana Farber Canc Inst, Howard Hughes Med Inst, 44 Binney St, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
NR 30
TC 593
Z9 694
U1 0
U2 49
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 21
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6951
BP 952
EP 956
DI 10.1038/nature01825
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 713EH
UT WOS:000184843600044
PM 12931191
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McGill, BJ
AF McGill, BJ
TI A test of the unified neutral theory of biodiversity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rain-forest; abundance; community; diversity; patterns
AB One of the fundamental questions of ecology is what controls biodiversity. Recent theory suggests that biodiversity is controlled predominantly by neutral drift of species abundances(1-4). This theory has generated considerable controversy(5-12), because it claims that many mechanisms that have long been studied by ecologists (such as niches) have little involvement in structuring communities. The theory predicts that the species abundance distribution within a community should follow a zero-sum multinomial distribution (ZSM), but this has not, so far, been rigorously tested. Specifically, it remains to be shown that the ZSM fits the data significantly better than reasonable null models. Here I test whether the ZSM fits several empirical data sets better than the lognormal distribution. It does not. Not only does the ZSM fail to fit empirical data better than the lognormal distribution 95% of the time, it also fails to fit empirical data better even a majority of the time. This means that there is no evidence that the ZSM predicts abundances better than the much more parsimonious null hypothesis.
C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Ecol & Evolut Biol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
C3 University of Arizona
RP McGill, BJ (corresponding author), Univ Arizona, Dept Ecol & Evolut Biol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
EM mail@brianmcgill.org
NR 28
TC 367
Z9 442
U1 3
U2 191
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 24
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6934
BP 881
EP 885
DI 10.1038/nature01583
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 670WR
UT WOS:000182432600052
PM 12692564
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ahn, CH
   Triscone, JM
   Mannhart, J
AF Ahn, CH
   Triscone, JM
   Mannhart, J
TI Electric field effect in correlated oxide systems
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-temperature superconductors; effect transistor; electrostatic modulation; yba2cu3o7-delta films; insulator transitions; normal-state; silicon; heterostructures; crossover; physics
AB Semiconducting field-effect transistors are the workhorses of the modern electronics era. Recently, application of the field-effect approach to compounds other than semiconductors has created opportunities to electrostatically modulate types of correlated electron behaviour-including high-temperature superconductivity and colossal magnetoresistance- and potentially tune the phase transitions in such systems. Here we provide an overview of the achievements in this field and discuss the opportunities brought by the field-effect approach.
C1 Yale Univ, Dept Appl Phys, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Univ Geneva, Dept Condensed Matter Phys, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
   Univ Augsburg, Inst Phys, Ctr Elect Correlat & Magnetism, D-86135 Augsburg, Germany.
C3 Yale University; University of Geneva; University of Augsburg
RP Ahn, CH (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Dept Appl Phys, POB 208284, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
NR 49
TC 624
Z9 698
U1 6
U2 303
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 28
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6952
BP 1015
EP 1018
DI 10.1038/nature01878
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 715QR
UT WOS:000184984200032
PM 12944958
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Spurny, P
   Oberst, J
   Heinlein, D
AF Spurny, P
   Oberst, J
   Heinlein, D
TI Photographic observations of Neuschwanstein, a second meteorite from the orbit of the Pribram chondrite
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID asteroid streams; meteoroids; fireballs; network
AB Photographic observations of meteoroids passing through the atmosphere provide information about the population of interplanetary bodies in the Earth's vicinity in the size range from 0.1 m to several metres. It is extremely rare that any of these meteoroids survives atmospheric entry to be recovered as a meteorite on the ground. Pribram was the first meteorite (an ordinary chondrite) with a photographically determined orbit; it fell on 7 April 1959 (ref. 1). Here we report the fourth meteorite fall to be captured by camera networks. We determined the atmospheric trajectory and pre-atmospheric orbit of the object from the photographic records. One 1.75-kg meteorite-named Neuschwanstein and classified as an enstatite chondrite(2)-was recovered within the predicted impact area. The bolide's heliocentric orbit is exceptional as it is almost identical to the orbit of Pribram, suggesting that we have discovered a 'stream' of meteoritic objects in an Earth-crossing orbit. The chemical classifications and cosmic-ray exposure ages of the two meteorites are quite different, however, which implies a heterogeneous stream.
C1 Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Astron, Ondrejov Observ, CS-25165 Ondrejov, Czech Republic.
   DLR, Inst Space Sensor Technol & Planetary Explorat, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
   DLR Fireball Network, D-86156 Augsburg, Germany.
C3 Czech Academy of Sciences; Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Helmholtz Association; German Aerospace Centre (DLR)
RP Spurny, P (corresponding author), Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Astron, Ondrejov Observ, CS-25165 Ondrejov, Czech Republic.
NR 23
TC 118
Z9 121
U1 9
U2 20
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 8
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6936
BP 151
EP 153
DI 10.1038/nature01592
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 675MR
UT WOS:000182699600040
PM 12736679
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tang, XD
   Xu, R
   Reynolds, MF
   Garcia, ML
   Heinemann, SH
   Hoshi, T
AF Tang, XD
   Xu, R
   Reynolds, MF
   Garcia, ML
   Heinemann, SH
   Hoshi, T
TI Haem can bind to and inhibit mammalian calcium-dependent Slo1 BK channels
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ca2+-activated k+ channels; crystal-structure; membrane
AB Haem is essential for living organisms, functioning as a crucial element in the redox-sensitive reaction centre in haemproteins(1). During the biogenesis of these proteins, the haem cofactor is typically incorporated enzymatically into the haem pockets of the apo-haemprotein as the functionally indispensable prosthetic group(2,3). A class of ion channel, the large-conductance calcium-dependent Slo1 BK channels, possesses a conserved haem-binding sequence motif. Here we present electrophysiological and structural evidence showing that haem directly regulates cloned human Slo1 channels and wild-type BK channels in rat brain. Both oxidized and reduced haem binds to the hSlo1 channel protein and profoundly inhibits transmembrane K+ currents by decreasing the frequency of channel opening. This direct regulation of the BK channel identifies a previously unknown role of haem as an acute signalling molecule.
C1 Univ Penn, Dept Physiol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   St Josephs Univ, Dept Chem, Philadelphia, PA 19131 USA.
   Merck Res Labs, Dept Ion Channels, Rahway, NJ 07065 USA.
   Univ Jena, Fac Med, Res Unit Mol & Cellular Biophys, D-07747 Jena, Germany.
C3 University of Pennsylvania; Saint Joseph's University; Merck & Company; Friedrich Schiller University of Jena
RP Hoshi, T (corresponding author), Univ Penn, Dept Physiol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
EM hoshi@hoshi.org
NR 19
TC 240
Z9 270
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 2
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6957
BP 531
EP 535
DI 10.1038/nature02003
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 727FN
UT WOS:000185648100049
PM 14523450
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wang, YY
   Rogado, NS
   Cava, RJ
   Ong, NP
AF Wang, YY
   Rogado, NS
   Cava, RJ
   Ong, NP
TI Spin entropy as the likely source of enhanced thermopower in NaxCo2O4
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thermoelectric-power; naco2o4; density
AB In an electric field, the flow of electrons in a solid produces an entropy current in addition to the familiar charge current. This is the Peltier effect, and it underlies all thermoelectric refrigerators. The increased interest in thermoelectric cooling applications has led to a search for more efficient Peltier materials and to renewed theoretical investigation into how electron-electron interaction may enhance the thermopower of materials such as the transition-metal oxides(1-4). An important factor in this enhancement is the electronic spin entropy, which is predicted(4-6) to dominate the entropy current. However, the crucial evidence for the spin-entropy term, namely its complete suppression in a longitudinal magnetic field, has not been reported until now. Here we report evidence for such suppression in the layered oxide NaxCo2O4, from thermopower and magnetization measurements in both longitudinal and transverse magnetic fields. The strong dependence of thermopower on magnetic field provides a rare, unambiguous example of how strong electron-electron interaction effects can qualitatively alter electronic behaviour in a solid. We discuss the implications of our finding-that spin-entropy dominates the enhancement of thermopower in transition-metal oxides-for the search for better Peltier materials.
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Phys, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Princeton Mat Inst, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
C3 Princeton University; Princeton University; Princeton University
RP Ong, NP (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Dept Phys, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
NR 12
TC 647
Z9 684
U1 3
U2 283
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 22
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6938
BP 425
EP 428
DI 10.1038/nature01639
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 681AJ
UT WOS:000183012000038
PM 12761545
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Han, SC
   Tang, RH
   Anderson, LK
   Woerner, TE
   Pei, ZM
AF Han, SC
   Tang, RH
   Anderson, LK
   Woerner, TE
   Pei, ZM
TI A cell surface receptor mediates extracellular Ca2+ sensing in guard cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID calcium; arabidopsis; plant; oscillations; regulator; proteins; channel; binding
AB Extracellular Ca2+ (Ca-o(2+)) is required for various physiological and developmental processes in animals and plants(1-3). In response to varied Ca-o(2+) levels, plants maintain relatively constant internal Ca2+ content, suggesting a precise regulatory mechanism for Ca2+ homeostasis(4). However, little is known about how plants monitor Ca-o(2+) status and whether Ca-o(2+)-sensing receptors exist. The effects of Ca-o(2+) on guard cells in promoting stomatal closure by inducing increases in the concentration of cytosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+](i))(5-8) provide a clue to Ca-o(2+) sensing. Here we have used a functional screening assay in mammalian cells 9 to isolate an Arabidopsis complementary DNA clone encoding a Ca2+-sensing receptor, CAS. CAS is localized to the plasma membrane, exhibits low-affinity/high-capacity Ca2+ binding, and mediates Ca-o(2+)-induced [Ca2+](i) increases. CAS is expressed predominantly in the shoot, including guard cells. Repression of CAS disrupts Ca-o(2+) signalling in guard cells, and impairs bolting (swift upward growth at the transition to seed production) in response to Ca2+ deficiency, so we conclude that CAS may be a primary transducer of Ca-o(2+) in plants.
C1 Duke Univ, Dept Biol, Dev Cell & Mol Biol Grp, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
   Duke Univ, Dept Chem, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
C3 Duke University; Duke University
RP Pei, ZM (corresponding author), Duke Univ, Dept Biol, Dev Cell & Mol Biol Grp, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
EM zpei@duke.edu
NR 26
TC 178
Z9 209
U1 6
U2 85
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 11
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6954
BP 196
EP 200
DI 10.1038/nature01932
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 719ZT
UT WOS:000185236000047
PM 12968184
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stewart, GS
   Wang, B
   Bignell, CR
   Taylor, AMR
   Elledge, SJ
AF Stewart, GS
   Wang, B
   Bignell, CR
   Taylor, AMR
   Elledge, SJ
TI MDC1 is a mediator of the mammalian DNA damage checkpoint
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID double-strand breaks; budding yeast rad9; brct domain; in-vivo; protein; repair; kinase; 53bp1; atm
AB To counteract the continuous exposure of cells to agents that damage DNA, cells have evolved complex regulatory networks called checkpoints to sense DNA damage and coordinate DNA replication, cell-cycle arrest and DNA repair(1). It has recently been shown that the histone H2A variant H2AX specifically controls the recruitment of DNA repair proteins to the sites of DNA damage(2-4). Here we identify a novel BRCA1 carboxy-terminal (BRCT) and forkhead-associated (FHA) domain-containing protein, MDC1 (mediator of DNA damage checkpoint protein 1), which works with H2AX to promote recruitment of repair proteins to the sites of DNA breaks and which, in addition, controls damage-induced cell-cycle arrest checkpoints. MDC1 forms foci that co-localize extensively with gamma-H2AX foci within minutes after exposure to ionizing radiation. H2AX is required for MDC1 foci formation, and MDC1 forms complexes with phosphorylated H2AX. Furthermore, this interaction is phosphorylation dependent as peptides containing the phosphorylated site on H2AX bind MDC1 in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. We have shown by using small interfering RNA (siRNA) that cells lacking MDC1 are sensitive to ionizing radiation, and that MDC1 controls the formation of damage-induced 53BP1, BRCA1 and MRN foci, in part by promoting efficient H2AX phosphorylation. In addition, cells lacking MDC1 also fail to activate the intra-S phase and G2/M phase cell-cycle checkpoints properly after exposure to ionizing radiation, which was associated with an inability to regulate Chk1 properly. These results highlight a crucial role for MDC1 in mediating transduction of the DNA damage signal.
C1 Baylor Coll Med, Verna & Marrs McLean Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol & Human Genet, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Univ Birmingham, CRC Inst Canc Studies, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England.
C3 Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Birmingham
RP Elledge, SJ (corresponding author), Baylor Coll Med, Verna & Marrs McLean Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
NR 28
TC 718
Z9 878
U1 1
U2 45
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 27
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6926
BP 961
EP 966
DI 10.1038/nature01446
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 649BK
UT WOS:000181186900053
PM 12607005
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schröder, R
AF Schröder, R
TI The genes orthodenticle and hunchback substitute for bicoid in the beetle Tribolium
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID drosophila embryo; axis formation; expression; anterior; segmentation; insects; rna; protein; elegans; pattern
AB In Drosophila, the morphogen Bicoid organizes anterior patterning in a concentration-dependent manner by activating the transcription of target genes such as orthodenticle (otd)(1) and hunchback (hb), and by repressing the translation of caudal(2),(3). Homologues of the bicoid gene have not been isolated in any organism apart from the higher Dipterans(4-7). In fact, head and thorax formation in other insects is poorly understood. To elucidate this process in a short-germband insect, I analysed the function of the conserved genes orthodenticle-1 (otd-1) and hb in the flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. Here I show that, in contrast to Drosophila, Tribolium otd-1 messenger RNA is maternally inherited by the embryo. Reduction of Tribolium otd-1 levels by RNA interference (RNAi) results in headless embryos. This shows that otd-1 is required for anterior patterning in Tribolium. As in Drosophila, Tribolium hb specifies posterior gnathal and thoracic segments. The head, thorax and the anterior abdomen fail to develop in otd-1/hb double-RNAi embryos. This phenotype is similar to that of strong bicoid mutants in Drosophila. I propose that otd-1 and hb are part of an ancestral anterior patterning system.
C1 Univ Tubingen, Interfak Inst Zellbiol, Abt Genet Tiere, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
C3 Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen
RP Schröder, R (corresponding author), Univ Tubingen, Interfak Inst Zellbiol, Abt Genet Tiere, Morgenstelle 28, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
NR 30
TC 146
Z9 177
U1 0
U2 30
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 10
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6932
BP 621
EP 625
DI 10.1038/nature01536
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 665GN
UT WOS:000182111400044
PM 12687002
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Butler, D
AF Butler, D
TI The grid: Tomorrow's computing today
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 6
Z9 6
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 24
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6934
BP 799
EP 800
DI 10.1038/422799a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 670WR
UT WOS:000182432600013
PM 12712163
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Buffelli, M
   Burgess, RW
   Feng, GP
   Lobe, CG
   Lichtman, JW
   Sanes, JR
AF Buffelli, M
   Burgess, RW
   Feng, GP
   Lobe, CG
   Lichtman, JW
   Sanes, JR
TI Genetic evidence that relative synaptic efficacy biases the outcome of synaptic competition
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Synaptic activity drives synaptic rearrangement in the vertebrate nervous system; indeed, this appears to be a main way in which experience shapes neural connectivity(1,2). One rearrangement that occurs in many parts of the nervous system during early postnatal life is a competitive process called 'synapse elimination'(3,4). At the neuromuscular junction, where synapse elimination has been analysed in detail, muscle fibres are initially innervated by multiple axons, then all but one are withdrawn and the 'winner' enlarges(4-6). In support of the idea that synapse elimination is activity dependent, it is slowed or speeded when total neuromuscular activity is decreased or increased, respectively(4,7-13). However, most hypotheses about synaptic rearrangement postulate that change depends less on total activity than on the relative activity of the competitors(1-4,13,14). Intuitively, it seems that the input best able to excite its postsynaptic target would be most likely to win the competition, but some theories and results make other predictions(14-18). Here we use a genetic method to selectively inhibit neurotransmission from one of two inputs to a single target cell. We show that more powerful inputs are strongly favoured competitors during synapse elimination.
C1 Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Anat & Neurobiol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Univ Verona, Dipartimento Sci Neurol & Vis, I-37129 Verona, Italy.
   Sunnybrook & Womens Coll Hlth Sci Ctr, Toronto, ON MN4 3M5, Canada.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL); University of Verona; University of Toronto; Sunnybrook Research Institute; Sunnybrook Health Science Center
RP Sanes, JR (corresponding author), Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Anat & Neurobiol, 660 S Euclid, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
EM sanesj@pcg.wustl.edu
NR 30
TC 254
Z9 322
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 24
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6947
BP 430
EP 434
DI 10.1038/nature01844
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 704BT
UT WOS:000184318400044
PM 12879071
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brook, BW
   Sodhi, NS
   Ng, PKL
AF Brook, BW
   Sodhi, NS
   Ng, PKL
TI Catastrophic extinctions follow deforestation in Singapore
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID conservation; forest; lessons; bird
AB The looming mass extinction of biodiversity in the humid tropics is a major concern for the future(1), yet most reports of extinctions in these regions are anecdotal or conjectural, with a scarcity of robust, broad-based empirical data(2-4). Here we report on local extinctions among a wide range of terrestrial and freshwater taxa from Singapore (540 km(2)) in relation to habitat loss exceeding 95% over 183 years(5,6). Substantial rates of documented and inferred extinctions were found, especially for forest specialists, with the greatest proportion of extinct taxa (34-87%) in butterflies, fish, birds and mammals. Observed extinctions were generally fewer, but inferred losses often higher, in vascular plants, phasmids, decapods, amphibians and reptiles (5-80%). Forest reserves comprising only 0.25% of Singapore's area now harbour over 50% of the residual native biodiversity. Extrapolations of the observed and inferred local extinction data, using a calibrated species-area model(7-9), imply that the current unprecedented rate of habitat destruction in Southeast Asia(10) will result in the loss of 13-42% of regional populations over the next century, at least half of which will represent global species extinctions.
C1 Kyoto Univ, Ctr Ecol Res, Otsu, Shiga 5202113, Japan.
   No Terr Univ, Key Ctr Trop Wildlife Management, Darwin, NT 0909, Australia.
   Natl Univ Singapore, Dept Biol Sci, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
C3 Kyoto University; Charles Darwin University; National University of Singapore
RP Brook, BW (corresponding author), Kyoto Univ, Ctr Ecol Res, Otsu, Shiga 5202113, Japan.
EM barry.brook@ntu.edu.au; dbsns@nus.edu.sg
NR 30
TC 509
Z9 599
U1 3
U2 243
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 24
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6947
BP 420
EP 423
DI 10.1038/nature01795
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 704BT
UT WOS:000184318400041
PM 12879068
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dalton, AB
   Collins, S
   Muñoz, E
   Razal, JM
   Ebron, VH
   Ferraris, JP
   Coleman, JN
   Kim, BG
   Baughman, RH
AF Dalton, AB
   Collins, S
   Muñoz, E
   Razal, JM
   Ebron, VH
   Ferraris, JP
   Coleman, JN
   Kim, BG
   Baughman, RH
TI Super-tough carbon-nanotube fibres -: These extraordinary composite fibres can be woven into electronic textiles.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID spider silk; fibers; ropes
C1 Univ Texas, Dept Chem, Richardson, TX 75080 USA.
   Univ Texas, NanoTech Inst, Richardson, TX 75080 USA.
   Univ Dublin Trinity Coll, Dept Phys, Dublin 2, Ireland.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; Trinity College Dublin
RP Dalton, AB (corresponding author), Univ Texas, Dept Chem, Richardson, TX 75080 USA.
NR 13
TC 1362
Z9 1563
U1 13
U2 904
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 12
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6941
BP 703
EP 703
DI 10.1038/423703a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 688PA
UT WOS:000183443400031
PM 12802323
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Becker, H
   Walker, RJ
AF Becker, H
   Walker, RJ
TI Efficient mixing of the solar nebula from uniform Mo isotopic composition of meteorites
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID abundances; system; oxygen; fractionation; nitrogen; elements
AB The abundances of elements and their isotopes in our Galaxy show wide variations, reflecting different nucleosynthetic processes in stars and the effects of Galactic evolution(1). These variations contrast with the uniformity of stable isotope abundances for many elements in the Solar System(2,3), which implies that processes efficiently homogenized dust and gas from different stellar sources within the young solar nebula. However, isotopic heterogeneity has been recognized on the subcentimetre scale in primitive meteorites(4,5), indicating that these preserve a compositional memory of their stellar sources. Small differences in the abundance of stable molybdenum isotopes in bulk rocks of some primitive(6-8) and differentiated(7,9) meteorites, relative to terrestrial Mo, suggest large-scale Mo isotopic heterogeneity between some inner Solar System bodies, which implies physical conditions that did not permit efficient mixing of gas and dust. Here we report Mo isotopic data for bulk samples of primitive and differentiated meteorites that show no resolvable deviations from terrestrial Mo. This suggests efficient mixing of gas and dust in the solar nebula at least to 3 AU from the Sun, possibly induced by magnetohydrodynamic instabilities(10). These mixing processes must have occurred before isotopic fractionation of gas-phase elements and volatility-controlled chemical fractionations were established.
C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Geol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
C3 University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park
RP Becker, H (corresponding author), Univ Maryland, Dept Geol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
EM hbecker@geol.umd.edu
NR 28
TC 44
Z9 50
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 11
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6954
BP 152
EP 155
DI 10.1038/nature01975
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 719ZT
UT WOS:000185236000034
PM 12968172
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Catherall, AT
   Eaves, L
   King, PJ
   Booth, SR
AF Catherall, AT
   Eaves, L
   King, PJ
   Booth, SR
TI Floating gold in cryogenic oxygen
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Nottingham, Sch Phys & Astron, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England.
C3 University of Nottingham
RP Catherall, AT (corresponding author), Univ Nottingham, Sch Phys & Astron, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England.
NR 3
TC 69
Z9 84
U1 1
U2 16
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 10
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6932
BP 579
EP 579
DI 10.1038/422579a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 665GN
UT WOS:000182111400028
PM 12686988
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chapman, SC
   Blain, AW
   Ivison, RJ
   Smail, IR
AF Chapman, SC
   Blain, AW
   Ivison, RJ
   Smail, IR
TI A median redshift of 2.4 for galaxies bright at submillimetre wavelengths
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lyman-break galaxy; deep field-north; star-formation; lensing clusters; radio-emission; evolution
AB A significant fraction of the energy emitted in the early Universe came from very luminous galaxies that are largely hidden at optical wavelengths (because of interstellar dust grains); this energy now forms part of the cosmic background radiation at wavelengths near 1 mm (ref. 1). Some submillimetre (submm) galaxies have been resolved from the background radiation(2), but they have been difficult to study because of instrumental limitations(3). This has impeded the determination of their redshifts (z), which is a crucial element in understanding their nature and evolution(4). Here we report spectroscopic redshifts for ten submm galaxies that were identified using high-resolution radio observations(5-7). The median redshift for our sample is 2.4, with a quartile range of 1.9-2.8. This population therefore coexists with the peak activity of quasars, suggesting a close relationship between the growth of massive black holes and luminous dusty galaxies(8). The space density of submm galaxies at redshifts over 2 is about 1,000 times greater than that of similarly luminous galaxies in the present-day Universe, so they represent an important component of star formation at high redshifts.
C1 CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Royal Observ, Astron Technol Ctr, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Univ Durham, Inst Computat Cosmol, Durham DH1 3LE, England.
C3 California Institute of Technology; University of Edinburgh; Durham University
RP Chapman, SC (corresponding author), CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM schapman@irastro.caltech.edu
NR 30
TC 414
Z9 439
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 17
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6933
BP 695
EP 698
DI 10.1038/nature01540
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 668CG
UT WOS:000182272300033
PM 12700754
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Oppo, DW
   McManus, JF
   Cullen, JL
AF Oppo, DW
   McManus, JF
   Cullen, JL
TI Palaeo-oceanography: Deepwater variability in the Holocene epoch
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID north-atlantic climate; circulation
C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Geol & Geophys, Woods Hole, MA 02540 USA.
   Salem State Coll, Dept Geol Sci, Salem, MA 01970 USA.
C3 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Massachusetts System of Public Higher Education; Salem State University
RP Oppo, DW (corresponding author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Geol & Geophys, Woods Hole, MA 02540 USA.
EM doppo@whoi.edu
NR 13
TC 223
Z9 244
U1 0
U2 34
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 20
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6929
BP 277
EP 278
DI 10.1038/422277b
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 656XX
UT WOS:000181637300030
PM 12646912
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Williams, PM
   Fowler, SB
   Best, RB
   Toca-Herrera, JL
   Scott, KA
   Steward, A
   Clarke, J
AF Williams, PM
   Fowler, SB
   Best, RB
   Toca-Herrera, JL
   Scott, KA
   Steward, A
   Clarke, J
TI Hidden complexity in the mechanical properties of titin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular-dynamics simulation; atomic-force microscopy; muscle protein titin; immunoglobulin domains; i-band; elasticity; modules; extensibility; pathway; detail
AB Individual molecules of the giant protein titin span the A-bands and I-bands that make up striated muscle. The I-band region of titin is responsible for passive elasticity in such muscle(1-4), and contains tandem arrays of immunoglobulin domains. One such domain (I27) has been investigated extensively, using dynamic force spectroscopy and simulation(5-12). However, the relevance of these studies to the behaviour of the protein under physiological conditions was not established. Force studies reveal a lengthening of I27 without complete unfolding, forming a stable intermediate that has been suggested to be an important component of titin elasticity(6). To develop a more complete picture of the forced unfolding pathway, we use mutant titins-certain mutations allow the role of the partly unfolded intermediate to be investigated in more depth. Here we show that, under physiological forces, the partly unfolded intermediate does not contribute to mechanical strength. We also propose a unified forced unfolding model of all I27 analogues studied, and conclude that I27 can withstand higher forces in muscle than was predicted previously.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Chem Lab, MRC, Ctr Prot Engn, Cambridge CB2 1EW, England.
   Univ Nottingham, Sch Pharmaceut Sci, Lab Biophys & Surface Anal, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of Nottingham
RP Clarke, J (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Chem Lab, MRC, Ctr Prot Engn, Lensfield Rd, Cambridge CB2 1EW, England.
NR 30
TC 228
Z9 261
U1 0
U2 60
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 27
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6930
BP 446
EP 449
DI 10.1038/nature01517
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 659WV
UT WOS:000181801200048
PM 12660787
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Calvi, LM
   Adams, GB
   Weibrecht, KW
   Weber, JM
   Olson, DP
   Knight, MC
   Martin, RP
   Schipani, E
   Divieti, P
   Bringhurst, FR
   Milner, LA
   Kronenberg, HM
   Scadden, DT
AF Calvi, LM
   Adams, GB
   Weibrecht, KW
   Weber, JM
   Olson, DP
   Knight, MC
   Martin, RP
   Schipani, E
   Divieti, P
   Bringhurst, FR
   Milner, LA
   Kronenberg, HM
   Scadden, DT
TI Osteoblastic cells regulate the haematopoietic stem cell niche
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bone-marrow; growth-factor; self-renewal; notch; lineage
AB Stem cell fate is influenced by specialized microenvironments that remain poorly defined in mammals(1-3). To explore the possibility that haematopoietic stem cells derive regulatory information from bone, accounting for the localization of haematopoiesis in bone marrow, we assessed mice that were genetically altered to produce osteoblast-specific, activated PTH/PTHrP receptors (PPRs)(4). Here we show that PPR-stimulated osteoblastic cells that are increased in number produce high levels of the Notch ligand jagged 1 and support an increase in the number of haematopoietic stem cells with evidence of Notch1 activation in vivo. Furthermore, ligand-dependent activation of PPR with parathyroid hormone (PTH) increased the number of osteoblasts in stromal cultures, and augmented ex vivo primitive haematopoietic cell growth that was abrogated by gamma-secretase inhibition of Notch activation. An increase in the number of stem cells was observed in wild-type animals after PTH injection, and survival after bone marrow transplantation was markedly improved. Therefore, osteoblastic cells are a regulatory component of the haematopoietic stem cell niche in vivo that influences stem cell function through Notch activation. Niche constituent cells or signalling pathways provide pharmacological targets with therapeutic potential for stem-cell-based therapies.
C1 Harvard Univ, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Sch Med,Canc Ctr, Partners AIDS Res Ctr,Ctr Regenerat Med & Technol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Sch Med, Endocrine Unit, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Univ Rochester, Sch Med, Dept Med, Endocrine Unit, Rochester, NY 14642 USA.
   Univ Rochester, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Ctr Human Genet & Mol Pediat Dis, Rochester, NY 14642 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School; University of Rochester; University of Rochester
RP Scadden, DT (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Sch Med,Canc Ctr, Partners AIDS Res Ctr,Ctr Regenerat Med & Technol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
EM scadden.david@mgh.harvard.edu
FU NIDDK NIH HHS [K08 DK064381] Funding Source: Medline
NR 26
TC 2757
Z9 3331
U1 0
U2 228
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 23
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6960
BP 841
EP 846
DI 10.1038/nature02040
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 735ME
UT WOS:000186118500046
PM 14574413
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gutmann, S
   Haebel, PW
   Metzinger, L
   Sutter, M
   Felden, B
   Ban, N
AF Gutmann, S
   Haebel, PW
   Metzinger, L
   Sutter, M
   Felden, B
   Ban, N
TI Crystal structure of the transfer-RNA domain of transfer-messenger RNA in complex with SmpB
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phenylalanine transfer-rna; escherichia-coli; angstrom resolution; ribosome rescue; binding protein; tagging system; 10sa rna; tmrna; degradation; identity
AB Accurate translation of genetic information into protein sequence depends on complete messenger RNA molecules. Truncated mRNAs cause synthesis of defective proteins, and arrest ribosomes at the end of their incomplete message. In bacteria, a hybrid RNA molecule that combines the functions of both transfer and messenger RNAs (called tmRNA) rescues stalled ribosomes, and targets aberrant, partially synthesized, proteins for proteolytic degradation(1,2). Here we report the 3.2-Angstrom-resolution structure of the tRNA-like domain of tmRNA (tmRNA(Delta)) in complex with small protein B (SmpB), a protein essential for biological functions of tmRNA. We find that the flexible RNA molecule adopts an open L-shaped conformation and SmpB binds to its elbow region, stabilizing the single-stranded D-loop in an extended conformation. The most striking feature of the structure of tmRNA(Delta) is a 90degrees rotation of the TPsiC-arm around the helical axis. Owing to this unusual conformation, the SmpB-tmRNA(Delta) complex positioned into the A-site of the ribosome orients SmpB towards the small ribosomal subunit, and directs tmRNA towards the elongation-factor binding region of the ribosome. On the basis of this structure, we propose a model for the binding of tmRNA on the ribosome.
C1 ETH, Inst Mol Biol & Biophys, HPK Gebaude, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Univ Rennes 1, UPRES JE2311, F-35043 Rennes, France.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; Universite de Rennes
RP Ban, N (corresponding author), ETH, Inst Mol Biol & Biophys, HPK Gebaude, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
NR 30
TC 106
Z9 135
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 7
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6949
BP 699
EP 703
DI 10.1038/nature01831
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 708QE
UT WOS:000184578800051
PM 12904796
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Smith, RJ
   Muir, RDJ
   Walpole, MJ
   Balmford, A
   Leader-Williams, N
AF Smith, RJ
   Muir, RDJ
   Walpole, MJ
   Balmford, A
   Leader-Williams, N
TI Governance and the loss of biodiversity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID conservation; costs
AB Most of the world's biodiversity occurs within developing countries that require donor support to build their conservation capacity(1). Unfortunately, some of these countries experience high levels of political corruption(2), which may limit the success of conservation projects by reducing effective funding levels and distorting priorities(3). We investigated whether changes in three well surveyed and widespread components of biodiversity were associated with national governance scores and other socioeconomic measures. Here we show that governance scores were correlated with changes in total forest cover, but not with changes in natural forest cover. We found strong associations between governance scores and changes in the numbers of African elephants and black rhinoceroses, and these socio-economic factors explained observed patterns better than any others. Finally, we show that countries rich in species and identified as containing priority areas for conservation have lower governance scores than other nations. These results stress the need for conservationists to develop and implement policies that reduce the effects of political corruption and, in this regard, we question the universal applicability of an influential approach to conservation that seeks to ban international trade in endangered species.
C1 Univ Kent, Durrell Inst Conservat & Ecol, Canterbury CT2 7NS, Kent, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Conservat Biol Grp, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England.
C3 University of Kent; University of Cambridge
RP Smith, RJ (corresponding author), Univ Kent, Durrell Inst Conservat & Ecol, Canterbury CT2 7NS, Kent, England.
EM R.J.Smith@kent.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 311
Z9 364
U1 2
U2 169
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 6
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6962
BP 67
EP 70
DI 10.1038/nature02025
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 739WY
UT WOS:000186370800042
PM 14603318
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wang, CT
   Lu, JC
   Bai, JH
   Chang, PY
   Martin, TFJ
   Chapman, ER
   Jackson, MB
AF Wang, CT
   Lu, JC
   Bai, JH
   Chang, PY
   Martin, TFJ
   Chapman, ER
   Jackson, MB
TI Different domains of synaptotagmin control the choice between kiss-and-run and full fusion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID adrenal chromaffin cells; ca2+ binding; hippocampal synapses; pc12 cells; exocytosis; iv; kinetics; mechanism; secretion; sensor
AB Exocytosis-the release of the contents of a vesicle-proceeds by two mechanisms(1-6). Full fusion occurs when the vesicle and plasma membranes merge. Alternatively, in what is termed kiss-and-run, vesicles can release transmitter during transient contacts with the plasma membrane. Little is known at the molecular level about how the choice between these two pathways is regulated. Here we report amperometric recordings of catecholamine efflux through individual fusion pores. Transfection with synaptotagmin (Syt) IV increased the frequency and duration of kiss-and-run events, but left their amplitude unchanged. Endogenous Syt IV, induced by forskolin treatment, had a similar effect. Full fusion was inhibited by mutation of a Ca2+ ligand in the C(2)A domain of Syt I; kiss-and-run was inhibited by mutation of a homologous Ca2+ ligand in the C2B domain of Syt IV. The Ca2+ sensitivity for full fusion was 5-fold higher with Syt I than Syt IV, but for kiss-and-run the Ca2+ sensitivities differed by a factor of only two. Syt thus regulates the choice between full fusion and kiss-and-run, with Ca2+ binding to the C(2)A and C2B domains playing an important role in this choice.
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Physiol, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Comparat Biosci, Endocrinol Reprod Physiol Program, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Biophys Program, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biochem, Madison, WI 53705 USA.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
RP Jackson, MB (corresponding author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Physiol, 1300 Univ Ave, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
NR 28
TC 178
Z9 218
U1 1
U2 19
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 21
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6951
BP 943
EP 947
DI 10.1038/nature01857
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 713EH
UT WOS:000184843600042
PM 12931189
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tournaire-Roux, C
   Sutka, M
   Javot, H
   Gout, E
   Gerbeau, P
   Luu, DT
   Bligny, R
   Maurel, C
AF Tournaire-Roux, C
   Sutka, M
   Javot, H
   Gout, E
   Gerbeau, P
   Luu, DT
   Bligny, R
   Maurel, C
TI Cytosolic pH regulates root water transport during anoxic stress through gating of aquaporins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID plasma-membrane aquaporins; plant-cells; phosphorylation; permeability; channels; inhibition; expression; tip
AB Flooding of soils results in acute oxygen deprivation (anoxia) of plant roots during winter in temperate latitudes, or after irrigation(1), and is a major problem for agriculture. One early response of plants to anoxia and other environmental stresses is down-regulation of water uptake due to inhibition of the water permeability (hydraulic conductivity) of roots (Lp(r))(2-5). Root water uptake is mediated largely by water channel proteins (aquaporins) of the plasma membrane intrinsic protein (PIP) subgroup(6-8). These aquaporins may mediate stress-induced inhibition of Lp(r)(2,4,9) but the mechanisms involved are unknown. Here we delineate the whole-root and cell bases for inhibition of water uptake by anoxia and link them to cytosol acidosis. We also uncover a molecular mechanism for aquaporin gating by cytosolic pH. Because it is conserved in all PIPs, this mechanism provides a basis for explaining the inhibition of Lp(r) by anoxia and possibly other stresses. More generally, our work opens new routes to explore pH-dependent cell signalling processes leading to regulation of water transport in plant tissues or in animal epithelia(10).
C1 Univ Montpellier 2, INRA, CNRS, Unite Mixte Rech 5004, F-34060 Montpellier 1, France.
   Ecole Natl Agron, F-34060 Montpellier, France.
   CEA, Physiol Cellulaire Vegetale, F-38054 Grenoble 9, France.
C3 INRAE; Institut Agro; Institut Agro Montpellier; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite de Montpellier; Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA); CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Maurel, C (corresponding author), Univ Montpellier 2, INRA, CNRS, Unite Mixte Rech 5004, Pl Viala, F-34060 Montpellier 1, France.
NR 26
TC 552
Z9 633
U1 0
U2 176
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 25
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6956
BP 393
EP 397
DI 10.1038/nature01853
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 724TG
UT WOS:000185502300040
PM 14508488
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Katoh, H
   Negishi, M
AF Katoh, H
   Negishi, M
TI RhoG activates Rac1 by direct interaction with the Dock180-binding protein Elmo
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB The small GTPase Rac has a central role in regulating the actin cytoskeleton during cell migration and axon guidance(1). Elmo has been identified as an upstream regulator of Rac1 that binds to and functionally cooperates with Dock180 (refs 2-4). Dock180 does not contain a conventional catalytic domain for guanine nucleotide exchange on Rac, but possesses a domain that directly binds to and specifically activates Rac1 (refs 5, 6). The small GTPase RhoG mediates several cellular morphological processes, such as neurite outgrowth in neuronal cells, through a signalling cascade that activates Rac1 (refs 7-12); however, the downstream target of RhoG and the mechanism by which RhoG regulates Rac1 activity remain unclear. Here we show that RhoG interacts directly with Elmo in a GTP-dependent manner and forms a ternary complex with Dock180 to induce activation of Rac1. The RhoG-Elmo-Dock180 pathway is required for activation of Rac1 and cell spreading mediated by integrin, as well as for neurite outgrowth induced by nerve growth factor. We conclude that RhoG activates Rac1 through Elmo and Dock180 to control cell morphology.
C1 Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Biostudies, Mol Neurobiol Lab, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068502, Japan.
C3 Kyoto University
RP Katoh, H (corresponding author), Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Biostudies, Mol Neurobiol Lab, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068502, Japan.
EM hirokato@pharm.kyoto-u.ac.jp
NR 25
TC 289
Z9 360
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 24
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6947
BP 461
EP 464
DI 10.1038/nature01817
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 704BT
UT WOS:000184318400051
PM 12879077
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Busino, L
   Donzelli, M
   Chiesa, M
   Guardavaccaro, D
   Ganoth, D
   Dorrello, NV
   Hershko, A
   Pagano, M
   Draetta, GF
AF Busino, L
   Donzelli, M
   Chiesa, M
   Guardavaccaro, D
   Ganoth, D
   Dorrello, NV
   Hershko, A
   Pagano, M
   Draetta, GF
TI Degradation of Cdc25A by β-TrCP during S phase and in response to DNA damage
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID kappa-b-alpha; ubiquitin ligase; phosphorylation; destruction; checkpoint; proteolysis; complex; identification; progression; catenin
AB The Cdc25A phosphatase is essential for cell-cycle progression because of its function in dephosphorylating cyclin-dependent kinases. In response to DNA damage or stalled replication, the ATM and ATR protein kinases activate the checkpoint kinases Chk1 and Chk2, which leads to hyperphosphorylation of Cdc25A(1-3). These events stimulate the ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis of Cdc25A(1,4,5) and contribute to delaying cell-cycle progression, thereby preventing genomic instability(1-7). Here we report that beta-TrCP is the F-box protein that targets phosphorylated Cdc25A for degradation by the Skp1/Cul1/F-box protein complex. Downregulation of beta-TrCP1 and beta-TrCP2 expression by short interfering RNAs causes an accumulation of Cdc25A in cells progressing through S phase and prevents the degradation of Cdc25A induced by ionizing radiation, indicating that beta-TrCP may function in the intra-S-phase checkpoint. Consistent with this hypothesis, suppression of beta-TrCP expression results in radioresistant DNA synthesis in response to DNA damage - a phenotype indicative of a defect in the intra-S-phase checkpoint that is associated with an inability to regulate Cdc25A properly. Our results show that beta-TrCP has a crucial role in mediating the response to DNA damage through Cdc25A degradation.
C1 European Inst Oncol, I-20141 Milan, Italy.
   NYU, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   NYU, Inst Canc, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   Technion Israel Inst Technol, Bruce Rappaport Fac Med, Biochem Unit, IL-31096 Haifa, Israel.
C3 IRCCS European Institute of Oncology (IEO); New York University; New York University; Technion Israel Institute of Technology; Rappaport Faculty of Medicine
RP Donzelli, M (corresponding author), European Inst Oncol, 435 Via Ripamonti, I-20141 Milan, Italy.
EM mdonzell@ieo.it
FU Telethon [E.0865] Funding Source: Medline
NR 28
TC 379
Z9 462
U1 0
U2 28
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 6
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6962
BP 87
EP 91
DI 10.1038/nature02082
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 739WY
UT WOS:000186370800047
PM 14603323
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ishii, D
   Kinbara, K
   Ishida, Y
   Ishii, N
   Okochi, M
   Yohda, M
   Aida, T
AF Ishii, D
   Kinbara, K
   Ishida, Y
   Ishii, N
   Okochi, M
   Yohda, M
   Aida, T
TI Chaperonin-mediated stabilization and ATP-triggered release of semiconductor nanoparticles
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cadmium-sulfide; thermophilic bacterium; thermus-thermophilus; cds nanocrystallites; holo-chaperonin; quantum dots; groel; protein; nanocomposites; nanoclusters
AB Various properties of semiconductor nanoparticles, including photoluminescence and catalytic activity, make these materials attractive for a range of applications(1,2). As nanoparticles readily coagulate and so lose their size-dependent properties, shape-persistent three-dimensional stabilizers that enfold nanoparticles have been exploited(3-9). However, such wrapping approaches also make the nanoparticles insensitive to external stimuli, and so may limit their application. The chaperonin proteins GroEL (from Escherichia coli) and T.th ('T.th cpn', from Thermus thermophilus HB8) encapsulate denatured proteins inside a cylindrical cavity; after refolding, the encapsulated proteins are released by the action of ATP inducing a conformational change of the cavity(10,11). Here we report that GroEL and T.th cpn can also enfold CdS semiconductor nanoparticles, giving them high thermal and chemical stability in aqueous media. Analogous to the biological function of the chaperonins, the nanoparticles can be readily released from the protein cavities by the action of ATP. We expect that integration of such biological mechanisms into materials science will open a door to conceptually new bioresponsive devices.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Sch Engn, Dept Chem & Biotechnol, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138656, Japan.
   Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Biol Informat Res Ctr, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058566, Japan.
   Tokyo Univ Agr & Technol, Fac Technol, Dept Biotechnol, Tokyo 1848588, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST); Tokyo University of Agriculture & Technology
RP Aida, T (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Sch Engn, Dept Chem & Biotechnol, Bunkyo Ku, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo 1138656, Japan.
NR 26
TC 201
Z9 220
U1 1
U2 74
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 5
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6940
BP 628
EP 632
DI 10.1038/nature01663
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 686BT
UT WOS:000183301200037
PM 12789335
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McQuibban, GA
   Saurya, S
   Freeman, M
AF McQuibban, GA
   Saurya, S
   Freeman, M
TI Mitochondrial membrane remodelling regulated by a conserved rhomboid protease
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cytochrome-c peroxidase; drosophila egf receptor; dominant optic atrophy; dynamin-related gtpase; intermembrane space; outer-membrane; yeast; sequence; family; gene
AB Rhomboid proteins are intramembrane serine proteases that activate epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling in Drosophila(1). Rhomboids are conserved throughout evolution(2-5), and even in eukaryotes their existence in species with no EGFRs implies that they must have additional roles. Here we report that Saccharomyces cerevisiae has two rhomboids, which we have named Rbd1p and Rbd2p. RBD1 deletion results in a respiratory defect; consistent with this, Rbd1p is localized in the inner mitochondrial membrane and mutant cells have disrupted mitochondria. We have identified two substrates of Rbd1p: cytochrome c peroxidase (Ccp1p); and a dynamin-like GTPase (Mgm1p), which is involved in mitochondrial membrane fusion(6-10). Rbd1p mutants are indistinguishable from Mgm1p mutants, indicating that Mgm1p is a key substrate of Rbd1p and explaining the rbd1Delta mitochondrial phenotype. Our data indicate that mitochondrial membrane remodelling is regulated by cleavage of Mgm1p and show that intramembrane proteolysis by rhomboids controls cellular processes other than signalling. In addition, mitochondrial rhomboids are conserved throughout eukaryotes and the mammalian homologue, PARL(11), rescues the yeast mutant, suggesting that these proteins represent a functionally conserved subclass of rhomboid proteases.
C1 MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
C3 MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology
RP Freeman, M (corresponding author), MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
NR 30
TC 317
Z9 392
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 29
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6939
BP 537
EP 541
DI 10.1038/nature01633
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 683RH
UT WOS:000183162900043
PM 12774122
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mauk, BH
   Mitchell, DG
   Krimigis, SM
   Roelof, EC
   Paranicas, CP
AF Mauk, BH
   Mitchell, DG
   Krimigis, SM
   Roelof, EC
   Paranicas, CP
TI Energetic neutral atoms from a trans-Europa gas torus at Jupiter
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID jovian magnetosphere; plasma torus; ion; saturn; oxygen; image
AB The space environments-or magnetospheres-of magnetized planets emit copious quantities of energetic neutral atoms (ENAs) at energies between tens of electron volts to hundreds of kiloelectron volts (keV)(1,2). These energetic atoms result from charge exchange between magnetically trapped energetic ions and cold neutral atoms, and they carry significant amounts of energy and mass from the magnetospheres. Imaging their distribution allows us to investigate the structure of planetary magnetospheres(1,3-6). Here we report the analysis of 50-80 keV ENA images of Jupiter's magnetosphere(7), where two distinct emission regions dominate: the upper atmosphere of Jupiter itself, and a torus of emission residing just outside the orbit of Jupiter's satellite Europa. The trans-Europa component shows that, unexpectedly, Europa generates a gas cloud comparable in gas content to that associated with the volcanic moon Io. The quantity of gas found indicates that Europa has a much greater impact than hitherto believed on the structure of, and the energy flow within, Jupiter's magnetosphere.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory
RP Mauk, BH (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, 11100 Johns Hopkins Rd, Laurel, MD 20723 USA.
NR 27
TC 113
Z9 118
U1 1
U2 14
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 27
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6926
BP 920
EP 922
DI 10.1038/nature01431
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 649BK
UT WOS:000181186900041
PM 12606993
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hamm, CE
   Merkel, R
   Springer, O
   Jurkojc, P
   Maier, C
   Prechtel, K
   Smetacek V
AF Hamm, CE
   Merkel, R
   Springer, O
   Jurkojc, P
   Maier, C
   Prechtel, K
   Smetacek, V
TI Architecture and material properties of diatom shells provide effective mechanical protection
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID zooplankton; morphology; frustule; silica; cycle; bone
AB Diatoms are the major contributors to phytoplankton blooms in lakes and in the sea and hence are central in aquatic ecosystems and the global carbon cycle(1). All free-living diatoms differ from other phytoplankton groups in having silicified cell walls in the form of two 'shells' (the frustule) of manifold shape and intricate architecture(2) whose function and role, if any, in contributing to the evolutionary success of diatoms is under debate(3-5). We explored the defence potential of the frustules as armour against predators by measuring their strength. Real and virtual loading tests (using calibrated glass microneedles and finite element analysis) were performed on centric and pennate diatom cells. Here we show that the frustules are remarkably strong by virtue of their architecture and the material properties of the diatom silica. We conclude that diatom frustules have evolved as mechanical protection for the cells because exceptional force is required to break them. The evolutionary arms race between diatoms and their specialized predators will have had considerable influence in structuring pelagic food webs and biogeochemical cycles.
C1 Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany.
   Tech Univ Munich, Dept Phys, Biophys Grp E22, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
   Forschungszentrum Julich, Res Ctr, Inst Thin Films & Interfaces, D-52425 Julich, Germany.
   Hsch bramen Univ Appl Sci, D-28199 Bremen, Germany.
C3 Helmholtz Association; Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar & Marine Research; Technical University of Munich; Helmholtz Association; Julich Research Centre; Bremen University of Applied Sciences
RP Hamm, CE (corresponding author), Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany.
EM chamm@awi-bremerhaven.de
NR 27
TC 774
Z9 888
U1 8
U2 354
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 20
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6925
BP 841
EP 843
DI 10.1038/nature01416
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 646QA
UT WOS:000181044700047
PM 12594512
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Oldfield, TEE
   Smith, RJ
   Harrop, SR
   Leader-Williams, N
AF Oldfield, TEE
   Smith, RJ
   Harrop, SR
   Leader-Williams, N
TI Field sports and conservation in the United Kingdom
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID agri-environment schemes; protected areas; biodiversity; countryside; farmers; england
AB Many natural habitats exist on privately owned land outside protected areas(1), but few governments can afford to enforce or subsidize conservation of this biodiversity. Even in some developed countries, conservation subsidy schemes have only achieved limited success(2-4). Fortunately, some landowners may be willing to accept management costs in return for other benefits(5), although this remains controversial when it involves the killing of charismatic species. For example, participants in British field sports, such as fox hunting and game-bird shooting, may voluntarily conserve important habitats that are required by quarry species(6-8). Here we report results from a multidisciplinary study that addressed this issue by focusing on three sites across central England. We found that landowners participating in field sports maintained the most established woodland and planted more new woodland and hedgerows than those who did not, despite the equal availability of subsidies. Therefore, voluntary habitat management appears to be important for biodiversity conservation in Britain. Current debates on the future of field sports in Britain, and similar activities globally, may benefit from considering their utility as incentives to conserve additional habitat on private land.
C1 Univ Kent, Durrell Inst Conservat & Ecol, Canterbury CT2 7NS, Kent, England.
C3 University of Kent
RP Leader-Williams, N (corresponding author), Univ Kent, Durrell Inst Conservat & Ecol, Canterbury CT2 7NS, Kent, England.
NR 26
TC 53
Z9 61
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 29
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6939
BP 531
EP 533
DI 10.1038/nature01678
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 683RH
UT WOS:000183162900041
PM 12774120
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Collins, NC
   Thordal-Christensen, H
   Lipka, V
   Bau, S
   Kombrink, E
   Qiu, JL
   Hückelhoven, R
   Stein, M
   Freialdenhoven, A
   Somerville, SC
   Schulze-Lefert, P
AF Collins, NC
   Thordal-Christensen, H
   Lipka, V
   Bau, S
   Kombrink, E
   Qiu, JL
   Hückelhoven, R
   Stein, M
   Freialdenhoven, A
   Somerville, SC
   Schulze-Lefert, P
TI SNARE-protein-mediated disease resistance at the plant cell wall
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID powdery mildew fungus; papilla formation; barley; complex; genes; specificity; identification; syntaxin; fusion; hordei
AB Failure of pathogenic fungi to breach the plant cell wall constitutes a major component of immunity of non-host plant species species outside the pathogen host range - and accounts for a proportion of aborted infection attempts on 'susceptible' host plants (basal resistance)(1-4). Neither form of penetration resistance is understood at the molecular level. We developed a screen for penetration ( pen) mutants of Arabidopsis, which are disabled in non-host penetration resistance against barley powdery mildew, Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei, and we isolated the PEN1 gene. We also isolated barley ROR2 (ref. 2), which is required for basal penetration resistance against B. g. hordei. The genes encode functionally homologous syntaxins, demonstrating a mechanistic link between non-host resistance and basal penetration resistance in monocotyledons and dicotyledons. We show that resistance in barley requires a SNAP-25 (synaptosome-associated protein, molecular mass 25 kDa) homologue capable of forming a binary SNAP receptor ( SNARE) complex with ROR2. Genetic control of vesicle behaviour at penetration sites, and plasma membrane location of PEN1/ROR2, is consistent with a proposed involvement of SNARE-complex-mediated exocytosis and/or homotypic vesicle fusion events in resistance. Functions associated with SNARE-dependent penetration resistance are dispensable for immunity mediated by race-specific resistance (R) genes, highlighting fundamental differences between these two resistance forms.
C1 Max Planck Inst Plant Breeding Res, Dept Plant Microbe Interact, D-50829 Cologne, Germany.
   John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Sainsbury Lab, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England.
   Riso Natl Lab, Plant Res Dept, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
   Univ Giessen, Inst Phytopathol & Appl Zool, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
   Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Plant Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Max Planck Society; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); John Innes Centre; Technical University of Denmark; Justus Liebig University Giessen; Carnegie Institution for Science
RP Schulze-Lefert, P (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Plant Breeding Res, Dept Plant Microbe Interact, D-50829 Cologne, Germany.
NR 24
TC 758
Z9 885
U1 3
U2 158
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 30
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6961
BP 973
EP 977
DI 10.1038/nature02076
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 737KY
UT WOS:000186230600044
PM 14586469
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Xiao, YP
   Wang, Y
   Felleman, DJ
AF Xiao, YP
   Wang, Y
   Felleman, DJ
TI A spatially organized representation of colour in macaque cortical area V2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID functional-organization; form; segregation; mechanisms; disparity; cortex; monkey; v4
AB Neurons responding selectively to different colours have been found in various cortical areas in macaque monkeys(1); however, little is known about whether and how the representation of colour is spatially organized in any cortical area. Cortical area V2 contains modules that respond preferentially to chromatic modulation, which are located in thin cytochrome oxidase stripes(2-4). Here we show that within and beyond these modules, gratings of different colours produce activations that peak at different locations. Optical recording of intrinsic signals revealed that the peak regions of the responses to different colours were spatially organized in the same order as colour stimuli are arranged in the DIN (German standard colour chart) colour system. Nearby regions represented colours of a similar hue. We found that the set of colour-specific regions formed 0.07-0.32-mm-wide and approximately 1.3-mm long bands that varied in shape from linear to nearly circular. Our finding suggests that thin stripes in V2 contain functional maps where the colour of a stimulus is represented by the location of its response activation peak.
C1 Univ Texas, Houston Med Sch, Dept Neurobiol & Anat, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Health Science Center Houston
RP Xiao, YP (corresponding author), Univ Texas, Houston Med Sch, Dept Neurobiol & Anat, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
NR 15
TC 186
Z9 217
U1 1
U2 19
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 30
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6922
BP 535
EP 539
DI 10.1038/nature01372
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 640DB
UT WOS:000180670600046
PM 12556893
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Xu, X
   Zhou, ZH
   Wang, XL
   Kuang, XW
   Zhang, FC
   Du, XK
AF Xu, X
   Zhou, ZH
   Wang, XL
   Kuang, XW
   Zhang, FC
   Du, XK
TI Four-winged dinosaurs from China
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID early evolution; origin; bird; archaeopteryx; paleontology; feathers; flight
AB Although the dinosaurian hypothesis of bird origins is widely accepted, debate remains about how the ancestor of birds first learned to fly. Here we provide new evidence suggesting that basal dromaeosaurid dinosaurs were four-winged animals and probably could glide, representing an intermediate stage towards the active, flapping-flight stage. The new discovery conforms to the predictions of early hypotheses that proavians passed through a tetrapteryx stage.
C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Vertebrate Paleontol & Paleoanthropol, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China.
   Tianjin Museum Nat Hist, Tianjin 300074, Peoples R China.
   Beijing Univ, Peoples Hosp, Dept Radiol, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China.
C3 Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology & Paleoanthropology, CAS; Peking University
RP Xu, X (corresponding author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Vertebrate Paleontol & Paleoanthropol, POB 643, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China.
EM xing_xu@sina.com
NR 46
TC 366
Z9 448
U1 1
U2 281
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6921
BP 335
EP 340
DI 10.1038/nature01342
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 637UW
UT WOS:000180533000032
PM 12540892
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kim, J
   Chung, YD
   Park, DY
   Choi, SK
   Shin, DW
   Soh, H
   Lee, HW
   Son, W
   Yim, J
   Park, CS
   Kernan, MJ
   Kim, C
AF Kim, J
   Chung, YD
   Park, DY
   Choi, SK
   Shin, DW
   Soh, H
   Lee, HW
   Son, W
   Yim, J
   Park, CS
   Kernan, MJ
   Kim, C
TI A TRPV family ion channel required for hearing in Drosophila
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID regulatory factor-x; capsaicin-receptor; mechanosensory transduction; heat; expression; mechanisms; activation; elegans; protein; genome
AB The many types of insect ear share a common sensory element, the chordotonal organ, in which sound-induced antennal or tympanal vibrations are transmitted to ciliated sensory neurons and transduced to receptor potentials(1,2). However, the molecular identity of the transducing ion channels in chordotonal neurons, or in any auditory system, is still unknown(3,4). Drosophila that are mutant for NOMPC, a transient receptor potential (TRP) superfamily ion channel, lack receptor potentials and currents in tactile bristles(5,6) but retain most of the antennal sound-evoked response(7), suggesting that a different channel is the primary transducer in chordotonal organs. Here we describe the Drosophila Nanchung (Nan) protein, an ion channel subunit similar to vanilloid-receptor-related (TRPV) channels of the TRP superfamily. Nan mediates hypo-osmotically activated calcium influx and cation currents in cultured cells. It is expressed in vivo exclusively in chordotonal neurons and is localized to their sensory cilia. Antennal sound-evoked potentials are completely absent in mutants lacking Nan, showing that it is an essential component of the chordotonal mechanotransducer.
C1 Hanwha Chem Co R&D Ctr, Dept Genet, Taejon 305345, South Korea.
   Chungnam Natl Univ, Dept Microbiol, Taejon 305764, South Korea.
   SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Neurobiol & Behav, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
   SUNY Stony Brook, Ctr Dev Genet, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
   K JIST, Dept Life Sci, Gwangju 500712, South Korea.
   Seoul Natl Univ, Natl Creat Res Inst Genet Reprogramming, Seoul 151742, South Korea.
C3 Chungnam National University; State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University; State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University; Gwangju Institute of Science & Technology (GIST); Seoul National University (SNU)
RP Kim, C (corresponding author), Hanwha Chem Co R&D Ctr, Dept Genet, Taejon 305345, South Korea.
FU NIDCD NIH HHS [R01 DC002780] Funding Source: Medline
NR 27
TC 324
Z9 388
U1 6
U2 84
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 3
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6944
BP 81
EP 84
DI 10.1038/nature01733
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 696XL
UT WOS:000183912800044
PM 12819662
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bloss, TA
   Witze, ES
   Rothman, JH
AF Bloss, TA
   Witze, ES
   Rothman, JH
TI Suppression of CED-3-independent apoptosis by mitochondrial βNAC in Caenorhabditis elegans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID programmed cell-death; c-elegans; identification
AB To ensure cell survival, it is essential that the ubiquitous proapoptotic machinery is kept quiescent. As death is irreversible, cells must continually integrate developmental information with regulatory inputs to control the switch between repressing and activating apoptosis. Inappropriate activation or suppression of apoptosis can lead to degenerative pathologies(1) or tumorigenesis(2), respectively. Here we report that Caenorhabditis elegans inhibitor of cell death-1 (ICD-1) is necessary and sufficient to prevent apoptosis. Loss of ICD-1 leads to inappropriate apoptosis in developing and differentiated cells in various tissues. Although this apoptosis requires CED-4, it occurs independently of CED-3-the caspase essential for developmental apoptosis(3) showing that these core pro-apoptotic proteins have separable roles. Overexpressing ICD-1 inhibits the apoptosis of cells that are normally programmed to die. ICD-1 is the beta-subunit of the nascent polypeptide-associated complex (bNAC) and contains a putative caspase-cleavage site and caspase recruitment domain. It localizes primarily to mitochondria, underscoring the role of mitochondria in coordinating apoptosis(4). Human bNAC is a caspase substrate that is rapidly eliminated in dying cells(5,6), suggesting that ICD-1 apoptosis-suppressing activity may be inactivated by caspases.
C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Mol Cellular & Dev Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
RP Rothman, JH (corresponding author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Mol Cellular & Dev Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
NR 29
TC 98
Z9 132
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 28
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6952
BP 1066
EP 1071
DI 10.1038/nature01920
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 715QR
UT WOS:000184984200046
PM 12944970
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dunne, L
   Eales, S
   Ivison, R
   Morgan, H
   Edmunds, M
AF Dunne, L
   Eales, S
   Ivison, R
   Morgan, H
   Edmunds, M
TI Type II supernovae as a significant source of interstellar dust
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID remnant cassiopeia; flux-density; submillimeter survey; infrared-emission; star-formation; 16.5 ghz; evolution; redshift; grains; shell
AB Large amounts of dust (>10(8) M-circle dot) have recently been discovered in high-redshift quasars(1,2) and galaxies(3-5) corresponding to a time when the Universe was less than one-tenth of its present age. The stellar winds produced by stars in the late stages of their evolution (on the asymptotic giant branch of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram) are thought to be the main source of dust in galaxies, but they cannot produce that dust on a short enough timescale(6) (<1 Gyr) to explain the results in the high-redshift galaxies. Supernova explosions of massive stars (type II) are also a potential source, with models predicting 0.2-4M(circle dot) of dust(7-10). As massive stars evolve rapidly, on timescales of a few Myr, these supernovae could be responsible for the high-redshift dust. Observations(11-13) of supernova remnants in the Milky Way, however, have hitherto revealed only 10(-7)-10(23) M-circle dot each, which is insufficient to explain the high-redshift data. Here we report the detection of similar to 2-M-circle dot of cold dust in the youngest known Galactic supernova remnant, Cassiopeia A. This observation implies that supernovae are at least as important as stellar winds in producing dust in our Galaxy and would have been the dominant source of dust at high redshifts.
C1 Cardiff Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Cardiff CF24 3YB, S Glam, Wales.
   Royal Observ, Astron Technol Ctr, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, Midlothian, Scotland.
C3 Cardiff University; University of Edinburgh
RP Dunne, L (corresponding author), Cardiff Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, 5 Parade, Cardiff CF24 3YB, S Glam, Wales.
EM L.Dunne@astro.cf.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 228
Z9 244
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 17
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6946
BP 285
EP 287
DI 10.1038/nature01792
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 701RZ
UT WOS:000184183900033
PM 12867973
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Garlaschelli, D
   Caldarelli, G
   Pietronero, L
AF Garlaschelli, D
   Caldarelli, G
   Pietronero, L
TI Universal scaling relations in food webs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID complex networks; connectance; patterns; size
AB The structure of ecological communities is usually represented by food webs(1-3). In these webs, we describe species by means of vertices connected by links representing the predations. We can therefore study different webs by considering the shape (topology) of these networks(4,5). Comparing food webs by searching for regularities is of fundamental importance, because universal patterns would reveal common principles underlying the organization of different ecosystems. However, features observed in small food webs(1-3,6) are different from those found in large ones(7-15). Furthermore, food webs (except in isolated cases(16,17)) do not share(18,19) general features with other types of network (including the Internet, the World Wide Web and biological webs). These features are a small-world character(4,5) and a scale-free (power-law) distribution of the degree(4,5) (the number of links per vertex). Here we propose to describe food webs as transportation networks(20) by extending to them the concept of allometric scaling(20-22) (how branching properties change with network size). We then decompose food webs in spanning trees and loop-forming links. We show that, whereas the number of loops varies significantly across real webs, spanning trees are characterized by universal scaling relations.
C1 Univ Roma La Sapienza, INFM, UdR Roma 1, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
   Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
   Univ Siena, INFM, UdR Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy.
   Univ Siena, Dipartimento Fis, I-53100 Siena, Italy.
   CNR, Ist Acust OM Corbino, I-00133 Rome, Italy.
C3 Sapienza University Rome; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia (INFM-CNR); Sapienza University Rome; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia (INFM-CNR); University of Siena; University of Siena; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)
RP Caldarelli, G (corresponding author), Univ Roma La Sapienza, INFM, UdR Roma 1, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
NR 30
TC 220
Z9 243
U1 1
U2 48
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 8
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6936
BP 165
EP 168
DI 10.1038/nature01604
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 675MR
UT WOS:000182699600045
PM 12736684
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Portmann, O
   Vaterlaus, A
   Pescia, D
AF Portmann, O
   Vaterlaus, A
   Pescia, D
TI An inverse transition of magnetic domain patterns in ultrathin films
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phase-diagram; fe/cu(100); instability; system
AB Inverse freezing and inverse melting are processes where a more symmetric phase is found at lower temperatures than at higher temperatures. Such inverse transitions are very rare(1). Here we report the existence of an inverse transition effect in ultrathin Fe films that are magnetized perpendicular to the film plane. The magnetization of these films is not uniform, but instead manifests itself as stripe domains with opposite perpendicular magnetization(2-4). Predictions relating to the disordering of this striped ground state in the limit of monolayer film thicknesses are controversial. Mean-field arguments(5-7) predict a continuous reduction of the stripe width when the temperature is increased; other studies(8-11) suggest that topological defects, such as dislocations and disclinations, might penetrate the system and induce geometrical phase transitions. We find, from scanning electron microscopy imaging, that when the temperature is increased, the low-temperature stripe domain structure transforms into a more symmetric, labyrinthine structure. However, at even higher temperatures and before the loss of magnetic order, a re-occurrence of the less symmetric stripe phase is found. Despite the widespread theoretical and experimental work on striped systems, this phase sequence and the microscopic instabilities driving it have not been observed before.
C1 Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Festkorperphys Lab, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich
RP Portmann, O (corresponding author), Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Festkorperphys Lab, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
NR 23
TC 153
Z9 161
U1 0
U2 56
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 17
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6933
BP 701
EP 704
DI 10.1038/nature01538
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 668CG
UT WOS:000182272300035
PM 12700756
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chacron, MJ
   Doiron, B
   Maler, L
   Longtin, A
   Bastian, J
AF Chacron, MJ
   Doiron, B
   Maler, L
   Longtin, A
   Bastian, J
TI Non-classical receptive field mediates switch in a sensory neuron's frequency tuning
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID weakly electric fish; lateral-line lobe; gymnotiform fish; spike trains; signals; representation; communication; organization; mechanisms; afferents
AB Animals have developed stereotyped communication calls to which specific sensory neurons are well tuned(1,2). These communication calls must be discriminated from environmental signals such as those produced by prey. Sensory systems might have evolved neural circuitry to encode both categories. In weakly electric fish, prey and communication signals differ in their spatial extent and frequency content(3,4). Here we show that stimuli of different spatial extents mimicking prey and communication signals cause a switch in the frequency tuning and spike-timing precision of electrosensory pyramidal neurons, resulting in the selective and optimal encoding of both stimulus categories. As in other sensory systems(5), pyramidal neurons respond only to stimuli located within a restricted region of space known as the classical receptive field (CRF)(6). In some systems, stimulation outside the CRF but within a non-classical receptive field (nCRF) can modulate the neural response to CRF stimulation even though nCRF stimulation alone fails to elicit responses(7,8). We show that pyramidal neurons possess a nCRF and that it can modulate the response to CRF stimuli to induce this neurobiological switch in frequency tuning.
C1 Univ Ottawa, Dept Phys, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
   Univ Ottawa, Dept Cellular & Mol Med, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.
   Univ Oklahoma, Dept Zool, Norman, OK 73019 USA.
C3 University of Ottawa; University of Ottawa; University of Oklahoma System; University of Oklahoma - Norman
RP Chacron, MJ (corresponding author), Univ Ottawa, Dept Phys, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
NR 30
TC 151
Z9 171
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 1
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6935
BP 77
EP 81
DI 10.1038/nature01590
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 673CG
UT WOS:000182561600042
PM 12721628
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nanayama, F
   Satake, K
   Furukawa, R
   Shimokawa, K
   Atwater, BF
   Shigeno, K
   Yamaki, S
AF Nanayama, F
   Satake, K
   Furukawa, R
   Shimokawa, K
   Atwater, BF
   Shigeno, K
   Yamaki, S
TI Unusually large earthquakes inferred from tsunami deposits along the Kuril trench
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID subduction zone; japan; recurrence; hokkaido; kamchatka
AB The Pacific plate converges with northeastern Eurasia at a rate of 8-9 m per century along the Kamchatka, Kuril and Japan trenches(1). Along the southern Kuril trench, which faces the Japanese island of Hokkaido, this fast subduction has recurrently generated earthquakes with magnitudes of up to similar to8 over the past two centuries(2-6). These historical events, on rupture segments 100-200 km long, have been considered characteristic of Hokkaido's plate-boundary earthquakes(7,8). But here we use deposits of prehistoric tsunamis to infer the infrequent occurrence of larger earthquakes generated from longer ruptures. Many of these tsunami deposits form sheets of sand that extend kilometres inland from the deposits of historical tsunamis. Stratigraphic series of extensive sand sheets, intercalated with dated volcanic-ash layers, show that such unusually large tsunamis occurred about every 500 years on average over the past 2,000-7,000 years, most recently similar to350 years ago. Numerical simulations of these tsunamis are best explained by earthquakes that individually rupture multiple segments along the southern Kuril trench. We infer that such multi-segment earthquakes persistently recur among a larger number of single-segment events.
C1 Geol Survey Japan, Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058567, Japan.
   Univ Washington, US Geol Survey, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Meiji Consultant Co Ltd, Chuo Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0640807, Japan.
   Seamus Ltd, Niigata 9503304, Japan.
C3 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST); United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Satake, K (corresponding author), Geol Survey Japan, Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058567, Japan.
NR 30
TC 329
Z9 376
U1 1
U2 70
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 7
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6949
BP 660
EP 663
DI 10.1038/nature01864
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 708QE
UT WOS:000184578800041
PM 12904789
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chiti, F
   Stefani, M
   Taddei, N
   Ramponi, G
   Dobson, CM
AF Chiti, F
   Stefani, M
   Taddei, N
   Ramponi, G
   Dobson, CM
TI Rationalization of the effects of mutations on peptide and protein aggregation rates
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray-diffraction; tau-protein; misfolding diseases; alzheimers-disease; inclusion-body; alpha-synuclein; ftdp-17 mutants; amyloid fibrils; prion protein; polymerization
AB In order for any biological system to function effectively, it is essential to avoid the inherent tendency of proteins to aggregate and form potentially harmful deposits(1-4). In each of the various pathological conditions associated with protein deposition, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, a specific peptide or protein that is normally soluble is deposited as insoluble aggregates generally referred to as amyloid(2,3). It is clear that the aggregation process is generally initiated from partially or completely unfolded forms of the peptides and proteins associated with each disease. Here we show that the intrinsic effects of specific mutations on the rates of aggregation of unfolded polypeptide chains can be correlated to a remarkable extent with changes in simple physicochemical properties such as hydrophobicity, secondary structure propensity and charge. This approach allows the pathogenic effects of mutations associated with known familial forms of protein deposition diseases to be rationalized, and more generally enables prediction of the effects of mutations on the aggregation propensity of any polypeptide chain.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Chem, Cambridge CB2 1EW, England.
   Univ Florence, Dipartimento Sci Biochim, I-50134 Florence, Italy.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of Florence
RP Dobson, CM (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Chem, Lensfield Rd, Cambridge CB2 1EW, England.
NR 30
TC 934
Z9 1059
U1 3
U2 148
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 14
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6950
BP 805
EP 808
DI 10.1038/nature01891
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 711HQ
UT WOS:000184733900047
PM 12917692
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Narayan, R
AF Narayan, R
TI Black holes - Sparks of interest
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sagittarius-a-asterisk; x-ray flare; star
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Astron, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; Harvard University
RP Narayan, R (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Astron, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
NR 10
TC 5
Z9 6
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 30
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6961
BP 908
EP 909
DI 10.1038/425908a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 737KY
UT WOS:000186230600024
PM 14586450
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dubrovinsky, L
   Dubrovinskaia, N
   Langenhorst, F
   Dobson, D
   Rubie, D
   Gessmann, C
   Abrikosov, IA
   Johansson, B
   Baykov, VI
   Vitos, L
   Le Bihan, T
   Crichton, WA
   Dmitriev, V
   Weber, HP
AF Dubrovinsky, L
   Dubrovinskaia, N
   Langenhorst, F
   Dobson, D
   Rubie, D
   Gessmann, C
   Abrikosov, IA
   Johansson, B
   Baykov, VI
   Vitos, L
   Le Bihan, T
   Crichton, WA
   Dmitriev, V
   Weber, HP
TI Iron-silica interaction at extreme conditions and the electrically conducting layer at the base of Earth's mantle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-pressure; liquid-iron; inner-core; x-ray; boundary; temperatures; metal; heterogeneity
AB The boundary between the Earth's metallic core and its silicate mantle is characterized by strong lateral heterogeneity and sharp changes in density, seismic wave velocities, electrical conductivity and chemical composition(1-7). To investigate the composition and properties of the lowermost mantle, an understanding of the chemical reactions that take place between liquid iron and the complex Mg-Fe-Si-Al-oxides of the Earth's lower mantle is first required(8-15). Here we present a study of the interaction between iron and silica (SiO(2)) in electrically and laser-heated diamond anvil cells. In a multianvil apparatus at pressures up to 140 GPa and temperatures over 3,800 K we simulate conditions down to the core-mantle boundary. At high temperature and pressures below 40 GPa, iron and silica react to form iron oxide and an iron-silicon alloy, with up to 5 wt% silicon. At pressures of 85-140 GPa, however, iron and SiO(2) do not react and iron-silicon alloys dissociate into almost pure iron and a CsCl-structured (B2) FeSi compound. Our experiments suggest that a metallic silicon-rich B2 phase, produced at the core-mantle boundary (owing to reactions between iron and silicate(2,9,10,13)), could accumulate at the boundary between the mantle and core and explain the anomalously high electrical conductivity of this region(6).
C1 Univ Bayreuth, Bayer Geoinst, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Chem, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
   Uppsala Univ, Dept Phys, Condensed Matter Theory Grp, S-75121 Uppsala, Sweden.
   Royal Inst Technol, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Moscow Steel & Alloys Inst, Dept Theoret Phys, Moscow 117936, Russia.
   European Synchrotron Radiat Facil, Swiss Norwegian Beam Lines, F-38043 Grenoble, France.
   Hungarian Acad Sci, Solid State Phys Res Inst, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary.
C3 University of Bayreuth; Max Planck Society; Uppsala University; Royal Institute of Technology; National University of Science & Technology (MISIS); European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF); HUN-REN; HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics; Institute for Solid State Physics & Optics - HAS; Hungarian Academy of Sciences
RP Dubrovinsky, L (corresponding author), Univ Bayreuth, Bayer Geoinst, POB 101251, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
EM Leonid.Dubrovinsky@uni-bayreuth.de
NR 24
TC 102
Z9 113
U1 0
U2 38
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 6
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6927
BP 58
EP 61
DI 10.1038/nature01422
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 651VP
UT WOS:000181343100035
PM 12621431
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Galagan, JE
   Calvo, SE
   Borkovich, KA
   Selker, EU
   Read, ND
   Jaffe, D
   FitzHugh, W
   Ma, LJ
   Smirnov, S
   Purcell, S
   Rehman, B
   Elkins, T
   Engels, R
   Wang, SG
   Nielsen, CB
   Butler, J
   Endrizzi, M
   Qui, DY
   Ianakiev, P
   Pedersen, DB
   Nelson, MA
   Werner-Washburne, M
   Selitrennikoff, CP
   Kinsey, JA
   Braun, EL
   Zelter, A
   Schulte, U
   Kothe, GO
   Jedd, G
   Mewes, W
   Staben, C
   Marcotte, E
   Greenberg, D
   Roy, A
   Foley, K
   Naylor, J
   Stabge-Thomann, N
   Barrett, R
   Gnerre, S
   Kamal, M
   Kamvysselis, M
   Mauceli, E
   Bielke, C
   Rudd, S
   Frishman, D
   Krystofova, S
   Rasmussen, C
   Metzenberg, RL
   Perkins, DD
   Kroken, S
   Cogoni, C
   Macino, G
   Catcheside, D
   Li, WX
   Pratt, RJ
   Osmani, SA
   DeSouza, CPC
   Glass, L
   Orbach, MJ
   Berglund, JA
   Voelker, R
   Yarden, O
   Plamann, M
   Seiler, S
   Dunlap, J
   Radford, A
   Aramayo, R
   Natvig, DO
   Alex, LA
   Mannhaupt, G
   Ebbole, DJ
   Freitag, M
   Paulsen, I
   Sachs, MS
   Lander, ES
   Nusbaum, C
   Birren, B
AF Galagan, JE
   Calvo, SE
   Borkovich, KA
   Selker, EU
   Read, ND
   Jaffe, D
   FitzHugh, W
   Ma, LJ
   Smirnov, S
   Purcell, S
   Rehman, B
   Elkins, T
   Engels, R
   Wang, SG
   Nielsen, CB
   Butler, J
   Endrizzi, M
   Qui, DY
   Ianakiev, P
   Pedersen, DB
   Nelson, MA
   Werner-Washburne, M
   Selitrennikoff, CP
   Kinsey, JA
   Braun, EL
   Zelter, A
   Schulte, U
   Kothe, GO
   Jedd, G
   Mewes, W
   Staben, C
   Marcotte, E
   Greenberg, D
   Roy, A
   Foley, K
   Naylor, J
   Stabge-Thomann, N
   Barrett, R
   Gnerre, S
   Kamal, M
   Kamvysselis, M
   Mauceli, E
   Bielke, C
   Rudd, S
   Frishman, D
   Krystofova, S
   Rasmussen, C
   Metzenberg, RL
   Perkins, DD
   Kroken, S
   Cogoni, C
   Macino, G
   Catcheside, D
   Li, WX
   Pratt, RJ
   Osmani, SA
   DeSouza, CPC
   Glass, L
   Orbach, MJ
   Berglund, JA
   Voelker, R
   Yarden, O
   Plamann, M
   Seiler, S
   Dunlap, J
   Radford, A
   Aramayo, R
   Natvig, DO
   Alex, LA
   Mannhaupt, G
   Ebbole, DJ
   Freitag, M
   Paulsen, I
   Sachs, MS
   Lander, ES
   Nusbaum, C
   Birren, B
TI The genome sequence of the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID induced point mutation; yeast saccharomyces-cerevisiae; dna methylation; melanin biosynthesis; colletotrichum-lagenarium; signal-transduction; adenylyl-cyclase; small rnas; gene; rip
AB Neurospora crassa is a central organism in the history of twentieth-century genetics, biochemistry and molecular biology. Here, we report a high-quality draft sequence of the N. crassa genome. The approximately 40-megabase genome encodes about 10,000 protein-coding genes-more than twice as many as in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe and only about 25% fewer than in the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster. Analysis of the gene set yields insights into unexpected aspects of Neurospora biology including the identification of genes potentially associated with red light photobiology, genes implicated in secondary metabolism, and important differences in Ca2+ signalling as compared with plants and animals. Neurospora possesses the widest array of genome defence mechanisms known for any eukaryotic organism, including a process unique to fungi called repeat-induced point mutation (RIP). Genome analysis suggests that RIP has had a profound impact on genome evolution, greatly slowing the creation of new genes through genomic duplication and resulting in a genome with an unusually low proportion of closely related genes.
C1 Whitehead Inst, Ctr Genome Res, Cambridge, MA 02141 USA.
   Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Plant Pathol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA.
   Univ Oregon, Inst Mol Biol, Eugene, OR 97403 USA.
   Univ Edinburgh, Inst Cell & Mol Biol, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Celara Genom, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
   Texas A&M Univ, Dept Biol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA.
   Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Cellular & Struct Biol, Denver, CO 80262 USA.
   Univ Kansas, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA.
   Univ Florida, Dept Zool, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.
   Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Dept Plant Pathol & Microbiol, Fac Agr Food & Environm Qual Sci, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
   Univ Dusseldorf, Inst Biochem, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany.
   Rockefeller Univ, Plant Mol Biol Lab, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Tech Univ Munich, Dept Genome Oriented Bioinformat, Wissensch Zentrum Weihenstephan, D-85350 Freising Weihenstephan, Germany.
   GSF, Natl Res Ctr Environm & Hlth, Inst Bioinformat, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
   Univ Kentucky, TH Morgan Sch Biol Sci, Lexington, KY 40506 USA.
   Univ Texas, Inst Cellular & Mol Biol, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
   Inst Genom Res, Rockville, MD 20878 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Mol Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Chem & Biochem, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Biotecnol Cellulari & Ematol, Rome, Italy.
   Flinders Univ S Australia, Sch Biol Sci, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
   Ohio State Univ, Dept Mol Genet, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
   Univ Arizona, Dept Plant Pathol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Univ Missouri, Sch Biol Sci, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA.
   Dartmouth Coll, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Hanover, NH 03755 USA.
   Univ Leeds, Sch Biol, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
   Calif State Polytech Univ Pomona, Dept Chem, Pomona, CA 91768 USA.
   Texas A&M Univ, Dept Plant Pathol & Microbiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA.
   Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Dept Environm & Biomol Syst, OGI Sch Sci & Engn, Beaverton, OR 97006 USA.
   MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Ohio State Univ, Dept Mol Genet, Columbus, OH 43211 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute; University of California System; University of California Riverside; University of Oregon; University of Edinburgh; Texas A&M University System; Texas A&M University College Station; University of New Mexico; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; University of Colorado Denver; University of Kansas; University of Kansas Medical Center; State University System of Florida; University of Florida; Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf; Rockefeller University; Technical University of Munich; Helmholtz Association; Helmholtz-Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health; University of Kentucky; University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin; J. Craig Venter Institute; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; Sapienza University Rome; Flinders University; University System of Ohio; Ohio State University; University of Arizona; University of Missouri System; University of Missouri Kansas City; Dartmouth College; University of Leeds; California State University System; California State Polytechnic University Pomona; Texas A&M University System; Texas A&M University College Station; Oregon Health & Science University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); University System of Ohio; Ohio State University
RP Galagan, JE (corresponding author), Whitehead Inst, Ctr Genome Res, 320 Charles St, Cambridge, MA 02141 USA.
EM jgalag@mit.edu; bwb@genome.wi.mit.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM058770] Funding Source: Medline; NINDS NIH HHS [P01 NS039546] Funding Source: Medline
NR 72
TC 1304
Z9 2500
U1 1
U2 223
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 24
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6934
BP 859
EP 868
DI 10.1038/nature01554
PG 10
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 670WR
UT WOS:000182432600046
PM 12712197
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bonifacio, P
   Limongi, M
   Chieffi, A
AF Bonifacio, P
   Limongi, M
   Chieffi, A
TI How did the metals in a giant star originate?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chemical-composition; poor stars; supernovae
C1 Osserv Astron Trieste, Ist Nazl Astrofis, I-34131 Trieste, Italy.
   Osserv Astron Roma, Ist Nazl Astrofis, I-00040 Rome, Italy.
   CNR, Ist Astrofis Spaziale, I-00133 Rome, Italy.
C3 Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)
RP Bonifacio, P (corresponding author), Osserv Astron Trieste, Ist Nazl Astrofis, I-34131 Trieste, Italy.
EM bonifaci@ts.astro.it
NR 5
TC 22
Z9 22
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 24
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6934
BP 834
EP 834
DI 10.1038/422834a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 670WR
UT WOS:000182432600042
PM 12712194
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reddy, MM
   Quinton, PM
AF Reddy, MM
   Quinton, PM
TI Control of dynamic CFTR selectivity by glutamate and ATP in epithelial cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transmembrane conductance regulator; dependent hco3 transport; cystic-fibrosis; chloride conductance; channel; receptors; delta-f508; activation; mutations; binding
AB Cystic fibrosis is caused by mutations in cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), an anion channel(1). Phosphorylation and ATP hydrolysis are generally believed to be indispensable for activating CFTR2. Here we report phosphorylation- and ATP-independent activation of CFTR by cytoplasmic glutamate that exclusively elicits Cl-, but not HCO3-, conductance in the human sweat duct. We also report that the anion selectivity of glutamate-activated CFTR is not intrinsically fixed, but can undergo a dynamic shift to conduct HCO3- by a process involving ATP hydrolysis. Duct cells from patients with DeltaF508 mutant CFTR showed no glutamate/ATP activated Cl- or HCO3- conductance. In contrast, duct cells from heterozygous patients with R117H/DeltaF508 mutant CFTR also lost most of the Cl- conductance, yet retained significant HCO3- conductance. Hence, not only does glutamate control neuronal ion channels, as is well known, but it can also regulate anion conductance and selectivity of CFTR in native epithelial cells. The loss of this uniquely regulated HCO3- conductance is most probably responsible for the more severe forms of cystic fibrosis pathology.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif Riverside, Div Biomed Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California Riverside
RP Reddy, MM (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
NR 30
TC 90
Z9 110
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 12
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6941
BP 756
EP 760
DI 10.1038/nature01694
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 688PA
UT WOS:000183443400044
PM 12802335
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Powell, K
AF Powell, K
TI High-tech, high society
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 1
Z9 1
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 11
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6967
BP 720
EP 721
DI 10.1038/426720
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 752DY
UT WOS:000187132800057
PM 14668880
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dajee, M
   Lazarov, M
   Zhang, JY
   Cai, T
   Green, CL
   Russell, AJ
   Marinkovich, MP
   Tao, SY
   Lin, Q
   Kubo, Y
   Khavari, PA
AF Dajee, M
   Lazarov, M
   Zhang, JY
   Cai, T
   Green, CL
   Russell, AJ
   Marinkovich, MP
   Tao, SY
   Lin, Q
   Kubo, Y
   Khavari, PA
TI NF-κB blockade and oncogenic Ras trigger invasive human epidermal neoplasia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID squamous-cell carcinomas; human breast-cancer; skin; alpha-6-beta-4; carcinogenesis; activation; expression; apoptosis; laminin-5; subunits
AB The nuclear factor NF-kappaB and oncogenic Ras can alter proliferation in epidermis, the most common site of human cancer(1,2). These proteins are implicated in epidermal squamous cell carcinoma in mice(3-5), however, the potential effects of altering their function are uncertain. Whereas inhibition of NF-kappaB enhances apoptosis in certain tumours(6), blockade of NF-kappaB predisposes murine skin to squamous cell carcinoma(5,7). Because therapeutics inhibiting Ras and NF-kappaB pathways are being developed to treat human cancer(8,9), it is essential to assess the effects of altering these regulators. The medical relevance of murine studies is limited, however, by differences between mouse and human skin, and by the greater ease of transforming murine cells. Here we show that in normal human epidermal cells both NF-kappaB and oncogenic Ras trigger cell-cycle arrest. Growth arrest triggered by oncogenic Ras can be bypassed by IkappaBalpha-mediated blockade of NF-kappaB, generating malignant human epidermal tissue resembling squamous cell carcinoma. Human cell tumorigenesis is dependent on laminin 5 and alpha6beta4 integrin. Thus, IkappaBalpha circumvents restraints on growth promotion induced by oncogenic Ras and can act with Ras to induce invasive human tissue neoplasia.
C1 Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Vet Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare Syst, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Program Epithelial Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 US Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans Health Administration (VHA); VA Palo Alto Health Care System; Stanford University; Stanford University
RP Khavari, PA (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Vet Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare Syst, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
NR 30
TC 475
Z9 545
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 6
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6923
BP 639
EP 643
DI 10.1038/nature01283
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 642KH
UT WOS:000180803200044
PM 12571598
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Borozdin, KN
   Hogan, GE
   Morris, C
   Priedhorsky, WC
   Saunders, A
   Schultz, LJ
   Teasdale, ME
AF Borozdin, KN
   Hogan, GE
   Morris, C
   Priedhorsky, WC
   Saunders, A
   Schultz, LJ
   Teasdale, ME
TI Surveillance: Radiographic imaging with cosmic-ray muons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory
RP Borozdin, KN (corresponding author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
EM kbor@lanl.gov
NR 4
TC 327
Z9 374
U1 7
U2 67
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 20
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6929
BP 277
EP 277
DI 10.1038/422277a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 656XX
UT WOS:000181637300029
PM 12646911
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Walker, PR
   Worobey, M
   Rambaut, A
   Holmes, EC
   Pybus, OG
AF Walker, PR
   Worobey, M
   Rambaut, A
   Holmes, EC
   Pybus, OG
TI Sexual transmission of HIV in Africa - Other routes of infection are not the dominant contributor to the African epidemic.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hepatitis-c virus
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
C3 University of Oxford
RP Walker, PR (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
NR 5
TC 42
Z9 46
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 17
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6933
BP 679
EP 679
DI 10.1038/422679a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 668CG
UT WOS:000182272300029
PM 12700750
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chakravarti, A
   Little, P
AF Chakravarti, A
   Little, P
TI Nature, nurture and human disease
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB What has been learnt about individual human biology and common diseases 50 years on from the discovery of the structure of DNA? Unfortunately the double helix has not, so far, revealed as much as one would have hoped. The primary reason is an inability to determine how nurture fits into the DNA paradigm. We argue here that the environment exerts its influence at the DNA level and so will need to be understood before the underlying causal factors of common human diseases can be fully recognized.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, McKusick Nathans Inst Genet Med, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA.
   Univ New S Wales, Sch Biotechnol & Biomol Sci, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; University of New South Wales Sydney
RP Chakravarti, A (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, McKusick Nathans Inst Genet Med, 600 N Wolfe St,Jefferson St Bldg 2-109, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA.
NR 17
TC 104
Z9 123
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6921
BP 412
EP 414
DI 10.1038/nature01401
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 637UW
UT WOS:000180533000052
PM 12540911
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wijnands, R
   van der Klis, M
   Homan, J
   Chakrabarty, D
   Markwardt, CB
   Morgan, EH
AF Wijnands, R
   van der Klis, M
   Homan, J
   Chakrabarty, D
   Markwardt, CB
   Morgan, EH
TI Quasi-periodic X-ray brightness fluctuations in an accreting millisecond pulsar
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID oscillation peak separation; neutron-star; difference-frequency; 4u 1636-53; binary; system; model; precession; constant; field
AB The relativistic plasma flows onto neutron stars that are accreting material from stellar companions can be used to probe strong-field gravity as well as the physical conditions in the supranuclear-density interiors of neutron stars. Plasma inhomogeneities orbiting a few kilometres above the stars are observable as X-ray brightness fluctuations on the millisecond dynamical timescale of the flows(1-3). Two frequencies in the kilohertz range dominate these fluctuations: the twin kilohertz quasi-periodic oscillations (kHz QPOs). Competing models for the origins of these oscillations (based on orbital motions) all predict that they should be related to the stellar spin frequency(4-10), but tests have been difficult because the spins were not unambiguously known. Here we report the detection of kHz QPOs from a pulsar whose spin frequency is known. Our measurements establish a clear link between kHz QPOs and stellar spin, but one not predicted by any current model. A new approach to understanding kHz QPOs is now required. We suggest that a resonance between the spin and general relativistic orbital and epicyclic frequencies could provide the observed relation between QPOs and spin.
C1 Univ St Andrews, Sch Phys & Astron, St Andrews KY16 9SS, Fife, Scotland.
   Univ Amsterdam, Astron Inst Anton Pannekoek, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Natl Inst Nucl & High Energy Phys, Ctr High Energy Astrophys, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   INAF, Osservatorio Astron Brera, I-23807 Merate LC, Italy.
   MIT, Ctr Space Res, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   NASA, High Energy Astrophys Lab, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
C3 University of St Andrews; University of Amsterdam; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
RP Wijnands, R (corresponding author), Univ St Andrews, Sch Phys & Astron, St Andrews KY16 9SS, Fife, Scotland.
NR 30
TC 146
Z9 152
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 3
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6944
BP 44
EP 47
DI 10.1038/nature01754
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 696XL
UT WOS:000183912800033
PM 12840752
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Coureux, PD
   Wells, AL
   Ménétry, J
   Yengo, CM
   Morris, CA
   Sweeney, HL
   Houdusse, A
AF Coureux, PD
   Wells, AL
   Ménétry, J
   Yengo, CM
   Morris, CA
   Sweeney, HL
   Houdusse, A
TI A structural state of the myosin V motor without bound nucleotide
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID smooth-muscle myosin; x-ray structures; crystal-structure; light-chain; actin; binding; subfragment-1; domain; deletion; closure
AB The myosin superfamily of molecular motors use ATP hydrolysis and actin-activated product release to produce directed movement and force(1). Although this is generally thought to involve movement of a mechanical lever arm attached to a motor core(1,2), the structural details of the rearrangement in myosin that drive the lever arm motion on actin attachment are unknown. Motivated by kinetic evidence that the processive unconventional myosin, myosin V, populates a unique state in the absence of nucleotide and actin, we obtained a 2.0 Angstrom structure of a myosin V fragment. Here we reveal a conformation of myosin without bound nucleotide. The nucleotide-binding site has adopted new conformations of the nucleotide-binding elements that reduce the affinity for the nucleotide. The major cleft in the molecule has closed, and the lever arm has assumed a position consistent with that in an actomyosin rigor complex. These changes have been accomplished by relative movements of the subdomains of the molecule, and reveal elements of the structural communication between the actin-binding interface and nucleotide-binding site of myosin that underlie the mechanism of chemo-mechanical transduction.
C1 CNRS, UMR 144, Inst Curie, F-75248 Paris 05, France.
   Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 Universite PSL; UNICANCER; Institut Curie; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Biology (INSB); Sorbonne Universite; University of Pennsylvania
RP Houdusse, A (corresponding author), CNRS, UMR 144, Inst Curie, 26 Rue Ulm, F-75248 Paris 05, France.
EM lsweeney@mail.med.upenn.edu; anne.houdusse@curie.fr
NR 30
TC 250
Z9 295
U1 1
U2 20
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 25
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6956
BP 419
EP 423
DI 10.1038/nature01927
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 724TG
UT WOS:000185502300046
PM 14508494
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zoghbi, HY
AF Zoghbi, HY
TI BAC-to-BAC images of the brain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Baylor Coll Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Neurosci, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Mol & Human Genet, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
C3 Baylor College of Medicine; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Baylor College of Medicine
RP Zoghbi, HY (corresponding author), Baylor Coll Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Neurosci, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
NR 4
TC 3
Z9 5
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 30
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6961
BP 907
EP 908
DI 10.1038/425907a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 737KY
UT WOS:000186230600023
PM 14586449
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kim, M
   McCormick, S
   Timmermans, M
   Sinha, N
AF Kim, M
   McCormick, S
   Timmermans, M
   Sinha, N
TI The expression domain of PHANTASTICA determines leaflet placement in compound leaves
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Diverse leaf forms in nature can be categorized as simple or compound. Simple leaves, such as those of petunia, have a single unit of blade, whereas compound leaves, such as those of tomato, have several units of blades called leaflets. Compound leaves can be pinnate, with leaflets arranged in succession on a rachis, or palmate, with leaflets clustered together at the leaf tip. The mechanisms that generate these various leaf forms are largely unknown. The upper (adaxial) surface is usually different from the bottom (abaxial) surface in both simple and compound leaves. In species with simple leaves, the specification of adaxial and abaxial cells is important for formation of the leaf blade(1,2), and the MYB transcription factor gene PHANTASTICA (PHAN) is involved in maintaining the leaf adaxial (upper) domain(3,4). Here we show that downregulation of PHAN is sufficient to reduce the adaxial domain of leaf primordia and to change pinnate compound leaves into palmate compound leaves. Furthermore, this mechanism seems to be shared among compound leaves that arose independently.
C1 Univ Calif Davis, Plant Biol Sect, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
   USDA ARS, Ctr Plant Gene Express, Albany, CA 94710 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Albany, CA 94710 USA.
   Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Davis; United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
RP Sinha, N (corresponding author), Univ Calif Davis, Plant Biol Sect, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
EM nrsinha@ucdavis.edu
NR 19
TC 122
Z9 141
U1 2
U2 41
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 24
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6947
BP 438
EP 443
DI 10.1038/nature01820
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 704BT
UT WOS:000184318400046
PM 12879073
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vokrouhlicky, D
   Nesvorny, D
   Bottke, WF
AF Vokrouhlicky, D
   Nesvorny, D
   Bottke, WF
TI The vector alignments of asteroid spins by thermal torques
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID collisional evolution; lightcurve inversion; optimization methods; koronis family; shape; earth; obliquity; origin; state; yorp
AB Collisions have been thought to be the dominant process altering asteroid rotations, but recent observations of the Koronis family of asteroids suggest that this may be incorrect. This group of asteroids was formed in a catastrophic collision several billion years ago; in the intervening period their rotational axes should have become nearly random because of subsequent collisions, with spin rates that follow a maxwellian distribution. What is seen, however, is that the observed family members with prograde spins have nearly identical periods (7.5-9.5 h) and obliquities between 42 and 50 degrees, while those with retrograde spins have obliquities between 154 and 169 degrees with periods either <5 h or> 13 h. Here we show that these non-random orientations and spin rates can be explained by 'thermal torques' (arising from differential solar heating), which modify the spin states over time. In some cases, the asteroids become trapped in spin-orbit resonances. Our results suggest that thermal torques may be more important than collisions in changing the spin states (and possibly shapes) of asteroids with diameters <40 km.
C1 Charles Univ Prague, Inst Astron, CR-18000 Prague 8, Czech Republic.
   SW Res Inst, Boulder, CO 80302 USA.
C3 Charles University Prague
RP Vokrouhlicky, D (corresponding author), Charles Univ Prague, Inst Astron, Holesovickach 2, CR-18000 Prague 8, Czech Republic.
EM vokrouhl@mbox.cesnet.cz
NR 42
TC 173
Z9 181
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 11
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6954
BP 147
EP 151
DI 10.1038/nature01948
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 719ZT
UT WOS:000185236000033
PM 12968171
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Torchin, ME
   Lafferty, KD
   Dobson, AP
   McKenzie, VJ
   Kuris, AM
AF Torchin, ME
   Lafferty, KD
   Dobson, AP
   McKenzie, VJ
   Kuris, AM
TI Introduced species and their missing parasites
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID population interactions; stability
AB Damage caused by introduced species results from the high population densities and large body sizes that they attain in their new location(1-4). Escape from the effects of natural enemies is a frequent explanation given for the success of introduced species(5,6). Because some parasites can reduce host density(7-13) and decrease body size(14), an invader that leaves parasites behind and encounters few new parasites can experience a demographic release and become a pest(4,15). To test whether introduced species are less parasitized, we have compared the parasites of exotic species in their native and introduced ranges, using 26 host species of molluscs, crustaceans, fishes, birds, mammals, amphibians and reptiles. Here we report that the number of parasite species found in native populations is twice that found in exotic populations. In addition, introduced populations are less heavily parasitized (in terms of percentage infected) than are native populations. Reduced parasitization of introduced species has several causes, including reduced probability of the introduction of parasites with exotic species (or early extinction after host establishment), absence of other required hosts in the new location, and the host-specific limitations of native parasites adapting to new hosts.
C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Ecol Evolut & Marine Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Western Ecol Res Ctr, US Geol Survey, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; Princeton University
RP Torchin, ME (corresponding author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
NR 22
TC 1148
Z9 1360
U1 2
U2 350
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 6
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6923
BP 628
EP 630
DI 10.1038/nature01346
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 642KH
UT WOS:000180803200041
PM 12571595
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Matthias, S
   Müller, F
AF Matthias, S
   Müller, F
TI Asymmetric pores in a silicon membrane acting as massively parallel brownian ratchets
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID n-type silicon; macroporous silicon; separation; particles; motion; array
AB The brownian motion of mesoscopic particles is ubiquitous and usually random. But in systems with periodic asymmetric barriers to movement, directed or 'rectified' motion can arise and may even modulate some biological processes(1). In man-made devices, brownian ratchets and variants based on optical or quantum effects have been exploited to induce directed motion(2-14), and the dependence of the amplitude of motion on particle size has led to the size-dependent separation of biomolecules(6,8,15). Here we demonstrate that the one-dimensional pores of a macroporous silicon membrane(16), etched to exhibit a periodic asymmetric variation in pore diameter, can act as massively parallel and multiply stacked brownian ratchets that are potentially suitable for large-scale particle separations. We show that applying a periodic pressure profile with a mean value of zero to a basin separated by such a membrane induces a periodic flow of water and suspended particles through the pores, resulting in a net motion of the particles from one side of the membrane to the other without moving the liquid itself. We find that the experimentally observed pressure dependence of the particle transport, including an inversion of the transport direction, agrees with calculations(17,18) of the transport properties in the type of ratchet devices used here.
C1 Max Planck Inst Microstruct Phys, D-06120 Halle An Der Saale, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Müller, F (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Microstruct Phys, Weinberg 2, D-06120 Halle An Der Saale, Germany.
EM Frank.Mueller@mpi-halle.de
NR 23
TC 338
Z9 367
U1 0
U2 69
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 3
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6944
BP 53
EP 57
DI 10.1038/nature01736
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 696XL
UT WOS:000183912800036
PM 12840755
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McCulloh, KA
   Sperry, JS
   Adler, FR
AF McCulloh, KA
   Sperry, JS
   Adler, FR
TI Water transport in plants obeys Murray's law
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hydraulic conductance; stomatal conductance; general-model; transpiration
AB The optimal water transport system in plants should maximize hydraulic conductance (which is proportional to photosynthesis(1-5)) for a given investment in transport tissue. To investigate how this optimum may be achieved, we have performed computer simulations of the hydraulic conductance of a branched transport system. Here we show that the optimum network is not achieved by the commonly assumed pipe model of plant form(6-8), or its antecedent, da Vinci's rule(9,10). In these representations, the number and area of xylem conduits is constant at every branch rank. Instead, the optimum network has a minimum number of wide conduits at the base that feed an increasing number of narrower conduits distally. This follows from the application of Murray's law, which predicts the optimal taper of blood vessels in the cardiovascular system(11). Our measurements of plant xylem indicate that these conduits conform to the Murray's law optimum as long as they do not function additionally as supports for the plant body.
C1 Univ Utah, Dept Biol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
C3 Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah
RP McCulloh, KA (corresponding author), Univ Utah, Dept Biol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
EM mcculloh@biology.utah.edu
NR 27
TC 386
Z9 453
U1 6
U2 217
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 27
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6926
BP 939
EP 942
DI 10.1038/nature01444
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 649BK
UT WOS:000181186900048
PM 12607000
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mudelsee, M
   Börngen, M
   Tetzlaff, G
   Grünewald, U
AF Mudelsee, M
   Börngen, M
   Tetzlaff, G
   Grünewald, U
TI No upward trends in the occurrence of extreme floods in central Europe
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID events; climate
AB Extreme river floods have been a substantial natural hazard in Europe over the past centuries(1), and radiative effects of recent anthropogenic changes in atmospheric composition are expected to cause climate changes, especially enhancement of the hydrological cycle(2), leading to an increased flood risk(3,4). For the past few decades, however, observations from Europe(1,5-7) do not show a clear increase in flood occurrence rate. Here we present longer-term records of winter and summer floods in two of the largest rivers in central Europe, the Elbe and Oder rivers. For the past 80 to 150 yr, we find a decrease in winter flood occurrence in both rivers, while summer floods show no trend, consistent with trends in extreme precipitation occurrence. The reduction in winter flood occurrence can partly be attributed to fewer events of strong freezing-following such events, breaking river ice at the end of the winter may function as a water barrier and enhance floods severely. Additionally, we detect significant long-term changes in flood occurrence rates in the sixteenth to nineteenth centuries, and conclude that reductions in river length, construction of reservoirs and deforestation have had minor effects on flood frequency.
C1 Univ Leipzig, Inst Meteorol, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
   Tech Univ Cottbus, Inst Hydrol, D-03103 Cottbus, Germany.
C3 Leipzig University; Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus
RP Mudelsee, M (corresponding author), Boston Univ, Dept Earth Sci, 685 Commonwealth Ave, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
NR 29
TC 319
Z9 344
U1 2
U2 103
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 11
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6954
BP 166
EP 169
DI 10.1038/nature01928
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 719ZT
UT WOS:000185236000038
PM 12968176
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU González-José, RG
   González-Martín, AG
   Hernández, M
   Pucciarelli, HM
   Sardi, M
   Rosales, A
   Van der Molen, S
AF González-José, RG
   González-Martín, AG
   Hernández, M
   Pucciarelli, HM
   Sardi, M
   Rosales, A
   Van der Molen, S
TI Craniometric evidence for Palaeoamerican survival in Baja California
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID continental morphological affinity; gene flow; americans; shape
AB A current issue on the settlement of the Americas refers to the lack of morphological affinities between early Holocene human remains (Palaeoamericans) and modern Amerindian groups, as well as the degree of contribution of the former to the gene pool of the latter(1-6). A different origin for Palaeoamericans and Amerindians is invoked to explain such a phenomenon(3). Under this hypothesis, the origin of Palaeoamericans must be traced back to a common ancestor for Palaeoamericans and Australians, which departed from somewhere in southern Asia and arrived in the Australian continent and the Americas around 40,000 and 12,000 years before present, respectively. Most modern Amerindians are believed to be part of a second, morphologically differentiated migration(3). Here we present evidence of a modern Amerindian group from the Baja California Peninsula in Mexico, showing clearer affinities with Palaeoamerican remains than with modern Amerindians. Climatic changes during the Middle Holocene probably generated the conditions for isolation from the continent, restricting the gene flow of the original group with northern populations, which resulted in the temporal continuity of the Palaeoamerican morphological pattern to the present.
C1 Univ Barcelona, Fac Biol, Seccio Antropol, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
   Univ Autonoma Estado Hidalgo, Area Acad Hist & Antropol, Pachuca 42000, Mexico.
   Natl Univ La Plata, Fac Ciencias Nat & Museo, Museo La Plata, Dept Cient Antropol, RA-1900 La Plata, Argentina.
   Ctr INAH Baja California Sur, Inst Nacl Antropol & Hist, La Paz 23000, Mexico.
   Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Fac Ciencies, BAVE, Unitat Zool, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain.
C3 University of Barcelona; Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Hidalgo; National University of La Plata; Museo La Plata; Autonomous University of Barcelona
RP González-José, RG (corresponding author), Univ Barcelona, Fac Biol, Seccio Antropol, Diagonal 645, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
NR 30
TC 73
Z9 98
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 4
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6953
BP 62
EP 65
DI 10.1038/nature01816
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 717LD
UT WOS:000185089200036
PM 12955139
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bertotti, B
   Iess, L
   Tortora, P
AF Bertotti, B
   Iess, L
   Tortora, P
TI A test of general relativity using radio links with the Cassini spacecraft
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fine-structure constant; qso absorption-lines; constraints
AB According to general relativity, photons are deflected and delayed by the curvature of space-time produced by any mass(1-3). The bending and delay are proportional to gamma+1, where the parameter gamma is unity in general relativity but zero in the newtonian model of gravity. The quantity gamma-1 measures the degree to which gravity is not a purely geometric effect and is affected by other fields; such fields may have strongly influenced the early Universe, but would have now weakened so as to produce tiny-but still detectable-effects. Several experiments have confirmed to an accuracy of similar to0.1% the predictions for the deflection(4,5) and delay(6) of photons produced by the Sun. Here we report a measurement of the frequency shift of radio photons to and from the Cassini spacecraft as they passed near the Sun. Our result, gamma=1+(2.1+/-2.3)x10(-5), agrees with the predictions of standard general relativity with a sensitivity that approaches the level at which, theoretically, deviations are expected in some cosmological models(7,8).
C1 Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Ingn Aerosp & Astronaut, I-00184 Rome, Italy.
   Univ Pavia, Dipartimento Fis Nucl & Teor, I-27100 Pavia, Italy.
   Univ Bologna, Fac Ingn 2, I-47100 Forli, Italy.
C3 Sapienza University Rome; University of Pavia; University of Bologna
RP Iess, L (corresponding author), Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Ingn Aerosp & Astronaut, Via Eudossiana 16, I-00184 Rome, Italy.
EM iess@hermes.ing.uniroma1.it
NR 20
TC 1570
Z9 1648
U1 0
U2 43
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 25
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6956
BP 374
EP 376
DI 10.1038/nature01997
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 724TG
UT WOS:000185502300033
PM 14508481
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Powell, MD
   Vickery, PJ
   Reinhold, TA
AF Powell, MD
   Vickery, PJ
   Reinhold, TA
TI Reduced drag coefficient for high wind speeds in tropical cyclones
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sea-surface roughness; hurricane; stress; dependence; momentum; models; flux
AB The transfer of momentum between the atmosphere and the ocean is described in terms of the variation of wind speed with height and a drag coefficient that increases with sea surface roughness and wind speed. But direct measurements have only been available for weak winds; momentum transfer under extreme wind conditions has therefore been extrapolated from these field measurements. Global Positioning System sondes have been used since 1997 to measure the profiles of the strong winds in the marine boundary layer associated with tropical cyclones. Here we present an analysis of these data, which show a logarithmic increase in mean wind speed with height in the lowest 200 m, maximum wind speed at 500 m and a gradual weakening up to a height of 3 km. By determining surface stress, roughness length and neutral stability drag coefficient, we find that surface momentum flux levels off as the wind speeds increase above hurricane force. This behaviour is contrary to surface flux parameterizations that are currently used in a variety of modelling applications, including hurricane risk assessment and prediction of storm motion, intensity, waves and storm surges.
C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA.
   Univ Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada.
   Clemson Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Clemson, SC 29634 USA.
C3 National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; Atlantic Oceanographic & Meteorological Laboratory (AOML); Western University (University of Western Ontario); Clemson University
RP Powell, MD (corresponding author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA.
EM Mark.Powell@noaa.gov
NR 48
TC 1222
Z9 1435
U1 13
U2 225
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 20
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6929
BP 279
EP 283
DI 10.1038/nature01481
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 656XX
UT WOS:000181637300031
PM 12646913
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Thomas, JW
   Touchman, JW
   Blakesley, RW
   Bouffard, GG
   Beckstrom-Sternberg, SM
   Margulies, EH
   Blanchette, M
   Siepel, AC
   Thomas, PJ
   McDowell, JC
   Maskeri, B
   Hansen, NF
   Schwartz, MS
   Weber, RJ
   Kent, WJ
   Karolchik, D
   Bruen, TC
   Bevan, R
   Cutler, DJ
   Schwartz, S
   Elnitski, L
   Idol, JR
   Prasad, AB
   Lee-Lin, SQ
   Maduro, VVB
   Summers, TJ
   Portnoy, ME
   Dietrich, NL
   Akhter, N
   Ayele, K
   Benjamin, B
   Cariaga, K
   Brinkley, CP
   Brooks, SY
   Granite, S
   Guan, X
   Gupta, J
   Haghighi, P
   Ho, SL
   Huang, MC
   Karlins, E
   Laric, PL
   Legaspi, R
   Lim, MJ
   Maduro, QL
   Masiello, CA
   Mastrian, SD
   McCloskey, JC
   Pearson, R
   Stantripop, S
   Tiongson, EE
   Tran, JT
   Tsurgeon, C
   Vogt, JL
   Walker, MA
   Wetherby, KD
   Wiggins, LS
   Young, AC
   Zhang, LH
   Osoegawa, K
   Zhu, B
   Zhao, B
   Shu, CL
   De Jong, PJ
   Lawrence, CE
   Smit, AF
   Chakravarti, A
   Haussler, D
   Green, P
   Miller, W
   Green, ED
AF Thomas, JW
   Touchman, JW
   Blakesley, RW
   Bouffard, GG
   Beckstrom-Sternberg, SM
   Margulies, EH
   Blanchette, M
   Siepel, AC
   Thomas, PJ
   McDowell, JC
   Maskeri, B
   Hansen, NF
   Schwartz, MS
   Weber, RJ
   Kent, WJ
   Karolchik, D
   Bruen, TC
   Bevan, R
   Cutler, DJ
   Schwartz, S
   Elnitski, L
   Idol, JR
   Prasad, AB
   Lee-Lin, SQ
   Maduro, VVB
   Summers, TJ
   Portnoy, ME
   Dietrich, NL
   Akhter, N
   Ayele, K
   Benjamin, B
   Cariaga, K
   Brinkley, CP
   Brooks, SY
   Granite, S
   Guan, X
   Gupta, J
   Haghighi, P
   Ho, SL
   Huang, MC
   Karlins, E
   Laric, PL
   Legaspi, R
   Lim, MJ
   Maduro, QL
   Masiello, CA
   Mastrian, SD
   McCloskey, JC
   Pearson, R
   Stantripop, S
   Tiongson, EE
   Tran, JT
   Tsurgeon, C
   Vogt, JL
   Walker, MA
   Wetherby, KD
   Wiggins, LS
   Young, AC
   Zhang, LH
   Osoegawa, K
   Zhu, B
   Zhao, B
   Shu, CL
   De Jong, PJ
   Lawrence, CE
   Smit, AF
   Chakravarti, A
   Haussler, D
   Green, P
   Miller, W
   Green, ED
TI Comparative analyses of multi-species sequences from targeted genomic regions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID noncoding sequences; mammalian genm; dna-sequences; gene; substitution; alignments; divergence; prediction; evolution; deletions
AB The systematic comparison of genomic sequences from different organisms represents a central focus of contemporary genome analysis. Comparative analyses of vertebrate sequences can identify coding(1-6) and conserved non-coding(4,6,7) regions, including regulatory elements(8-10), and provide insight into the forces that have rendered modern-day genomes(6). As a complement to whole-genome sequencing efforts(3,5, 6), we are sequencing and comparing targeted genomic regions in multiple, evolutionarily diverse vertebrates. Here we report the generation and analysis of over 12 megabases (Mb) of sequence from 12 species, all derived from the genomic region orthologous to a segment of about 1.8 Mb on human chromosome 7 containing ten genes, including the gene mutated in cystic fibrosis. These sequences show conservation reflecting both functional constraints and the neutral mutational events that shaped this genomic region. In particular, we identify substantial numbers of conserved non- coding segments beyond those previously identified experimentally, most of which are not detectable by pair-wise sequence comparisons alone. Analysis of transposable element insertions highlights the variation in genome dynamics among these species and confirms the placement of rodents as a sister group to the primates.
C1 NHGRI, Genome Technol Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   NIH, NIH Intramural Sequencing Ctr, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Ctr Biomol Sci & Engn, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Inst Med Genet, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA.
   Penn State Univ, Dept Comp Sci & Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Childrens Hosp, Oakland Res Inst, Oakland, CA 94609 USA.
   New York State Dept Hlth, Wadsworth Ctr Labs & Res, Albany, NY 12201 USA.
   Inst Syst Biol, Seattle, WA 98103 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   Univ Washington, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Genome Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; Johns Hopkins University; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute; Children's Hospital Los Angeles; State University of New York (SUNY) System; Wadsworth Center; Institute for Systems Biology (ISB); Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Green, ED (corresponding author), NHGRI, Genome Technol Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM egreen@nhgri.nih.gov
FU National Human Genome Research Institute [ZIBHG000196] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 30
TC 485
Z9 634
U1 0
U2 39
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 14
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6950
BP 788
EP 793
DI 10.1038/nature01858
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 711HQ
UT WOS:000184733900043
PM 12917688
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kuroda, H
   Maliga, P
AF Kuroda, H
   Maliga, P
TI The plastid clpP1 protease gene is essential for plant development
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID arabidopsis-thaliana; molecular-cloning; photosystem-ii; tobacco; transformation; genome; rna; recombination; chloroplasts; mutagenesis
AB Plastids of higher plants are semi-autonomous cellular organelles that have their own genome and transcription-translation machinery(1). Examples of plastid functions are photosynthesis and biosynthesis of starch, amino acids, lipids and pigments(2). Plastid functions are encoded in similar to120 plastid genes(1) and similar to3,000 nuclear genes(2,3). Although many embryo and seedling lethal nuclear genes are required for chloroplast biogenesis(4-6), until now deletion of plastid genes either had no phenotypic consequence (8 genes), or caused a mutant phenotype but did not affect viability (13 genes)(7-10). Here we identify an essential plastid gene. By using the CRE-lox site-specific recombination system(11,12) we have deleted clpP1 (caseinolytic protease P1), one of the three genes (clpP1, ycf1 and ycf2) whose disruption had previously only been possible in a fraction of the 1,000-10,000 plastid genome copies in a cell(7,13). Loss of the clpP1 gene product, the ClpP1 protease subunit(14), results in ablation of the shoot system of tobacco plants, suggesting that ClpP1-mediated protein degradation is essential for shoot development.
C1 Rutgers State Univ, Waksman Inst Microbiol, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
   Rutgers State Univ, Dept Plant Biol, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA.
C3 Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick
RP Maliga, P (corresponding author), Rutgers State Univ, Waksman Inst Microbiol, 190 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
NR 30
TC 169
Z9 189
U1 1
U2 26
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 4
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6953
BP 86
EP 89
DI 10.1038/nature01909
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 717LD
UT WOS:000185089200043
PM 12955146
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hussey, NE
   Abdel-Jawad, M
   Carrington, A
   Mackenzie, AP
   Balicas, L
AF Hussey, NE
   Abdel-Jawad, M
   Carrington, A
   Mackenzie, AP
   Balicas, L
TI A coherent three-dimensional Fermi surface in a high-transition-temperature superconductor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID angular magnetoresistance oscillations; normal-state magnetotransport; cuprate superconductors; tl2ba2cuo6; transport; dependence; field; spectra; vortex
AB All conventional metals are known to possess a three-dimensional Fermi surface, which is the locus in reciprocal space of the long-lived electronic excitations that govern their electronic properties at low temperatures. These excitations should have well-defined momenta with components in all three dimensions. The high-transition-temperature (high-T-c) copper oxide superconductors have unusual, highly two-dimensional properties above the superconducting transition(1). This, coupled with a lack of unambiguous evidence for a three-dimensional Fermi surface, has led to many new and exotic models for the underlying electronic ground state(2). Here we report the observation of polar angular magnetoresistance oscillations(3) in the overdoped superconductor Tl2Ba2CuO6+delta in high magnetic fields, which firmly establishes the existence of a coherent three-dimensional Fermi surface. Analysis of the oscillations reveals that at certain symmetry points, however, this surface is strictly two-dimensional. This striking form of the Fermi surface topography, long-predicted by electronic band structure calculations(4), provides a natural explanation for a wide range of anisotropic properties both in the normal(5,6) and superconducting states(7-9). Our data reveal that, despite their extreme electrical anisotropy, the high-T-c materials at high doping levels can be understood within a framework of conventional three-dimensional metal physics.
C1 Univ Bristol, HH Wills Phys Lab, Bristol BS8 1TL, Avon, England.
   Univ St Andrews, Sch Phys & Astron, St Andrews KY16 9SS, Fife, Scotland.
   Florida State Univ, Natl High Magnet Field Lab, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA.
C3 University of Bristol; University of St Andrews; State University System of Florida; Florida State University
RP Hussey, NE (corresponding author), Univ Bristol, HH Wills Phys Lab, Tyndall Ave, Bristol BS8 1TL, Avon, England.
EM n.e.hussey@bristol.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 264
Z9 296
U1 2
U2 86
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 23
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6960
BP 814
EP 817
DI 10.1038/nature01981
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 735ME
UT WOS:000186118500039
PM 14574406
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McDonald, FB
   Stone, EC
   Cummings, AC
   Heikkila, B
   Lal, N
   Webber, WR
AF McDonald, FB
   Stone, EC
   Cummings, AC
   Heikkila, B
   Lal, N
   Webber, WR
TI Enhancements of energetic particles near the heliospheric termination shock
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cosmic-rays; solar-wind; outer heliosphere; acceleration; ions
AB The spacecraft Voyager 1 is at a distance greater than 85 AU from the Sun, in the vicinity of the termination shock that marks the abrupt slowing of the supersonic solar wind and the beginning of the extended and unexplored distant heliosphere(1,2). This shock is expected to accelerate 'anomalous cosmic rays' (3), as well as to reaccelerate Galactic cosmic rays(5) and low-energy particles from the inner Solar System(4). Here we report a significant increase in the numbers of energetic ions and electrons that persisted for seven months beginning in mid-2002. This increase differs from any previously observed in that there was a simultaneous increase in Galactic cosmic ray ions and electrons, anomalous cosmic rays and low-energy ions. The low-intensity level and spectral energy distribution of the anomalous cosmic rays, however, indicates that Voyager 1 still has not reached the termination shock. Rather, the observed increase is an expected precursor event. We argue that the radial anisotropy of the cosmic rays is expected to be small in the foreshock region, as is observed.
C1 Univ Maryland, Inst Phys Sci & Technol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
   NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
   CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   New Mexico State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA.
C3 University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; California Institute of Technology; New Mexico State University
RP McDonald, FB (corresponding author), Univ Maryland, Inst Phys Sci & Technol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
NR 20
TC 142
Z9 144
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 6
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6962
BP 48
EP 51
DI 10.1038/nature02066
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 739WY
UT WOS:000186370800036
PM 14603312
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stern, SA
AF Stern, SA
TI The evolution of comets in the Oort cloud and Kuiper belt
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID erosion
AB Comets are remnants from the time when the outer planets formed, similar to4-4.5 billion years ago. They have been in storage since then in the Oort cloud and Kuiper belt-distant regions that are so cold and sparsely populated that it was long thought that comets approaching the Sun were pristine samples from the time of Solar System formation. It is now recognized, however, that a variety of subtle but important evolutionary mechanisms operate on comets during their long storage, so they can no longer be regarded as wholly pristine.
C1 SW Res Inst, Dept Space Studies, Boulder, CO 80302 USA.
RP Stern, SA (corresponding author), SW Res Inst, Dept Space Studies, 1050 Walnut St,Suite 400, Boulder, CO 80302 USA.
EM astern@swri.edu
NR 41
TC 101
Z9 121
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 7
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6949
BP 639
EP 642
DI 10.1038/nature01725
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 708QE
UT WOS:000184578800036
PM 12904784
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Klaholz, BP
   Pape, T
   Zavialov, AV
   Myasnikov, AG
   Orlova, EV
   Vestergaard, B
   Ehrenberg, M
   van Heel, M
AF Klaholz, BP
   Pape, T
   Zavialov, AV
   Myasnikov, AG
   Orlova, EV
   Vestergaard, B
   Ehrenberg, M
   van Heel, M
TI Structure of the Escherichia coli ribosomal termination complex with release factor 2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transfer-rna hydrolysis; crystal-structure; messenger-rna; factor rf3; translation; erf1; resolution; binding; errors; site
AB Termination of protein synthesis(1) occurs when the messenger RNA presents a stop codon in the ribosomal aminoacyl (A) site. Class I release factor proteins (RF1 or RF2) are believed to recognize stop codons via tripeptide motifs(2), leading to release of the completed polypeptide chain from its covalent attachment to transfer RNA in the ribosomal peptidyl (P) site. Class I RFs possess a conserved GGQ amino-acid motif that is thought to be involved directly in protein-transfer-RNA bond hydrolysis(3,4). Crystal structures of bacterial and eukaryotic class I RFs have been determined(5,6), but the mechanism of stop codon recognition and peptidyl-tRNA hydrolysis remains unclear. Here we present the structure of the Escherichia coli ribosome in a post-termination complex with RF2, obtained by single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). Fitting the known 70S and RF2 structures into the electron density map reveals that RF2 adopts a different conformation on the ribosome when compared with the crystal structure of the isolated protein. The amino-terminal helical domain of RF2 contacts the factor-binding site of the ribosome, the 'SPF' loop of the protein is situated close to the mRNA, and the GGQ-containing domain of RF2 interacts with the peptidyl-transferase centre (PTC). By connecting the ribosomal decoding centre with the PTC, RF2 functionally mimics a tRNA molecule in the A site. Translational termination in eukaryotes is likely to be based on a similar mechanism.
C1 Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Biol Sci, London SW7 2AY, England.
   Uppsala Univ, BMC, Dept Cell & Mol Biol, S-75124 Uppsala, Sweden.
   Aarhus Univ, Inst Mol & Struct Biol, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
C3 Imperial College London; Uppsala University; Aarhus University
RP van Heel, M (corresponding author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Biol Sci, London SW7 2AY, England.
NR 29
TC 170
Z9 202
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 2
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6918
BP 90
EP 94
DI 10.1038/nature01225
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 631JY
UT WOS:000180165500044
PM 12511961
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sutton, MA
   Schmidt, EF
   Choi, KH
   Schad, CA
   Whisler, K
   Simmons, D
   Karanian, DA
   Monteggia, LM
   Neve, RL
   Self, DW
AF Sutton, MA
   Schmidt, EF
   Choi, KH
   Schad, CA
   Whisler, K
   Simmons, D
   Karanian, DA
   Monteggia, LM
   Neve, RL
   Self, DW
TI Extinction-induced upregulation in AMPA receptors reduces cocaine-seeking behaviour
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID amphetamine administration alters; rat nucleus-accumbens; in-vivo; glutamate transmission; prefrontal cortex; expression; neurons; sensitization; sensitivity; responses
AB Cocaine addiction is thought to involve persistent neurobiological changes that facilitate relapse to drug use despite efforts to abstain. But the propensity for relapse may be reduced by extinction training-a form of inhibitory learning that progressively reduces cocaine-seeking behaviour in the absence of cocaine reward(1). Here we show that extinction training during withdrawal from chronic cocaine self-administration induces experience-dependent increases in the GluR1 and GluR2/3 subunits of AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate) glutamate receptors in the nucleus accumbens shell, a brain region that is critically involved in cocaine reward(2-5). Increases in the GluR1 subunit are positively associated with the level of extinction achieved during training, suggesting that GluR1 may promote extinction of cocaine seeking. Indeed, viral-mediated overexpression of both GluR1 and GluR2 in nucleus accumbens shell neurons facilitates extinction of cocaine- but not sucrose-seeking responses. A single extinction training session, when conducted during GluR subunit overexpression, attenuates stress-induced relapse to cocaine seeking even after GluR overexpression declines. Our findings indicate that extinction-induced plasticity in AMPA receptors may facilitate control over cocaine seeking by restoring glutamatergic tone in the nucleus accumbens, and may reduce the propensity for relapse under stressful situations in prolonged abstinence.
C1 Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Seay Ctr Basic & Appl Res Psychiat Illness, Dept Psychiat, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Div Mol Psychiat, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Interdepartmental Neurosci Program, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Belmont, MA 02478 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Yale University; Yale University; Harvard University
RP Self, DW (corresponding author), Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Seay Ctr Basic & Appl Res Psychiat Illness, Dept Psychiat, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
NR 30
TC 280
Z9 334
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 2
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6918
BP 70
EP 75
DI 10.1038/nature01249
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 631JY
UT WOS:000180165500039
PM 12511956
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ivanova, N
   Sorokin, A
   Anderson, I
   Galleron, N
   Candelon, B
   Kapatral, V
   Bhattacharyya, A
   Reznik, G
   Mikhailova, N
   Lapidus, A
   Chu, L
   Mazur, M
   Goltsman, E
   Larsen, N
   D'Souza, M
   Walunas, T
   Grechkin, Y
   Pusch, G
   Haselkorn, R
   Fonstein, M
   Ehrlich, SD
   Overbeek, R
   Kyrpides, N
AF Ivanova, N
   Sorokin, A
   Anderson, I
   Galleron, N
   Candelon, B
   Kapatral, V
   Bhattacharyya, A
   Reznik, G
   Mikhailova, N
   Lapidus, A
   Chu, L
   Mazur, M
   Goltsman, E
   Larsen, N
   D'Souza, M
   Walunas, T
   Grechkin, Y
   Pusch, G
   Haselkorn, R
   Fonstein, M
   Ehrlich, SD
   Overbeek, R
   Kyrpides, N
TI Genome sequence of Bacillus cereus and comparative analysis with Bacillus anthracis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID plcr regulon; thuringiensis; virulence; strains; pathogenicity; transcription; mutation; insects; toxin
AB Bacillus cereus is an opportunistic pathogen causing food poisoning manifested by diarrhoeal or emetic syndromes(1). It is closely related to the animal and human pathogen Bacillus anthracis and the insect pathogen Bacillus thuringiensis, the former being used as a biological weapon and the latter as a pesticide. B. anthracis and B. thuringiensis are readily distinguished from B. cereus by the presence of plasmid-borne specific toxins (B. anthracis and B. thuringiensis) and capsule (B. anthracis). But phylogenetic studies based on the analysis of chromosomal genes bring controversial results, and it is unclear whether B. cereus, B. anthracis and B. thuringiensis are varieties of the same species 2 or different species(3,4). Here we report the sequencing and analysis of the type strain B. cereus ATCC 14579. The complete genome sequence of B. cereus ATCC 14579 together with the gapped genome of B. anthracis A2012(5) enables us to perform comparative analysis, and hence to identify the genes that are conserved between B. cereus and B. anthracis, and the genes that are unique for each species. We use the former to clarify the phylogeny of the cereus group, and the latter to determine plasmid-independent species-specific markers.
C1 Integrated Genom, Chicago, IL 60612 USA.
   INRA, Ctr Rech Jouy En Josas, F-78352 Jouy En Josas, France.
   IIT, Res Inst, Life Sci Operat, Chicago, IL 60616 USA.
C3 Universite Paris Saclay; INRAE; Illinois Institute of Technology
RP Ivanova, N (corresponding author), Integrated Genom, Chicago, IL 60612 USA.
NR 30
TC 679
Z9 1445
U1 5
U2 125
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 1
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6935
BP 87
EP 91
DI 10.1038/nature01582
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 673CG
UT WOS:000182561600044
PM 12721630
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sutherland, WJ
AF Sutherland, WJ
TI Parallel extinction risk and global distribution of languages and species
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID consequences
AB There are global threats to biodiversity with current extinction rates well above background levels(1). Although less well publicized, numerous human languages have also become extinct, and others are threatened with extinction(2,3). However, estimates of the number of threatened languages vary considerably owing to the wide range of criteria used. For example, languages have been classified as threatened if the number of speakers is less than 100, 500, 1,000, 10,000, 20,000 or 100,000 (ref. 3). Here I show, by applying internationally agreed criteria for classifying species extinction risk(4), that languages are more threatened than birds or mammals. Rare languages are more likely to show evidence of decline than commoner ones. Areas with high language diversity also have high bird and mammal diversity and all three show similar relationships to area, latitude, area of forest and, for languages and birds, maximum altitude. The time of human settlement has little effect on current language diversity. Although similar factors explain the diversity of languages and biodiversity, the factors explaining extinction risk for birds and mammals ( high altitude, high human densities and insularity) do not explain the numbers of endangered languages.
C1 Univ E Anglia, Sch Biol Sci, Ctr Ecol Evolut & Conservat, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England.
C3 University of East Anglia
RP Sutherland, WJ (corresponding author), Univ E Anglia, Sch Biol Sci, Ctr Ecol Evolut & Conservat, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England.
EM w.sutherland@uea.ac.uk
NR 23
TC 223
Z9 256
U1 2
U2 87
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 15
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6937
BP 276
EP 279
DI 10.1038/nature01607
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 678EX
UT WOS:000182853100040
PM 12748639
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Richmond, TJ
   Davey, CA
AF Richmond, TJ
   Davey, CA
TI The structure of DNA in the nucleosome core
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID b-dna; helix geometry; sequence; chromatin; particle; transcription; resolution; curvature; stability; complexes
AB The 1.9-Angstrom-resolution crystal structure of the nucleosome core particle containing 147 DNA base pairs reveals the conformation of nucleosomal DNA with unprecedented accuracy. The DNA structure is remarkably different from that in oligonucleotides and nonhistone protein-DNA complexes. The DNA base-pair-step geometry has, overall, twice the curvature necessary to accommodate the DNA superhelical path in the nucleosome. DNA segments bent into the minor groove are either kinked or alternately shifted. The unusual DNA conformational parameters induced by the binding of histone protein have implications for sequence-dependent protein recognition and nucleosome positioning and mobility. Comparison of the 147-base-pair structure with two 146-base-pair structures reveals alterations in DNA twist that are evidently common in bulk chromatin, and which are of probable importance for chromatin fibre formation and chromatin remodelling.
C1 ETH Honggerberg, Inst Mol Biol & Biophys, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich
RP Richmond, TJ (corresponding author), ETH Honggerberg, Inst Mol Biol & Biophys, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
EM richmond@mol.biol.ethz.ch
NR 40
TC 1012
Z9 1339
U1 5
U2 170
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 8
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6936
BP 145
EP 150
DI 10.1038/nature01595
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 675MR
UT WOS:000182699600039
PM 12736678
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pál, C
   Papp, B
   Hurst, LD
AF Pál, C
   Papp, B
   Hurst, LD
TI Rate of evolution and gene dispensability
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID yeast; genome
C1 Univ Bath, Dept Biol & Biochem, Bath BA2 7AY, Avon, England.
   Eotvos Lorand Univ, Dept Plant Taxon & Ecol, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
C3 University of Bath; Eotvos Lorand University
RP Pál, C (corresponding author), Univ Bath, Dept Biol & Biochem, Bath BA2 7AY, Avon, England.
EM l.d.hurst@bath.ac.uk
NR 12
TC 133
Z9 152
U1 1
U2 13
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 30
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6922
BP 496
EP 497
DI 10.1038/421496b
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 640DB
UT WOS:000180670600033
PM 12556881
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yamazaki, D
   Suetsugu, S
   Miki, H
   Kataoka, Y
   Nishikawa, SI
   Fujiwara, T
   Yoshida, N
   Takenawa, T
AF Yamazaki, D
   Suetsugu, S
   Miki, H
   Kataoka, Y
   Nishikawa, SI
   Fujiwara, T
   Yoshida, N
   Takenawa, T
TI WAVE2 is required for directed cell migration and cardiovascular development
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB WAVE2, a protein related to Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein, is crucial for Rac-induced membrane ruffling, which is important in cell motility(1-4). Cell movement is essential for morphogenesis, but it is unclear how cell movement is regulated or related to morphogenesis. Here we show the physiological functions of WAVE2 by disruption of the WAVE2 gene in mice. WAVE2 was expressed predominantly in vascular endothelial cells during embryogenesis. WAVE2(-/-) embryos showed haemorrhages and died at about embryonic day 10. Deficiency in WAVE2 had no significant effect on vasculogenesis, but it decreased sprouting and branching of endothelial cells from existing vessels during angiogenesis. In WAVE2(-/-) endothelial cells, cell polarity formed in response to vascular endothelial growth factor, but the formation of lamellipodia at leading edges and capillaries was severely impaired. These findings indicate that WAVE2-regulated actin reorganization might be required for proper cell movement and that a lack of functional WAVE2 impairs angiogenesis in vivo.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Dept Biochem, Mianato Ku, Tokyo 1088639, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Div Canc Genom, Mianato Ku, Tokyo 1088639, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Inst Med Sci, Div Gene Express & Regulat, Mianato Ku, Tokyo 1088639, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, CREST, Tokyo, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Japan.
   Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Dept Mol Genet, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068509, Japan.
   Ehime Univ, Sch Med, Lab Anim Ctr, Shigenobu, Ehime 7910295, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo; University of Tokyo; University of Tokyo; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Kyoto University; Ehime University
RP Takenawa, T (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Dept Biochem, Mianato Ku, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Mianato ku, Tokyo 1088639, Japan.
EM takenawa@ims.u-tokyo.ac.jp
NR 16
TC 190
Z9 231
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 24
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6947
BP 452
EP 456
DI 10.1038/nature01770
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 704BT
UT WOS:000184318400049
PM 12879075
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zandonella, C
AF Zandonella, C
TI Tissue engineering: The beat goes on
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID grown in-vitro
NR 8
TC 72
Z9 97
U1 1
U2 29
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 27
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6926
BP 884
EP 886
DI 10.1038/421884a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 649BK
UT WOS:000181186900012
PM 12606967
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hasegawa, Y
   Loidl, R
   Badurek, G
   Baron, M
   Rauch, H
AF Hasegawa, Y
   Loidl, R
   Badurek, G
   Baron, M
   Rauch, H
TI Violation of a Bell-like inequality in single-neutron interferometry
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hidden-variable theory; quantum-mechanics; theorems
AB Non-local correlations between spatially separated systems have been extensively discussed in the context of the Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen (EPR) paradox(1) and Bell's inequalities(2). Many proposals and experiments designed to test hidden variable theories and the violation of Bell's inequalities have been reported(3-7); usually, these involve correlated photons, although recently an experiment was performed with Be-9(+) ions(8). Nevertheless, it is of considerable interest to show that such correlations (arising from quantum mechanical entanglement) are not simply a peculiarity of photons. Here we measure correlations between two degrees of freedom (comprising spatial and spin components) of single neutrons; this removes the need for a source of entangled neutron pairs, which would present a considerable technical challenge. A Bell-like inequality is introduced to clarify the correlations that can arise between observables of otherwise independent degrees of freedom. We demonstrate the violation of this Bell-like inequality: our measured value is 2.051 +/- 0.019, clearly above the value of 2 predicted by classical hidden variable theories(9-12).
C1 Osterreich Univ, Atominst, A-1020 Vienna, Austria.
   Inst Max Von Laue Paul Langevin, F-38042 Grenoble 9, France.
C3 Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL)
RP Hasegawa, Y (corresponding author), Osterreich Univ, Atominst, Stadionallee 2, A-1020 Vienna, Austria.
NR 27
TC 225
Z9 239
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 4
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6953
BP 45
EP 48
DI 10.1038/nature01881
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 717LD
UT WOS:000185089200031
PM 12955134
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ruta, V
   Jiang, YX
   Lee, A
   Chen, JY
   MacKinnon, R
AF Ruta, V
   Jiang, YX
   Lee, A
   Chen, JY
   MacKinnon, R
TI Functional analysis of an archaebacterial voltage-dependent K+ channel
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID shaker potassium channels; gating modifier; ion channels; wild-type; charybdotoxin; activation; peptide; inactivation; hanatoxin; sequence
AB All living organisms use ion channels to regulate the transport of ions across cellular membranes'. Certain ion channels are classed as voltage-dependent because they have a voltage-sensing structure that induces their pores to open in response to changes in the cell membrane voltage. Until recently, the voltage-dependent K+, Ca2+ and Na+ channels were regarded as a unique development of eukaryotic cells, adapted to accomplish specialized electrical signalling, as exemplified in neurons. Here we present the functional characterization of a voltage-dependent K+ (K-V) channel from a hyperthermophilic archaebacterium from an oceanic thermal vent. This channel possesses all the functional attributes of classical neuronal K-V channels. The conservation of function reflects structural conservation in the voltage sensor as revealed by specific, high-affinity interactions with tarantula venom toxins, which evolved to inhibit eukaryotic K-V channels.
C1 Rockefeller Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Lab Mol Neurobiol & Biophys, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Rockefeller University
RP MacKinnon, R (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Lab Mol Neurobiol & Biophys, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
NR 30
TC 215
Z9 248
U1 0
U2 40
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 13
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6928
BP 180
EP 185
DI 10.1038/nature01473
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 654HG
UT WOS:000181488900049
PM 12629550
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Prochaska, JX
   Howk, JC
   Wolfe, AM
AF Prochaska, JX
   Howk, JC
   Wolfe, AM
TI The elemental abundance pattern in a galaxy at z=2.626
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lyman-break galaxy; ly-alpha systems; nucleosynthesis; absorption; evolution; ratios; stars
AB The discovery of metal-poor stars(1,2) (where metal is any element more massive than helium) has enabled astronomers to probe the chemical enrichment history of the Milky Way(3,4). More recently, element abundances in gas inside high-redshift galaxies has been probed through the absorption lines imprinted on the spectra of background quasars(5-8), but these have typically yielded measurements of only a few elements. Furthermore, interpretation of these abundances is complicated by the fact that differential incorporation of metals into dust can produce an abundance pattern similar to that expected from nucleosynthesis by massive stars(9). Here we report the observation of over 25 elements in a galaxy at redshift z = 2.626. With these data, we can examine nucleosynthetic processes independent of the uncertainty arising from depletion. We find that the galaxy was enriched mainly by massive stars (M > 15 solar masses) and propose that it is the progenitor of a massive elliptical galaxy. The detailed abundance patterns suggest that boron is produced through processes that act independently of metallicity, and may require alternative mechanisms for the nucleosynthesis of germanium.
C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Univ Calif Observ, Lick Observ, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Ctr Astrophys & Space Sci, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Prochaska, JX (corresponding author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Univ Calif Observ, Lick Observ, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
NR 30
TC 74
Z9 77
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 1
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6935
BP 57
EP 59
DI 10.1038/nature01524
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 673CG
UT WOS:000182561600035
PM 12721621
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stark, JM
   Hart, SC
AF Stark, JM
   Hart, SC
TI UV-B radiation and soil microbial communities
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID biomass-c; npk fertilizer; responses; carbon
C1 Utah State Univ, Dept Biol, Logan, UT 84322 USA.
   Utah State Univ, Ctr Ecol, Logan, UT 84322 USA.
   No Arizona Univ, Sch Forestry, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA.
   No Arizona Univ, Merriam Powell Ctr Environm Res, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA.
C3 Utah System of Higher Education; Utah State University; Utah System of Higher Education; Utah State University; Northern Arizona University; Northern Arizona University
RP Stark, JM (corresponding author), Utah State Univ, Dept Biol, Logan, UT 84322 USA.
EM jstark@biology.usu.edu
NR 8
TC 11
Z9 15
U1 0
U2 35
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 8
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6936
BP 137
EP 138
DI 10.1038/423137a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 675MR
UT WOS:000182699600036
PM 12736675
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hamuy, M
   Phillips, MM
   Suntzeff, NB
   Maza, J
   González, LE
   Roth, M
   Krisciunas, K
   Morrell, N
   Green, EM
   Persson, SE
   McCarthy, PJ
AF Hamuy, M
   Phillips, MM
   Suntzeff, NB
   Maza, J
   González, LE
   Roth, M
   Krisciunas, K
   Morrell, N
   Green, EM
   Persson, SE
   McCarthy, PJ
TI An asymptotic-giant-branch star in the progenitor system of a type Ia supernova
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dense winds; 1999ee; 1988z
AB Stars that explode as supernovae come in two main classes. A type Ia supernova is recognized by the absence of hydrogen and the presence of elements such as silicon and sulphur in its spectrum; this class of supernova is thought to produce the majority of iron-peak elements in the Universe. They are also used as precise 'standard candles' to measure the distances to galaxies. While there is general agreement that a type Ia supernova is produced by an exploding white dwarf star(1), no progenitor system has ever been directly observed. Significant effort has gone into searching for circumstellar material to help discriminate between the possible kinds of progenitor systems(2), but no such material has hitherto been found associated with a type Ia supernova(3). Here we report the presence of strong hydrogen emission associated with the type Ia supernova SN2002ic, indicating the presence of large amounts of circumstellar material. We infer from this that the progenitor system contained a massive asymptotic-giant-branch star that lost several solar masses of hydrogen-rich gas before the supernova explosion.
C1 Carnegie Inst Washington Observ, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA.
   Carnegie Observ, Las Campanas Observ, La Serena, Chile.
   Cerro Tololo Interamer Observ, Natl Opt Astron Observ, La Serena, Chile.
   Univ Chile, Dept Astron, Santiago, Chile.
   Univ Arizona, Steward Observ, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
C3 Carnegie Institution for Science; Carnegie Institution for Science; National Optical Astronomy Observatory; Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory; Universidad de Chile; University of Arizona
RP Hamuy, M (corresponding author), Carnegie Inst Washington Observ, 813 Santa Barbara St, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA.
NR 27
TC 352
Z9 386
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 7
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6949
BP 651
EP 654
DI 10.1038/nature01854
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 708QE
UT WOS:000184578800038
PM 12904786
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Guo, B
   Zhai, DY
   Cabezas, E
   Welsh, K
   Nouraini, S
   Satterthwait, AC
   Reed, JC
AF Guo, B
   Zhai, DY
   Cabezas, E
   Welsh, K
   Nouraini, S
   Satterthwait, AC
   Reed, JC
TI Humanin peptide suppresses apoptosis by interfering with Bax activation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-death; proteins
AB Bax (Bcl2-associated X protein) is an apoptosis-inducing protein that participates in cell death during normal development and in various diseases(1). Bax resides in an inactive state in the cytosol of many cells. In response to death stimuli, Bax protein undergoes conformational changes that expose membrane-targeting domains, resulting in its translocation to mitochondrial membranes, where Bax inserts and causes release of cytochrome c and other apoptogenic proteins(2). It is unknown what controls conversion of Bax from the inactive to active conformation. Here we show that Bax interacts with humanin (HN), an anti-apoptotic peptide of 24 amino acids encoded in mammalian genomes(3,4). HN prevents the translocation of Bax from cytosol to mitochondria. Conversely, reducing HN expression by small interfering RNAs sensitizes cells to Bax and increases Bax translocation to membranes. HN peptides also block Bax association with isolated mitochondria, and suppress cytochrome c release in vitro. Notably, the mitochondrial genome contains an identical open reading frame, and the mitochondrial version of HN can also bind and suppress Bax. We speculate therefore that HN arose from mitochondria and transferred to the nuclear genome, providing a mechanism for protecting these organelles from Bax.
C1 Burnham Inst, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute
RP Reed, JC (corresponding author), Burnham Inst, 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM jreed@burnham.org
NR 23
TC 529
Z9 648
U1 0
U2 51
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 22
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6938
BP 456
EP 461
DI 10.1038/nature01627
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 681AJ
UT WOS:000183012000046
PM 12732850
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Snaith, HA
   Sawin, KE
AF Snaith, HA
   Sawin, KE
TI Fission yeast mod5p regulates polarized growth through anchoring of tea1p at cell tips
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID schizosaccharomyces-pombe; microtubular cytoskeleton; proteins; mechanisms; dynamics; establishment; end
AB Microtubules have a central role in eukaryotic cell polarity(1), in part through interactions between microtubule end-binding proteins and the cell cortex(2,3). In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, microtubules and the polarity modulator tea1p maintain cylindrical cell shape and strictly antipodal cell growth(4-7). The tea1p protein is transported to cell tips by association with growing microtubule plus ends(8); once at cell tips, tea1p releases from microtubule ends and associates with the cell cortex, where it coordinates polarized growth(4,6). Here we describe a cortical protein, mod5p, that regulates the dynamic behaviour of tea1p. In mod5Delta cells, tea1p is efficiently transported on microtubules to cell tips but fails to anchor properly at the cortex and thus fails to accumulate to normal levels. mod5p contains a signal for carboxy-terminal prenylation and in wildtype cells is associated with the plasma membrane at cell tips. However, in tea1Delta cells, although mod5p remains localized to the plasma membrane, mod5p is no longer restricted to the cell tips. We propose that tea1p and mod5p act in a positive-feedback loop in the microtubule-mediated regulation of cell polarity.
C1 Univ Edinburgh, Inst Cell & Mol Biol, Wellcome Trust Ctr Cell Biol, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, Midlothian, Scotland.
C3 University of Edinburgh
RP Sawin, KE (corresponding author), Univ Edinburgh, Inst Cell & Mol Biol, Wellcome Trust Ctr Cell Biol, Swann Bldg,Mayfield Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, Midlothian, Scotland.
EM ken.sawin@ed.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 105
Z9 117
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 5
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6940
BP 647
EP 651
DI 10.1038/nature01672
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 686BT
UT WOS:000183301200042
PM 12789340
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schulze, DJ
   Harte, B
   Valley, JW
   Brenan, JM
   Channer, DMD
AF Schulze, DJ
   Harte, B
   Valley, JW
   Brenan, JM
   Channer, DMD
TI Extreme crustal oxygen isotope signatures preserved in coesite in diamond
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hydrothermal alteration; oceanic-crust; fluid-flow; eclogites; inclusions; ophiolite; geochemistry; kimberlites; venezuela; pressure
AB The anomalously high and low oxygen isotope values observed in eclogite xenoliths from the upper mantle beneath cratons have been interpreted as indicating that the parent rock of the eclogites experienced alteration on the ancient sea floor(1). Recognition of this genetic lineage has provided the foundation for a model of the evolution of the continents whereby imbricated slabs of oceanic lithosphere underpin and promote stabilization of early cratons(2). Early crustal growth is thought to have been enhanced by the addition of slab-derived magmas, leaving an eclogite residuum in the upper mantle beneath the cratons(3). But the oxygen isotope anomalies observed in eclogite xenoliths are small relative to those in altered ocean-floor basalt and intermediate-stage subduction-zone eclogites, and this has hindered acceptance of the hypothesis that the eclogite xenoliths represent subducted and metamorphosed ocean-floor basalts. We present here the oxygen isotope composition of eclogitic mineral inclusions, analysed in situ in diamonds using an ion microprobe/ secondary ion mass spectrometer. The oxygen isotope values of coesite (a polymorph of SiO2) inclusions are substantially higher than previously reported for xenoliths from the subcratonic mantle, but are typical of subduction-zone meta-basalts, and accordingly provide strong support for the link between altered ocean-floor basalts and mantle eclogite xenoliths.
C1 Univ Toronto, Erindale Coll, Dept Geol, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada.
   Univ Edinburgh, Dept Geol & Geophys, Edinburgh EH9 3JW, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geol & Geophys, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Geol, Toronto, ON M5S 3B1, Canada.
   Guaniamo Min Co, Ctr Mohedano, Caracas 1060, Venezuela.
C3 University of Toronto; University Toronto Mississauga; University of Edinburgh; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Toronto
RP Schulze, DJ (corresponding author), Univ Toronto, Erindale Coll, Dept Geol, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada.
NR 31
TC 106
Z9 114
U1 0
U2 36
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 1
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6935
BP 68
EP 70
DI 10.1038/nature01615
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 673CG
UT WOS:000182561600039
PM 12721625
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hayama, R
   Yokoi, S
   Tamaki, S
   Yano, M
   Shimamoto, K
AF Hayama, R
   Yokoi, S
   Tamaki, S
   Yano, M
   Shimamoto, K
TI Adaptation of photoperiodic control pathways produces short-day flowering in rice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID circadian clock; arabidopsis; gene; constans; time; ft; expression; gigantea; ortholog; encodes
AB The photoperiodic control of flowering is one of the important developmental processes of plants because it is directly related to successful reproduction(1). Although the molecular genetic analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana, a long-day (LD) plant, has provided models to explain the control of flowering time in this species(2-4), very little is known about its molecular mechanisms for short-day (SD) plants. Here we show how the photoperiodic control of flowering is regulated in rice, a SD plant. Overexpression of OsGI(5), an orthologue of the Arabidopsis GIGANTEA (GI) gene(6,7) in transgenic rice, caused late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. Expression of the rice orthologue(8) of the Arabidopsis CONSTANS (CO) gene(9) was increased in the transgenic rice, whereas expression of the rice orthologue(10) of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT)(11,12) was suppressed. Our results indicate that three key regulatory genes for the photoperiodic control of flowering are conserved between Arabidopsis, a LD plant, and rice, a SD plant, but regulation of the FT gene by CO was reversed, resulting in the suppression of flowering in rice under LD conditions.
C1 Nara Inst Sci & Technol, Plant Mol Genet Lab, Ikoma 6300101, Japan.
   Natl Inst Agrobiol Sci, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058602, Japan.
C3 Nara Institute of Science & Technology; National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences - Japan
RP Shimamoto, K (corresponding author), Nara Inst Sci & Technol, Plant Mol Genet Lab, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma 6300101, Japan.
NR 23
TC 637
Z9 759
U1 1
U2 183
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 17
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6933
BP 719
EP 722
DI 10.1038/nature01549
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 668CG
UT WOS:000182272300041
PM 12700762
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mitchell, CE
   Power, AG
AF Mitchell, CE
   Power, AG
TI Release of invasive plants from fungal and viral pathogens
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID diseases
AB Invasive plant species both threaten native biodiversity and are economically costly(1-5), but only a few naturalized species become pests(2,4). Here we report broad, quantitative support for two long-standing hypotheses that explain why only some naturalized species have large impacts. The enemy release hypothesis argues that invaders' impacts result from reduced natural enemy attack(2,4,6-10). The biotic resistance hypothesis argues that interactions with native species, including natural enemies, limit invaders' impacts(6-8). We tested these hypotheses for viruses and for rust, smut and powdery mildew fungi that infect 473 plant species naturalized to the United States from Europe. On average, 84% fewer fungi and 24% fewer virus species infect each plant species in its naturalized range than in its native range. In addition, invasive plant species that are more completely released from pathogens are more widely reported as harmful invaders of both agricultural and natural ecosystems. Together, these results strongly support the enemy release hypothesis. Among noxious agricultural weeds, species accumulating more pathogens in their naturalized range are less widely noxious, supporting the biotic resistance hypothesis. Our results indicate that invasive plants' impacts may be a function of both release from and accumulation of natural enemies, including pathogens.
C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
C3 Cornell University
RP Mitchell, CE (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
NR 30
TC 936
Z9 1127
U1 8
U2 466
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 6
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6923
BP 625
EP 627
DI 10.1038/nature01317
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 642KH
UT WOS:000180803200040
PM 12571594
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Coull, JAM
   Boudreau, D
   Bachand, K
   Prescott, SA
   Nault, F
   Sik, A
   De Koninck, P
   De Koninck, Y
AF Coull, JAM
   Boudreau, D
   Bachand, K
   Prescott, SA
   Nault, F
   Sik, A
   De Koninck, P
   De Koninck, Y
TI Trans-synaptic shift in anion gradient in spinal lamina I neurons as a mechanism of neuropathic pain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chronic constriction injury; rat sciatic-nerve; dorsal-horn; selective loss; gaba; model; inhibition; excitation; cord; pharmacology
AB Modern pain-control theory(1) predicts that a loss of inhibition (disinhibition) in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord is a crucial substrate for chronic pain syndromes(2). However, the nature of the mechanisms that underlie such disinhibition has remained controversial(3-6). Here we present evidence for a novel mechanism of disinhibition following peripheral nerve injury. It involves a trans-synaptic reduction in the expression of the potassium-chloride exporter KCC2, and the consequent disruption of anion homeostasis in neurons of lamina I of the superficial dorsal horn, one of the main spinal nociceptive output pathways(7). In our experiments, the resulting shift in the transmembrane anion gradient caused normally inhibitory anionic synaptic currents to be excitatory, substantially driving up the net excitability of lamina I neurons. Local blockade or knock-down of the spinal KCC2 exporter in intact rats markedly reduced the nociceptive threshold, confirming that the reported disruption of anion homeostasis in lamina I neurons was sufficient to cause neuropathic pain.
C1 Univ Laval Robert Giffard, Ctr Rech, Quebec City, PQ G1J 2G3, Canada.
   McGill Univ, Dept Pharmacol & Therapeut, Montreal, PQ H3G 1Y6, Canada.
C3 Laval University; McGill University
RP De Koninck, Y (corresponding author), Univ Laval Robert Giffard, Ctr Rech, Quebec City, PQ G1J 2G3, Canada.
NR 30
TC 864
Z9 1008
U1 0
U2 64
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 21
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6951
BP 938
EP 942
DI 10.1038/nature01868
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 713EH
UT WOS:000184843600041
PM 12931188
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jiang, YX
   Ruta, V
   Chen, JY
   Lee, A
   MacKinnon, R
AF Jiang, YX
   Ruta, V
   Chen, JY
   Lee, A
   MacKinnon, R
TI The principle of gating charge movement in a voltage-dependent K+ channel
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID shaker potassium channel; transmembrane movement; escherichia-coli; ion channels; s4 segment; wild-type; activation; sensor; mutant; site
AB The steep dependence of channel opening on membrane voltage allows voltage-dependent K+ channels to turn on almost like a switch. Opening is driven by the movement of gating charges that originate from arginine residues on helical S4 segments of the protein. Each S4 segment forms half of a 'voltage-sensor paddle' on the channel's outer perimeter. Here we show that the voltage-sensor paddles are positioned inside the membrane, near the intracellular surface, when the channel is closed, and that the paddles move a large distance across the membrane from inside to outside when the channel opens. KvAP channels were reconstituted into planar lipid membranes and studied using monoclonal Fab fragments, a voltage-sensor toxin, and avidin binding to tethered biotin. Our findings lead us to conclude that the voltage-sensor paddles operate somewhat like hydrophobic cations attached to levers, enabling the membrane electric field to open and close the pore.
C1 Rockefeller Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Lab Mol Neurobiol & Biophys, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Rockefeller University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP MacKinnon, R (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Lab Mol Neurobiol & Biophys, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
NR 33
TC 674
Z9 819
U1 1
U2 116
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 1
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6935
BP 42
EP 48
DI 10.1038/nature01581
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 673CG
UT WOS:000182561600033
PM 12721619
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fukami, T
   Morin, PJ
AF Fukami, T
   Morin, PJ
TI Productivity-biodiversity relationships depend on the history of community assembly
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID species-diversity; gradients; richness; patterns
AB Identification of the causes of productivity-species diversity relationships remains a central topic of ecological research(1,2). Different relations have been attributed to the influence of disturbance(3,4), consumers(5,6), niche specialization 7 and spatial scale(8-14). One unexplored cause is the history of community assembly, the partly stochastic sequential arrival of species from a regional pool of potential community members. The sequence of species arrival can greatly affect community structure(15-19). If assembly sequence interacts with productivity to influence diversity, different sequences can contribute to variation in productivity-diversity relationships. Here we report a test of this hypothesis by assembling aquatic microbial communities at five productivity levels using four assembly sequences. About 30 generations after assembly, productivity-diversity relationships took various forms, including a positive, a hump-shaped, a U-shaped and a non-significant pattern, depending on assembly sequence. This variation resulted from idiosyncratic joint effects of assembly sequence, productivity and species identity on species abundances. We suggest that the history of community assembly should be added to the growing list of factors that influence productivity-biodiversity patterns.
C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA.
   Rutgers State Univ, Dept Ecol Evolut & Nat Resources, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA.
C3 University of Tennessee System; University of Tennessee Knoxville; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick
RP Fukami, T (corresponding author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA.
EM tfukami@utk.edu
NR 30
TC 202
Z9 244
U1 3
U2 168
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 24
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6947
BP 423
EP 426
DI 10.1038/nature01785
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 704BT
UT WOS:000184318400042
PM 12879069
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Solanki, SK
   Lagg, A
   Woch, J
   Krupp, N
   Collados, M
AF Solanki, SK
   Lagg, A
   Woch, J
   Krupp, N
   Collados, M
TI Three-dimensional magnetic field topology in a region of solar coronal heating
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID evolving fields; neutral sheets; line; inversion; origin; vector; sun
AB Flares and X-ray jets on the Sun arise in active regions where magnetic flux emerges from the solar interior amd interacts with the ambient magnetic field(1,2). The interactions are believed to occur in electric current sheets separating regions of opposite magnetic polarity. The current sheets located in the corona or upper chromosphere have long been thought to act as an important source of coronal heating(3-6), requiring their location in the corona or upper chromosphere. The dynamics and energetics of these sheets are governed by a complex magnetic field structure that, until now, has been difficult to measure. Here we report the determination of the full magnetic vector in an interaction region near the base of the solar corona. The observations reveal two magnetic features that characterize young active regions on the Sun: a set of rising magnetic loops and a tangential discontinuity of the magnetic field direction, the latter being the observational signature of an electric current sheet. This provides strong support for coronal heating models based on the dissipation of magnetic energy at current sheets.
C1 Max Planck Inst Aeron, D-37191 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany.
   Inst Astrofis Canarias, Tenerife, Spain.
C3 Max Planck Society; Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias
RP Solanki, SK (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Aeron, D-37191 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany.
NR 24
TC 159
Z9 169
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 16
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6959
BP 692
EP 695
DI 10.1038/nature02035
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 732DA
UT WOS:000185924500034
PM 14562096
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Eriksson, M
   Brown, WT
   Gordon, LB
   Glynn, MW
   Singer, J
   Scott, L
   Erdos, MR
   Robbins, CM
   Moses, TY
   Berglund, P
   Dutra, A
   Pak, E
   Durkin, S
   Csoka, AB
   Boehnke, M
   Glover, TW
   Collins, FS
AF Eriksson, M
   Brown, WT
   Gordon, LB
   Glynn, MW
   Singer, J
   Scott, L
   Erdos, MR
   Robbins, CM
   Moses, TY
   Berglund, P
   Dutra, A
   Pak, E
   Durkin, S
   Csoka, AB
   Boehnke, M
   Glover, TW
   Collins, FS
TI Recurrent de novo point mutations in lamin A cause Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nuclear-envelope; uniparental disomy; chromosome-1; homozygosity; patient; lmna
AB Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by features reminiscent of marked premature ageing(1,2). Here, we present evidence of mutations in lamin A (LMNA) as the cause of this disorder. The HGPS gene was initially localized to chromosome 1q by observing two cases of uniparental isodisomy of 1q - the inheritance of both copies of this material from one parent - and one case with a 6-megabase paternal interstitial deletion. Sequencing of LMNA, located in this interval and previously implicated in several other heritable disorders(3,4), revealed that 18 out of 20 classical cases of HGPS harboured an identical de novo ( that is, newly arisen and not inherited) single-base substitution, G608G( GGC > GGT), within exon 11. One additional case was identified with a different substitution within the same codon. Both of these mutations result in activation of a cryptic splice site within exon 11, resulting in production of a protein product that deletes 50 amino acids near the carboxy terminus. Immunofluorescence of HGPS fibroblasts with antibodies directed against lamin A revealed that many cells show visible abnormalities of the nuclear membrane. The discovery of the molecular basis of this disease may shed light on the general phenomenon of human ageing.
C1 NHGRI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   NIAID, Viral Dis Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   New York State Inst Basic Res Dev Disabil, Dept Human Genet, Staten Isl, NY 10314 USA.
   Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Anat & Cellular Biol, Boston, MA 02111 USA.
   Rhode Isl Hosp, Dept Pediat, Providence, RI 02903 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Dept Human Genet, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Dept Biostat, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Brown Univ, Dept Biochem Mol Biol & Cell Biol, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID); Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities; Tufts University; Lifespan Health Rhode Island; Rhode Island Hospital; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; Brown University
RP Collins, FS (corresponding author), NHGRI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM fc23a@nih.gov
FU National Institute of General Medical Sciences [T32GM007544] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER; Intramural NIH HHS [Z01 HG200305] Funding Source: Medline
NR 28
TC 1715
Z9 1988
U1 4
U2 227
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 15
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6937
BP 293
EP 298
DI 10.1038/nature01629
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 678EX
UT WOS:000182853100044
PM 12714972
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rokas, A
   Williams, BL
   King, N
   Carroll, SB
AF Rokas, A
   Williams, BL
   King, N
   Carroll, SB
TI Genome-scale approaches to resolving incongruence in molecular phylogenies
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID combining data; sequence data; genes; dna; complex; duplication; evolution; position; trees
AB One of the most pervasive challenges in molecular phylogenetics is the incongruence between phylogenies obtained using different data sets, such as individual genes. To systematically investigate the degree of incongruence, and potential methods for resolving it, we screened the genome sequences of eight yeast species and selected 106 widely distributed orthologous genes for phylogenetic analyses, singly and by concatenation. Our results suggest that data sets consisting of single or a small number of concatenated genes have a significant probability of supporting conflicting topologies. By contrast, analyses of the entire data set of concatenated genes yielded a single, fully resolved species tree with maximum support. Comparable results were obtained with a concatenation of a minimum of 20 genes; substantially more genes than commonly used but a small fraction of any genome. These results have important implications for resolving branches of the tree of life.
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Mol Biol Lab, RM Bock Labs, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
RP Carroll, SB (corresponding author), Univ Wisconsin, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Mol Biol Lab, RM Bock Labs, 1525 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
EM sbcarrol@wisc.edu
NR 50
TC 1207
Z9 1408
U1 2
U2 137
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 23
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6960
BP 798
EP 804
DI 10.1038/nature02053
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 735ME
UT WOS:000186118500036
PM 14574403
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reeves, WH
   Skryabin, DV
   Biancalana, F
   Knight, JC
   Russell, PS
   Omenetto, FG
   Efimov, A
   Taylor, AJ
AF Reeves, WH
   Skryabin, DV
   Biancalana, F
   Knight, JC
   Russell, PS
   Omenetto, FG
   Efimov, A
   Taylor, AJ
TI Transformation and control of ultra-short pulses in dispersion-engineered photonic crystal fibres
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stimulated raman-scattering; supercontinuum generation; continuum generation; solitons; propagation
AB Photonic crystal fibres (PCFs) offer greatly enhanced design freedom compared to standard optical fibres. For example, they allow precise control of the chromatic dispersion (CD) profile-the frequency dependence of propagation speed-over a broad wavelength range. This permits studies of nonlinear pulse propagation in previously inaccessible parameter regimes. Here we report on spectral broadening of 100-fs pulses in PCFs with anomalously flat CD profiles. Maps of the spectral and spatio-temporal behaviour as a function of power show that dramatic conversion (to both longer and shorter wavelengths) can occur in remarkably short lengths of fibre, depending on the magnitude and shape of the CD profile. Because the PCFs used are single-mode at all wavelengths, the light always emerges in a fundamental guided mode. Excellent agreement is obtained between the experimental results and numerical solutions of the nonlinear wave equation, indicating that the underlying processes can be reliably modelled. These results show how, through appropriate choice of CD, nonlinearities can be efficiently harnessed to generate laser light at new wavelengths.
C1 Univ Bath, Dept Phys, Optoelect Grp, Bath BA2 7AY, Avon, England.
   Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Phys, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci & Technol, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
C3 University of Bath; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory
RP Knight, JC (corresponding author), Univ Bath, Dept Phys, Optoelect Grp, Bath BA2 7AY, Avon, England.
EM j.c.knight@bath.ac.uk
NR 29
TC 356
Z9 404
U1 4
U2 122
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 31
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6948
BP 511
EP 515
DI 10.1038/nature01798
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 706LG
UT WOS:000184454700032
PM 12891348
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Heilig, R
   Eckenberg, R
   Petit, JL
   Fonknechten, NR
   Da Silva, C
   Cattolico, L
   Levy, M
   Barbe, V
   de Berardinis, V
   Ureta-Vidal, A
   Pelletier, E
   Vico, V
   Anthouard, V
   Rowen, L
   Madan, A
   Qin, SZ
   Sun, H
   Du, H
   Pepin, K
   Artiguenave, F
   Robert, C
   Cruaud, C
   Brüls, T
   Jaillon, O
   Friedlander, L
   Samson, G
   Brottier, P
   Cure, S
   Ségurens, B
   Anière, F
   Samain, S
   Crespeau, H
   Abbasi, N
   Alach, N
   Boscus, D
   Dickhoff, R
   Dors, M
   Dubois, I
   Friedman, C
   Gouyvenoux, M
   James, R
   Madan, A
   Malrey-Estrada, B
   Mangenot, S
   Martins, N
   Ménard, M
   Oztas, S
   Ratcliffe, A
   Shaffer, T
   Trask, B
   Vacherle, B
   Bellemere, C
   Belser, C
   Besnard-Gonnet, M
   Bartol-Mavel, D
   Boutard, M
   Briez-Silla, S
   Combette, S
   Dufossé-Laurent, V
   Ferron, C
   Lechaplais, C
   Louesse, C
   Muselet, D
   Magdelenat, G
   Pateau, E
   Petit, E
   Sirvain-Trukniewicz, P
   Trybou, A
   Vega-Czarny, N
   Bataille, E
   Bluet, E
   Bordelais, I
   Dubois, M
   Dumont, C
   Guérin, T
   Haffray, S
   Hammadi, R
   Muanga, J
   Pellouin, V
   Robert, D
   Wunderle, E
   Gauguet, G
   Roy, A
   Sainte-Marthe, L
   Verdier, J
   Verdier-Discala, C
   Hillier, L
   Fulton, L
   McPherson, J
   Matsuda, F
   Wilson, R
   Scarpelli, C
   Gyapay, G
   Wincker, P
   Saurin, W
   Quétier, F
   Waterston, R
   Hood, L
   Weissenbach, J
AF Heilig, R
   Eckenberg, R
   Petit, JL
   Fonknechten, NR
   Da Silva, C
   Cattolico, L
   Levy, M
   Barbe, V
   de Berardinis, V
   Ureta-Vidal, A
   Pelletier, E
   Vico, V
   Anthouard, V
   Rowen, L
   Madan, A
   Qin, SZ
   Sun, H
   Du, H
   Pepin, K
   Artiguenave, F
   Robert, C
   Cruaud, C
   Brüls, T
   Jaillon, O
   Friedlander, L
   Samson, G
   Brottier, P
   Cure, S
   Ségurens, B
   Anière, F
   Samain, S
   Crespeau, H
   Abbasi, N
   Alach, N
   Boscus, D
   Dickhoff, R
   Dors, M
   Dubois, I
   Friedman, C
   Gouyvenoux, M
   James, R
   Madan, A
   Malrey-Estrada, B
   Mangenot, S
   Martins, N
   Ménard, M
   Oztas, S
   Ratcliffe, A
   Shaffer, T
   Trask, B
   Vacherle, B
   Bellemere, C
   Belser, C
   Besnard-Gonnet, M
   Bartol-Mavel, D
   Boutard, M
   Briez-Silla, S
   Combette, S
   Dufossé-Laurent, V
   Ferron, C
   Lechaplais, C
   Louesse, C
   Muselet, D
   Magdelenat, G
   Pateau, E
   Petit, E
   Sirvain-Trukniewicz, P
   Trybou, A
   Vega-Czarny, N
   Bataille, E
   Bluet, E
   Bordelais, I
   Dubois, M
   Dumont, C
   Guérin, T
   Haffray, S
   Hammadi, R
   Muanga, J
   Pellouin, V
   Robert, D
   Wunderle, E
   Gauguet, G
   Roy, A
   Sainte-Marthe, L
   Verdier, J
   Verdier-Discala, C
   Hillier, L
   Fulton, L
   McPherson, J
   Matsuda, F
   Wilson, R
   Scarpelli, C
   Gyapay, G
   Wincker, P
   Saurin, W
   Quétier, F
   Waterston, R
   Hood, L
   Weissenbach, J
TI The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 14
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene; map; identification; recombination; localization; polymorphism; transcripts; mutations; form
AB Chromosome 14 is one of five acrocentric chromosomes in the human genome. These chromosomes are characterized by a heterochromatic short arm that contains essentially ribosomal RNA genes, and a euchromatic long arm in which most, if not all, of the protein-coding genes are located. The finished sequence of human chromosome 14 comprises 87,410,661 base pairs, representing 100% of its euchromatic portion, in a single continuous segment covering the entire long arm with no gaps. Two loci of crucial importance for the immune system, as well as more than 60 disease genes, have been localized so far on chromosome 14. We identified 1,050 genes and gene fragments, and 393 pseudogenes. On the basis of comparisons with other vertebrate genomes, we estimate that more than 96% of the chromosome 14 genes have been annotated. From an analysis of the CpG island occurrences, we estimate that 70% of these annotated genes are complete at their 5' end.
C1 Genoscope Ctr Natl Sequencage, F-91000 Evry, France.
   CNRS, UMR 8030, F-91000 Evry, France.
   Univ Evry, F-91000 Evry, France.
   Ctr Natl Genotypage, F-91000 Evry, France.
   Inst Syst Biol, Seattle, WA 98103 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Genome Sequencing Ctr, St Louis, MO 63108 USA.
C3 CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Saclay; CNRS - National Institute for Biology (INSB); Universite Paris Saclay; Universite Paris Saclay; CEA; Institute for Systems Biology (ISB); Washington University (WUSTL)
RP Heilig, R (corresponding author), Genoscope Ctr Natl Sequencage, F-91000 Evry, France.
EM heilig@genoscope.cns.fr
NR 39
TC 89
Z9 606
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 6
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6923
BP 601
EP U1
DI 10.1038/nature01348
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 642KH
UT WOS:000180803200034
PM 12508121
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Howitz, KT
   Bitterman, KJ
   Cohen, HY
   Lamming, DW
   Lavu, S
   Wood, JG
   Zipkin, RE
   Chung, P
   Kisielewski, A
   Zhang, LL
   Scherer, B
   Sinclair, DA
AF Howitz, KT
   Bitterman, KJ
   Cohen, HY
   Lamming, DW
   Lavu, S
   Wood, JG
   Zipkin, RE
   Chung, P
   Kisielewski, A
   Zhang, LL
   Scherer, B
   Sinclair, DA
TI Small molecule activators of sirtuins extend Saccharomyces cerevisiae lifespan
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID calorie restriction; trans-resveratrol; protein sir2; yeast sir2; nad; longevity; p53; deacetylases; nicotinamide; inhibition
AB In diverse organisms, calorie restriction slows the pace of ageing and increases maximum lifespan. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, calorie restriction extends lifespan by increasing the activity of Sir2 (ref. 1), a member of the conserved sirtuin family of NAD(+)-dependent protein deacetylases(2-6). Included in this family are SIR-2.1, a Caenorhabditis elegans enzyme that regulates lifespan(7), and SIRT1, a human deacetylase that promotes cell survival by negatively regulating the p53 tumour suppressor(8-10). Here we report the discovery of three classes of small molecules that activate sirtuins. We show that the potent activator resveratrol, a polyphenol found in red wine, lowers the Michaelis constant of SIRT1 for both the acetylated substrate and NAD(+), and increases cell survival by stimulating SIRT1-dependent deacetylation of p53. In yeast, resveratrol mimics calorie restriction by stimulating Sir2, increasing DNA stability and extending lifespan by 70%. We discuss possible evolutionary origins of this phenomenon and suggest new lines of research into the therapeutic use of sirtuin activators.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   BIOMOL Res Labs Inc, Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Sinclair, DA (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
FU National Institute on Aging [R37AG028730, R01AG019719] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER; NIA NIH HHS [R01 AG019972, R37 AG028730, P01 AG027916, R01 AG028730, R13 AG033466, R01 AG019719] Funding Source: Medline; NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM068072] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 3152
Z9 3698
U1 5
U2 572
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 11
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6954
BP 191
EP 196
DI 10.1038/nature01960
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 719ZT
UT WOS:000185236000046
PM 12939617
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Paul, A
   Bartels, RA
   Tobey, R
   Green, H
   Weiman, S
   Christov, IP
   Murnane, MM
   Kapteyn, HC
   Backus, S
AF Paul, A
   Bartels, RA
   Tobey, R
   Green, H
   Weiman, S
   Christov, IP
   Murnane, MM
   Kapteyn, HC
   Backus, S
TI Quasi-phase-matched generation of coherent extreme-ultraviolet light
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID soft x-rays; order harmonic-generation; attosecond pulses; wave-guides; gases
AB High-harmonic generation is a well-known method of producing coherent extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) light, with photon energies up to about 0.5 keV (refs 1, 2). This is achieved by focusing a femtosecond laser into a gas, and high harmonics of the fundamental laser frequency are radiated in the forward direction(3,4). However, although this process can generate high-energy photons, efficient high-harmonic generation has been demonstrated only for photon energies of the order 50-100 eV (ref. 5). Ionization of the gas prevents the laser and the EUV light from propagating at the same speed, which severely limits the conversion efficiency. Here we report a technique to overcome this problem, and demonstrate quasi-phase-matched frequency conversion of laser light into EUV. Using a modulated hollow-core waveguide to periodically vary the intensity of the laser light driving the conversion, we efficiently generate EUV light even in the presence of substantial ionization. The use of a modulated fibre shifts the energy spectrum of the high-harmonic light to significantly higher photon energies than would otherwise be possible. We expect that this technique could form the basis of coherent EUV sources for advanced lithography and high-resolution imaging applications. In future work, it might also be possible to generate isolated attosecond pulses.
C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Univ Sofia, Dept Phys, Sofia 1164, Bulgaria.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; University of Sofia
RP Murnane, MM (corresponding author), Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
NR 23
TC 294
Z9 323
U1 1
U2 114
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 2
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6918
BP 51
EP 54
DI 10.1038/nature01222
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 631JY
UT WOS:000180165500033
PM 12511950
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vidale, JE
   Li, YG
AF Vidale, JE
   Li, YG
TI Damage to the shallow Landers fault from the nearby Hector Mine earthquake
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID seismic velocity; california; aftershocks; zone; field
AB Crustal faults have long been identified as sites where localized sliding motion occurs during earthquakes(1), which allows for the relative motion between adjacent crustal blocks. Although there is a growing awareness that we must understand the evolution of fault systems on many timescales to relate present-day crustal stresses and fault motions to geological structures formed in the past, fault-zone damage and healing have been documented quantitatively in only a few cases(2,3). We have been monitoring the healing of damage on the shallow Johnson Valley fault after its rupture in the 1992 magnitude-7.3 Landers earthquake, and here we report that this healing was interrupted in 1999 by the magnitude-7.1 Hector Mine earthquake rupture, which occurred 20-30 km away. The Hector Mine earthquake both strongly shook and permanently strained the Johnson Valley fault, adding damage discernible as a temporary reversal of the healing process. The fault has since resumed the trend of strength recovery that it showed after the Landers earthquake. These observations lead us to speculate that fault damage caused by strong seismic waves may help to explain earthquake clustering and seismicity triggering by shaking, and may be involved in friction reduction during faulting.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ So Calif, Dept Earth Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of Southern California
RP Vidale, JE (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
NR 28
TC 168
Z9 200
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 30
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6922
BP 524
EP 526
DI 10.1038/nature01354
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 640DB
UT WOS:000180670600042
PM 12556890
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gillett, NP
   Zwiers, FW
   Weaver, AJ
   Stott, PA
AF Gillett, NP
   Zwiers, FW
   Weaver, AJ
   Stott, PA
TI Detection of human influence on sea-level pressure
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID anthropogenic climate-change; model
AB Greenhouse gases and tropospheric sulphate aerosols-the main human influences on climate-have been shown to have had a detectable effect on surface air temperature(1-3), the temperature of the free troposphere and stratosphere(2,4) and ocean temperature(5,6) Nevertheless, the question remains as to whether human influence is detectable in any variable other than temperature. Here we detect an influence of anthropogenic greenhouse gases and sulphate aerosols in observations of winter sea-level pressure (December to February), using combined simulations from four climate models. We find increases in sea-level pressure over the subtropical North Atlantic Ocean, southern Europe and North Africa, and decreases in the polar regions and the North Pacific Ocean, in response to human influence. Our analysis also indicates that the climate models substantially underestimate the magnitude of the sea-level pressure response. This discrepancy suggests that the upward trend in the North Atlantic Oscillation index(7) (corresponding to strengthened westerlies in the North Atlantic region), as simulated in a number of global warming scenarios(8-10), may be too small, leading to an underestimation of the impacts of anthropogenic climate change on European climate.
C1 Univ Victoria, Sch Earth & Ocean Sci, Victoria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada.
   Meteorol Serv Canada, Canadian Ctr Climate Modelling & Anal, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada.
   Hadley Ctr Climate Predict & Res, Met Off, Bracknell RG12 2SY, Berks, England.
C3 University of Victoria; Environment & Climate Change Canada; Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling & Analysis (CCCma); Meteorological Service of Canada; Met Office - UK; Hadley Centre
RP Gillett, NP (corresponding author), Univ Victoria, Sch Earth & Ocean Sci, POB 3055, Victoria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada.
NR 21
TC 186
Z9 210
U1 3
U2 64
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 20
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6929
BP 292
EP 294
DI 10.1038/nature01487
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 656XX
UT WOS:000181637300035
PM 12646917
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sorenson, MD
   Sefc, KM
   Payne, RB
AF Sorenson, MD
   Sefc, KM
   Payne, RB
TI Speciation by host switch in brood parasitic indigobirds
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID vidua-chalybeata; sympatric speciation; species associations; genetic-evidence; common cuckoo; song mimicry; finches; origin; differentiation; coevolution
AB A growing body of empirical and theoretical work supports the plausibility of sympatric speciation(1-3), but there remain few examples in which all the essential components of the process are well understood. The African indigobirds Vidua spp. are host-specific brood parasites. Indigobird nestlings are reared along with host young, and mimic the mouth markings of their respective hosts(4-6). As adults, male indigobirds mimic host song(4-7), whereas females use these songs to choose both their mates and the nests they parasitize(8). These behavioural mechanisms promote the cohesion of indigobird populations associated with a given host species, and provide a mechanism for reproductive isolation after a new host is colonized. Here we show that all indigobird species are similar genetically, but are significantly differentiated in both mitochondrial haplotype and nuclear allele frequencies. These data support a model of recent sympatric speciation. In contrast to the cuckoo Cuculus canorus, in which only female lineages are faithful to specific hosts(9,10), host switches have led to speciation in indigobirds because both males and females imprint on their hosts(8,11).
C1 Boston Univ, Dept Biol, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Museum Zool, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
C3 Boston University; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
RP Sorenson, MD (corresponding author), Boston Univ, Dept Biol, 5 Cummington St, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
NR 30
TC 199
Z9 233
U1 1
U2 100
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 21
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6951
BP 928
EP 931
DI 10.1038/nature01863
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 713EH
UT WOS:000184843600038
PM 12931185
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tyree, MT
AF Tyree, MT
TI The ascent of water
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Expt Stn, Burlington, VT 05402 USA.
C3 United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); United States Forest Service
RP Tyree, MT (corresponding author), US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Expt Stn, POB 968, Burlington, VT 05402 USA.
NR 3
TC 143
Z9 166
U1 2
U2 124
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 26
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6943
BP 923
EP 923
DI 10.1038/423923a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 694BL
UT WOS:000183753900026
PM 12827177
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Aas, PA
   Otterlei, M
   Falnes, PO
   Vågbo, CB
   Skorpen, F
   Akbari, M
   Sundheim, O
   Bjorås, M
   Slupphaug, G
   Seeberg, E
   Krokan, HE
AF Aas, PA
   Otterlei, M
   Falnes, PO
   Vågbo, CB
   Skorpen, F
   Akbari, M
   Sundheim, O
   Bjorås, M
   Slupphaug, G
   Seeberg, E
   Krokan, HE
TI Human and bacterial oxidative demethylases repair alkylation damage in both RNA and DNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; cloning; construction; expression; nucleotide; vectors; gene
AB Repair of DNA damage is essential for maintaining genome integrity, and repair deficiencies in mammals are associated with cancer, neurological disease and developmental defects(1). Alkylation damage in DNA is repaired by at least three different mechanisms, including damage reversal by oxidative demethylation of 1-methyladenine and 3-methylcytosine by Escherichia coli AlkB(2,3). By contrast, little is known about consequences and cellular handling of alkylation damage to RNA(4). Here we show that two human AlkB homologues, hABH2 and hABH3, also are oxidative DNA demethylases and that AlkB and hABH3, but not hABH2, also repair RNA. Whereas AlkB and hABH3 prefer single-stranded nucleic acids, hABH2 acts more efficiently on double-stranded DNA. In addition, AlkB and hABH3 expressed in E. coli reactivate methylated RNA bacteriophage MS2 in vivo, illustrating the biological relevance of this repair activity and establishing RNA repair as a potentially important defence mechanism in living cells. The different catalytic properties and the different subnuclear localization patterns shown by the human homologues indicate that hABH2 and hABH3 have distinct roles in the cellular response to alkylation damage.
C1 Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol, Inst Canc Res & Mol Biol, N-7489 Trondheim, Norway.
   Univ Oslo, Natl Hosp, Ctr Mol Biol & Neurosci, N-0027 Oslo, Norway.
   Univ Oslo, Natl Hosp, Inst Med Microbiol, N-0027 Oslo, Norway.
C3 Norwegian University of Science & Technology (NTNU); University of Oslo; National Hospital Norway; University of Oslo; National Hospital Norway
RP Krokan, HE (corresponding author), Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol, Inst Canc Res & Mol Biol, N-7489 Trondheim, Norway.
NR 27
TC 556
Z9 655
U1 0
U2 72
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 20
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6925
BP 859
EP 863
DI 10.1038/nature01363
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 646QA
UT WOS:000181044700052
PM 12594517
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ringach, DL
AF Ringach, DL
TI Neuroscience - States of mind
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID visual-cortex; v1; neurons; cat
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, David Geffen Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, David Geffen Sch Med, Dept Psychol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, David Geffen Sch Med, Jules Stein Eye Inst, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California Los Angeles Medical Center; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California Los Angeles Medical Center; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California Los Angeles Medical Center; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
RP Ringach, DL (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, David Geffen Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
NR 11
TC 26
Z9 26
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 30
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6961
BP 912
EP 913
DI 10.1038/425912a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 737KY
UT WOS:000186230600028
PM 14586455
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Crook, R
   Graham, AC
   Smith, CG
   Farrer, I
   Beere, HE
   Ritchie, DA
AF Crook, R
   Graham, AC
   Smith, CG
   Farrer, I
   Beere, HE
   Ritchie, DA
TI Erasable electrostatic lithography for quantum components
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID point-contact; probe; conductance
AB Quantum electronic components(1,2)-such as quantum antidots and one-dimensional channels-are usually defined from doped GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures using electron-beam lithography or local oxidation by conductive atomic force microscopy(3,4). In both cases, lithography and measurement are performed in very different environments, so fabrication and test cycles can take several weeks. Here we describe a different lithographic technique, which we call erasable electrostatic lithography (EEL), where patterns of charge are drawn on the device surface with a negatively biased scanning probe in the same low-temperature high-vacuum environment used for measurement. The charge patterns locally deplete electrons from a subsurface two-dimensional electron system (2DES) to define working quantum components. Charge patterns are erased locally with the scanning probe biased positive or globally by illuminating the device with red light. We demonstrate and investigate EEL by drawing and erasing quantum antidots, then develop the technique to draw and tune high-quality one-dimensional channels(5,6). The quantum components are imaged using scanned gate microscopy(7-11).A technique similar to EEL has been reported previously, where tip-induced charging of the surface or donor layer was used to locally perturb a 2DES before charge accumulation imaging(12).
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Phys, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England.
C3 University of Cambridge
RP Smith, CG (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Phys, Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England.
EM cgs4@cam.ac.uk
NR 25
TC 52
Z9 58
U1 0
U2 31
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 14
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6950
BP 751
EP 754
DI 10.1038/nature01841
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 711HQ
UT WOS:000184733900032
PM 12917677
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Astakhov, SA
   Burbanks, AD
   Wiggins, S
   Farrelly, D
AF Astakhov, SA
   Burbanks, AD
   Wiggins, S
   Farrelly, D
TI Chaos-assisted capture of irregular moons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID temporary gravitational capture; satellite capture; time analysis; gas drag; orbits; objects; atom
AB It has been thought(1-3) that the capture of irregular moons - with non-circular orbits - by giant planets occurs by a process in which they are first temporarily trapped by gravity inside the planet's Hill sphere ( the region where planetary gravity dominates over solar tides(4)). The capture of the moons is then made permanent by dissipative energy loss ( for example, gas drag(3)) or planetary growth(2). But the observed distributions of orbital inclinations, which now include numerous newly discovered moons(5-8), cannot be explained using current models. Here we show that irregular satellites are captured in a thin spatial region where orbits are chaotic(9), and that the resulting orbit is either prograde or retrograde depending on the initial energy. Dissipation then switches these long-lived chaotic orbits(10) into nearby regular (non-chaotic) zones from which escape is impossible. The chaotic layer therefore dictates the final inclinations of the captured moons. We confirm this with three-dimensional Monte Carlo simulations that include nebular drag(3,4,11), and find good agreement with the observed inclination distributions of irregular moons at Jupiter(7) and Saturn(8). In particular, Saturn has more prograde irregular moons than Jupiter, which we can explain as a result of the chaotic prograde progenitors being more efficiently swept away from Jupiter by its galilean moons.
C1 Univ Bristol, Sch Math, Bristol BS8 1TW, Avon, England.
   Utah State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Logan, UT 84322 USA.
C3 University of Bristol; Utah System of Higher Education; Utah State University
RP Wiggins, S (corresponding author), Univ Bristol, Sch Math, Univ Walk, Bristol BS8 1TW, Avon, England.
NR 30
TC 94
Z9 102
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 15
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6937
BP 264
EP 267
DI 10.1038/nature01622
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 678EX
UT WOS:000182853100036
PM 12748635
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Marshall, BT
   Long, M
   Piper, JW
   Yago, T
   McEver, RP
   Zhu, C
AF Marshall, BT
   Long, M
   Piper, JW
   Yago, T
   McEver, RP
   Zhu, C
TI Direct observation of catch bonds involving cell-adhesion molecules
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID receptor-ligand bonds; p-selectin; human neutrophils; force; kinetics; leukocytes; transient; lifetime; requires; binding
AB Bonds between adhesion molecules are often mechanically stressed. A striking example is the tensile force applied to selectin-ligand bonds, which mediate the tethering and rolling of flowing leukocytes on vascular surfaces(1-3). It has been suggested that force could either shorten bond lifetimes, because work done by the force could lower the energy barrier between the bound and free states(4) ('slip'), or prolong bond lifetimes by deforming the molecules such that they lock more tightly(5,6) ('catch'). Whereas slip bonds have been widely observed(7-14), catch bonds have not been demonstrated experimentally. Here, using atomic force microscopy and flow-chamber experiments, we show that increasing force first prolonged and then shortened the lifetimes of P-selectin complexes with P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1, revealing both catch and slip bond behaviour. Transitions between catch and slip bonds might explain why leukocyte rolling on selectins first increases and then decreases as wall shear stress increases(,)(9,15)(16). This dual response to force provides a mechanism for regulating cell adhesion under conditions of variable mechanical stress.
C1 Georgia Inst Technol, George W Woodruff Sch Mech Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA.
   Georgia Inst Technol, Coulter Sch Biomed Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA.
   Oklahoma Med Res Fdn, Cardiovasc Biol Res Program, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA.
   Univ Oklahoma, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA.
   Univ Oklahoma, Hlth Sci Ctr, Oklahoma Ctr Med Glycobiol, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA.
C3 University System of Georgia; Georgia Institute of Technology; University System of Georgia; Georgia Institute of Technology; Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation; University of Oklahoma System; University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; University of Oklahoma System; University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
RP Zhu, C (corresponding author), Georgia Inst Technol, George W Woodruff Sch Mech Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA.
EM cheng.zhu@me.gatech.edu
NR 30
TC 827
Z9 1017
U1 2
U2 181
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 8
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6936
BP 190
EP 193
DI 10.1038/nature01605
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 675MR
UT WOS:000182699600051
PM 12736689
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Speck, O
   Hughes, SC
   Noren, NK
   Kulikauskas, RM
   Fehon, RG
AF Speck, O
   Hughes, SC
   Noren, NK
   Kulikauskas, RM
   Fehon, RG
TI Moesin functions antagonistically to the Rho pathway to maintain epithelial integrity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ezrin/radixin/moesin erm proteins; actin cytoskeleton; plasma-membrane; cell polarity; drosophila; phosphorylation; localization; association; fibroblasts; expression
AB Two prominent characteristics of epithelial cells, apical-basal polarity and a highly ordered cytoskeleton, depend on the existence of precisely localized protein complexes associated with the apical plasma membrane(1,2), and on a separate machinery that regulates the spatial order of actin assembly(3). ERM (ezrin, radixin, moesin) proteins have been proposed to link transmembrane proteins to the actin cytoskeleton(4) in the apical domain, suggesting a structural role in epithelial cells, and they have been implicated in signalling pathways(5). Here, we show that the sole Drosophila ERM protein Moesin functions to promote cortical actin assembly and apical-basal polarity. As a result, cells lacking Moesin lose epithelial characteristics and adopt invasive migratory behaviour. Our data demonstrate that Moesin facilitates epithelial morphology not by providing an essential structural function, but rather by antagonizing activity of the small GTPase Rho. Thus, Moesin functions in maintaining epithelial integrity by regulating cell-signalling events that affect actin organization and polarity. Furthermore, our results show that there is negative feedback between ERM activation and activity of the Rho pathway.
C1 Duke Univ, Dept Biol, DCMB Grp, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Dept Cell & Dev Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Lineberger Comprehens Canc Ctr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
C3 Duke University; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill
RP Fehon, RG (corresponding author), Duke Univ, Dept Biol, DCMB Grp, Box 91000, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
NR 30
TC 209
Z9 273
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 2
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6918
BP 83
EP 87
DI 10.1038/nature01295
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 631JY
UT WOS:000180165500042
PM 12511959
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mizutani, A
   Chahl, JS
   Srinivasan, MV
AF Mizutani, A
   Chahl, JS
   Srinivasan, MV
TI Motion camouflage in dragonflies
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Biol Sci, Ctr Visual Sci, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
   Def Sci & Technol Org, Weapons Syst Div, Edinburgh, SA 5111, Australia.
C3 Australian National University; Defence Science & Technology
RP Mizutani, A (corresponding author), Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Biol Sci, Ctr Visual Sci, POB 475, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
NR 6
TC 114
Z9 135
U1 1
U2 57
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 5
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6940
BP 604
EP 604
DI 10.1038/423604a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 686BT
UT WOS:000183301200028
PM 12789327
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Christensen, JH
   Christensen, OB
AF Christensen, JH
   Christensen, OB
TI Climate modelling: Severe summertime flooding in Europe
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID simulations
C1 Danish Meteorol Inst, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark.
C3 Danish Meteorological Institute DMI
RP Christensen, JH (corresponding author), Danish Meteorol Inst, Lyngbyvej 100, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark.
NR 10
TC 558
Z9 612
U1 0
U2 101
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 20
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6925
BP 805
EP 806
DI 10.1038/421805a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 646QA
UT WOS:000181044700036
PM 12594501
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Williams, PA
   Cosme, J
   Ward, A
   Angova, HC
   Vinkovic, DM
   Jhoti, H
AF Williams, PA
   Cosme, J
   Ward, A
   Angova, HC
   Vinkovic, DM
   Jhoti, H
TI Crystal structure of human cytochrome P4502C9 with bound warfarin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Cytochrome P450 proteins (CYP450s) are membrane-associated haem proteins that metabolize physiologically important compounds in many species of microorganisms, plants and animals. Mammalian CYP450s recognize and metabolize diverse xenobiotics such as drug molecules, environmental compounds and pollutants(1). Human CYP450 proteins CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 are the major drug-metabolizing isoforms, and contribute to the oxidative metabolism of more than 90% of the drugs in current clinical use(2). Polymorphic variants have also been reported for some CYP450 isoforms, which has implications for the efficacy of drugs in individuals, and for the co-administration of drugs. The molecular basis of drug recognition by human CYP450s, however, has remained elusive. Here we describe the crystal structure of a human CYP450, CYP2C9, both unliganded and in complex with the anti-coagulant drug warfarin. The structure defines unanticipated interactions between CYP2C9 and warfarin, and reveals a new binding pocket. The binding mode of warfarin suggests that CYP2C9 may undergo an allosteric mechanism during its function. The newly discovered binding pocket also suggests that CYP2C9 may simultaneously accommodate multiple ligands during its biological function, and provides a possible molecular basis for understanding complex drug-drug interactions.
C1 Astex Technol, Cambridge CB4 0QA, England.
RP Jhoti, H (corresponding author), Astex Technol, 436 Cambridge Sci Pk,Milton Rd, Cambridge CB4 0QA, England.
EM h.jhoti@astex-technology.com
NR 29
TC 747
Z9 864
U1 0
U2 106
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 24
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6947
BP 464
EP 468
DI 10.1038/nature01862
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 704BT
UT WOS:000184318400052
PM 12861225
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pluchino, S
   Quattrini, A
   Brambilla, E
   Gritti, A
   Salani, G
   Dina, G
   Galli, R
   Del Carro, U
   Amadio, S
   Bergami, A
   Furlan, R
   Comi, G
   Vescovi, AL
   Martino, G
AF Pluchino, S
   Quattrini, A
   Brambilla, E
   Gritti, A
   Salani, G
   Dina, G
   Galli, R
   Del Carro, U
   Amadio, S
   Bergami, A
   Furlan, R
   Comi, G
   Vescovi, AL
   Martino, G
TI Injection of adult neurospheres induces recovery in a chronic model of multiple sclerosis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID central-nervous-system; stem-cells; transplantation; remyelination; encephalomyelitis; regeneration; progenitors; antibody; lesions; repair
AB Widespread demyelination and axonal loss are the pathological hallmarks of multiple sclerosis. The multifocal nature of this chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system complicates cellular therapy and puts emphasis on both the donor cell origin and the route of cell transplantation. We established syngenic adult neural stem cell cultures and injected them into an animal model of multiple sclerosis-experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in the mouse-either intravenously or intracerebroventricularly. In both cases, significant numbers of donor cells entered into demyelinating areas of the central nervous system and differentiated into mature brain cells. Within these areas, oligodendrocyte progenitors markedly increased, with many of them being of donor origin and actively remyelinating axons. Furthermore, a significant reduction of astrogliosis and a marked decrease in the extent of demyelination and axonal loss were observed in transplanted animals. The functional impairment caused by EAE was almost abolished in transplanted mice, both clinically and neurophysiologically. Thus, adult neural precursor cells promote multifocal remyelination and functional recovery after intravenous or intrathecal injection in a chronic model of multiple sclerosis.
C1 Hosp San Raffaele, DIBIT, Neuroimmunol Unit, I-20132 Milan, Italy.
   Hosp San Raffaele, Stem Cell Res Inst, I-20132 Milan, Italy.
   Hosp San Raffaele, Dept Neurol & Neurophysiol, I-20132 Milan, Italy.
C3 Vita-Salute San Raffaele University; IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University; IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University; IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele
RP Martino, G (corresponding author), Hosp San Raffaele, DIBIT, Neuroimmunol Unit, Via Olgettina 58, I-20132 Milan, Italy.
EM vescovi@tin.it; martino.gianvito@hsr.it
NR 32
TC 885
Z9 1040
U1 0
U2 57
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 17
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6933
BP 688
EP 694
DI 10.1038/nature01552
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 668CG
UT WOS:000182272300032
PM 12700753
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Baltuska, A
   Udem, T
   Uiberacker, M
   Hentschel, M
   Goulielmakis, E
   Gohle, C
   Holzwarth, R
   Yakovlev, VS
   Scrinzi, A
   Hänsch, TW
   Krausz, F
AF Baltuska, A
   Udem, T
   Uiberacker, M
   Hentschel, M
   Goulielmakis, E
   Gohle, C
   Holzwarth, R
   Yakovlev, VS
   Scrinzi, A
   Hänsch, TW
   Krausz, F
TI Attosecond control of electronic processes by intense light fields
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ultrashort-pulse generation; order harmonic-generation; cycle laser-pulses; nonlinear optics; phase-control; ionization; frontiers
AB The amplitude and frequency of laser light can be routinely measured and controlled on a femtosecond (10(-15) s) timescale(1). However, in pulses comprising just a few wave cycles, the amplitude envelope and carrier frequency are not sufficient to characterize and control laser radiation, because evolution of the light field is also influenced by a shift of the carrier wave with respect to the pulse peak(2). This so-called carrier-envelope phase has been predicted(3-9) and observed(10) to affect strong-field phenomena, but random shot-to-shot shifts have prevented the reproducible guiding of atomic processes using the electric field of light. Here we report the generation of intense, few-cycle laser pulses with a stable carrier envelope phase that permit the triggering and steering of microscopic motion with an ultimate precision limited only by quantum mechanical uncertainty. Using these reproducible light waveforms, we create light-induced atomic currents in ionized matter; the motion of the electronic wave packets can be controlled on timescales shorter than 250 attoseconds (250 x 10(-18) s). This enables us to control the attosecond temporal structure of coherent soft X-ray emission produced by the atomic currents-these X-ray photons provide a sensitive and intuitive tool for determining the carrier-envelope phase.
C1 Vienna Univ Technol, Inst Photon, A-1040 Vienna, Austria.
   Max Planck Inst Quantum Opt, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
C3 Technische Universitat Wien; Max Planck Society
RP Krausz, F (corresponding author), Vienna Univ Technol, Inst Photon, Gusshausstr 27, A-1040 Vienna, Austria.
EM ferenc.krausz@tuwien.ac.at
NR 30
TC 1446
Z9 1587
U1 9
U2 403
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 6
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6923
BP 611
EP 615
DI 10.1038/nature01414
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 642KH
UT WOS:000180803200036
PM 12571590
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU D'Anna, G
   Mayor, P
   Barrat, A
   Loreto, V
   Nori, F
AF D'Anna, G
   Mayor, P
   Barrat, A
   Loreto, V
   Nori, F
TI Observing brownian motion in vibration-fluidized granular matter
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID glass; behavior; media
AB Observation of the rotational brownian motion(1,2) of a very fine wire immersed in a gas led to one of the most important ideas of equilibrium statistical mechanics. Namely, the many-particle problem of a large number of molecules colliding with the wire can be represented by just two macroscopic parameters: viscosity and temperature. Interest has arisen in the question of whether this idea (mathematically developed in the Langevin model and the fluctuation-dissipation theorem(3,4)) can also be used to describe systems that are far from equilibrium. Here we report an experimental investigation of an archetypal non-equilibrium system, involving a sensitive torsion oscillator immersed in a granular system(5,6) of millimetre-size grains that are fluidized by strong external vibrations. The vibro-fluidized granular medium is a driven environment, with continuous injection and dissipation of energy, and the immersed oscillator can be seen as analogous to an elastically bound brownian particle. By measuring the noise and the susceptibility, we show that the experiment can be treated (to a first approximation) with the equilibrium formalism. This gives experimental access to a granular viscosity and an effective temperature; however, these quantities are anisotropic and inhomogeneous. Surprisingly, the vibrofluidized granular matter behaves as a 'thermal' bath satisfying a fluctuation-dissipation relation.
C1 Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, Fac Sci Base, Inst Phys Mat Complexe, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
   Univ Paris 11, UMR 8627, Phys Theor Lab, F-91405 Orsay, France.
   Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
   INFM, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
   RIKEN, Inst Phys & Chem Res, Frontier Res Syst, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan.
   Univ Michigan, Dept Phys, CSCS, Ctr Theoret Phys, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne; Universite Paris Saclay; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - Institute of Physics (INP); Sapienza University Rome; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia (INFM-CNR); RIKEN; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
RP D'Anna, G (corresponding author), Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, Fac Sci Base, Inst Phys Mat Complexe, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
EM gianfranco.danna@epfl.ch
NR 16
TC 199
Z9 215
U1 2
U2 61
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 21
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6951
BP 909
EP 912
DI 10.1038/nature01867
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 713EH
UT WOS:000184843600032
PM 12931179
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pizzari, T
   Cornwallis, CK
   Lovlie, H
   Jakobsson, S
   Birkhead, TR
AF Pizzari, T
   Cornwallis, CK
   Lovlie, H
   Jakobsson, S
   Birkhead, TR
TI Sophisticated sperm allocation in male fowl
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gallus-gallus; competition; strategy; ejaculate; behavior; choice; expenditure
AB When a female is sexually promiscuous, the ejaculates of different males compete for the fertilization of her eggs(1); the more sperm a male inseminates into a female, the more likely he is to fertilize her eggs(2). Because sperm production is limited and costly, theory predicts that males will strategically allocate sperm (1) according to female promiscuity(1,3-5), (2) saving some for copulations with new females(3,6,7), and (3) to females producing more and/or better offspring(3,8). Whether males allocate sperm in all of these ways is not known, particularly in birds where the collection of natural ejaculates only recently became possible. Here we demonstrate male sperm allocation of unprecedented sophistication in the fowl Gallus gallus. Males show status-dependent sperm investment in females according to the level of female promiscuity; they progressively reduce sperm investment in a particular female but, on encountering a new female, instantaneously increase their sperm investment; and they preferentially allocate sperm to females with large sexual ornaments signalling superior maternal investment. Our results indicate that female promiscuity leads to the evolution of sophisticated male sexual behaviour.
C1 Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Anim Environm & Hlth, SE-53223 Uppsala, Sweden.
   Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
C3 Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; University of Sheffield
RP Pizzari, T (corresponding author), Univ Leeds, Sch Biol, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
EM t.pizzari@leeds.ac.uk
NR 25
TC 261
Z9 286
U1 0
U2 89
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 6
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6962
BP 70
EP 74
DI 10.1038/nature02004
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 739WY
UT WOS:000186370800043
PM 14603319
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Platt, T
   Fuentes-Yaco, C
   Frank, KT
AF Platt, T
   Fuentes-Yaco, C
   Frank, KT
TI Spring algal bloom and larval fish survival
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Bedford Inst Oceanog, Ocean Sci Div, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada.
   Dalhousie Univ, Dept Oceanog, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada.
C3 Fisheries & Oceans Canada; Bedford Institute of Oceanography; Dalhousie University
RP Platt, T (corresponding author), Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Bedford Inst Oceanog, Ocean Sci Div, Box 1006, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada.
EM tplatt@dal.ca
NR 5
TC 482
Z9 547
U1 0
U2 160
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 22
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6938
BP 398
EP 399
DI 10.1038/423398b
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 681AJ
UT WOS:000183012000029
PM 12761538
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Li, X
   Oghi, KA
   Zhang, J
   Krones, A
   Bush, KT
   Glass, CK
   Nigam, SK
   Aggarwal, AK
   Maas, R
   Rose, DW
   Rosenfeld, MG
AF Li, X
   Oghi, KA
   Zhang, J
   Krones, A
   Bush, KT
   Glass, CK
   Nigam, SK
   Aggarwal, AK
   Maas, R
   Rose, DW
   Rosenfeld, MG
TI Eya protein phosphatase activity regulates Six1-Dach-Eya transcriptional effects in mammalian organogenesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID eyes-absent gene; muscle precursor cells; kidney development; drosophila dachshund; nuclear receptors; skeletal-muscle; multiple steps; myogenin gene; mice lacking; expression
AB The precise mechanistic relationship between gene activation and repression events is a central question in mammalian organogenesis, as exemplified by the evolutionarily conserved sine oculis ( Six), eyes absent (Eya) and dachshund ( Dach) network of genetically interacting proteins. Here, we report that Six1 is required for the development of murine kidney, muscle and inner ear, and that it exhibits synergistic genetic interactions with Eya factors. We demonstrate that the Eya family has a protein phosphatase function, and that its enzymatic activity is required for regulating genes encoding growth control and signalling molecules, modulating precursor cell proliferation. The phosphatase function of Eya switches the function of Six1-Dach from repression to activation, causing transcriptional activation through recruitment of co-activators. The gene-specific recruitment of a co-activator with intrinsic phosphatase activity provides a molecular mechanism for activation of specific gene targets, including those regulating precursor cell proliferation and survival in mammalian organogenesis.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Sch Med, Dept Med, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Sch Med, Dept Cellular & Mol Med, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Struct Biol Program, New York, NY 10029 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Med,Div Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital
RP Li, X (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, 9500 Gilman Dr,Room 345, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
NR 50
TC 538
Z9 644
U1 0
U2 29
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 20
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6964
BP 247
EP 254
DI 10.1038/nature02083
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 744YQ
UT WOS:000186660800034
PM 14628042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wilson, AM
   Watson, JC
   Lichtwark, GA
AF Wilson, AM
   Watson, JC
   Lichtwark, GA
TI Biomechanics: A catapult action for rapid limb protraction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID horse; muscle
C1 Univ London Royal Vet Coll, Dept Vet Basic Sci, Struct & Mot Lab, Hatfield AL9 7TA, Herts, England.
   UCL, Inst Human Performance, Stanmore HA7 4LP, Middx, England.
C3 University of London; University of London Royal Veterinary College; University of London; University College London
RP Wilson, AM (corresponding author), Univ London Royal Vet Coll, Dept Vet Basic Sci, Struct & Mot Lab, Hatfield AL9 7TA, Herts, England.
EM awilson@rvc.ac.uk
NR 13
TC 121
Z9 149
U1 0
U2 81
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 2
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6918
BP 35
EP 36
DI 10.1038/421035a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 631JY
UT WOS:000180165500027
PM 12511944
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tsuda, M
   Shigemoto-Mogami, Y
   Koizumi, S
   Mizokoshi, A
   Kohsaka, S
   Salter, MW
   Inoue, K
AF Tsuda, M
   Shigemoto-Mogami, Y
   Koizumi, S
   Mizokoshi, A
   Kohsaka, S
   Salter, MW
   Inoue, K
TI P2X4 receptors induced in spinal microglia gate tactile allodynia after nerve injury
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dorsal horn neurons; atp p-2x receptors; synaptic transmission; brain; cord; rat; pain; involvement; cytokines; release
AB Pain after nerve damage is an expression of pathological operation of the nervous system 1,2, one hallmark of which is tactile allodynia-pain hypersensitivity evoked by innocuous stimuli. Effective therapy for this pain is lacking, and the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here we report that pharmacological blockade of spinal P2X(4) receptors (P2X(4)Rs)(3-7), a subtype of ionotropic ATP receptor(8), reversed tactile allodynia caused by peripheral nerve injury without affecting acute pain behaviours in naive animals. After nerve injury, P2X(4)R expression increased strikingly in the ipsilateral spinal cord, and P2X(4)Rs were induced in hyperactive microglia but not in neurons or astrocytes. Intraspinal administration of P2X(4)R antisense oligodeoxynucleotide decreased the induction of P2X(4)Rs and suppressed tactile allodynia after nerve injury. Conversely, intraspinal administration of microglia in which P2X(4)Rs had been induced and stimulated, produced tactile allodynia in naive rats. Taken together, our results demonstrate that activation of P2X(4)Rs in hyperactive microglia is necessary for tactile allodynia after nerve injury and is sufficient to produce tactile allodynia in normal animals. Thus, blocking P2X(4)Rs in microglia might be a new therapeutic strategy for pain induced by nerve injury.
C1 Natl Inst Hlth Sci, Div Biosignaling, Setagaya Ku, Tokyo 1588501, Japan.
   Hosp Sick Children, Programme Brain & Behav, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
   Natl Inst Hlth Sci, Div Pharmacol, Setagaya Ku, Tokyo 1588501, Japan.
   Kyushu Univ, Grad Sch Pharmaceut Sci, Dept Mol & Syst Pharmacol, Higashi Ku, Fukuoka 8128582, Japan.
   Natl Inst Neurosci, Dept Neurochem, Tokyo 1878502, Japan.
C3 National Institute of Health Sciences - Japan; University of Toronto; Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids); National Institute of Health Sciences - Japan; Kyushu University; National Center for Neurology & Psychiatry - Japan
RP Inoue, K (corresponding author), Natl Inst Hlth Sci, Div Biosignaling, Setagaya Ku, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Tokyo 1588501, Japan.
NR 28
TC 1261
Z9 1511
U1 3
U2 83
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 14
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6950
BP 778
EP 783
DI 10.1038/nature01786
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 711HQ
UT WOS:000184733900041
PM 12917686
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wang, H
   Yu, M
   Ochani, M
   Amella, CA
   Tanovic, M
   Susarla, S
   Li, JH
   Wang, HC
   Yang, H
   Ulloa, L
   Al-Abed, Y
   Czura, CJ
   Tracey, KJ
AF Wang, H
   Yu, M
   Ochani, M
   Amella, CA
   Tanovic, M
   Susarla, S
   Li, JH
   Wang, HC
   Yang, H
   Ulloa, L
   Al-Abed, Y
   Czura, CJ
   Tracey, KJ
TI Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α7 subunit is an essential regulator of inflammation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tumor-necrosis-factor; endotoxin lethality; mice; bungarotoxin; deficient; cachectin; cloning; calcium; shock
AB Excessive inflammation and tumour-necrosis factor (TNF) synthesis cause morbidity and mortality in diverse human diseases including endotoxaemia, sepsis, rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease(1-4). Highly conserved, endogenous mechanisms normally regulate the magnitude of innate immune responses and prevent excessive inflammation. The nervous system, through the vagus nerve, can inhibit significantly and rapidly the release of macrophage TNF, and attenuate systemic inflammatory responses(5-7). This physiological mechanism, termed the 'cholinergic anti- inflammatory pathway'(5) has major implications in immunology and in therapeutics; however, the identity of the essential macrophage acetylcholine-mediated (cholinergic) receptor that responds to vagus nerve signals was previously unknown. Here we report that the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha7 subunit is required for acetylcholine inhibition of macrophage TNF release. Electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve inhibits TNF synthesis in wild-type mice, but fails to inhibit TNF synthesis in alpha7-deficient mice. Thus, the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha7 subunit is essential for inhibiting cytokine synthesis by the cholinergic anti- inflammatory pathway.
C1 N Shore Long Isl Jewish Res Inst, Lab Biomed Sci, Manhasset, NY 11030 USA.
   N Shore Long Isl Jewish Res Inst, Med Chem Lab, Manhasset, NY 11030 USA.
C3 Northwell Health; Northwell Health
RP Tracey, KJ (corresponding author), N Shore Long Isl Jewish Res Inst, Lab Biomed Sci, 350 Community Dr, Manhasset, NY 11030 USA.
NR 27
TC 2679
Z9 3233
U1 4
U2 256
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 23
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6921
BP 384
EP 388
DI 10.1038/nature01339
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 637UW
UT WOS:000180533000045
PM 12508119
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Drinkwater, MJ
   Gregg, MD
   Hilker, M
   Bekki, K
   Couch, WJ
   Ferguson, HC
   Jones, JB
   Phillipps, S
AF Drinkwater, MJ
   Gregg, MD
   Hilker, M
   Bekki, K
   Couch, WJ
   Ferguson, HC
   Jones, JB
   Phillipps, S
TI A class of compact dwarf galaxies from disruptive processes in galaxy clusters
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID massive star-clusters; fornax cluster; globular-clusters; virgo cluster; elliptic galaxy; stellar-systems; space-telescope; omega-centauri; dynamics; light
AB Dwarf galaxies have attracted increased attention in recent years, because of their susceptibility to galaxy transformation processes within rich galaxy clusters(1-3). Direct evidence for these processes, however, has been difficult to obtain, with a small number of diffuse light trails(4) and intra-cluster stars(5,6) being the only signs of galaxy disruption. Furthermore, our current knowledge of dwarf galaxy populations may be very incomplete, because traditional galaxy surveys are insensitive to extremely diffuse or compact galaxies(7). Aware of these concerns, we recently undertook an all-object survey of the Fornax galaxy cluster(8). This revealed a new population of compact members(9,10), overlooked in previous conventional surveys. Here we demonstrate that these 'ultra-compact' dwarf galaxies are structurally and dynamically distinct from both globular star clusters and known types of dwarf galaxy, and thus represent a new class of dwarf galaxy. Our data are consistent with the interpretation that these are the remnant nuclei of disrupted dwarf galaxies, making them an easily observed tracer of galaxy disruption.
C1 Univ Queensland, Dept Phys, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.
   Univ Calif Davis, Dept Phys, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
   Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Livermore, CA 94550 USA.
   Univ Bonn, Sternwarte, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
   Univ New S Wales, Sch Phys, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
   Space Telescope Sci Inst, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
   Univ Nottingham, Sch Phys & Astron, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England.
   Univ Bristol, Dept Phys, Astrophys Grp, Bristol BS8 1TL, Avon, England.
C3 University of Queensland; University of California System; University of California Davis; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; University of Bonn; University of New South Wales Sydney; Space Telescope Science Institute; University of Nottingham; University of Bristol
RP Drinkwater, MJ (corresponding author), Univ Queensland, Dept Phys, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.
NR 28
TC 241
Z9 250
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 29
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6939
BP 519
EP 521
DI 10.1038/nature01666
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 683RH
UT WOS:000183162900037
PM 12774116
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kerner, M
   Hohenberg, H
   Ertl, S
   Reckermann, M
   Spitzy, A
AF Kerner, M
   Hohenberg, H
   Ertl, S
   Reckermann, M
   Spitzy, A
TI Self-organization of dissolved organic matter to micelle-like microparticles in river water
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID particles; colloids; carbon; acid
AB In aquatic systems, the concept of the 'microbial loop' is invoked to describe the conversion of dissolved organic matter to particulate organic matter by bacteria(1). This process mediates the transfer of energy and matter from dissolved organic matter to higher trophic levels, and therefore controls (together with primary production) the productivity of aquatic systems. Here we report experiments on laboratory incubations of sterile filtered river water in which we find that up to 25% of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) aggregates abiotically to particles of diameter 0.4-0.8 micrometres, at rates similar to bacterial growth. Diffusion drives aggregation of low- to high-molecular-mass DOC and further to larger micelle-like microparticles. The chemical composition of these microparticles suggests their potential use as food by planktonic bacterivores. This pathway is apparent from differences in the stable carbon isotope compositions of picoplankton and the microparticles. A large fraction of dissolved organic matter might therefore be channelled through microparticles directly to higher trophic levels-bypassing the microbial loop-suggesting that current concepts of carbon conversion in aquatic systems require revision.
C1 Univ Hamburg, Inst Hydrobiol & Fishery Sci, D-22765 Hamburg, Germany.
   Univ Hamburg, Heinrich Pette Inst Expt Virol & Immunol, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany.
   Univ Hamburg, Inst Biogeochem & Marine Chem, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany.
   Univ Kiel, Res & Technol Ctr Westcoast, D-25761 Busum, Hafentorn, Germany.
C3 University of Hamburg; University of Hamburg; Heinrich Pette Institute; University of Hamburg; University of Kiel
RP Kerner, M (corresponding author), Univ Hamburg, Inst Hydrobiol & Fishery Sci, Zeiseweg 9, D-22765 Hamburg, Germany.
NR 25
TC 137
Z9 166
U1 1
U2 124
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 13
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6928
BP 150
EP 154
DI 10.1038/nature01469
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 654HG
UT WOS:000181488900041
PM 12634782
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tian, D
   Traw, MB
   Chen, JQ
   Kreitman, M
   Bergelson, J
AF Tian, D
   Traw, MB
   Chen, JQ
   Kreitman, M
   Bergelson, J
TI Fitness costs of R-gene-mediated resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nucleotide-binding site; disease-resistance; pseudomonas-syringae; defense responses; natural-selection; plant-resistance; pathogens; rps2; polymorphism; specificity
AB Resistance genes (R-genes) act as an immune system in plants by recognizing pathogens and inducing defensive pathways. Many R-gene loci are present in plant genomes, presumably reflecting the need to maintain a large repertoire of resistance alleles. These loci also often segregate for resistance and susceptibility alleles that natural selection has maintained as polymorphisms within a species for millions of years(1-5). Given the obvious advantage to an individual of being disease resistant, what prevents these resistance alleles from being driven to fixation by natural selection? A cost of resistance(6) is one potential explanation; most models require a lower fitness of resistant individuals in the absence of pathogens for long-term persistence of susceptibility alleles(7). Here we test for the presence of a cost of resistance at the RPM1 locus of Arabidopsis thaliana. Results of a field experiment comparing the fitness of isogenic strains that differ in the presence or absence of RPM1 and its natural promoter reveal a large cost of RPM1, providing the first evidence that costs contribute to the maintenance of an ancient R-gene polymorphism.
C1 Univ Chicago, Dept Ecol & Evolut, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Nanjing Univ, Dept Biol, Nanjing 210093, Peoples R China.
C3 University of Chicago; Nanjing University
RP Bergelson, J (corresponding author), Univ Chicago, Dept Ecol & Evolut, 1101 E 57th St, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
EM jbergels@midway.uchicago.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM057994, R01 GM062504] Funding Source: Medline
NR 36
TC 637
Z9 727
U1 3
U2 170
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 1
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6935
BP 74
EP 77
DI 10.1038/nature01588
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 673CG
UT WOS:000182561600041
PM 12721627
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tzallas, P
   Charalambidis, D
   Papadogiannis, NA
   Witte, K
   Tsakiris, GD
AF Tzallas, P
   Charalambidis, D
   Papadogiannis, NA
   Witte, K
   Tsakiris, GD
TI Direct observation of attosecond light bunching
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-harmonic generation; pulse generation; autocorrelator
AB Temporal probing of a number of fundamental dynamical processes requires intense pulses at femtosecond or even attosecond (1 as = 10(-18) s) timescales. A frequency 'comb' of extreme-ultra-violet odd harmonics can easily be generated in the interaction of subpicosecond laser pulses with rare gases: if the spectral components within this comb possess an appropriate phase relationship to one another, their Fourier synthesis results in an attosecond pulse train(1,2). Laser pulses spanning many optical cycles have been used for the production of such light bunching(3,4), but in the limit of few-cycle pulses the same process produces isolated attosecond bursts(5,6). If these bursts are intense enough to induce a nonlinear process in a target system(7-9), they can be used for subfemtosecond pump-probe studies of ultrafast processes. To date, all methods for the quantitative investigation of attosecond light localization(4,6,10) and ultrafast dynamics(11) rely on modelling of the cross-correlation process between the extreme-ultraviolet pulses and the fundamental laser field used in their generation. Here we report the direct determination of the temporal characteristics of pulses in the subfemtosecond regime, by measuring the second-order autocorrelation trace of a train of attosecond pulses. The method exhibits distinct capabilities for the characterization and utilization of attosecond pulses for a host of applications in attoscience.
C1 Max Planck Inst Quantum Opt, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
   Inst Elect Struct & Laser, Fdn Res & Technol Hellas, GR-71110 Iraklion, Crete, Greece.
   Univ Crete, Dept Phys, GR-71003 Voutes Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
C3 Max Planck Society; Foundation for Research & Technology - Hellas (FORTH); University of Crete
RP Tsakiris, GD (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Quantum Opt, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
EM george.tsakiris@mpq.mpg.de
NR 30
TC 338
Z9 362
U1 1
U2 93
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 20
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6964
BP 267
EP 271
DI 10.1038/nature02091
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 744YQ
UT WOS:000186660800038
PM 14628046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Walther, TC
   Askjaer, P
   Gentzel, M
   Habermann, A
   Griffiths, G
   Wilm, M
   Mattaj, IW
   Hetzer, M
AF Walther, TC
   Askjaer, P
   Gentzel, M
   Habermann, A
   Griffiths, G
   Wilm, M
   Mattaj, IW
   Hetzer, M
TI RanGTP mediates nuclear pore complex assembly
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID importin-beta; gtpase cycle; chromatin; subcomplex; proteins; yeast
AB In metazoa, the nuclear envelope breaks down and reforms during each cell cycle. Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs), which serve as channels for transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm(1), assemble into the reforming nuclear envelope in a sequential process involving association of a subset of NPC proteins, nucleoporins, with chromatin followed by the formation of a closed nuclear envelope fenestrated by NPCs2-7. How chromatin recruitment of nucleoporins and NPC assembly are regulated is unknown. Here we demonstrate that RanGTP production is required to dissociate nucleoporins Nup107, Nup153 and Nup358 from Importin beta, to target them to chromatin and to induce association between separate NPC subcomplexes. Additionally, either an excess of RanGTP or removal of Importin beta induces formation of NPC-containing membrane structures-annulate lamellae-both in vitro in the absence of chromatin and in vivo. Annulate lamellae formation is strongly and specifically inhibited by an excess of Importin beta. The data demonstrate that RanGTP triggers distinct steps of NPC assembly, and suggest a mechanism for the spatial restriction of NPC assembly to the surface of chromatin.
C1 European Mol Biol Lab, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
C3 European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)
RP Mattaj, IW (corresponding author), European Mol Biol Lab, Meyerhofstr 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
NR 30
TC 189
Z9 225
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 7
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6949
BP 689
EP 694
DI 10.1038/nature01898
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 708QE
UT WOS:000184578800049
PM 12894213
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sullivan, MB
   Waterbury, JB
   Chisholm, SW
AF Sullivan, MB
   Waterbury, JB
   Chisholm, SW
TI Cyanophages infecting the oceanic cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID marine synechococcus; sargasso sea; diversity; abundance; bacteriophage; ecotypes; ecology; virus; wh7803; phages
AB Prochlorococcus is the numerically dominant phototroph in the tropical and subtropical oceans, accounting for half of the photosynthetic biomass in some areas(1,2). Here we report the isolation of cyanophages that infect Prochlorococcus, and show that although some are host-strain-specific, others cross-infect with closely related marine Synechococcus as well as between high-light-and low-light-adapted Prochlorococcus isolates, suggesting a mechanism for horizontal gene transfer. Highlight-adapted Prochlorococcus hosts yielded Podoviridae exclusively, which were extremely host-specific, whereas low-light-adapted Prochlorococcus and all strains of Synechococcus yielded primarily Myoviridae, which has a broad host range. Finally, both Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus strain-specific cyanophage titres were low (< 10(3) ml(-1)) in stratified oligotrophic waters even where total cyanobacterial abundances were high (> 10(5) cells ml(-1)). These low titres in areas of high total host cell abundance seem to be a feature of open ocean ecosystems. We hypothesize that gradients in cyanobacterial population diversity, growth rates, and/or the incidence of lysogeny underlie these trends.
C1 MIT, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Joint Program Biol Oceanog, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Biol, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
RP Chisholm, SW (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
NR 29
TC 424
Z9 513
U1 1
U2 113
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 28
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6952
BP 1047
EP 1051
DI 10.1038/nature01929
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 715QR
UT WOS:000184984200041
PM 12944965
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Eremtchenko, M
   Schaefer, JA
   Tautz, FS
AF Eremtchenko, M
   Schaefer, JA
   Tautz, FS
TI Understanding and tuning the epitaxy of large aromatic adsorbates by molecular design
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thin-film transistors; organic semiconductor; quasiepitaxial growth; dianhydride; monolayers; interfaces; transport; surfaces; diodes
AB If the rich functionality of organic molecules is to be exploited in devices such as light-emitting diodes or field-effect transistors(1-7), interface properties of organic materials with various (metallic and insulating) substrates must be tailored carefully(7-10). In many cases, this calls for well-ordered interfaces. Organic epitaxy(11-13) that is, the growth of molecular films with a commensurate structural relationship to their crystalline substrates-relies on successful recognition of preferred epitaxial sites. For some large pi-conjugated molecules ('molecular platelets') this works surprisingly well(14,15), even if the substrate exhibits no template structure into which the molecules can lock(13, 15,16). Here we present an explanation for site recognition in non-templated organic epitaxy, and thus resolve a long-standing puzzle(11).We propose that this form of site recognition relies on the existence of a local molecular reaction centre in the extended pi-electron system of the molecule. Its activity can be controlled by appropriate side groups and-in a certain regime-may also be probed by molecularly sensitized scanning tunnelling microscopy. Our results open the possibility of engineering epitaxial interfaces, as well as other interfacial nanostructures for which specific site recognition is essential.
C1 Int Univ Bremen, Sch Sci & Engn, D-28725 Bremen, Germany.
   Tech Univ Ilmenau, Inst Phys, D-98684 Ilmenau, Germany.
   Tech Univ Ilmenau, Zentrum Mikro & Nanotechnol, D-98684 Ilmenau, Germany.
C3 Constructor University; Technische Universitat Ilmenau; Technische Universitat Ilmenau
RP Tautz, FS (corresponding author), Int Univ Bremen, Sch Sci & Engn, POB 750561, D-28725 Bremen, Germany.
NR 30
TC 225
Z9 241
U1 0
U2 78
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 9
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6958
BP 602
EP 605
DI 10.1038/nature01901
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 729XU
UT WOS:000185801000032
PM 14534582
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Forkey, JN
   Quinlan, ME
   Shaw, MA
   Corrie, JET
   Goldman, YE
AF Forkey, JN
   Quinlan, ME
   Shaw, MA
   Corrie, JET
   Goldman, YE
TI Three-dimensional structural dynamics of myosin V by single-molecule fluorescence polarization
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID muscle-contraction; kinetic mechanism; actin; motor; fluorophore; kinesin; microscopy; rotation; purification; proteins
AB The structural change that generates force and motion in actomyosin motility has been proposed to be tilting of the myosin light chain domain, which serves as a lever arm. Several experimental approaches have provided support for the lever arm hypothesis; however, the extent and timing of tilting motions are not well defined in the motor protein complex of functioning actomyosin. Here we report three-dimensional measurements of the structural dynamics of the light chain domain of brain myosin V using a single-molecule fluorescence polarization technique that determines the orientation of individual protein domains with 20-40-ms time resolution. Single fluorescent calmodulin light chains tilted back and forth between two well-defined angles as the myosin molecule processively translocated along actin. The results provide evidence for lever arm rotation of the calmodulin-binding domain in myosin V, and support a 'hand-over-hand' mechanism for the translocation of double-headed myosin V molecules along actin filaments. The technique is applicable to the study of real-time structural changes in other biological systems.
C1 Univ Penn, Penn Muscle Inst, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Natl Inst Med Res, London NW7 1AA, England.
C3 University of Pennsylvania; MRC National Institute for Medical Research
RP Goldman, YE (corresponding author), Univ Penn, Penn Muscle Inst, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
NR 44
TC 382
Z9 444
U1 2
U2 79
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 27
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6930
BP 399
EP 404
DI 10.1038/nature01529
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 659WV
UT WOS:000181801200036
PM 12660775
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sakaguchi, N
   Takahashi, T
   Hata, H
   Nomura, T
   Tagami, T
   Yamazaki, S
   Sakihama, T
   Matsurtani, T
   Negishi, I
   Nakatsuru, S
   Sakaguchi, S
AF Sakaguchi, N
   Takahashi, T
   Hata, H
   Nomura, T
   Tagami, T
   Yamazaki, S
   Sakihama, T
   Matsurtani, T
   Negishi, I
   Nakatsuru, S
   Sakaguchi, S
TI Altered thymic T-cell selection due to a mutation of the ZAP-70 gene causes autoimmune arthritis in mice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID immunological self-tolerance; systemic-lupus-erythematosus; tcr-zeta-chain; rheumatoid-arthritis; tyrosine kinase; transgenic mice; receptor; disease; thymocytes; antigen
AB Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), which afflicts about 1% of the world population, is a chronic systemic inflammatory disease of unknown aetiology that primarily affects the synovial membranes of multiple joints(1-3). Although CD4+ T cells seem to be the prime mediators of RA, it remains unclear how arthritogenic CD4(+) T cells are generated and activated(1-3). Given that highly self-reactive T-cell clones are deleted during normal T-cell development in the thymus, abnormality in T-cell selection has been suspected as one cause of autoimmune disease(4,5). Here we show that a spontaneous point mutation of the gene encoding an SH2 domain of ZAP-70, a key signal transduction molecule in T cells(6), causes chronic autoimmune arthritis in mice that resembles human RA in many aspects. Altered signal transduction from T-cell antigen receptor through the aberrant ZAP-70 changes the thresholds of T cells to thymic selection, leading to the positive selection of otherwise negatively selected autoimmune T cells. Thymic production of arthritogenic T cells due to a genetically determined selection shift of the T-cell repertoire towards high self-reactivity might also be crucial to the development of disease in a subset of patients with RA.
C1 Kyoto Univ, Inst Frontier Med Sci, Dept Expt Pathol, Kyoto 6068507, Japan.
   RIKEN, Immunopathol Lab, Res Ctr Allergy & Immunol, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2300045, Japan.
   Shionogi Inst Med Sci, Dept Immunol, Osaka 5660022, Japan.
   Gunma Univ Hosp, Dept Dermatol, Maebashi, Gumma 3718511, Japan.
C3 Kyoto University; RIKEN; Shionogi & Company Limited; Gunma University
RP Sakaguchi, S (corresponding author), Kyoto Univ, Inst Frontier Med Sci, Dept Expt Pathol, Kyoto 6068507, Japan.
NR 30
TC 689
Z9 824
U1 1
U2 26
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 27
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6965
BP 454
EP 460
DI 10.1038/nature02119
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 747JE
UT WOS:000186800800041
PM 14647385
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Unwin, DM
AF Unwin, DM
TI Palaeontology - Smart-winged pterosaurs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Humboldt Univ, Museum Nat Kunde, D-10115 Berlin, Germany.
C3 Leibniz Institut fur Evolutions und Biodiversitatsforschung; Humboldt University of Berlin
RP Unwin, DM (corresponding author), Humboldt Univ, Museum Nat Kunde, Invalidenstr 43, D-10115 Berlin, Germany.
NR 13
TC 2
Z9 2
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 30
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6961
BP 910
EP 911
DI 10.1038/425910b
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 737KY
UT WOS:000186230600026
PM 14586453
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jones, JM
   Datta, P
   Srinivasula, SM
   Ji, WZ
   Gupta, S
   Zhang, ZJ
   Davies, E
   Hajnóczky, G
   Saunders, TL
   Van Keuren, ML
   Fernandes-Alnemri, T
   Meisler, MH
   Alnemri, ES
AF Jones, JM
   Datta, P
   Srinivasula, SM
   Ji, WZ
   Gupta, S
   Zhang, ZJ
   Davies, E
   Hajnóczky, G
   Saunders, TL
   Van Keuren, ML
   Fernandes-Alnemri, T
   Meisler, MH
   Alnemri, ES
TI Loss of Omi mitochondrial protease activity causes the neuromuscular disorder of mnd2 mutant mice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID apoptosis-inducing factor; serine-protease; regulates apoptosis; caspase activity; chromosome 2p13; cell-death; inhibitor; omi/htra2; sequence; xiap
AB The mouse mutant mnd2 (motor neuron degeneration 2) exhibits muscle wasting, neurodegeneration, involution of the spleen and thymus, and death by 40 days of age(1,2). Degeneration of striatal neurons, with astrogliosis and microglia activation, begins at around 3 weeks of age, and other neurons are affected at later stages'. Here we have identified the mnd2 mutation as the missense mutation Ser276Cys in the protease domain of the nuclear-encoded mitochondrial serine protease Omi (also known as HtrA2 or Prss25). Protease activity of Omi is greatly reduced in tissues of mnd2 mice but is restored in mice rescued by a bacterial artificial chromosome transgene containing the wildtype Omi gene. Deletion of the PDZ domain partially restores protease activity to the inactive recombinant Omi protein carrying the Ser276Cys mutation, suggesting that the mutation impairs substrate access or binding to the active site pocket. Loss of Omi protease activity increases the susceptibility of mitochondria to induction of the permeability transition, and increases the sensitivity of mouse embryonic fibroblasts to stress-induced cell death. The neurodegeneration and juvenile lethality in mnd2 mice result from this defect in mitochondrial Omi protease.
C1 Thomas Jefferson Univ Hosp, Ctr Apoptosis Res, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA.
   Thomas Jefferson Univ Hosp, Kimmel Canc Inst, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA.
   Thomas Jefferson Univ Hosp, Dept Pathol & Cell Biol, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Dept Human Genet, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Dept Internal Med, Div Med & Mol Genet, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Biomed Res Core Facil, Transgen Anim Model Core, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
C3 Thomas Jefferson University; Thomas Jefferson University; Thomas Jefferson University; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
RP Alnemri, ES (corresponding author), Thomas Jefferson Univ Hosp, Ctr Apoptosis Res, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA.
NR 29
TC 315
Z9 364
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 16
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6959
BP 721
EP 727
DI 10.1038/nature02052
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 732DA
UT WOS:000185924500043
PM 14534547
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jones, JH
   Handcock, MS
AF Jones, JH
   Handcock, MS
TI Sexual contacts and epidemic thresholds
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID partnerships
C1 Univ Washington, Ctr Stat & Social Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Washington, Ctr AIDS & Sexually Transmitted Dis, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Jones, JH (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Ctr Stat & Social Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
EM jameshj@stat.washington.edu
NR 13
TC 62
Z9 80
U1 1
U2 13
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 5
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6940
BP 605
EP 606
DI 10.1038/423605a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 686BT
UT WOS:000183301200030
PM 12789329
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yamamoto, Y
   Verma, UN
   Prajapati, S
   Kwak, YT
   Gaynor, RB
AF Yamamoto, Y
   Verma, UN
   Prajapati, S
   Kwak, YT
   Gaynor, RB
TI Histone H3 phosphorylation by IKK-α is critical for cytokine-induced gene expression
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nf-kappa-b; kinase complex; mice lacking; p65 subunit; activation; proteins; cbp/p300; growth; acetylation; pathway
AB Cytokine-induced activation of the IkappaB kinases (IKK) IKK-alpha and IKK-beta is a key step involved in the activation of the NF-kappaB pathway(1-4). Gene-disruption studies of the murine IKK genes have shown that IKK-beta, but not IKK-alpha, is critical for cytokine-induced IkappaB degradation(5-7). Nevertheless, mouse embryo fibroblasts deficient in IKK- a are defective in the induction of NF-kappaB-dependent transcription(7-9). These observations raised the question of whether IKK-alpha might regulate a previously undescribed step to activate the NF-kappaB pathway that is independent of its previously described cytoplasmic role in the phosphorylation of IkappaBalpha. Here we show that IKK-alpha functions in the nucleus to activate the expression of NF-kappaB-responsive genes after stimulation with cytokines. IKK-alpha interacts with CREB-binding protein and in conjunction with Rel A is recruited to NF-kappaB-responsive promoters and mediates the cytokine-induced phosphorylation and subsequent acetylation of specific residues in histone H3. These results define a new nuclear role of IKK-alpha in modifying histone function that is critical for the activation of NF-kappaB-directed gene expression.
C1 Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Harold Simmons Canc Ctr, Dept Med,Div Hematol Oncol, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
RP Gaynor, RB (corresponding author), Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Harold Simmons Canc Ctr, Dept Med,Div Hematol Oncol, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
NR 29
TC 514
Z9 599
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 5
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6940
BP 655
EP 659
DI 10.1038/nature01576
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 686BT
UT WOS:000183301200044
PM 12789342
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Michael, PJ
   Langmuir, CH
   Dick, HJB
   Snow, JE
   Goldstein, SL
   Graham, DW
   Lehnert, K
   Kurras, G
   Jokat, W
   Mühe, R
   Edmonds, HN
AF Michael, PJ
   Langmuir, CH
   Dick, HJB
   Snow, JE
   Goldstein, SL
   Graham, DW
   Lehnert, K
   Kurras, G
   Jokat, W
   Mühe, R
   Edmonds, HN
TI Magmatic and amagmatic seafloor generation at the ultraslow-spreading Gakkel ridge, Arctic Ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mid-atlantic ridge; east pacific rise; crustal thickness; volcanic activity; midocean ridges; mantle; morb; geochemistry; chemistry; isotope
AB A high-resolution mapping and sampling study of the Gakkel ridge was accomplished during an international ice-breaker expedition to the high Arctic and North Pole in summer 2001. For this slowest-spreading endmember of the global mid-ocean-ridge system, predictions were that magmatism should progressively diminish as the spreading rate decreases along the ridge, and that hydrothermal activity should be rare. Instead, it was found that magmatic variations are irregular, and that hydrothermal activity is abundant. A 300-kilometre-long central amagmatic zone, where mantle peridotites are emplaced directly in the ridge axis, lies between abundant, continuous volcanism in the west, and large, widely spaced volcanic centres in the east. These observations demonstrate that the extent of mantle melting is not a simple function of spreading rate: mantle temperatures at depth or mantle chemistry ( or both) must vary significantly along-axis. Highly punctuated volcanism in the absence of ridge offsets suggests that first-order ridge segmentation is controlled by mantle processes of melting and melt segregation. The strong focusing of magmatic activity coupled with faulting may account for the unexpectedly high levels of hydrothermal activity observed.
C1 Univ Tulsa, Dept Geosci, Tulsa, OK 74104 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Marine Geol & Geophys, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
   Max Planck Inst Chem, D-55020 Mainz, Germany.
   Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
   Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.
   Univ Hawaii, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, D-27568 Bremerhaven, Germany.
   Univ Kiel, Inst Geosci, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.
   Univ Texas, Inst Marine Sci, Port Aransas, TX 78373 USA.
C3 University of Tulsa; Harvard University; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Max Planck Society; Columbia University; Oregon State University; University of Hawaii System; Helmholtz Association; Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar & Marine Research; University of Kiel; University of Texas System
RP Michael, PJ (corresponding author), Univ Tulsa, Dept Geosci, 600 Coll Ave, Tulsa, OK 74104 USA.
NR 49
TC 380
Z9 422
U1 1
U2 87
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 26
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6943
BP 956
EP U1
DI 10.1038/nature01704
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 694BL
UT WOS:000183753900041
PM 12827193
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Goldberg, M
   Stucki, M
   Falck, J
   D'Amours, D
   Rahman, D
   Pappin, D
   Bartek, J
   Jackson, SP
AF Goldberg, M
   Stucki, M
   Falck, J
   D'Amours, D
   Rahman, D
   Pappin, D
   Bartek, J
   Jackson, SP
TI MDC1 is required for the intra-S-phase DNA damage checkpoint
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nijmegen breakage syndrome; double-strand breaks; ataxia-telangiectasia; cellular-response; histone h2ax; nuclear foci; repair; gene; atm; disorders
AB MRE11, RAD50 and NBS1 form a highly conserved protein complex (the MRE11 complex) that is involved in the detection, signalling and repair of DNA damage(1). We identify MDC1 (KIAA0170/NFBD1), a protein that contains a forkhead-associated (FHA) domain and two BRCA1 carboxy-terminal (BRCT) domains, as a binding partner for the MRE11 complex. We show that, in response to ionizing radiation, MDC1 is hyperphosphorylated in an ATM-dependent manner, and rapidly relocalizes to nuclear foci that also contain the MRE11 complex, phosphorylated histone H2AX and 53BP1. Downregulation of MDC1 expression by small interfering RNA yields a radioresistant DNA synthesis (RDS) phenotype and prevents ionizing radiation-induced focus formation by the MRE11 complex. However, downregulation of MDC1 does not abolish the ionizing radiation-induced phosphorylation of NBS1, CHK2 and SMC1, or the degradation of CDC25A. Furthermore, we show that overexpression of the MDC1 FHA domain interferes with focus formation by MDC1 itself and by the MRE11 complex, and induces an RDS phenotype. These findings reveal that MDC1-mediated focus formation by the MRE11 complex at sites of DNA damage is crucial for the efficient activation of the intra-S-phase checkpoint.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Wellcome Trust Canc Res UK Inst Canc & Dev Biol, Cambridge CB2 1QR, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Cambridge CB2 1QR, England.
   Danish Canc Soc, Inst Canc Biol, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
   Imperial Coll Sch Med, Dept Proteom, London W12 0NN, England.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of Cambridge; Danish Cancer Society; Imperial College London
RP Jackson, SP (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Wellcome Trust Canc Res UK Inst Canc & Dev Biol, Cambridge CB2 1QR, England.
NR 30
TC 420
Z9 501
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 27
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6926
BP 952
EP 956
DI 10.1038/nature01445
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 649BK
UT WOS:000181186900051
PM 12607003
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bergthorsson, U
   Adams, KL
   Thomason, B
   Palmer, JD
AF Bergthorsson, U
   Adams, KL
   Thomason, B
   Palmer, JD
TI Widespread horizontal transfer of mitochondrial genes in flowering plants
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phylogenetic analyses; lateral transfer; evolution; nucleus; prokaryotes; angiosperms; invasion; diverse; rates
AB Horizontal gene transfer - the exchange of genes across mating barriers - is recognized as a major force in bacterial evolution(1,2). However, in eukaryotes it is prevalent only in certain phagotrophic protists and limited largely to the ancient acquisition of bacterial genes(3-5). Although the human genome was initially reported(6) to contain over 100 genes acquired during vertebrate evolution from bacteria, this claim was immediately and repeatedly rebutted(7,8). Moreover, horizontal transfer is unknown within the evolution of animals, plants and fungi except in the special context of mobile genetic elements(9-12). Here we show, however, that standard mitochondrial genes, encoding ribosomal and respiratory proteins, are subject to evolutionarily frequent horizontal transfer between distantly related flowering plants. These transfers have created a variety of genomic outcomes, including gene duplication, recapture of genes lost through transfer to the nucleus, and chimaeric, half-monocot, half-dicot genes. These results imply the existence of mechanisms for the delivery of DNA between unrelated plants, indicate that horizontal transfer is also a force in plant nuclear genomes, and are discussed in the contexts of plant molecular phylogeny and genetically modified plants.
C1 Indiana Univ, Dept Biol, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA.
   Iowa State Univ, Dept Bot, Ames, IA 50011 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
C3 Indiana University System; Indiana University Bloomington; Iowa State University; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
RP Palmer, JD (corresponding author), Indiana Univ, Dept Biol, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA.
EM jpalmer@bio.indiana.edu
NR 30
TC 406
Z9 459
U1 1
U2 106
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 10
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6945
BP 197
EP 201
DI 10.1038/nature01743
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 699AA
UT WOS:000184032700043
PM 12853958
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Huang, Y
   Unni, AK
   Thadani, AN
   Rawal, VH
AF Huang, Y
   Unni, AK
   Thadani, AN
   Rawal, VH
TI Hydrogen bonding: Single enantiomers from a chiral-alcohol catalyst
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID diels-alder reactions
C1 Univ Chicago, Dept Chem, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
C3 University of Chicago
RP Huang, Y (corresponding author), Univ Chicago, Dept Chem, 5735 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
EM vrawal@uchicago.edu
NR 10
TC 415
Z9 492
U1 1
U2 108
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 10
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6945
BP 146
EP 146
DI 10.1038/424146a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 699AA
UT WOS:000184032700030
PM 12853945
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Day, M
   Langston, R
   Morris, RGM
AF Day, M
   Langston, R
   Morris, RGM
TI Glutamate-receptor-mediated encoding and retrieval of paired-associate learning
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hippocampal circuitry; synaptic plasticity; place cells; memory; potentiation; transmission; impairment; experience; sequences; amnesia
AB Paired-associate learning is often used to examine episodic memory in humans(1). Animal models include the recall of food-cache locations by scrub jays(2) and sequential memory(3,4). Here we report a model in which rats encode, during successive sample trials, two paired associates ( flavours of food and their spatial locations) and display better-than-chance recall of one item when cued by the other. In a first study, pairings of a particular foodstuff and its location were never repeated, so ensuring unique 'what-where' attributes. Blocking N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in the hippocampus - crucial for the induction of certain forms of activity-dependent synaptic plasticity(5,6) impaired memory encoding but had no effect on recall. Inactivating hippocampal neural activity by blocking alpha-amino-3-hydroxy- 5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid ( AMPA) receptors impaired both encoding and recall. In a second study, two paired associates were trained repeatedly over 8 weeks in new pairs, but blocking of hippocampal AMPA receptors did not affect their recall. Thus we conclude that unique what - where paired associates depend on encoding and retrieval within a hippocampal memory space(7,8), with consolidation of the memory traces representing repeated paired associates in circuits elsewhere.
C1 Univ Edinburgh, Div Neurosci, Cognit Neurosci Lab, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Univ Edinburgh, Ctr Neurosci, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, Midlothian, Scotland.
C3 University of Edinburgh; University of Edinburgh
RP Morris, RGM (corresponding author), Univ Edinburgh, Div Neurosci, Cognit Neurosci Lab, 1 George Sq, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, Midlothian, Scotland.
EM r.g.m.morris@ed.ac.uk
NR 25
TC 209
Z9 246
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 10
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6945
BP 205
EP 209
DI 10.1038/nature01769
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 699AA
UT WOS:000184032700045
PM 12853960
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jiang, GQ
   Kennedy, MJ
   Christie-Blick, N
AF Jiang, GQ
   Kennedy, MJ
   Christie-Blick, N
TI Stable isotopic evidence for methane seeps in Neoproterozoic postglacial cap carbonates
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gas hydrate; excursions; deposits; precipitation; dissociation; record
AB The Earth's most severe glaciations are thought to have occurred about 600 million years ago, in the late Neoproterozoic era(1,2). A puzzling feature of glacial deposits from this interval is that they are overlain by 1-5-m-thick 'cap carbonates' (particulate deepwater marine carbonate rocks) associated with a prominent negative carbon isotope excursion(3-8). Cap carbonates have been controversially ascribed to the aftermath of almost complete shutdown of the ocean ecosystems for millions of years during such ice ages - the 'snowball Earth' hypothesis(4,5). Conversely, it has also been suggested that these carbonate rocks were the result of destabilization of methane hydrates during deglaciation and concomitant flooding of continental shelves and interior basins(3). The most compelling criticism of the latter 'methane hydrate' hypothesis has been the apparent lack of extreme isotopic variation in cap carbonates inferred locally to be associated with methane seeps. Here we report carbon isotopic and petrographic data from a Neoproterozoic postglacial cap carbonate in south China that provide direct evidence for methane-influenced processes during deglaciation. This evidence lends strong support to the hypothesis that methane hydrate destabilization contributed to the enigmatic cap carbonate deposition and strongly negative carbon isotopic anomalies following Neoproterozoic ice ages. This explanation requires less extreme environmental disturbance than that implied by the snowball Earth hypothesis(4,5).
C1 Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Earth Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Riverside; Columbia University; Columbia University
RP Jiang, GQ (corresponding author), Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Earth Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA.
EM ganqing@mail.ucr.edu
NR 26
TC 360
Z9 477
U1 5
U2 128
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 18
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6968
BP 822
EP 826
DI 10.1038/nature02201
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 754QM
UT WOS:000187342000053
PM 14685234
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Solomon, P
   Bout, PV
   Carilli, C
   Guelin, M
AF Solomon, P
   Bout, PV
   Carilli, C
   Guelin, M
TI The essential signature of a massive starburst in a distant quasar
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cloverleaf quasar; ultraluminous galaxy; infrared galaxy; redshift; emission; disk; gas
AB Observations of carbon monoxide emission in high- redshift ( z > 2) galaxies indicate the presence of large amounts of molecular gas. Many of these galaxies contain an active galactic nucleus powered by accretion of gas onto a supermassive black hole, and a key question is whether their extremely high infrared luminosities result from the active galactic nucleus, from bursts of massive star formation ( associated with the molecular gas), or both. In the Milky Way, high- mass stars form in the dense cores of interstellar molecular clouds, where gas densities are n(H-2) > 10(5) cm(-3) ( refs 1, 2). Recent surveys show that virtually all galactic sites of high- mass star formation have similarly high densities(3). The bulk of the cloud material traced by CO observations, however, is at a much lower density. For galaxies in the local Universe, the HCN molecule is an effective tracer of highdensity molecular gas(4). Here we report observations of HCN emission from the infrared- luminous ' Cloverleaf ' quasar ( at a redshift z = 2.5579). The HCN line luminosity indicates the presence of 10 billion solar masses of very dense gas, an essential feature of an immense starburst, which contributes, together with the active galactic nucleus it harbours, to its high infrared luminosity.
C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Phys & Astron, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
   Natl Radio Astron Observ, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA.
   Natl Radio Astron Observ, Socorro, NM 87801 USA.
   Inst Radioastron Millimetr, F-38406 St Martin Dheres, France.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University; National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO); National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO)
RP Solomon, P (corresponding author), SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Phys & Astron, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
NR 14
TC 80
Z9 84
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 11
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6967
BP 636
EP 638
DI 10.1038/nature02149
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 752DY
UT WOS:000187132800033
PM 14668856
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tromans, A
AF Tromans, A
TI Physiology - Foreman in the bone factory
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 1
TC 1
Z9 1
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 30
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6961
BP 909
EP 909
DI 10.1038/425909a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 737KY
UT WOS:000186230600025
PM 14586451
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lellouch, E
   Paubert, G
   Moses, JI
   Schneider, NM
   Strobel, DF
AF Lellouch, E
   Paubert, G
   Moses, JI
   Schneider, NM
   Strobel, DF
TI Volcanically emitted sodium chloride as a source for Io's neutral clouds and plasma torus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atmosphere; potassium; ions
AB The atmosphere of Jupiter's satellite Io is extremely tenuous, time variable and spatially heterogeneous. Only a few molecules-SO2, SO and S-2-have previously been identified as constituents of this atmosphere, and possible sources(1-4) include frost sublimation, surface sputtering and active volcanism. Io has been known(5,6) for almost 30 years to be surrounded by a cloud of Na, which requires an as yet unidentified atmospheric source of sodium. Sodium chloride has been recently proposed as an important atmospheric constituent, based on the detection of chlorine in Io's plasma torus(7,8) and models of Io's volcanic gases(9). Here we report the detection of NaCl in Io's atmosphere; it constitutes only similar to0.3% when averaged over the entire disk, but is probably restricted to smaller regions than SO2 because of its rapid photolysis and surface condensation(10). Although the inferred abundance of NaCl in volcanic gases is lower than predicted(9), those volcanic emissions provide an important source of Na and Cl in Io's neutral clouds and plasma torus.
C1 Observ Paris, F-92195 Meudon, France.
   Inst Radioastron Millimetr, E-18012 Granada, Spain.
   Lunar & Planetary Inst, Houston, TX 77058 USA.
   Univ Colorado, LASP, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
C3 Universite PSL; Observatoire de Paris; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; Johns Hopkins University
RP Lellouch, E (corresponding author), Observ Paris, F-92195 Meudon, France.
EM emmanuel.lellouch@obspm.fr
NR 28
TC 90
Z9 94
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 2
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6918
BP 45
EP 47
DI 10.1038/nature01292
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 631JY
UT WOS:000180165500031
PM 12511948
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Walden, H
   Podgorski, MS
   Schulman, BA
AF Walden, H
   Podgorski, MS
   Schulman, BA
TI Insights into the ubiquitin transfer cascade from the structure of the activating enzyme for NEDD8
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein modification pathway; mechanism; complex; system; conjugation; site; family; ligase; smt3p
AB Post-translational modification by ubiquitin-like proteins (Ublps) is an essential cellular regulatory mechanism(1-3). The Ublp NEDD8 regulates cell division, signalling and embryogenesis(4-6). Ublps are conjugated to their targets by the sequential action of E1, E2 and often E3 enzymes(3). Each Ublp has a dedicated E1, or activating enzyme, that initiates its conjugation cascade(1,3,7-10). First, E1 associates with the Ublp and catalyses adenylation of the carboxy terminus of the Ublp. Second, E1 forms a thioester between its catalytic cysteine and the Ublp. Next, E1 is loaded with a second Ublp molecule, adenylating the C terminus of this second Ublp while still carrying the first thioester-bound LTblp. Last, E1 binds E2 and promotes Ublp transfer to the catalytic cysteine of E2. We report here the structure and mutational analysis of human APPBP1-UBA3, the heterodimeric E1 enzyme for NEDD8 (ref. 11). Each E1 activity is specified by a domain: an adenylation domain resembling bacterial adenylating enzymes 12, an E1-specific domain organized around the catalytic cysteine, and a domain involved in E2 recognition resembling ubiquitin. The domains are arranged around two clefts that coordinate protein and nucleotide binding so that each of E1's reactions drives the next, in an assembly-line fashion.
C1 St Jude Childrens Res Hosp, Dept Biol Struct, Memphis, TN 38105 USA.
   St Jude Childrens Res Hosp, Dept Genet Tumor Cell Biol, Memphis, TN 38105 USA.
C3 St Jude Children's Research Hospital; St Jude Children's Research Hospital
RP Schulman, BA (corresponding author), St Jude Childrens Res Hosp, Dept Biol Struct, 332 N Lauderdale St, Memphis, TN 38105 USA.
EM Brenda.schulman@stjude.org
NR 30
TC 190
Z9 242
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 20
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6929
BP 330
EP 334
DI 10.1038/nature01456
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 656XX
UT WOS:000181637300044
PM 12646924
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Konacki, M
   Torres, G
   Jha, S
   Sasselov, DD
AF Konacki, M
   Torres, G
   Jha, S
   Sasselov, DD
TI An extrasolar planet that transits the disk of its parent star
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gravitational lensing experiment; luminosity object transits; galactic disk; search
AB Planets orbiting other stars could in principle be found through the periodic dimming of starlight as a planet moves across-or 'transits'-the line of sight between the observer and the star. Depending on the size of the planet relative to the star, the dimming could reach a few per cent of the apparent brightness of the star. Despite many searches, no transiting planet has been discovered in this way; the one known 1,2 transiting planet-HD209458b-was first discovered using precise measurements(2,3) of the parent star's radial velocity and only subsequently detected photometrically. Here we report radial velocity measurements of the star OGLE-TR-56, which was previously found to exhibit a 1.2-day transit-like light curve 4,5 in a survey looking for gravitational microlensing events. The velocity changes that we detect correlate with the light curve, from which we conclude that they are probably induced by an object of around 0.9 Jupiter masses in an orbit only 0.023 AU from its star. We estimate the planetary radius to be around 1.3 Jupiter radii and its density to be about 0.5 g cm(-3). This object is hotter than any known planet (similar to1,900 K), but is still stable against long-term evaporation or tidal disruption.
C1 CALTECH, Div Geol & Planteary Sci 150 21, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Astron, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology; Smithsonian Institution; Harvard University; Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Konacki, M (corresponding author), CALTECH, Div Geol & Planteary Sci 150 21, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM maciej@gps.caltech.edu
NR 22
TC 302
Z9 350
U1 1
U2 8
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 30
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6922
BP 507
EP 509
DI 10.1038/nature01379
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 640DB
UT WOS:000180670600037
PM 12556885
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Clark, JD
   Beyene, Y
   WoldeGabriel, G
   Hart, WK
   Renne, PR
   Gilbert, H
   Defleur, A
   Suwa, G
   Katoh, S
   Ludwig, KR
   Boisserie, JR
   Asfaw, B
   White, TD
AF Clark, JD
   Beyene, Y
   WoldeGabriel, G
   Hart, WK
   Renne, PR
   Gilbert, H
   Defleur, A
   Suwa, G
   Katoh, S
   Ludwig, KR
   Boisserie, JR
   Asfaw, B
   White, TD
TI Stratigraphic, chronological and behavioural contexts of Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hominid
AB Clarifying the geographic, environmental and behavioural contexts in which the emergence of anatomically modern Homo sapiens occurred has proved difficult, particularly because Africa lacked adequate geochronological, palaeontological and archaeological evidence. The discovery of anatomically modern Homo sapiens fossils at Herto, Ethiopia(1), changes this. Here we report on stratigraphically associated Late Middle Pleistocene artefacts and fossils from fluvial and lake margin sandstones of the Upper Herto Member of the Bouri Formation, Middle Awash, Afar Rift, Ethiopia. The fossils and artefacts are dated between 160,000 and 154,000 years ago by precise age determinations using the 40Ar/39Ar method. The archaeological assemblages contain elements of both Acheulean and Middle Stone Age technocomplexes. Associated faunal remains indicate repeated, systematic butchery of hippopotamus carcasses. Contemporary adult and juvenile Homo sapiens fossil crania manifest bone modifications indicative of deliberate mortuary practices.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Museum Vertebrate Zool, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Museum Vertebrate Zool, Lab Human Evolutionary Studies, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Anthropol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Author Res & Conservat Cultural Heritage, Dept Anthropol & Archaeol, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
   Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   Miami Univ, Dept Geol, Oxford, OH 45056 USA.
   Berkeley Geochronol Ctr, Berkeley, CA 94709 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Fac Med, Lab Anthropol, CNRS, UMR 6569, F-13916 Marseille 20, France.
   Univ Tokyo, Univ Museum, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Hyogo Museum Nat & Human Act, Sanda 6691546, Japan.
   Univ Poitiers, CNRS, UMR 6046, Poitiers, France.
   Rift Valley Res Serv, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; University System of Ohio; Miami University; Berkeley Geochronolgy Center; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Aix-Marseille Universite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); University of Tokyo; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite de Poitiers
RP White, TD (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Museum Vertebrate Zool, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM timwhite@socrates.berkeley.edu
NR 16
TC 266
Z9 317
U1 2
U2 50
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 12
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6941
BP 747
EP 752
DI 10.1038/nature01670
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 688PA
UT WOS:000183443400042
PM 12802333
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Eckstein-Ludwig, U
   Webb, RJ
   van Goethem, IDA
   East, JM
   Lee, AG
   Kimura, M
   O'Neill, PM
   Bray, PG
   Ward, SA
   Krishna, S
AF Eckstein-Ludwig, U
   Webb, RJ
   van Goethem, IDA
   East, JM
   Lee, AG
   Kimura, M
   O'Neill, PM
   Bray, PG
   Ward, SA
   Krishna, S
TI Artemisinins target the SERCA of Plasmodium falciparum
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID calcium-pump; antimalarial; derivatives; malaria; invitro; resistance; reticulum; qinghaosu; parasite; drugs
AB Artemisinins are extracted from sweet wormwood (Artemisia annua) and are the most potent antimalarials available(1), rapidly killing all asexual stages of Plasmodium falciparum(2). Artemisinins are sesquiterpene lactones widely used to treat multidrug-resistant malaria(1), a disease that annually claims 1 million lives. Despite extensive clinical and laboratory experience(3-5) their molecular target is not yet identified. Activated artemisinins form adducts with a variety of biological macromolecules, including haem, translationally controlled tumour protein (TCTP) and other higher-molecular-weight proteins(6). Here we show that artemisinins, but not quinine or chloroquine, inhibit the SERCA orthologue (PfATP6) of Plasmodium falciparum in Xenopus oocytes with similar potency to thapsigargin (another sesquiterpene lactone and highly specific SERCA inhibitor). As predicted, thapsigargin also antagonizes the parasiticidal activity of artemisinin. Desoxyartemisinin lacks an endoperoxide bridge and is ineffective both as an inhibitor of PfATP6 and as an antimalarial. Chelation of iron by desferrioxamine abrogates the antiparasitic activity of artemisinins and correspondingly attenuates inhibition of PfATP6. Imaging of parasites with BODIPY-thapsigargin labels the cytosolic compartment and is competed by artemisinin. Fluorescent artemisinin labels parasites similarly and irreversibly in an Fe2+-dependent manner. These data provide compelling evidence that artemisinins act by inhibiting PfATP6 outside the food vacuole after activation by iron.
C1 St George Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Cellular & Mol Med, London SW17 0RE, England.
   Univ Southampton, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Southampton SO16 7PX, Hants, England.
   Osaka City Univ, Sch Med, Radioisotope Ctr, Abeno Ku, Osaka 5458585, Japan.
   Univ Liverpool, Robert Robinson Labs, Dept Chem, Liverpool L69 7ZD, Merseyside, England.
   Univ Liverpool, Liverpool Sch Trop Med, Mol & Biochem Parasitol Grp, Liverpool L3 5QA, Merseyside, England.
C3 City St Georges, University of London; University of Southampton; Osaka Metropolitan University; University of Liverpool; University of Liverpool; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine
RP Krishna, S (corresponding author), St George Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Cellular & Mol Med, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, England.
EM s.krishna@sghms.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 810
Z9 959
U1 4
U2 407
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 21
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6951
BP 957
EP 961
DI 10.1038/nature01813
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 713EH
UT WOS:000184843600045
PM 12931192
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Apesteguia, S
   Novas, FE
AF Apesteguia, S
   Novas, FE
TI Large Cretaceous sphenodontian from Patagonia provides insight into lepidosaur evolution in Gondwana
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID jurassic kota formation; central mexico; diapsida; reptilia; rhynchocephalia
AB Sphenodontian reptiles successfully radiated during Triassic and Jurassic times, but were driven almost to extinction during the Cretaceous period(1). The sparse Early Cretaceous record of sphenodontians has been interpreted as reflecting the decline of the group in favour of lizards, their suspected ecological successors(2). However, recent discoveries in Late Cretaceous beds in Patagonia partially modify this interpretation. Numerous skeletons of a new sphenodontian, Priosphenodon avelasi gen. et sp. nov., were collected from a single locality in the Cenomanian-Turonian Candeleros Formation, where it is more abundant than any other tetrapod group recorded in the quarry (for example, Crocodyliformes, Serpentes, Dinosauria and Mammalia)(3,4). Adult specimens of Priosphenodon reached one metre in length, larger than any previously known terrestrial sphenodontian. Here we propose, using available evidence, that sphenodontians were not a minor component of the Cretaceous terrestrial ecosystems of South America, and that their ecological replacement by squamates was delayed until the early Tertiary. The new discovery helps to bridge the considerable gap in the fossil record (around 120 million years) that separates the Early Cretaceous sphenodontians(5-7) from their living relatives (Sphenodon).
C1 Museo Argentino Ciencias Nat Bernardino Rivadavia, RA-1405 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina.
C3 Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia (MACN)
RP Apesteguia, S (corresponding author), Museo Argentino Ciencias Nat Bernardino Rivadavia, Av Angel Gallardo 470, RA-1405 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina.
NR 29
TC 100
Z9 105
U1 4
U2 17
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 9
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6958
BP 609
EP 612
DI 10.1038/nature01995
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 729XU
UT WOS:000185801000034
PM 14534584
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lamarre, D
   Anderson, PC
   Bailey, M
   Beaulieu, P
   Bolger, G
   Bonneau, P
   Bös, M
   Cameron, DR
   Cartier, M
   Cordingley, MG
   Faucher, AM
   Goudreau, N
   Kawai, SH
   Kukolj, G
   Lagacé, L
   LaPlante, SR
   Narjes, H
   Poupart, MA
   Rancourt, J
   Sentjens, RE
   St George, R
   Simoneau, B
   Steinmann, G
   Thibeault, D
   Tsantrizos, YS
   Weldon, SM
   Yong, CL
   Llinàs-Brunet, M
AF Lamarre, D
   Anderson, PC
   Bailey, M
   Beaulieu, P
   Bolger, G
   Bonneau, P
   Bös, M
   Cameron, DR
   Cartier, M
   Cordingley, MG
   Faucher, AM
   Goudreau, N
   Kawai, SH
   Kukolj, G
   Lagacé, L
   LaPlante, SR
   Narjes, H
   Poupart, MA
   Rancourt, J
   Sentjens, RE
   St George, R
   Simoneau, B
   Steinmann, G
   Thibeault, D
   Tsantrizos, YS
   Weldon, SM
   Yong, CL
   Llinàs-Brunet, M
TI An NS3 protease inhibitor with antiviral effects in humans infected with hepatitis C virus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID peptide-based inhibitors; serine-protease; viral dynamics; non-a; replication
AB Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a serious cause of chronic liver disease worldwide with more than 170 million infected individuals at risk of developing significant morbidity and mortality(1-3). Current interferon-based therapies(4) are suboptimal especially in patients infected with HCV genotype 1, and they are poorly tolerated, highlighting the unmet medical need for new therapeutics(5,6). The HCV-encoded NS3 protease is essential for viral replication(7,8) and has long been considered an attractive target for therapeutic intervention in HCV-infected patients. Here we identify a class of specific and potent NS3 protease inhibitors and report the evaluation of BILN 2061, a small molecule inhibitor biologically available through oral ingestion and the first of its class in human trials. Administration of BILN 2061 to patients infected with HCV genotype 1 for 2 days resulted in an impressive reduction of HCV RNA plasma levels, and established proof-of-concept in humans for an HCV NS3 protease inhibitor. Our results further illustrate the potential of the viral-enzyme-targeted drug discovery approach for the development of new HCV therapeutics.
C1 Boehringer Ingelheim Canada Ltd, Res & Dev, Dept Biol Sci, Laval, PQ H7S 2G5, Canada.
   Boehringer Ingelheim Canada Ltd, Res & Dev, Dept Chem, Laval, PQ H7S 2G5, Canada.
   Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma KG, Clin Res, D-88397 Biberach, Germany.
   Univ Amsterdam, Acad Med Ctr, NL-1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceut Inc, Res & Dev, Ridgefield, CT 06877 USA.
C3 Boehringer Ingelheim; Boehringer Ingelheim; Boehringer Ingelheim; University of Amsterdam; Academic Medical Center Amsterdam; Boehringer Ingelheim
RP Lamarre, D (corresponding author), Boehringer Ingelheim Canada Ltd, Res & Dev, Dept Biol Sci, Laval, PQ H7S 2G5, Canada.
EM dlamarre@lav.boehringer-ingelheim.com
NR 30
TC 773
Z9 871
U1 3
U2 68
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 13
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6963
BP 186
EP 189
DI 10.1038/nature02099
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 742LA
UT WOS:000186517200045
PM 14578911
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Walker, MP
   Brakefield, T
   Hobson, JA
   Stickgold, R
AF Walker, MP
   Brakefield, T
   Hobson, JA
   Stickgold, R
TI Dissociable stages of human memory consolidation and reconsolidation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein-synthesis; motor memory; sleep; skill; neuroscience; reactivation; hypothesis; systems; shock
AB Historically, the term 'memory consolidation' refers to a process whereby a memory becomes increasingly resistant to interference from competing or disrupting factors with the continued passage of time(1). Recent findings regarding the learning of skilled sensory and motor tasks ('procedural learning') have refined this definition, suggesting that consolidation can be more strictly determined by time spent in specific brain states such as wake, sleep or certain stages of sleep(2-8). There is also renewed interest(9) in the possibility that recalling or 'reactivating' a previously consolidated memory renders it once again fragile and susceptible to interference(10-12), therefore requiring periods of reconsolidation(13-15). Using a motor skill finger-tapping task, here we provide evidence for at least three different stages of human motor memory processing after initial acquisition. We describe the unique contributions of wake and sleep in the development of different forms of consolidation, and show that waking reactivation can turn a previously consolidated memory back into a labile state requiring subsequent reconsolidation.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Lab Neurophysiol,Massachusetts Mental Hlth Ctr, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Walker, MP (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Lab Neurophysiol,Massachusetts Mental Hlth Ctr, 74 Fenwood Rd, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM mwalker@hms.harvard.edu
NR 19
TC 798
Z9 956
U1 3
U2 167
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 9
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6958
BP 616
EP 620
DI 10.1038/nature01930
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 729XU
UT WOS:000185801000037
PM 14534587
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Güntürkün, O
AF Güntürkün, O
TI Adult persistence of head-turning asymmetry
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID functional laterality; preterm infants; position
C1 Ruhr Univ Bochum, Fak Psychol, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
C3 Ruhr University Bochum
RP Güntürkün, O (corresponding author), Ruhr Univ Bochum, Fak Psychol, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
NR 12
TC 97
Z9 99
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 13
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6924
BP 711
EP 711
DI 10.1038/421711a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 644UP
UT WOS:000180938000029
PM 12610611
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Radovan, HA
   Fortune, NA
   Murphy, TP
   Hannahs, ST
   Palm, EC
   Tozer, SW
   Hall, D
AF Radovan, HA
   Fortune, NA
   Murphy, TP
   Hannahs, ST
   Palm, EC
   Tozer, SW
   Hall, D
TI Magnetic enhancement of superconductivity from electron spin domains
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID larkin-ovchinnikov state; unconventional superconductivity; critical-field; cecoin5; heat; temperature; pressure
AB Since the discovery of superconductivity(1), there has been a drive to understand the mechanisms by which it occurs. The BCS (Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer) model successfully treats the electrons in conventional superconductors as pairs coupled by phonons (vibrational modes of oscillation) moving through the material(2), but there is as yet no accepted model for high-transition-temperature, organic or 'heavy fermion' superconductivity. Experiments that reveal unusual properties of those superconductors could therefore point the way to a deeper understanding of the underlying physics. In particular, the response of a material to a magnetic field can be revealing, because this usually reduces or quenches superconductivity. Here we report measurements of the heat capacity and magnetization that show that, for particular orientations of an external magnetic field, superconductivity in the heavy-fermion material CeCoIn5 is enhanced through the magnetic moments (spins) of individual electrons. This enhancement occurs by fundamentally altering how the superconducting state forms, resulting in regions of superconductivity alternating with walls of spin-polarized unpaired electrons; this configuration lowers the free energy and allows superconductivity to remain stable. The large magnetic susceptibility of this material leads to an unusually strong coupling of the field to the electron spins, which dominates over the coupling to the electron orbits.
C1 Florida State Univ, NHMFL, Tallahassee, FL 32310 USA.
   Smith Coll, Dept Phys, Northampton, MA 01063 USA.
C3 State University System of Florida; Florida State University; Smith College
RP Radovan, HA (corresponding author), Florida State Univ, NHMFL, Tallahassee, FL 32310 USA.
EM radovan@magnet.fsu.edu
NR 30
TC 384
Z9 411
U1 3
U2 84
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 4
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6953
BP 51
EP 55
DI 10.1038/nature01842
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 717LD
UT WOS:000185089200033
PM 12955136
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Conard, NJ
AF Conard, NJ
TI Palaeolithic ivory sculptures from southwestern Germany and the origins of figurative art
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID radiocarbon; chauvet; europe; cave
AB Archaeologists have always viewed the origin of figurative art as a crucial threshold in human evolution(1,2). Here I report the discovery of three figurines carved from mammoth ivory at Hohle Fels Cave in the Swabian Jura of southwestern Germany, which provides new evidence for the appearance of figurative art more than 30,000 years ago. The finds include the oldest known representation of a bird, a therianthropic sculpture and an animal that most closely resembles a horse. The Aurignacian sculptures of the Swabian Jura belong to one of the oldest traditions of figurative art known worldwide and point to the Upper Danube as an important centre of cultural innovation during the early Upper Palaeolithic period(3,4).
C1 Univ Tubingen, Inst Ur & Fruhgeschichte & Archaol Mittelalters, Abt Altere Urgeschichte & Quartarokol, D-72070 Tubingen, Germany.
C3 Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen
RP Conard, NJ (corresponding author), Univ Tubingen, Inst Ur & Fruhgeschichte & Archaol Mittelalters, Abt Altere Urgeschichte & Quartarokol, Schloss Hohentubingen, D-72070 Tubingen, Germany.
NR 25
TC 184
Z9 206
U1 0
U2 29
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 18
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6968
BP 830
EP 832
DI 10.1038/nature02186
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 754QM
UT WOS:000187342000055
PM 14685236
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kushiro, T
   Nambara, E
   McCourt, P
AF Kushiro, T
   Nambara, E
   McCourt, P
TI The key to signalling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 RIKEN, Plant Sci Ctr, Lab Reprod Growth Regulat, Wako, Saitama 35101, Japan.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Bot, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada.
C3 RIKEN; University of Toronto
RP Kushiro, T (corresponding author), RIKEN, Plant Sci Ctr, Lab Reprod Growth Regulat, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 35101, Japan.
NR 5
TC 38
Z9 43
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 13
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6928
BP 122
EP 122
DI 10.1038/422122a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 654HG
UT WOS:000181488900022
PM 12634761
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sánchez-Lavega, A
   Pérez-Hoyos, S
   Rojas, JF
   Hueso, R
   French, RG
AF Sánchez-Lavega, A
   Pérez-Hoyos, S
   Rojas, JF
   Hueso, R
   French, RG
TI A strong decrease in Saturn's equatorial jet at cloud level
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID zonal winds; atmospheric dynamics; outer planets; troposphere; disturbance; convection; stability; model; wave
AB The atmospheres of the giant planets Jupiter and Saturn have a puzzling system of zonal (east-west) winds alternating in latitude, with the broad and intense equatorial jets on Saturn having been observed previously to reach a velocity of about 470 m s(-1) at cloud level(1). Globally, the location and intensity of Jupiter's jets are stable in time to within about ten per cent(2,3), but little is known about the stability of Saturn's jet system. The long-term behaviour of these winds is an important discriminator between models for giant-planet circulations(4-9). Here we report that Saturn's winds show a large drop in the velocity of the equatorial jet of about 200 m s(-1) from 1996 to 2002. By contrast, the other measured jets (primarily in the southern hemisphere) appear stable when compared to the Voyager wind profile of 1980-81.
C1 Univ Basque Country, Escuela Super Ingn, Dept Fis Aplicada 1, Bilbao 48013, Spain.
   Univ Basque Country, EUITI, Dept Fis Aplicada 1, Bilbao 48013, Spain.
   Wellesley Coll, Dept Astron, Wellesley, MA 02481 USA.
C3 University of Basque Country; University of Basque Country; Wellesley College
RP Sánchez-Lavega, A (corresponding author), Univ Basque Country, Escuela Super Ingn, Dept Fis Aplicada 1, Alameda Urquijo S-N, Bilbao 48013, Spain.
EM wupsalaa@bi.ehu.es
NR 26
TC 66
Z9 70
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 5
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6940
BP 623
EP 625
DI 10.1038/nature01653
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 686BT
UT WOS:000183301200035
PM 12789333
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sitia, R
   Braakman, I
AF Sitia, R
   Braakman, I
TI Quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum protein factory
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID secretory pathway; molecular chaperones; disulfide bonds; er stress; cells; neurodegeneration; aggregation; metabolism; receptor; cytosol
AB The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a factory where secretory proteins are manufactured, and where stringent quality-control systems ensure that only correctly folded proteins are sent to their final destinations. The changing needs of the ER factory are monitored by integrated signalling pathways that constantly adjust the levels of folding assistants. ER chaperones and signalling molecules are emerging as drug targets in amyloidoses and other protein-conformational diseases.
C1 Univ Vita Salute, San Raffaele Sci Inst, I-20132 Milan, Italy.
   Univ Utrecht, NL-3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands.
C3 Vita-Salute San Raffaele University; IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele; Utrecht University
RP Sitia, R (corresponding author), Univ Vita Salute, San Raffaele Sci Inst, I-20132 Milan, Italy.
FU Telethon [GP0117Y01] Funding Source: Medline
NR 42
TC 586
Z9 695
U1 0
U2 52
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 18
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6968
BP 891
EP 894
DI 10.1038/nature02262
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 754QM
UT WOS:000187342000071
PM 14685249
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cobb, KM
   Charles, CD
   Cheng, H
   Edwards, RL
AF Cobb, KM
   Charles, CD
   Cheng, H
   Edwards, RL
TI El Nino/Southern Oscillation and tropical Pacific climate during the last millennium
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID southern-oscillation; solar irradiance; nino; variability; enso; coral; drought; model; stability; frequency
AB Any assessment of future climate change requires knowledge of the full range of natural variability in the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. Here we splice together fossil-coral oxygen isotopic records from Palmyra Island in the tropical Pacific Ocean to provide 30-150-year windows of tropical Pacific climate variability within the last 1,100 years. The records indicate mean climate conditions in the central tropical Pacific ranging from relatively cool and dry during the tenth century to increasingly warmer and wetter climate in the twentieth century. But the corals also document a broad range of ENSO behaviour that correlates poorly with these estimates of mean climate. The most intense ENSO activity within the reconstruction occurred during the mid-seventeenth century. Taken together, the coral data imply that the majority of ENSO variability over the last millennium may have arisen from dynamics internal to the ENSO system itself.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Minnesota, Dept Geol & Geophys, Minnesota Isotope Lab, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; Scripps Institution of Oceanography; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities
RP Cobb, KM (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
EM kcobb@gps.caltech.edu
NR 50
TC 731
Z9 867
U1 2
U2 280
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 17
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6946
BP 271
EP 276
DI 10.1038/nature01779
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 701RZ
UT WOS:000184183900031
PM 12867972
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Melton, L
AF Melton, L
TI Risk assessment
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 1
TC 3
Z9 3
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 24
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6934
BP 919
EP 919
DI 10.1038/422919a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 670WR
UT WOS:000182432600062
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Takaoka, A
   Hayakawa, S
   Yanai, H
   Stoiber, D
   Negishi, H
   Kikuchi, H
   Sasaki, S
   Imai, K
   Shibue, T
   Honda, K
   Taniguchi, T
AF Takaoka, A
   Hayakawa, S
   Yanai, H
   Stoiber, D
   Negishi, H
   Kikuchi, H
   Sasaki, S
   Imai, K
   Shibue, T
   Honda, K
   Taniguchi, T
TI Integration of interferon-α/β signalling to p53 responses in tumour suppression and antiviral defence
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna-damage; transcriptional activation; p53-induced apoptosis; cancer-cells; gene; phosphorylation; virus; protein; pathway; agents
AB Swift elimination of undesirable cells is an important feature in tumour suppression and immunity. The tumour suppressor p53 and interferon-alpha and -beta (IFN-alpha/beta) are essential for the induction of apoptosis in cancerous cells and in antiviral immune responses, respectively, but little is known about their interrelationship. Here we show that transcription of the p53 gene is induced by IFN-alpha/beta, accompanied by an increase in p53 protein level. IFN-alpha/beta signalling itself does not activate p53; rather, it contributes to boosting p53 responses to stress signals. We show examples in which p53 gene induction by IFN-alpha/beta contributes to tumour suppression. Furthermore, we show that p53 is activated in virally infected cells to evoke an apoptotic response and that p53 is critical for antiviral defence of the host. Our study reveals a hitherto unrecognized link between p53 and IFN-alpha/beta in tumour suppression and antiviral immunity, which may have therapeutic implications.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Fac Med, Dept Immunol, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Med, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Sapporo Med Univ, Sch Med, Dept Internal Med 1, Chuo Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0608556, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo; University of Tokyo; Sapporo Medical University
RP Taniguchi, T (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Fac Med, Dept Immunol, Bunkyo Ku, Hongo 7-3-1, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
NR 50
TC 748
Z9 921
U1 2
U2 32
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 31
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6948
BP 516
EP 523
DI 10.1038/nature01850
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 706LG
UT WOS:000184454700033
PM 12872134
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhong, WW
   Feng, H
   Santiago, FE
   Kipreos, ET
AF Zhong, WW
   Feng, H
   Santiago, FE
   Kipreos, ET
TI CUL-4 ubiquitin ligase maintains genome stability by restraining DNA-replication licensing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mitotic chromosome condensation; caenorhabditis-elegans; c-elegans; cell-cycle; s-phase; protein; cdt1; proliferation; interference; expression
AB To maintain genome stability, DNA replication is strictly regulated to occur only once per cell cycle. In eukaryotes, the presence of 'licensing proteins' at replication origins during the G1 cell-cycle phase allows the formation of the pre-replicative complex(1). The removal of licensing proteins from chromatin during the S phase ensures that origins fire only once per cell cycle(1). Here we show that the CUL-4 ubiquitin ligase temporally restricts DNA-replication licensing in Caenorhabditis elegans. Inactivation of CUL-4 causes massive DNA re-replication, producing cells with up to 100C DNA content. The C. elegans orthologue of the replication-licensing factor Cdt1 (refs 2, 3) is required for DNA replication. C. elegans CDT-1 is present in G1-phase nuclei but disappears as cells enter S phase. In cells lacking CUL-4, CDT-1 levels fail to decrease during S phase and instead remain constant in the re-replicating cells. Removal of one genomic copy of cdt-1 suppresses the cul-4 re-replication phenotype. We propose that CUL-4 prevents aberrant re-initiation of DNA replication, at least in part, by facilitating the degradation of CDT-1.
C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Cellular Biol, Athens, GA 30602 USA.
C3 University System of Georgia; University of Georgia
RP Kipreos, ET (corresponding author), Univ Georgia, Dept Cellular Biol, Athens, GA 30602 USA.
NR 30
TC 263
Z9 317
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 19
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6942
BP 885
EP 889
DI 10.1038/nature01747
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 691BQ
UT WOS:000183585300050
PM 12815436
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Taneike, M
   Abe, F
   Sawada, K
AF Taneike, M
   Abe, F
   Sawada, K
TI Creep-strengthening of steel at high temperatures using nano-sized carbonitride dispersions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Creep is a time-dependent mechanism of plastic deformation, which takes place in a range of materials under low stress-that is, under stresses lower than the yield stress(1). Metals and alloys can be designed to withstand creep at high temperatures, usually by a process called dispersion strengthening(2), in which fine particles are evenly distributed throughout the matrix. For example, high-temperature creep-resistant ferritic steels achieve optimal creep strength (at 923 K) through the dispersion of yttrium oxide nanoparticles(3). However, the oxide particles are introduced by complicated mechanical alloying techniques and, as a result, the production of large-scale industrial components is economically unfeasible. Here we report the production of a 9 per cent Cr martensitic steel dispersed with nanometre-scale carbonitride particles using conventional processing techniques. At 923 K, our dispersion-strengthened material exhibits a time-to-rupture that is increased by two orders of magnitude relative to the current strongest creep-resistant steels(4). This improvement in creep resistance is attributed to a mechanism of boundary pinning by the thermally stable carbonitride precipitates. The material also demonstrates enough fracture toughness. Our results should lead to improved grades of creep-resistant steels and to the economical manufacture of large-scale steel components for high-temperature applications.
C1 Natl Inst Mat Sci, Steel Res Ctr, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050047, Japan.
   Natl Inst Mat Sci, Mat Informat Technol Stn, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050047, Japan.
C3 National Institute for Materials Science; National Institute for Materials Science
RP Abe, F (corresponding author), Natl Inst Mat Sci, Steel Res Ctr, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050047, Japan.
NR 17
TC 374
Z9 420
U1 3
U2 255
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 17
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6946
BP 294
EP 296
DI 10.1038/nature01740
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 701RZ
UT WOS:000184183900036
PM 12867976
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Doiron-Leyraud, N
   Walker, IR
   Taillefer, L
   Steiner, MJ
   Julian, SR
   Lonzarich, GG
AF Doiron-Leyraud, N
   Walker, IR
   Taillefer, L
   Steiner, MJ
   Julian, SR
   Lonzarich, GG
TI Fermi-liquid breakdown in the paramagnetic phase of a pure metal
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID spin fluctuations; electron; mnsi; transition; points; state
AB Fermi-liquid theory(1) (the standard model of metals) has been challenged by the discovery of anomalous properties in an increasingly large number of metals. The anomalies often occur near a quantum critical point-a continuous phase transition in the limit of absolute zero, typically between magnetically ordered and paramagnetic phases. Although not understood in detail, unusual behaviour in the vicinity of such quantum critical points was anticipated nearly three decades ago by theories going beyond the standard model(2-5). Here we report electrical resistivity measurements of the 3d metal MnSi, indicating an unexpected breakdown of the Fermi-liquid model-not in a narrow crossover region close to a quantum critical point(6,7) where it is normally expected to fail, but over a wide region of the phase diagram near a first-order magnetic transition. In this regime, corrections to the Fermi-liquid model are expected to be small. The range in pressure, temperature and applied magnetic field over which we observe an anomalous temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity in MnSi is not consistent with the crossover behaviour widely seen in quantum critical systems(8,9,31). This may suggest the emergence of a well defined but enigmatic quantum phase of matter.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England.
   Univ Sherbrooke, Dept Phys, Sherbrooke, PQ J1K 2R1, Canada.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of Sherbrooke
RP Doiron-Leyraud, N (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England.
EM nd223@cam.ac.uk
NR 31
TC 168
Z9 180
U1 2
U2 53
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 9
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6958
BP 595
EP 599
DI 10.1038/nature01968
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 729XU
UT WOS:000185801000030
PM 14534580
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Krause, AE
   Frank, KA
   Mason, DM
   Ulanowicz, RE
   Taylor, WW
AF Krause, AE
   Frank, KA
   Mason, DM
   Ulanowicz, RE
   Taylor, WW
TI Compartments revealed in food-web structure
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stability; diversity; ecology
AB Compartments(1) in food webs are subgroups of taxa in which many strong interactions occur within the subgroups and few weak interactions occur between the subgroups(2). Theoretically, compartments increase the stability in networks(1-5), such as food webs. Compartments have been difficult to detect in empirical food webs because of incompatible approaches(6-9) or insufficient methodological rigour(8,10,11). Here we show that a method for detecting compartments from the social networking science(12-14) identified significant compartments in three of five complex, empirical food webs. Detection of compartments was influenced by food web resolution, such as interactions with weights. Because the method identifies compartmental boundaries in which interactions are concentrated, it is compatible with the definition of compartments. The method is rigorous because it maximizes an explicit function, identifies the number of non-overlapping compartments, assigns membership to compartments, and tests the statistical significance of the results(12-14). A graphical presentation(14) reveals systemic relationships and taxa-specific positions as structured by compartments. From this graphic, we explore two scenarios of disturbance to develop a hypothesis for testing how compartmentalized interactions increase stability in food webs(15-17).
C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
   Michigan State Univ, Dept Educ Psychol Counseling & Special Educ, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
   NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA.
   Univ Maryland, Chesapeake Biol Lab, Solomons, MD 20688 USA.
C3 Michigan State University; Michigan State University; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science
RP Krause, AE (corresponding author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
EM krausean@msu.edu
NR 30
TC 593
Z9 672
U1 2
U2 172
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 20
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6964
BP 282
EP 285
DI 10.1038/nature02115
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 744YQ
UT WOS:000186660800042
PM 14628050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ishida, S
   Iwamoto, T
   Kabuto, C
   Kira, M
AF Ishida, S
   Iwamoto, T
   Kabuto, C
   Kira, M
TI A stable silicon-based allene analogue with a formally sp-hybridized silicon atom
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID homologs
AB Carbon chemistry exhibits a rich variety in bonding patterns, with homo- or heteronuclear multiple bonds involving sp-hybridized carbon atoms as found in molecules such as acetylenes, nitriles, allenes and carbon dioxide. Carbon's heavier homologues in group 14 of the periodic table-including silicon, germanium and tin-were long thought incapable of forming multiple bonds because of the less effective ppi-ppi orbital overlap involved in the multiple bonds. However, bulky substituents can protect unsaturated bonds and stabilize compounds with formally sp-hybridized heavy group-14 atoms(1,2) : stable germanium(2), tin(3) and lead(4) analogues of acetylene derivatives and a marginally stable tristannaallene(5) have now been reported. However, no stable silicon compounds with formal sp-silicon atoms have been isolated. Evidence for the existence of a persistent disilaacetylene(6) and trapping(7) of transient 2-silaallenes and other X=Si=X' type compounds (X,X' = O, CR2, NR, and so on) are also known, but stable silicon compounds with formally sp-hybridized silicon atoms have not yet been isolated. Here we report the synthesis of a thermally stable, crystalline trisilaallene derivative containing a formally sp-hybridized silicon atom. We find that, in contrast to linear carbon allenes, the trisilaallene is significantly bent. The central silicon in the molecule is dynamically disordered, which we ascribe to ready rotation of the central silicon atom around the molecular axis.
C1 Tohoku Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Chem, Aoba Ku, Sendai, Miyagi 9808578, Japan.
C3 Tohoku University
RP Kira, M (corresponding author), Tohoku Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Chem, Aoba Ku, Sendai, Miyagi 9808578, Japan.
EM mkira@si.chem.tohoku.ac.jp
NR 12
TC 234
Z9 246
U1 1
U2 41
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 13
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6924
BP 725
EP 727
DI 10.1038/nature01380
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 644UP
UT WOS:000180938000038
PM 12610620
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Veltman, C
AF Veltman, C
TI Genesis of a high-tech hub
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 2
Z9 3
U1 1
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 11
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6967
BP 700
EP 704
DI 10.1038/426700
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 752DY
UT WOS:000187132800051
PM 14668874
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bauch, D
   Darling, K
   Simstich, J
   Bauch, HA
   Erlenkeuser, H
   Kroon, D
AF Bauch, D
   Darling, K
   Simstich, J
   Bauch, HA
   Erlenkeuser, H
   Kroon, D
TI Palaeoceanographic implications of genetic variation in living North Atlantic Neogloboquadrina pachyderma
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB The shells of the planktonic foraminifer Neogloboquadrina pachyderma have become a classical tool for reconstructing glacial-interglacial climate conditions in the North Atlantic Ocean(1-3). Palaeoceanographers utilize its left- and right-coiling variants, which exhibit a distinctive reciprocal temperature and water mass related shift in faunal abundance both at present and in late Quaternary sediments(1,2,4,5). Recently discovered cryptic genetic diversity in planktonic foraminifers(6-8) now poses significant questions for these studies. Here we report genetic evidence demonstrating that the apparent 'single species' shell-based records of right-coiling N. pachyderma used in palaeoceanographic reconstructions contain an alternation in species as environmental factors change. This is reflected in a species-dependent incremental shift in right-coiling N. pachyderma shell calcite delta(18)O between the Last Glacial Maximum and full Holocene conditions. Guided by the percentage dextral coiling ratio, our findings enhance the use of delta(18)O records of right-coiling N. pachyderma for future study. They also highlight the need to genetically investigate other important morphospecies to refine their accuracy and reliability as palaeoceanographic proxies.
C1 GEOMAR, D-24148 Kiel, Germany.
   Univ Edinburgh, Sch Geosci, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Univ Edinburgh, Inst Cell Anim & Populat Biol, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Mainz Acad Sci Human & Lit, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.
   Univ Kiel, Leibniz Lab, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.
   Vrije Univ Amsterdam, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.
C3 Helmholtz Association; GEOMAR Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research Kiel; University of Edinburgh; University of Edinburgh; University of Kiel; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
RP Bauch, D (corresponding author), GEOMAR, Wischhofstr 1-3, D-24148 Kiel, Germany.
FU Natural Environment Research Council [NER/J/S/2000/00860] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 29
TC 69
Z9 75
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 17
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6946
BP 299
EP 302
DI 10.1038/nature01778
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 701RZ
UT WOS:000184183900038
PM 12867978
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bourlat, SJ
   Nielsen, C
   Lockyer, AE
   Littlewood, DTJ
   Telford, MJ
AF Bourlat, SJ
   Nielsen, C
   Lockyer, AE
   Littlewood, DTJ
   Telford, MJ
TI Xenoturbella is a deuterostome that eats molluscs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phylum uncertain; bocki; platyhelminthes; flatworms; sequence; support
AB Xenoturbella bocki, first described in 1949 (ref. 1), is a delicate, ciliated, marine worm with a simple body plan: it lacks a through gut, organized gonads, excretory structures and coelomic cavities. Its nervous system is a diffuse nerve net with no brain. Xenoturbella's affinities have long been obscure and it was initially linked to turbellarian flatworms(1). Subsequent authors considered it variously as related to hemichordates and echinoderms owing to similarities of nerve net and epidermal ultrastructure (2,3), to acoelomorph flatworms based on body plan and ciliary ultrastructure(4-6) (also shared by hemichordates(7)), or as among the most primitive of Bilateria(8). In 1997 two papers seemed to solve this uncertainty: molecular phylogenetic analyses(9) placed Xenoturbella within the bivalve molluscs, and eggs and larvae resembling those of bivalves were found within specimens of Xenoturbella(10,11). This molluscan origin implies that all bivalve characters are lost during a radical metamorphosis into the adult Xenoturbella. Here, using data from three genes, we show that the samples in these studies were contaminated by bivalve embryos eaten by Xenoturbella and that Xenoturbella is in fact a deuterostome related to hemichordates and echinoderms.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Museum Zool, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England.
   Univ Copenhagen, Zool Museum, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
   Nat Hist Museum, Dept Zool, London SW7 5BD, England.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of Copenhagen; Natural History Museum London
RP Telford, MJ (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Museum Zool, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England.
NR 21
TC 133
Z9 141
U1 0
U2 30
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 21
PY 2003
VL 424
IS 6951
BP 925
EP 928
DI 10.1038/nature01851
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 713EH
UT WOS:000184843600037
PM 12931184
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bunce, M
   Worthy, TH
   Ford, T
   Hoppitt, W
   Willerslev, E
   Drummond, A
   Cooper, A
AF Bunce, M
   Worthy, TH
   Ford, T
   Hoppitt, W
   Willerslev, E
   Drummond, A
   Cooper, A
TI Extreme reversed sexual size dimorphism in the extinct New Zealand moa Dinornis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna; sequences; evolution
AB The ratite moa(Aves; Dinornithiformes) were massive graviportal browsers weighing up to 250 kg (ref. 1) that dominated the New Zealand biota until their extinction approximately 500 yr ago. Despite an extensive Quaternary fossil record, moa taxonomy remains problematic(1-4) and currently 11 species are recognized. Three Dinornis species were found throughout New Zealand and differed markedly in size(1-2 m height at back) and mass (from similar to34 to 242 kg)(1). Surprisingly, ancient mitochondrial DNA sequences show that the three species were genetically indistinguishable within each island, but formed separate North and South Island clades. Here we show, using the first sex-linked nuclear sequences from an extinct species, that on each island the three morphological forms actually represent just one species, whose size varied markedly according to sex and habitat. The largest females in this example of extreme reversed sexual size dimorphism were about 280% the weight and 150% the height of the largest males, which is unprecedented among birds and terrestrial mammals. The combination of molecular and palaeontological data highlights the difficulties of analysing extinct groups, even those with detailed fossil records.
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Henry Wellcome Ancient Biomol Ctr, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
   Palaeofaunal Surveys, Masterton, New Zealand.
   Univ Copenhagen, Inst Zool, Dept Evolutionary Biol, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Stat, Oxford OX1 3TG, England.
C3 University of Oxford; University of Copenhagen; University of Oxford
RP Cooper, A (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Henry Wellcome Ancient Biomol Ctr, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
EM alan.cooper@zoo.ox.ac.uk
NR 24
TC 144
Z9 161
U1 0
U2 48
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 11
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6954
BP 172
EP 175
DI 10.1038/nature01871
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 719ZT
UT WOS:000185236000040
PM 12968178
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Han, AD
   Pan, F
   Stroud, JC
   Youn, HD
   Liu, JO
   Chen, L
AF Han, AD
   Pan, F
   Stroud, JC
   Youn, HD
   Liu, JO
   Chen, L
TI Sequence-specific recruitment of transcriptional co-repressor Cabin1 by myocyte enhancer factor-2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID histone deacetylases; crystal-structure; ternary complex; factor mef2; mads-box; activation; dna; apoptosis; differentiation; calcineurin
AB The myocyte enhancer factor-2 (MEF2) family of transcription factors has important roles in the development and function of T cells, neuronal cells and muscle cells(1-3). MEF2 is capable of repressing or activating transcription by association with a variety of co-repressors or co-activators in a calcium-dependent manner(1,4,5). Transcriptional repression by MEF2 has attracted particular attention because of its potential role in hypertrophic responses of cardiomyocytes(6). Several MEF2 co-repressors, such as Cabin1/Cain and class II histone deacetylases (HDACs), have been identified(7-12). However, the molecular mechanism of their recruitment to specific promoters by MEF2 remains largely unknown. Here we report a crystal structure of the MADS-box/MEF2S domain of human MEF2B bound to a motif of the transcriptional co-repressor Cabin1 and DNA at 2.2 Angstrom resolution. The crystal structure reveals a stably folded MEF2S domain on the surface of the MADS box. Cabin1 adopts an amphipathic alpha-helix to bind a hydrophobic groove on the MEF2S domain, forming a triple-helical interaction. Our studies of the ternary Cabin1/MEF2/DNA complex show a general mechanism by which MEF2 recruits transcriptional co-repressor Cabin1 and class II HDACs to specific DNA sites.
C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurosci, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University
RP Chen, L (corresponding author), Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Campus Box 215, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
FU NHLBI NIH HHS [R01 HL076334] Funding Source: Medline; NIAID NIH HHS [R21 AI049905] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 94
Z9 124
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 17
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6933
BP 730
EP 734
DI 10.1038/nature01555
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 668CG
UT WOS:000182272300044
PM 12700764
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kenet, T
   Bibitchkov, D
   Tsodyks, M
   Grinvald, A
   Arieli, A
AF Kenet, T
   Bibitchkov, D
   Tsodyks, M
   Grinvald, A
   Arieli, A
TI Spontaneously emerging cortical representations of visual attributes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID oblique contours; ongoing activity; in-vivo; cortex; variability; responses; dynamics; cells; synchronization; circuits
AB Spontaneous cortical activity - ongoing activity in the absence of intentional sensory input - has been studied extensively(1), using methods ranging from EEG (electroencephalography)(2-4), through voltage sensitive dye imaging(5-7), down to recordings from single neurons(8,9). Ongoing cortical activity has been shown to play a critical role in development(10-14), and must also be essential for processing sensory perception, because it modulates stimulus-evoked activity(5,15,16), and is correlated with behaviour(17). Yet its role in the processing of external information and its relationship to internal representations of sensory attributes remains unknown. Using voltage sensitive dye imaging, we previously established a close link between ongoing activity in the visual cortex of anaesthetized cats and the spontaneous firing of a single neuron(6). Here we report that such activity encompasses a set of dynamically switching cortical states, many of which correspond closely to orientation maps. When such an orientation state emerged spontaneously, it spanned several hypercolumns and was often followed by a state corresponding to a proximal orientation. We suggest that dynamically switching cortical states could represent the brain's internal context, and therefore reflect or influence memory, perception and behaviour.
C1 Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Neurobiol, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
C3 Weizmann Institute of Science
RP Kenet, T (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Keck Ctr Integrat Neurosci, 513 Parnassus Ave,Box 0732, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
NR 30
TC 669
Z9 769
U1 1
U2 46
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 30
PY 2003
VL 425
IS 6961
BP 954
EP 956
DI 10.1038/nature02078
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 737KY
UT WOS:000186230600040
PM 14586468
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kim, SJ
   Kim, YS
   Yuan, JP
   Petralia, RS
   Worley, PF
   Linden, DJ
AF Kim, SJ
   Kim, YS
   Yuan, JP
   Petralia, RS
   Worley, PF
   Linden, DJ
TI Activation of the TRPC1 cation channel by metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-term depression; synaptic activation; cerebellar; conductance; release; deficit; homer
AB Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (consisting of mGluR1 and mGluR5) are G-protein-coupled neurotransmitter receptors(1) that are found in the perisynaptic region of the postsynaptic membrane(2). These receptors are not activated by single synaptic volleys but rather require bursts of activity(3-5). They are implicated in many forms of neural plasticity including hippocampal long-term potentiation and depression(6-8), cerebellar long-term depression(8-11), associative learning(7,11), and cocaine addiction(12). When activated, group I mGluRs engage two G-protein-dependent signalling mechanisms: stimulation of phospholipase C and activation of an unidentified, mixed-cation excitatory postsynaptic conductance (EPSC), displaying slow activation, in the plasma membrane(4,5,13-15). Here we report that the mGluR1-evoked slow EPSC is mediated by the TRPC1 cation channel. TRPC1 is expressed in perisynaptic regions of the cerebellar parallel fibre-Purkinje cell synapse and is physically associated with mGluR1. Manipulations that interfere with TRPC1 block the mGluR1-evoked slow EPSC in Purkinje cells; however, fast transmission mediated by AMPA-type glutamate receptors remains unaffected. Furthermore, co-expression of mGluR1 and TRPC1 in a heterologous system reconstituted a mGluR1-evoked conductance that closely resembles the slow EPSC in Purkinje cells.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurosci, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Kangwon Natl Univ, Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Chunchon 20071, South Korea.
   NIDCD, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Kangwon National University; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute on Deafness & Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD)
RP Worley, PF (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurosci, 725 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
EM pworley@jhmi.edu; dlinden@jhmi.edu
NR 30
TC 291
Z9 330
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 20
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6964
BP 285
EP 291
DI 10.1038/nature02162
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 744YQ
UT WOS:000186660800043
PM 14614461
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Root, TL
   Price, JT
   Hall, KR
   Schneider, SH
   Rosenzweig, C
   Pounds, JA
AF Root, TL
   Price, JT
   Hall, KR
   Schneider, SH
   Rosenzweig, C
   Pounds, JA
TI Fingerprints of global warming on wild animals and plants
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Over the past 100 years, the global average temperature has increased by approximately 0.6 degreesC and is projected to continue to rise at a rapid rate(1). Although species have responded to climatic changes throughout their evolutionary history(2), a primary concern for wild species and their ecosystems is this rapid rate of change(3). We gathered information on species and global warming from 143 studies for our meta-analyses. These analyses reveal a consistent temperature-related shift, or 'fingerprint', in species ranging from molluscs to mammals and from grasses to trees. Indeed, more than 80% of the species that show changes are shifting in the direction expected on the basis of known physiological constraints of species. Consequently, the balance of evidence from these studies strongly suggests that a significant impact of global warming is already discernible in animal and plant populations. The synergism of rapid temperature rise and other stresses, in particular habitat destruction, could easily disrupt the connectedness among species and lead to a reformulation of species communities, reflecting differential changes in species, and to numerous extirpations and possibly extinctions.
C1 Stanford Univ, Inst Int Studies, Ctr Environm Sci & Policy, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Amer Bird Conservancy, Boulder, CO 80301 USA.
   Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA.
   Monteverde Cloud Forest Preserve & Trop Sci Ctr, Golden Toad Lab Conservat, Santa Elena, Puntarenas, Costa Rica.
C3 Stanford University; Michigan State University; Stanford University; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Goddard Institute for Space Studies
RP Root, TL (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Inst Int Studies, Ctr Environm Sci & Policy, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
NR 14
TC 3634
Z9 4513
U1 29
U2 3258
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 2
PY 2003
VL 421
IS 6918
BP 57
EP 60
DI 10.1038/nature01333
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 631JY
UT WOS:000180165500035
PM 12511952
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Veaute, X
   Jeusset, J
   Soustelle, C
   Kowalczykowski, SC
   Le Cam, E
   Fabre, F
AF Veaute, X
   Jeusset, J
   Soustelle, C
   Kowalczykowski, SC
   Le Cam, E
   Fabre, F
TI The Srs2 helicase prevents recombination by disrupting Rad51 nucleoprotein filaments
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; dna helicase; homologous recombination; yeast rad51; mutations; repair; gene; sequence; mutants; protein
AB Homologous recombination is a ubiquitous process with key functions in meiotic and vegetative cells for the repair of DNA breaks. It is initiated by the formation of single-stranded DNA on which recombination proteins bind to form a nucleoprotein filament that is active in searching for homology, in the formation of joint molecules and in the exchange of DNA strands(1). This process contributes to genome stability but it is also potentially dangerous to cells if intermediates are formed that cannot be processed normally and thus are toxic or generate genomic rearrangements. Cells must therefore have developed strategies to survey recombination and to prevent the occurrence of such deleterious events. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, genetic data have shown that the Srs2 helicase negatively modulates recombination(2,3), and later experiments suggested that it reverses intermediate recombination structures(4-7). Here we show that DNA strand exchange mediated in vitro by Rad51 is inhibited by Srs2, and that Srs2 disrupts Rad51 filaments formed on single-stranded DNA. These data provide an explanation for the antirecombinogenic role of Srs2 in vivo and highlight a previously unknown mechanism for recombination control.
C1 CNRS, CEA, DSV,Dept Radiobiol & Radiopathol, UMR 217, F-92265 Fontenay Aux Roses, France.
   Inst Gustave Roussy, IGR,UPS, CNRS, UMR 81126, F-94805 Villejuif, France.
   Univ Calif Davis, Ctr Genet & Dev, Sect Microbiol & Mol & Cellular Biol, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
C3 CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite de Toulouse; Universite Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); UNICANCER; Gustave Roussy; University of California System; University of California Davis
RP Veaute, X (corresponding author), CNRS, CEA, DSV,Dept Radiobiol & Radiopathol, UMR 217, BP6, F-92265 Fontenay Aux Roses, France.
EM xavier.veaute@cea.fr; francis.fabre@cea.fr
NR 24
TC 502
Z9 607
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 15
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6937
BP 309
EP 312
DI 10.1038/nature01585
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 678EX
UT WOS:000182853100048
PM 12748645
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Check, E
AF Check, E
TI Aids vaccines: Back to 'plan A'
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID immunodeficiency-virus type-1; human monoclonal-antibody; genetic immunization; neutralization; glycoprotein; hiv-1; gp120
NR 10
TC 16
Z9 18
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 26
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6943
BP 912
EP 914
DI 10.1038/423912a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 694BL
UT WOS:000183753900013
PM 12827164
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stollewerk, A
   Schoppmeier, M
   Damen, WGM
AF Stollewerk, A
   Schoppmeier, M
   Damen, WGM
TI Involvement of Notch and Delta genes in spider segmentation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID signaling pathway; cupiennius-salei; expression; oscillator; somite; hairy; pattern; fringe; her1
AB It is currently debated whether segmentation in different animal phyla has a common origin and shares a common genetic mechanism(1,2). The apparent use of different genetic networks in arthropods and vertebrates has become a strong argument against a common origin of segmentation. Our knowledge of arthropod segmentation is based mainly on the insect Drosophila, in which a hierarchical cascade of transcription factors controls segmentation(3,4). The function of some of these genes seems to be conserved among arthropods, including spiders(5,6), but not vertebrates(1,6-8). The Notch pathway has a key role in vertebrate segmentation (somitogenesis) but is not involved in Drosophila body segmentation(1,7,9). Here we show that Notch and Delta genes are involved in segmentation of another arthropod, the spider Cupiennius salei. Expression patterns of Notch and Delta, coupled with RNA interference experiments, identify many similarities between spider segmentation and vertebrate somitogenesis. Our data indicate that formation of the segments in arthropods and vertebrates may have shared a genetic programme in a common ancestor and that parts of this programme have been lost in particular descendant lineages.
C1 Univ Cologne, Inst Genet Evolutionary Genet, D-50931 Cologne, Germany.
C3 University of Cologne
RP Damen, WGM (corresponding author), Univ Cologne, Inst Genet Evolutionary Genet, Weyertal 121, D-50931 Cologne, Germany.
EM damen@uni-koeln.de
NR 30
TC 188
Z9 221
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 19
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6942
BP 863
EP 865
DI 10.1038/nature01682
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 691BQ
UT WOS:000183585300044
PM 12815430
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hafner, SD
AF Hafner, SD
TI Is fertilization efficiency misleading?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Dept Environm & Forest Biol, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; State University of New York (SUNY) College of Environmental Science & Forestry
RP Hafner, SD (corresponding author), SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Dept Environm & Forest Biol, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA.
NR 4
TC 2
Z9 3
U1 0
U2 39
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 27
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6930
BP 397
EP 398
DI 10.1038/422397a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 659WV
UT WOS:000181801200034
PM 12660773
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dalton, R
AF Dalton, R
TI Archaeology - The coast road
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 7
TC 10
Z9 12
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 6
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6927
BP 10
EP 12
DI 10.1038/422010a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 651VP
UT WOS:000181343100011
PM 12621405
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Noh, B
   Bandyopadhyay, A
   Peer, WA
   Spalding, EP
   Murphy, AS
AF Noh, B
   Bandyopadhyay, A
   Peer, WA
   Spalding, EP
   Murphy, AS
TI Enhanced gravi- and phototropism in plant mdr mutants mislocalizing the auxin efflux protein PIN1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID arabidopsis; transport; light
AB Many aspects of plant growth and development are dependent on the flow of the hormone auxin down the plant from the growing shoot tip where it is synthesized(1,2). The direction of auxin transport in stems is believed to result from the basal localization within cells of the PIN1 membrane protein, which controls the efflux of the auxin anion(3). Mutations in two genes homologous to those encoding the P-glycoprotein ABC transporters that are especially abundant in multidrug-resistant tumour cells in animals(4) were recently shown to block polar auxin transport in the hypocotyls of Arabidopsis seedlings(5). Here we show that the mdr mutants display faster and greater gravitropism and enhanced phototropism instead of the impaired curvature development expected in mutants lacking polar auxin transport. We find that these phenotypes result from a disruption of the normal accumulation of PIN1 protein along the basal end of hypocotyl cells associated with basipetal auxin flow. Lateral auxin conductance becomes relatively larger as a result, enhancing the growth differentials responsible for tropic responses.
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Bot, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Purdue Univ, Dept Hort & Landscape Architecture, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; Purdue University System; Purdue University
RP Spalding, EP (corresponding author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Bot, 430 Lincoln Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
NR 14
TC 220
Z9 261
U1 1
U2 52
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 26
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6943
BP 999
EP 1002
DI 10.1038/nature01716
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 694BL
UT WOS:000183753900053
PM 12827205
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Betschinger, J
   Mechtler, K
   Knoblich, JA
AF Betschinger, J
   Mechtler, K
   Knoblich, JA
TI The Par complex directs asymmetric cell division by phosphorylating the cytoskeletal protein Lgl
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ii heavy-chain; tumor-suppressor protein; drosophila neuroblasts; plasma-membrane; prospero; polarity; bazooka; myosin; localization; mitosis
AB To generate different cell types, some cells can segregate protein determinants into one of their two daughter cells during mitosis. In Drosophila neuroblasts, the Par protein complex localizes apically(1-5) and directs localization of the cell fate determinants Prospero(6-8) and Numb(9) and the adaptor proteins Miranda(10,11) and Pon(12) to the basal cell cortex, to ensure their segregation into the basal daughter cell. The Par protein complex has a conserved function in establishing cell polarity(13) but how it directs proteins to the opposite side is unknown. We show here that a principal function of this complex is to phosphorylate the cytoskeletal protein Lethal (2) giant larvae (Lgl; also known as L(2)gl). Phosphorylation by Drosophila atypical protein kinase C (aPKC), a member of the Par protein complex, releases Lgl from its association with membranes and the actin cytoskeleton. Genetic and biochemical experiments show that Lgl phosphorylation prevents the localization of cell fate determinants to the apical cell cortex. Lgl promotes cortical localization of Miranda(14,15),, and we propose that phosphorylation of Lgl by aPKC at the apical neuroblast cortex restricts Lgl activity and Miranda localization to the opposite, basal side of the cell.
C1 Res Inst Mol Pathol, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
C3 Vienna Biocenter (VBC); Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP)
RP Knoblich, JA (corresponding author), Res Inst Mol Pathol, Dr Bohr Gasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
NR 30
TC 471
Z9 610
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 20
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6929
BP 326
EP 330
DI 10.1038/nature01486
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 656XX
UT WOS:000181637300043
PM 12629552
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU De Deyn, GB
   Raaijmakers, CE
   Zoomer, HR
   Berg, MP
   de Ruiter, PC
   Verhoef, HA
   Bezemer, TM
   van der Putten, WH
AF De Deyn, GB
   Raaijmakers, CE
   Zoomer, HR
   Berg, MP
   de Ruiter, PC
   Verhoef, HA
   Bezemer, TM
   van der Putten, WH
TI Soil invertebrate fauna enhances grassland succession and diversity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID plant; community; herbivory; feedback; mycorrhizae; dynamics; mosaics; biota
AB One of the most important areas in ecology is to elucidate the factors that drive succession in ecosystems and thus influence the diversity of species in natural vegetation. Significant mechanisms in this process are known to be resource limitation(1-3) and the effects of aboveground vertebrate herbivores(4,5). More recently, symbiotic and pathogenic soil microbes have been shown to exert a profound effect on the composition of vegetation(6-9) and changes therein(10,11). However, the influence of invertebrate soil fauna on succession has so far received little attention(12,13). Here we report that invertebrate soil fauna might enhance both secondary succession and local plant species diversity. Soil fauna from a series of secondary grassland succession stages selectively suppress early successional dominant(14) plant species, thereby enhancing the relative abundance of subordinate(14) species and also that of species from later succession stages. Soil fauna from the mid-succession stage had the strongest effect. Our results clearly show that soil fauna strongly affects the composition of natural vegetation and we suggest that this knowledge might improve the restoration and conservation of plant species diversity.
C1 Netherlands Inst Ecol, NIOO, KNAW, Ctr Terr Ecol,Dept Multitrop Interact, NL-6666 ZG Heteren, Netherlands.
   Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Inst Ecol Sci, Dept Anim Ecol, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Univ Utrecht, Copernicus Res Inst Sustainable Dev & Innovat, Dept Environm Sci, NL-3508 TC Utrecht, Netherlands.
C3 Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts & Sciences; Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW); Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Utrecht University
RP De Deyn, GB (corresponding author), Netherlands Inst Ecol, NIOO, KNAW, Ctr Terr Ecol,Dept Multitrop Interact, POB 40, NL-6666 ZG Heteren, Netherlands.
EM g.dedeyn@nioo.knaw.nl
NR 27
TC 452
Z9 522
U1 11
U2 488
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 17
PY 2003
VL 422
IS 6933
BP 711
EP 713
DI 10.1038/nature01548
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 668CG
UT WOS:000182272300038
PM 12700759
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tovar, J
   León-Avila, G
   Sánchez, LB
   Sutak, R
   Tachezy, J
   van der Giezen, M
   Hernández, M
   Müller, M
   Lucocq, JM
AF Tovar, J
   León-Avila, G
   Sánchez, LB
   Sutak, R
   Tachezy, J
   van der Giezen, M
   Hernández, M
   Müller, M
   Lucocq, JM
TI Mitochondrial remnant organelles of Giardia function in iron-sulphur protein maturation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID parasite entamoeba-histolytica; trichomonas-vaginalis; lamblia; hydrogenosm; intestinalis; eukaryotes; gene; genome; phylogeny; evolution
AB Giardia intestinalis (syn. lamblia) is one of the most widespread intestinal protozoan pathogens worldwide, causing hundreds of thousands of cases of diarrhoea each year(1). Giardia is a member of the diplomonads, often described as an ancient protist group whose primitive nature is suggested by the lack of typical eukaryotic organelles (for example, mitochondria, peroxisomes), the presence of a poorly developed endomembrane system and by their early branching in a number of gene phylogenies(1,2). The discovery of nuclear genes of putative mitochondrial ancestry in Giardia(3-7) and the recent identification of mitochondrial remnant organelles in amitochondrial protists such as Entamoeba histolytica(8,9) and Trachipleistophora hominis(10) suggest that the eukaryotic amitochondrial state is not a primitive condition but is rather the result of reductive evolution. Using an in vitro protein reconstitution assay and specific antibodies against IscS and IscU-two mitochondrial marker proteins involved in iron sulphur cluster biosynthesis-here we demonstrate that Giardia contains mitochondrial remnant organelles (mitosomes) bounded by double membranes that function in iron-sulphur protein maturation. Our results indicate that Giardia is not primitively amitochondrial and that it has retained a functional organelle derived from the original mitochondrial endosymbiont.
C1 Univ London, Royal Holloway, Sch Biol Sci, Egham TW20 0EX, Surrey, England.
   Rockefeller Univ, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Charles Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Parasitol, CR-12844 Prague, Czech Republic.
   Univ Dundee, Sch Life Sci, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland.
C3 University of London; Royal Holloway University London; Rockefeller University; Charles University Prague; University of Dundee
RP Tovar, J (corresponding author), Univ London, Royal Holloway, Sch Biol Sci, Egham TW20 0EX, Surrey, England.
NR 31
TC 404
Z9 480
U1 0
U2 50
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 13
PY 2003
VL 426
IS 6963
BP 172
EP 176
DI 10.1038/nature01945
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 742LA
UT WOS:000186517200041
PM 14614504
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schwarz-Linek, U
   Werner, JM
   Pickford, AR
   Gurusiddappa, S
   Kim, JH
   Pilka, ES
   Briggs, JAG
   Gough, TS
   Höök, M
   Campbell, ID
   Potts, JR
AF Schwarz-Linek, U
   Werner, JM
   Pickford, AR
   Gurusiddappa, S
   Kim, JH
   Pilka, ES
   Briggs, JAG
   Gough, TS
   Höök, M
   Campbell, ID
   Potts, JR
TI Pathogenic bacteria attach to human fibronectin through a tandem β-zipper
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID f1 module pair; staphylococcus-aureus; binding-protein; streptococcus-pyogenes; mediate adherence; chemical-shift; nmr; sequence; dysgalactiae; residues
AB Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes, two important human pathogens, target host fibronectin (Fn) in their adhesion to and invasion of host cells(1,2). Fibronectin-binding proteins (FnBPs), anchored in the bacterial cell wall, have multiple Fn-binding repeats(3) in an unfolded(4,5) region of the protein. The bacterium-binding site in the amino-terminal domain ((1-5)F1) of Fn contains five sequential Fn type 1 (F1) modules. Here we show the structure of a streptococcal (S. dysgalactiae) FnBP peptide (B3)(6,7) in complex with the module pair (1)F1(2)F1. This identifies (1)F1-and (2)F1-binding motifs in B3 that form additional antiparallel beta-strands on sequential F1 modules-the first example of a tandem beta-zipper. Sequence analyses of larger regions of FnBPs from S. pyogenes and S. aureus reveal a repeating pattern of F1-binding motifs that match the pattern of F1 modules in (1-5)F1 of Fn. In the process of Fn-mediated invasion of host cells, therefore, the bacterial proteins seem to exploit the modular structure of Fn by forming extended tandem beta-zippers. This work is a vital step forward in explaining the full mechanism of the integrin-dependent(2,8) FnBP-mediated invasion of host cells.
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Biochem, Oxford OX1 3QU, England.
   Texas A&M Univ Syst Hlth Sci Ctr, Inst Biosci & Technol, Ctr Extracellular Matrix Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Univ Oxford, Cent Chem Lab, Oxford Ctr Mol Sci, Oxford OX1 3QH, England.
C3 University of Oxford; Texas A&M University System; Texas A&M University College Station; Texas A&M Health Science Center; University of Oxford
RP Potts, JR (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Biochem, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3QU, England.
EM jennifer.potts@bioch.ox.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 318
Z9 364
U1 1
U2 34
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 8
PY 2003
VL 423
IS 6936
BP 177
EP 181
DI 10.1038/nature01589
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 675MR
UT WOS:000182699600048
PM 12736686
DA 2026-03-09
ER

